Chaboche Bauchinger

Modeling the Bauschinger eect for sheet
metals, part I: theory

B.K. Chun
a
, J.T. Jinn
a
, J.K. Lee
b,
*
a
Scientic Forming Technologies Corporation, 5038 Reed Rd., Columbus, OH 43220, USA
b
The Ohio State University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 206 West 18th Avenue, Columbus,
OH 43210, USA
Received in nal revised form 10 July 2001
Abstract
It is essential to model the Bauschinger eect correctly for sheet metal forming process
simulation and subsequent springback prediction when material points are subjected to cyclic
loading conditions. The combined nonlinear hardening model for time independent cyclic
plasticity, proposed by Chaboche and co-workers, is examined and a simple modication is
suggested for the isotropic part of the hardening rule to utilize the conventional tensile test
data directly. This modication is useful for the materials whose reverse loading curves satu-
rate to the monotonic loading curve. In addition, an anisotropic nonlinear kinematic hard-
ening model (ANK model) is proposed in an attempt to represent the Bauschinger eect more
realistically. Possible oset in ow stress is modeled by treating the back stress evolution
during reverse loading dierently from the initial loading. This strategy coupled with the
modied isotropic hardening rule seems to provide a way to model the Bauschinger eect
consistently over multiple cycles. Two types of auto-body alloys are examined in this paper.
Associated material parameters are determined by employing available tension-compression
test data and multi-cycle bend test data. A developed nite element formulation is applied to
analyze simple validation type of problems. The cyclic stressstrain curves generated from the
proposed ANK model match remarkably well with measured data. # 2002 Elsevier Science
Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A. Sheet metal forming; B. Cyclic loading; B. Constitutive behavior; C. Finite elements; C.
Hardening parameter identication
International Journal of Plasticity 18 (2002) 571595
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijplas
0749-6419/02/$ - see front matter # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PI I : S0749- 6419( 01) 00046- 8
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-614-292-7371; fax: +1-614-292-3163.
E-mail address: lee.71@osu.edu (J.K. Lee).
1. Introduction
In a typical sheet metal forming practice, material points may experience cyclic
loads; for example, bendingunbending on the die shoulder and reverse bending-
unbending at the punch. In this case, transient cyclic behavior of the material must
be modeled properly for a realistic simulation of the sheet metal forming process
and subsequent springback prediction. Stressstrain curves similar to Fig. 1 are
commonly observed during tensioncompression (or reverse yield) tests of some
alloys (Wilson and Bate, 1983; Bate and Wilson, 1986; Christodoulou et al., 1986;
Balakrishnan, 1999; Miller et al., 1999). As schematically shown in Fig. 1, reversal
loading curve may not saturate to the monotonic loading curve, leaving a permanent
oset in addition to a reduction in subsequent yield stress. It is generally believed
(Sowerby and Uko, 1979; Bate and Wilson, 1986; Takahashi and Shiono, 1991; Tan
et al., 1994; Khan and Huang, 1995) that the following three basic requirements
must be addressed to model the Bauschinger eect properly:
Fig. 1. Schematic Bauschinger curve with a permanent softening, o fc"
P
. c"
P
(the reverse loading

