Manure N Availability to Corn & Mn Use in Soybeans

Manure N Availability to Corn & Use of Mn in Soybean
2011 Corn/Soy Expo February 3, 2011 Carrie Laboski
Carrie Laboski, Ph.D. CPSS, Assoc. Professor, Extension Soil Fertility Specialist
GO PACK GO!
Application Timing Effects on Manure N Availability
Carrie Laboski, Soil Science Bill Jokela, USDA
Background
Current N credits are the same regardless of time of application (fall v spring) Other states decrease N availability based on time to incorporation somewhat more precisely Sidedressing corn with manure may:
Provide another window of opportunity for manure application Provide adequate N to the crop
Objectives
Evaluate the effect of timing of incorporation of preplant surface applied manure on N credits Determine if preplant injected manure has greater N credits compared to incorporating surface applied manure Assess the feasibility of using sidedressed dairy manure as an N source for corn
Carrie Laboski, Ph.D. CPSS, Assoc. Professor, Extension Soil Fertility Specialist 5
Study details
Located at Marshfield ARS in 2009 & 2010 Withee silt loam Corn following corn
Treatments
TRT
1 2 3 4 5 6
N source
None Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer
N (lb/a) or Application timing/ incorporation method Manure (gal/a) rate 0 None

40 80 120 160 200 Preplant broadcast incorporated Preplant broadcast incorporated Preplant broadcast incorporated Preplant broadcast incorporated Preplant broadcast incorporated
7 8
9 10 11 12
Dairy Manure Dairy Manure

Dairy Manure Dairy Manure Dairy Manure Dairy Manure
6,500 6,500
6,500 6,500 6,500 6,500
Preplant injected Preplant surface applied, incorporated 1 hour after application Preplant surface applied, incorporated 24 hours after application Preplant surface applied, incorporated 72 hours after application Sidedress injected
Sidedress surface applied
7
Manure applicator
Manure Sampling
Manure Analysis
Year 2009 Time of application Preplant Total nutrients, lb/1000 gal Rate applied, lb/a Sidedress Total nutrients, lb/1000 gal Rate applied, lb/a 2010 Preplant Total nutrients, lb/1000 gal Rate applied, lb/a Sidedress Total nutrients, lb/1000 gal Rate applied, lb/a Dry matter 16.6 % Total N 28.4 185 NH4-N 11.4 74
11.9 %
45.3 294
19.9 128
23.9 %
26.3 171 16.5 107
9.4 61 5.9 38
12.8 %
10
Results
11
Plot area 6/30/10 day of sidedress applications
12
6/30/10 no preplant fertilizer or manure
13
Sidedress application
Surface band Injected
14
Yield response to preplant fertilizer N,2009

180
160
Grain Yield (bu/a) 140
120
100
N at Yield max Yield max EONR0.10
182 lb N/a 151 bu/a 126 lb N/a
80
60 40 20 0 0 50 100 150 200 N Fertilizer Rate (lb N/a)
Yield EONR0.10
149 bu/a
Plots with 0 N had 79% of max. yield
15
Effect of manure application timing, method and time to incorporation on yield at Marshfield in 2009
N Source Rate lb N/a or gal/a 0 6500 6500 6500 6500 6500 Appl. Time Appl. Method Incorp. Time hours Preplant Preplant Preplant Preplant Sidedress Injected Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Injected 0 <1 24 72 0 Silage yield Ton/a 15.7 18.6 17.1 16.7 18.0 19.1 Grain yield bu/a 120 144 ab 134 bc 133 c 137 bc 148 a Grain moisture % 29.5 29.0 c 30.8 b 29.9 bc 30.3 bc 33.1 a
None Manure Manure Manure Manure Manure
With a column rows with the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.10 probability level using Fishers LSD. Comparison does not include the 0 lb N/a treatment.
16
N fertilizer equivalence of manure and manure N availability as a % of total N, 2009

Appl. Time
Appl. Method
Incorp. Time hours

0 <1 24 72 0
N fertilizer equivalence value Silage Grain ------- lb N/a ------85 33 22 61 109 88 40 36 56 115
Manure N availability Silage Grain % of total N applied 46 18 12 33 37 48 22 19 30 39
Preplant Injected Preplant Broadcast Preplant Broadcast Preplant Broadcast Sidedress Injected
Yield values from the manure treatments were entered into the yield (grain or silage) response to N regression models and the N fertilizer rate that would have produced the same yield was determined and reported as NFEV. Manure N availability = (NFEV / total N rate applied in manure) x 100.
Yield response to preplant fertilizer N,2010

