AP European History

1.

Contrasting the Renaissance and Later Middle Ages

Renaissance Later Middle Ages Philosophy: Humanism Emphasis on Religion dominates Medieval thought. secular concerns due to rediscovery and Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas study of ancient Greco-Roman culture. reconciles Christianity with Aristotelian science. Ideal: Ideal: Virt Renaissance Man should be Man is well-versed in one subject. well-rounded (Castiglione) Literature: Literature: Humanism; secularism Based almost solely on religion. Northern Renaissance focuses also on Written in Latin writings of early church fathers Church was greatest patron of arts and Vernacular (e.g. Petrarch, Boccacio) literature. Covered wider variety of subjects Little political criticism. (politics, art, short stories) Hand-written Focused on the individual Increased use of printing press; propaganda Religion: Religion: The state is supreme to the church. Dominated politics; sought unified Christian Europe. New Monarchs assert power over national churches. Church is supreme to the state. Rise of skepticism Inquisition started in 1223; dissenters dealt with harshly Renaissance popes worldly and corrupt Sculpture: Sculpture: Greek and Roman classical influences. More gothic; extremely detailed. Free-standing (e.g. Michelangelos Relief David) Use of bronze (e.g. Donatellos David) Art: Art: Increased emphasis on secular themes. Gothic style Classic Greek and Roman ideals. Byzantine style dominates; nearly totally religious. Use of perspective. Stiff, 1-dimentional figures. chiaroscuro Less emotion Increased use of oil paints. Stylized faces (faces look generic) Brighter colors Use of gold to illuminate figures. More emotion Lack of perspective. Real people and settings depicted. Patronized largely by merchant princes Lack of chiaroscuro Renaissance popes patronized Patronized mostly by the church

renaissance art Architecture: Rounded arches, clear lines; GrecoRoman columns Domes (e.g. Il Duomo by Brunelleschi) Less detailed Focus on balance and form Technology: Use of printing press New inventions for exploration Marriage and Family: Divorce available in certain cases More prostitution Marriages based more on romance. Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castiglione) Sexual double standard Increased infanticide Architecture: Gothic style Pointed arches; barrel vaults, spires Flying buttresses Elaborate detail Technology: Depended on scribes Marriage and Family: Divorce nonexistent Marriages arranged for economic reasons. Prostitution in urban areas Ave. age for men: mid-late twenties Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old. Church encouraged cult of paternal care. Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage. Manners shaped men to please women. Relative sexual equality Status of Women: Legal status better than in Renaissance

Status of Women: Legal status of women declined. Most women not affected by Renaissance Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men. Rape not considered serious crime. Politics: State is supreme over the church. New Monarchs assert control over national churches. Machiavelli African slavery introduced. Exploration and expansion.

Politics: Church is supreme over the state.

Few blacks lived in Europe. Crusades