curve AB is inverted so that the magnitude of the reverse ow stress becomes a function of the accumu-
lated equivalent plastic strain c"
p
).
572 B.K. Chun et al. / International Journal of Plasticity 18 (2002) 571595
1. Correct non-linearity of stressstrain loop
2. Reduced elastic limit at reversal straining
3. Permanent oset for some materials
Prager (1949, 1956) and Ziegler (1959) initiated some fundamental frame-work for
kinematic hardening rules. Major dierence of two models comes from the direction
of the translation of the center of the yield surface. Both linear kinematic hardening
models can only provide rough approximations to the Bauschinger eect with a
single constant hardening modulus. From the experimental observations, many
authors (Drucker and Palgen, 1981; Dafalias, 1984; Lemaitre and Chaboche, 1990)
conclude that the correct nonlinearity of stressstrain loop is important to describe
the hardening behavior of metals under cyclic loading. Mroz (1967) introduced the
concept of a eld of work hardening moduli and generalized the linear model,
which led to multi-surface model (Mroz, 1967, 1981). Two surface models (Dafalias
and Popov, 1975, 1976; Tseng and Lee, 1983; McDowell, 1985a, b, 1987, 1989) have
been proposed to remedy the diculties associated with the large number of surfaces
necessary to describe the hardening. Recently, nonlinear kinematic hardening models
of Armstrong and Frederick (1966) type have gained some popularity (Chaboche,
1977, 1986, 1989; Chaboche et al., 1979; Chaboche and Rousselier, 1981, 1983; Ohno
and Kachi, 1986; Lemaitre and Chaboche, 1990; Ohno and Wang, 1993a,1993b; Jiang
and Kurath, 1996; Wang and Barkley, 1998, 1999; Adbel and Ohno, 2000). These
models capture nonlinear hardening behavior and smooth transition from elastic to
plastic deformation relatively well. However, they all have a common characteristic
of generating reversal ow stress curves that saturate to the monotonic loading
curve, thereby having diculties to model a possible oset in ow stress when the
load is reversed. Recent development and associated theories are well documented
by Chaboche (1986), Lemaitre and Chaboche (1990), and Khan and Huang (1995).
Geng and Wagoner (2000) generalized the nonlinear kinematic hardening model
of Armstrong and Frederick (1966) type by introducing an independent evolution of
the bounding surface to capture a permanent oset. Wagoner and co-workers
(Geng, 2000; Geng and Wagoner, 2000, 2001; Geng et al., 2001) also examined sev-
eral interesting loading and reversal loading cases by utilizing the proposed model
along with tensioncompression test data for automotive alloys. The GengWag-
oner model requires the following parameters:
. Ratio (m) of the kinematic response (translation) to the isotropic response
(expansion) of the bounding surface, which can be a function of the deformation.
. Plastic moduli for continuous loading (H
P
c
) and reverse loading (H
P
r
) as func-
tions of accumulated equivalent plastic strain.
These material parameters are calibrated from tension-compression (T-C) and
compressiontension (C-T) test data in their studies. The choice of m and H
P
r
appears to be somewhat fuzzy and yet plays a critical role to the overall performance
of the model. Since it is not practical to perform tension-compression tests over the
entire range of expected pre-strains before a reversal in loading, an assumption (or
an extrapolation) has to be made for H
P
r
beyond the tested pre-strain range. Fur-
B.K. Chun et al. / International Journal of Plasticity 18 (2002) 571595 573
thermore, the smooth transition requirement will be violated when H
P
r
is assumed to
approach zero as the pre-strain increases over the tested range. While the Geng
Wagoner model appears to have all ingredients to model the Bauschinger eect
accurately, further studies will be necessary for a judicious choice of material para-
meters and for applications to multi-cyclic loading cases.
As an alternative to the GengWagoner model, a reasonably simple anisotropic
nonlinear kinematic hardening model (ANK model) is proposed in this paper, which
satises all three basic requirements to model the Bauschinger eect consistently
over multiple cycles. A modication to the isotropic part of the Chaboche model
(Chaboche, 1977, 1986, 1989; Chaboche et al., 1979; Chaboche and Rousselier,
1981, 1983; Lemaitre and Chaboche, 1990) is rst suggested for a better t to the
conventional tensile data. The permanent oset in reverse ow stress is treated by
dierent evolution rules for the back-stress during a reversal loading and the
monotonic loading. Table 1 summarizes a comparison of ANK model with other
generic models, in terms of the three basic requirements.
The associated ow rule with Hills 1948 anisotropic yield criterion (Hill, 1950) is
used in this investigation. The ow potential under the plane stress condition can be
expressed in terms of the true objective stress and back-stress as,
f
1
2

T
P o
o

2
0 1
where o
o
is an equivalent true stress representing the current yield surface size and
P 2
1 [
12
0
[
12
[
22
0
0 0 [
66
_
_
_
_
;
o
xx
o
yy
o
xy
_
_
_
_
_
_
;
o
xx
o
yy
o
xy
_
_
_
_
_
_
2a
The coecients in P can be related to the R-values as (Valliappan, 1976; Li, 1996):
[
12