180
160
Grain Yield (bu/a) 140
120
100
N at Yield max Yield max EONR0.10
145 lb N/a 154 bu/a 145 lb N/a
80
60 40 20 0 0 50 100 150 200 N Fertilizer Rate (lb N/a)
Yield EONR0.10
154 bu/a
Plots with 0 N had 49% of max. yield
18
Effect of manure application timing, method and time to incorporation on yield at Marshfield in 2010
N Source Rate lb N/a or gal/a 0 6500 6500 6500 6500 6500 6500 Appl. Time Appl. Method Incorp. Time hours Preplant Preplant Preplant Preplant Sidedress Sidedress Injected Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Injected Surface band 0 <1 24 72 0 Silage yield Ton/a 4.15 15.1 15.7 Grain yield bu/a 89 122 a 124 a 122 a 105 ab 98 b 89 b Grain moisture % 16.6 16.4 16.4 17.0 17.4 16.6 17.0
None Manure Manure Manure Manure Manure Manure
15.1 13.6
12.0 11.4
With a column rows with the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.10 probability level using Fishers LSD. Comparison does not include the 0 lb N/a treatment.
N fertilizer equivalence of manure and manure N availability as a % of total N, 2010

Appl. Time
Appl. Method
Incorp. Time hours

0 <1 24 72 0 -
N fertilizer equivalence value Silage Grain ------- lb N/a ------80 83 80 55 86 83 86 55
Manure N availability Silage Grain % of total N applied

47 48 47 32 51 48 51 32
Preplant Injected Preplant Broadcast Preplant Broadcast Preplant Broadcast Sidedress Injected Sidedress Surface
29 20
42 26
27 18
40 24
Yield values from the manure treatments were entered into the yield (grain or silage) response to N regression models and the N fertilizer rate that would have produced the same yield was determined and reported as NFEV. Manure N availability = (NFEV / total N rate applied in manure) x 100.
Effect time of incorporation and application method on PSNT values, 2008 & 2009
N Source Rate Appl. Time lb N/a or gal/a
0 6500 6500 6500 6500 Preplant Preplant Preplant Preplant Appl. Method Incorp. Time days PSNT 2008 2009 ppm NO3-N
None Manure Manure Manure Manure
Injected Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast
0 0 1 3
9b 17 a 11 b 11 b 10 b
4b 9a 6b 6b 5b
Number of days following application where 0 is the same day. Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.10 probability level using Fishers protected LSD test.
21
Preliminary Summary
Preplant applications
Waiting 3 days to incorporate surface applied manure did not affect yield in 2009, but reduced yield in 2010 compared to incorporating within <1hr or 1 day
Sidedress applications
2009: injected 9% less available than preplant injected 2010: injected 11% less available than preplant injected 2010: surface band 27% less available than preplant injected and 8% less available than preplant & incorporated 3 days after application
Research will continue in 2011 & 2012
22
Living on the edge
23
Understanding plant availability of manganese in glyphosate resistant soybean systems
Carrie Laboski, Soil Science Shawn Conley, Agronomy
Justification
Soybean Mn deficiency a problem in 2007 Greatest concentration of deficiency
Eastern Waupaca Co. south to Jefferson Co. Primarily east of Lake Winnebago Also western Dane Co. and Sauk Co.
Most, but not all cases, glyphosate resistant (GR) soybean varieties Typical soil conditions
OM > 4% and pH > 7
Justification cont.
Grower concerns about yield plateau with GR soybean
GR soybean represents 90% of soy acreage
Early concerns on low Mn soils Outside of Wis. Mn def. reported on soils where Mn shouldnt be limiting More glyphosate is being applied to corn
Perhaps as much as 45% of corn acres
Previous research
Purdue research (Huber 2007)
Glyphosate reduces uptake and translocation of Mn via physiological immobilization of Mn in the plant Glyphosate is toxic to Mn reducing soil bacteria Root Mn uptake and translocation are reduced when glyphosate residue are present in soil
Purdue & Kansas found yield increases when:

Foliar Mn applied at least 8 days following glyphosate application Mn sulfate applied at planting Gypsum at plant (to immobilize glyphosate)
27
Previous Research
UWEX Mn guidelines based on research conducted in early 1970s
OM 6% use soil test OM > 6% and pH >6.9 Mn is low For crops with a high relative Mn need (soybean) and low soil Mn
Apply 5 lb Mn/a as starter in sulfate form Apply 1.25 or 0.2 lb Mn/a (sulfate or chelate) foliar
Foliar applications most effective at R1 or R3 Multiple applications sometimes needed
28
Objective
To quantify the effect of glyphosate on Mn availability in GR soybean systems To develop new Mn management guidelines for GR soybean systems
29
Treatments
Variety/weed management (main plot)
Conventional variety, conventional weed control GR variety, convention weed control GR variety, glyphosate weed control 0 1.25 lb Mn/a as Mn sulfate at R1 1.25 lb Mn/a as Mn sulfate at R3 1.25 lb Mn/a as Mn sulfate at R1 and R3
ManGro DF used for starter and foliar. 31% Mn, 15% S
Foliar Mn application (split plot)
Mn in starter fertilizer 2x2 (split split plot)
0 5 lb Mn/a as Mn sulfate
30 rows 2009: 155,510 seeds/a 2010: 150,000 seeds/a
30
Sites
2009 Hubbleton Soil pH OM, % Soil Mn, ppm Granby fine sandy loam 8.1 5.2 2 (Low) Watertown Wacousta silty clay loam 7.8 6.1 4 (Low, pH/OM) 2010 New London A New London B Shiocton silt loam 7.1 6.3 2 (Low, pH/OM) Shiocton silt loam 7.2 2.6 14 (Opt)
Leaf Mn at R1, ppm

Prev. crop Tillage Variety
44 (Low)
Corn, grain none
33 (Low)
Corn, grain Spring chisel/disk
17 (Low)
Cont. soybean No-till since 2003
46 (Low)
Corn, grain Spring chisel/disk
Conv. = Dairyland DSR2118; GR = Asgrow AG2204
Leaf Mn concentrations of 54 to 300 ppm are considered sufficient at R1. Note: Two sites in 2008. One site lost to flooding in June. Other site lost to brown stem rot in August.
Leaf Mn 10 days after R3 foliar application, Hubbleton, 2009

Variety/herbicide: Leaf Mn ppm Starter Mn Leaf Mn lb/a ppm Foliar Mn lb/a Leaf Mn ppm
Conv./Conventional
GR/Conventional GR/Glyphosate
54
53 51
0
5
51
54
0
1.25 @ R1 1.25 @ R3 1.25 @ R1 & R3
37 b
38 b 69 a 67 a
Mean values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.10 probability level.
32
Yield, Hubbleton, 2009

Yield Variety/herbicide: bu/a Conv./Convention al GR/Conventional GR/Glyphosate 49 49 48 lb/a 0 5 bu/a 49 48 lb/a 0 1.25 @ R1 1.25 @ R3 1.25 @ R1 & R3 bu/a 49 49 49 48 Starter Mn Yield Foliar Mn Yield
33
Leaf Mn 10 days after R3 foliar application, Watertown, 2009

Conv./Conventional
75
65 71
0
5
68
72
0
1.25 @ R1 1.25 @ R3 1.25 @ R1 & R3
33 b
36 b 105 a 106 a
34
Yield, Watertown, 2009

Variety/herbicide : Conv./Convention al GR/Conventional GR/Glyphosate Yield Starter Mn Yield Foliar Mn Yield
47
47 48
0
5
47
48
0
1.25 @ R1 1.25 @ R3
47
48 47 47 p 0.25 <0.01 0.42
1.25 @ R1 & R3 Foliar Mn rate/timing, lb Mn/a Variety/herbicide Conv./Conventional GR/Conventional GR/Glyphosate 0 1.25 @ R1 1.25 @ R3 1.25 @ R1 and R3 ---------------------- yield, bu/a -----------------49 50 a 46 48 45 b 48 46 49 a 47
47 46 b 49
35
Mn deficiency symptoms New London A
Photos at left are R1; symptoms apparent on newest leaves.
Photo above is R2; symptoms apparent on lower leaves only.
36
Leaf Mn 10 days after R3 foliar application, New London A, 2010

