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Autoignition temperature
The autoignition temperature or kindling point of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. This temperature is required to supply the activation energy needed for combustion. The temperature at which a chemical will ignite decreases as the pressure increases or oxygen concentration increases. It is usually applied to a combustible fuel mixture. Autoignition temperatures of liquid chemicals are typically measured using a 500 mL flask placed in a temperature controlled oven in accordance with the procedure described in ASTM E659.[1]
Autoignition equation
The time it takes for a material to reach its autoignition temperature when exposed to a heat flux is given by the following equation
[2]
where k = thermal conductivity (W/(mK)), = density (kg/m), and c = specific heat capacity (J/(kgK)) of the material of interest. is the temperature, in kelvins, the material starts at (or the temperature of the bulk material), and is the heat flux (W/m) incident to the material. should be squared.
For paper, there is considerable variation between sources. Part of this is because it takes longer for combustion to start at lower temperatures.[9]
Autoignition temperature
References
[1] E659 78 (Reapproved 2000), "Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals", ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 [2] Principles of Fire Behavior. ISBN 0-8273-7732-0. 1998. [3] "Diethyl Ether - Safety Properties" (http:/ / www. wolframalpha. com/ input/ ?i=diethyl+ ether). . by Wolfram|Alpha curated data, 2009; Wolfram Mathematica ChemicalData [4] "Fuels and Chemicals - Auto Ignition Temperatures" (http:/ / www. engineeringtoolbox. com/ fuels-ignition-temperatures-d_171. html). . depending on grade [5] "Butane - Safety Properties" (http:/ / www. wolframalpha. com/ input/ ?i=butane). . by Wolfram|Alpha curated data, 2009; Wolfram Mathematica ChemicalData [6] Jens Borch, Richard E. Mark, M. Bruce Lyne. Handbook of Physical Testing of Paper (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=qa-I8QAOUL8C& pg=PA406& lpg=PA406& dq=flash+ point+ of+ paper& ct=result#PPA406,M1). . [7] Tony Cafe. "Physical Constants for Investigators" (http:/ / www. tcforensic. com. au/ docs/ article10. html). Journal of Australian Fire Investigators. . [8] "Hydrogen - Safety Properties" (http:/ / www. wolframalpha. com/ input/ ?i=hydrogen& a=*C. hydrogen-_*Chemical-). . by Wolfram|Alpha curated data, 2009; Wolfram Mathematica ChemicalData [9] Forest Products Laboratory (1964). "IGNITION AND CHARRING TEMPERATURES OF WOOD" (http:/ / www. fpl. fs. fed. us/ documnts/ fplmisc/ rpt1464. pdf). Forest Service U. S. Department of Agriculture. .
External links
Analysis of Effective Thermal Properties of Thermally Thick Materials (http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/ fire03/art015.html).
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