R
0
1 R
0
; [
66

R
0
R
90
1 2R
45

R
90
1 R
0

;
[
22
[
12
[
23
; [
23

R
0
R
90
1 R
0

.
2b
Table 1
Representation of Bauschinger eect
Material models Bauschinger eect
Reduced elastic limit at
reversal straining
Correct non-linearity of
stressstrain loop
Permanent
softening
Linear kinematic hardening Yes No Yes
Nonlinear kinematic hardening Yes Yes No
ANK Yes Yes Yes
True stress and natural strain are used through out the investigation.
2. Chaboche model and suggested modication to the isotropic part
The Chaboche model has gained some popularity and has been implemented into
several commercial nite element packages in recent years. The back stress vector is
assumed to be a sum of the Nk vector components,

Nk
i1
i
3
Each component of the back stress is assumed to evolve independently as in Arm-
strong and Frederick (1966), type
.
i

C
i
o
o
c"
.
p
,
i
i
c"
.
p
4
where C
i
and ,
i
are material parameters which can be obtained from cyclic testing.
The ,
i
term determines the rate at which the saturation value of kinematic hardening
decreases with increasing plastic deformation. In the formulation of this type, the
saturation of back stress at a reversal loading is same as the monotonic initial
loading, if C
i
and ,
i
are constants.
The Chaboche model uses a special function for the isotropic response (expansion
of the yield surface):
o
o
o
o
R 5a
R
Ni
i1
R
i
5b
R
.
i
b
i
Q
i
R
i
c"
.
p
5c
where o
o
represents the initial yield stress and c"
.
P
is rate of accumulated equivalent
plastic strain. R is the change of yield surface size governed by the Ni functions, and
Q
i
and b
i
are material parameters. It is believed that the saturation of yield surface
expansion is essential for stabilization in cyclic plasticity (Lemaitre and Chaboche,
1990).
Integrating Eq. (5c) under the uniaxial condition with the initial condition R
i
0
produces,
R
i
Q
i
1 e
b
i
c
"
p
with Q
i
R
i
50 6
Eq. (6) states that the expansion rate of the active yield surface always decreases
monotonically, which generates a convex curve for stable materials. This may lead
to erroneous tting results for some materials that show upper and lower yields or
relatively at stress-strain curve. To overcome this restriction, Shen (1999) has
employed a tensile curve into the isotropic hardening part to analyze bend/reverse
bend tests. An exponential function similar to (6) is suggested to curve t a tensile
data o
tensile
in this paper:
o
tensile
o
o
K1 e
Nc
"
p
7
which is also equal to the total stress o
o
R o. Hence, the change in the yield
surface size can be expressed as
R K1 e
Nc
"
p
o; o
Nk
i1
o
i
8a
R
.
KNe
Nc
"
p
c"
.
p
Nk
i1
o
.
i
; o
.
i
C
i
c"
.
p
,
i
o
i
c"
.
p
8b
Here, K and N are curve tting parameters and o
i
is a scalar version of the back
stress for the uniaxial loading condition. Hence the material parameters to be
determined are C
i
and ,
i
after the curve t.
For a uniaxial tensile data o
tensile
with Nk=1 and Ni=1, the Chaboche model
can be written as
o
tensile
o
o
R o 9a
R R
Chaboche
Q1 e
bc
"
p
with Q R50 9b
o
C
,
1 e
,c
"
p
with
C
,
o50 9c
The single component form (Nk=1 and Ni=1) of isotropic hardening rule can be
modied as, when (9c) is introduced in (8a),
R R
Mod
K1 e
Nc
"
p

C
,
1 e
,c
"
p
with
C
,
o 50 10
If the kinematic shift is zero (C=0), the two functions R
Chaboche
and R
Mod
are the
same with Q=K and b=N. Fig. 2 compares generated stressstrain curves with a
ctitious tensile data having the same kinematic hardening rule (C=3 Gpa, ,=200).
Note that the Chaboche model for stable materials always produces a convex
curve for R because Q R50 even if more terms are taken (i.e. Ni >1 and Nk>1)
in the evolution equation. This feature aects directly the representation of the ten-
sile curve. The suggested modication of isotropic hardening part, Eq. (10) is cap-
able of tting the tensile curve almost perfectly as shown in Fig. 2. This modica-
tion to the isotropic response can be combined with the nonlinear kinematic
hardening rule of Chaboche, Eqs. (3) and (4) with Nk=Ni=1, which is
referred to as Modied Chaboche model in this paper. It is noted that this
model is not capable of reproducing a permanent softening even if a linear kine-
matic hardening term is added to Eq. (10). Therefore this modication is useful for
the materials whose reverse loading curves always saturate to the monotonic loading
curve.
3. Proposed anisotropic hardening model and oset in reverse ow stress
Referring to Fig. 1 and based on experimental observations (Wilson and Bate,
1983; Bate and Wilson, 1986; Christodoulou et al., 1986; Balakrishnan, 1999; Miller
et al., 1999), the oset in reversal ow stress can be viewed as a function of accu-
mulated plastic strain and pre-strain;
o f c"
p
. c"
p
11
where c"
p
is the accumulated equivalent plastic strain and c"
p
is the pre-strain at the

initiation of reversal loading. Eq. (11) can be extracted by considering a super-
position of two back-stress vectors,
Fig. 2. Tensile data curve tting by the Chaboche model and modied model.

1

2
12
Each component of the back-stress is made to evolve independently so that dierent
kinematic shift can be realized for the initial and reversal loading:
.
1

C
1
o
o
c"
.
p
,
1
c"
.
p
13a
.
2

C
2
o
o
c"
.
p
for initial loading
0 for reversal loading
_
13b
where C
1
. ,, and C
2
are material (hardening) parameters to be determined. The
Modied Chaboche model is recovered when
2
approaches zero (or C
2
=0). An
accompanying paper (Part II) by Chun et al. (2001) discusses a criterion to decide
whether the current loading is a continuation of the initial loading or reversal load-
ing.
Note that Eq. (13b) is linear, but can be generalized as in Chaboche model (Cha-
boche and Rousselier, 1981, 1983; Lemaitre and Chaboche, 1990). For example, the
ArmstrongFrederick type of nonliear form can be assumed for the initial loading;
.
2

C
2
o
o
c"
.
p
,
2
2
c"
.
p
for initial loading
0 for reversal loading
_
13c
In this case, an additional material parameter ,
2
should be determined. It is deba-
table whether this type of generalization is worth the eort or not. The simpler form,
Eq. (13b), is suggested for springback prediction when a cyclic loading is expected
during the forming process. There are only three hardening parameters (C
1
. , and
C
2
) to determine, in addition to the usual tensile data.
Under the uniaxial loading condition, for a monotonic tensile loading (0 to c"
p
), a
bound on the back-stress [Eq. (13b)] can be found as,
o
tension
j j 4
C
1
,
C
2
c"
p
. 14a
For a subsequent reversal loading from pre-strain c"
p
to c"
p
,
o
compression
4
C
1
,
C
2
c"
p
14b
Thus,
o o
tension
j j o
compression
4C
2
c"
p
c"
p
14c
A possible oset in ow stress is modeled by considering the dierence in the back-
stress during the monotonic loading and reversal loading in this model as shown in
above expressions.
The isotropic hardening part is governed by the same rule during the loading and
reversal loading, through a curve t to a tensile data,
o
tensile
o
o
R
ANK
o 15a
where
o
C
1
,
1 e
,c
"
p
C
2
c"
p
with
C
1
,
o
1
50 15b
Substituting (15b) into (8a) with the use of (13b), the isotropic hardening part of
ANK model can be written as,
R R
ANK
K1 e
Nc
"
p

C
1
,
1 e
, c
"
p
C
2
c"
p
with
C
1
,
o
1
50 15c
To compare the role of the kinematic hardening rule in the representation of a per-
manent oset, the Modied Chaboche model is compared with the ANK model
through a simple example. The two models share the same isotropic response, but
dier only in the kinematic hardening rule.
In this example, a cyclic in-plane plastic strain of +5 and 15% is applied to one
direction with the plane strain assumption in the second direction. The purpose of
this exercise is to observe the evolution of the active yield surfaces for two models.
Fig. 3(a) and (b) show the comparison, for AL6022-T4 and DQ steel, respectively.
Numerical data are summarized in Table 2. The ANK model clearly shows less
kinematic shifts at the reversal loading for both materials, as expected. It is inter-
esting to note that the ow stresses computed by two models are slightly dierent
even though they use the same form for the isotropic response, because of the cou-
pling eects.
4. Identication of the material parameters
Identication of material parameters associated with a selected plasticity model is
a critical issue for the nite element simulation of sheet metal forming processes.
Several alternatives of the direct or indirect measurement for metal sheets have been
proposed (Balakrishnan, 1999; Shen, 1999; Zhao, 1999). Material parameters asso-
ciated with the Modied Chaboche model and ANK model can be identied by
curve tting TC (or CT) test data or/and by using the inverse methods based on
three-point bend tests (Zhao, 1999; Zhao and Lee, 1999, 2000, 2001a,b).
Fig. 3. Comparison of active yield surfaces under tension and subsequent compression loading under the
plane strain condition: (a) AL6022-T4; (b) DQ steel.
4.1. Material parameters from tensioncompression curves
The T-C test of a sheet metal requires a delicate procedure to extract a stress
strain curve. However, once a ow curve is obtained, the parameter identication
procedure is relatively simple. Geng (2000), Geng and Wagoner (2000) and Geng et
al. (2001) presented the material parameters associated with the GengWagoner
model for three types of auto body alloys based on the in-plane test data by Balak-
rishnan (1999). The material parameters associated with the Modied Chaboche
model (C, g, K, N) and ANK model (C
1
, C
2
, g, K, N) can be determined in the
similar fashion. Two sets of parameters can be found by tting to C-T data and T-C
data for each material, as listed in Table 3. Generated Bauschinger curves from the
Modied Chaboche model and ANK model are compared with the measured data
in Figs. 4 and 5 for two alloys (AL6022-T4 and DQ steel). The Modied Chaboche
model over estimates the reduced yield stress at reversal loading and is not capable
of capturing the osets, as shown in Figs. 4(a) and (b). The ANK model, in the
mean time, seems to be able to reproduce the test data accurately including the
permanent osets.
4.2. Material parameters from inverse method
The material parameters can be identied also by applying one of the inverse
methods proposed by Zhao (1999) and Zhao and Lee (1999; 2000, 2001a). The cur-
rent work follows Zhao and Lee (2000) with modications to t the proposed
hardening models. The basic idea is to employ the optimization technique based on
micro genetic algorithm and the three-point bend (and reverse bend) test results
(Zhao and Lee, 1999). The three-point bend test measures; punch force, displace-
ment, bend angle, surface strain. Measured quantities can be used to calculate exter-
nal bending moment (M
ext
) due to punch load and to express internal bending
moment (M
int
) in terms of measured strains and unknown material parameters. Then
the dierence between two moments (M
int
M
ext
) can be optimized to determine the
Table 2
Comparison of the change in yield surfaces under tension and subsequent compression loading
Initial Tension Subsequent compression
o
o
(MPa)
o
x
(MPa)
o
y
(MPa)
o
o
(MPa)
o
x
(MPa)
o
y
(MPa)
o
o
(MPa)
o
x
(MPa)
o
y
(Mpa)
AL6022-T4
Modied Chaboche 171 0 0 205.9 49.1 17.2 306.3 50.4 17.7
ANK 229.5 24.0 8.4 308.5 8.0 2.8
DQ steel
Modied Chaboche 175 0 0 228.8 42.7 24.1 344.6 42.7 24.1
ANK 228.4 43.3 24.4 324.1 19.1 10.8
parameters associated with the specic model selected. The micro genetic algorithm is
employed because it does not require the gradient of objective function.
A major question of this method is whether the material parameters determined
by employing a relatively small maximum bending strain (25%, depending on the
specimen thickness) can be eectively used when the expected forming strain is very
high (as high as 1020%). Pre-straining specimen prior to bend test may resolve the
question perhaps.
The ANK model parameters (C
1
, C
2
, g) determined in this way are listed in Table 3
and compared with T-C and C-T data t. Generated Bauschinger curves from the
ANK model are compared with T-C and C-T test data in Fig. 6(a) and (b) for two
alloys.
5. Numerical implementation
Numerical implementation procedure of the Modied Chaboche model and ANK
model is outlined in this section. As usual, the additive decomposition of elastic and
plastic strain rate is considered together with the normality condition,
"
.
p
l
.
o f
o
_ _
l
.
a 16
where l
.
is the plastic strain-rate multiplier and the ow vector is dened by a
P in Eq. (1), or explicitly,
Table 3
Associated material parameters
Material Models C (Gpa) R-values o
o
(MPa)
K
(MPa)
N E
(Gpa)
C
1
C
2
, R0 R45 R90
AL6022-T4
Modied Chaboche 3.5 74.2
ANK
a
3.0 0.15 200 0.73 0.44 0.63 171 215 9.5 68
ANK
b
5.0 0.29 170
ANK
c
5.0 0.21 150
Tensile test N/A N/A 0.73 0.44 0.63 171 N/A N/A 68
DQ steel
Modied Chaboche 10.6 300
ANK
a
8.0 0.20 310 1.29 175 245 9.1 180
ANK
b
9.0 0.25 280
ANK
c
10. 0.31 220
Tensile test N/A N/A 1.29 175 N/A N/A 180
a
T-C test (Balakrishnan, 1999) tting result.
b
C-T test (Balakrishnan, 1999) tting result.
c
Three-point bend test tting result.
Fig. 4. Comparison of Bauschinger curves from the Modied Chaboche model and ANK model with
various pre-strains. Associated material parameters for two models are obtained from the T-C test data by
Balakrishnan (1999): (a) AL6022-T4; (b) DQ steel.
Fig. 5. Bauschinger curves from the ANK model with various pre-strains. Associated material parameters
are obtained from the C-T test data by Balakrishnan (1999): (a) AL6022-T4; (b) DQ steel.
Fig. 6. Comparison of Bauschinger curves from the ANK model with the material parameters obtained
by the inverse method (Zhao and Lee, 2000) and three-point bend test: (a) AL6022-T4; (b) DQ steel.
a
2 o
xx
o
xx
[
12
o
yy
o
yy
_ _
2[
22
o
yy
o
yy
[
12
o
xx
o
xx
2[
66
o
xy
o
xy
_
_
_
_
_
_
17
The true stress rate can be expressed as,
.
C"
.
l
.
a 18
where C is the elastic response matrix. The consistency condition can be stated as
f
.
of
o
:
.
.

of
oo
o
o
.
o
0 19
where o
.
o
Hc"
.
p
and H Hc"
.
p
is the plastic modulus. From the consistency con-
dition (19) with the kinematic evolution equation, Eq. (4) or (13), the plastic multi-
plier can be expressed as,
l
.
a
T
C"
.
a
T
Ca A
iso
A
kin
20
where A
iso
2o
o
Hc"
.
p
and A
kin
a
T
J. The vector J is dened as:
for the Modied Chaboche model,
J 2C
1
2,
1
o
o
for initial and reversal loading. 21a
for the ANK model with simple form [Eq. (13b)],
J
2C
1
C
2
2,
1
o
o
for initial loading
2C
1
2,
1
o
o
for reversal loading
_
21b
Finally, the rate form can be written as,
.
C
Caa
T
C
a
T
Ca A
iso
A
kin
_ _
"
.
C
ep
"
.
22
The backward Euler method with R-residual algorithm (Criseld, 1991) is used in
this study to integrate the rate form of constitutive equation above. The R-residual
scheme converts the integration of the rate form into the minimization of a stress
residual vector. Competitive alternatives are discussed by Criseld (1991, 1997) and
Li (1996). The element stiness matrix is directly related to the tangent modulus C
ep
evaluated at each integration point, which governs the convergence rate of the glo-
bal iterative scheme. Thus the consistent tangent modulus is essential to keep the
quadratic rate of convergence in the NewtonRaphson scheme (Simo and Taylor,
1985, 1986; Criseld, 1987, 1991). The tangent modulus can be derived by the con-
sistent linearization of the update scheme. More detail of the associated nite element
formulation with the Modied Chaboche and ANK model is listed in the Appendix.
6. Model evaluation and numerical examples
Simple model cases (with one element) are tested to evaluate the eects of material
models on the stress calculation under cyclic loading conditions. Three dierent
material models; Modied Chaboche, ANK model, and GengWagoner model are
compared under a two-cycle test condition (pure bend and reverse bend) and a four-
cycle test condition (in-plane loading). AL6022-T4 data, listed in Table 3(a), are
used for both cases.
The two-cycle pure bend test condition is shown in Fig. 7, which is modeled with
one shell element with 51 integration points through the thickness to assure the
numerical accuracy. C-T test data for AL6022-T4 are used. Applied rotation at the
free end is 1.0 radian, for the rst bending and reverse bending, respectively.
Referring to Fig. 8(a), all three models predicted almost identical stress distribution
at the rst bending. The ANK model and GengWagoner model produced almost
identical stress distribution at the reverse bending as well, albeit dierent back-stress
distributions shown in Fig. 8(b). Consequently, both models will result in very
similar springback prediction under the two-cycle loading condition (bending and
reverse bending), while the Modied Chaboche model will not.
A hypothetical four-cycle test condition is analyzed next. The sample (10 mm long
and 1 mm wide) is clamped at one end and subjected to a cyclic in-plane deforma-
tion as shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 10(a) compares the stressstrain curves generated by the
ANK model by employing three sets of material parameters for AL6022-T4 listed in
Table 3(a). The three models produce dierent subsequent stressstrain curves after
the initial tension, as expected. Although it is not clear whether AL6022-T4 behaves
dierently under T-C condition from C-T condition, a pronounced dierence in
stress can be seen from Fig. 10(a) between these two tting results. Curves generated
from the three-point bend test and the inverse method seem to start from C-T test t
and converge to T-C t, raising a question whether this method can be used to dis-
criminate some erroneous in-plane test data.
Fig. 7. Bending and reverse bending process condition.
The ANK model is compared with the GengWagoner model in Fig. 10(b) with
C-T test data t for AL6022-T4, which show almost identical results during the rst
two cycles, but remarkably dierent at the third cycle (non-symmetrical reversal in
loading). The GengWagoner model overshoots the stress during the third cycle
Fig. 8. Comparison of stress distributions through the thickness under bending and subsequent reverse
bending: (a) axial stress; (b) back-stress.
while the ANK model exhibits a consistent trend over the entire cycle. Similar
overshooting was observed for a symmetrical reversal of the loading, but not shown
in this paper. The GengWagoner model might have been designed with only rst
two cycles of loading in mind. More comparisons and applications to eld problems
will be addressed in a companion paper (Part II).
7. Concluding remarks
An anisotropic nonlinear kinematic model (ANK model) is proposed together
with a simple modication to the isotropic part of the Chaboche model to better
Fig. 9. Multi-cycle test condition with one element: (a) boundary condition; (b) loading condition for
four-cycle test (TCTC).
Fig. 10. Comparison of four-cycle test results (AL6022-T4 data from Balakrishnan, 1999): (a) ANK
model with three sets of parameters; (b) ANK model vs. GengWagoner model with C-T test data.
describe the Bauschinger eect. Numerical implementation scheme amenable to a
FEA is also presented. Two basic ideas played essential roles in the development:
. Direct use of the conventional tensile data for the isotropic response.
. Treating the back-stress evolution during a reversal loading dierently from
the monotonic loading.
The proposed ANK model is shown to represent measured data remarkably well,
including the permanent oset in ow stress. Associated material parameters are
determined from C-T test, T-C test, and three-point bend test data for two alloys
(AL6022-T4 and DQ steel). It is a separate issue to decide which set of parameters
would best represent the real behavior of these materials. Numerical simulations
show that the ANK model can provide a way to describe the Bauschinger eect
consistently over multiple cycles. The GengWagoner model and ANK model are
shown to produce almost identical results when problems involve only one reversal
loading. The ANK model is relatively simple and can be used with in-plane test data
or/and the inverse method based on three-point bend tests.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express sincere gratitude to OSU-CAMMAC and the
SPP steering committee (ERIM/NIST) for their nancial supports, to The Ohio
Supercomputer Center for generous computing services, and to Professor R.H.
Wagoner for providing the experimental data and the UMAT for the GengWagoner
model. Technical discussions with Drs. K. Zhao, L. Geng, and K. Li are appreciated.
Material testing assistances by Mr. Courtney Allen are gratefully acknowledged.
Appendix
A.1. Backward Euler method with R-residual algorithm
A residual vector for the Modied Chaboche and ANK model can be dened as,
r
o

Tr
lCa 0 A1
where
Tr
is the elastic trial stress, l
_
l
.
dt is the increment of the plastic strain-
rate multiplier, and r
o
represents the residual between the updated stress and the
backward-Euler stress. In conjunction with Eq. (A1), another residual between the
current back stress and the backward-Euler back stress can be written as,
r
o

A

A
kin
o
o
l 0 A2
where
A
is a known value during the incremental procedure.
Eqs. (A1) and (A2) together with the plastic potential (1) dene the complete set
of equations which must be satised implicitly. Fixing
Tr
, a truncated Taylor
expansion can be applied to the above equations,
r
o
n
r
o
o

.
l
.
Ca lC
oa
o
.
_ _
lC
oa
o
.
_ _
0 A3
r
o
n
r
o
o

.
A
k
o
o
l
.

A
k
o
o

2
l o
.
o
A
k
o
o
l
.
.
0 A4
f
n
f
o
a
T
.
a
T
.
A
iso
l
.
A5
where the subscript n is used to denote the updates and o for old values,
.
is the
change in and l
.
is the change in l. Thus,
.
I D
1
lC
oa
o
_ _ _ _
1
r" l
.
Ca
_ _
H
1
r" l
.
Ca
_ _
A6
r" r
o
D
1
DlC
oa
o
r
o
and D
1

1
1 A
kin
l
o
o
A7
Therefore,
l
.
f
o
a
T
H
1
r
a
T
H
1
Ca A
iso
A
kin
A8
where
.
and
.
are calculated from l
.
and , , and l are accumulated.
A.2. The consistent tangent modulus for the backward-Euler method
From the equilibrium state, A is known, the new state B at the end of increment
will be calculated. The tangent modulus can be dened as:
C
ep
o
.
o"
.
_ _
B
A9
The standard backward Euler algorithm can be written as:
B

Tr
lCa
B
A10
Dierentiation of Eq. (A10) gives
.

.
Tr
l
.
Ca lC
oa
o
.
lC
oa
o
.
A11
Therefore,
.
I D
1
l
.
C
oa
o
_ _ _ _
1
C "
.
l
.
a
_ _
H
1
C "
.
l
.
a
_ _
R"
.
Rl
.
a A12
From consistency condition with Eq. (A12),
l
.
a
T
R"
.
a
T
Ra A
iso
A
kin
A13
Finally, the consistent tangent modulus for backward-Euler algorithm can be writ-
ten as,
.
R
Raa
T
R
a
T
Ra A
iso
A
kin
_ _
"
.
C
ep
"
.
A14
It should be noted that the matrix R is not equal to the elastic response matrix C in
Eq. (A14). This is the major dierence between the classical tangent modulus and
the consistent one, which preserves the favorable quadratic convergence in line with
the full NewtonRaphson method (Criseld, 1987, Li, 1996).
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Modeling the Bauschinger eect for sheet

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(the reverse loading

is the pre-strain at the

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