Conv./Conventional
116
99 107
0
5
102
113
0
1.25 @ R1 1.25 @ R3 1.25 @ R1 & R3
29 b
41 b 172 a 188 a
37
Leaf Mn 10 days after R3 foliar application, New London B, 2010

Conv./Conventional
188 a
110 b 112 b
0
5
134
139
0
1.25 @ R1 1.25 @ R3 1.25 @ R1 & R3
71 b
72 b 188 b 215 a
38
Yield, New London B, 2010

Variety/herbicide: Yield bu/a Starter Mn lb/a Yield bu/a Foliar Mn lb/a Yield bu/a
Conv./Conventional
54 b
56 a 56 a
0
5
55
56
0
1.25 @ R1 1.25 @ R3 1.25 @ R1 & R3
56
55 56 55
39
Summary
Based on soil test and/or R1 tissue test, yield response was expected at all locations Starter fertilizer did not increase leaf Mn concentrations on any sampling date or at any location
Contradictory to past research in WI that showed starter Mn as being the most effective for increasing yields when deficiency occurred
Leaf Mn concentrations increased for at least 10 days following foliar application

Summary
At all locations, except New London B, 10 days after the R3 foliar application, leaf Mn concentrations were significantly greater where Mn was applied at R3
At New London B, application at R1& R3 was significantly greater than, R3, R1, or none
No significant yield response to any Mn application method or timing at any location

New London A was not harvestable and was only location where Mn deficiency symptoms were present
41
Summary
At R1 54 to 300 ppm Mn in leaf considered sufficient
Hubbleton & Watertown had less than 54 ppm (~36 ppm) at R3 and 10 days after R3 in 0 and R1 foliar plots, but there was no yield response to foliar application Using the diagnostic criteria at growth stages other than R1 may not be useful
42
Summary
At Watertown only, GR/conventional had significantly greater yield if Mn applied at R1 or R1 & R3
Did not occur for other variety/herbicide treatments
At New London B, Conventional variety had significantly lower yield (54 bu/a) compared to GR variety (56 bu/a)
Though it had sig. greater leaf Mn at R3 and R3+10 days
Further data analysis will be done

Take home message

If Mn deficiency symptoms are present
Apply foliar 1.25 lb Mn/a as sulfate form or 0.2 lb Mn/a as chelate form
Based on this data, if Mn deficiency symptoms are not present, it is unlikely you will realize a profitable yield response to foliar Mn applications
44
Thanks to our sponsors!

Manure Timing Study Wisconsin Corn Promotion Board Collaboration with Bill Jokela, USDA-ARS Institute for Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Soybean Manganese Study Wisconsin Soybean Marketing Board Wisconsin Fertilizer Research Program Collaboration with Shawn Conley, UW-Agronomy
45

Manure N Availability to Corn & Mn Use in Soybeans

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Manure N Availability to Corn & Use of Mn in Soybean

2011 Corn/Soy Expo February 3, 2011 Carrie Laboski

Application Timing Effects on Manure N Availability

Carrie Laboski, Soil Science Bill Jokela, USDA

N (lb/a) or Application timing/ incorporation method Manure (gal/a) rate 0 None

Dairy Manure Dairy Manure

26.3 171 16.5 107

Plot area 6/30/10 day of sidedress applications

6/30/10 no preplant fertilizer or manure

Yield response to preplant fertilizer N,2009

N at Yield max Yield max EONR0.10

182 lb N/a 151 bu/a 126 lb N/a

Plots with 0 N had 79% of max. yield

None Manure Manure Manure Manure Manure

N fertilizer equivalence of manure and manure N availability as a % of total N, 2009

Incorp. Time hours

Manure N availability Silage Grain % of total N applied 46 18 12 33 37 48 22 19 30 39

Yield response to preplant fertilizer N,2010

N at Yield max Yield max EONR0.10

145 lb N/a 154 bu/a 145 lb N/a

Plots with 0 N had 49% of max. yield

None Manure Manure Manure Manure Manure Manure

N fertilizer equivalence of manure and manure N availability as a % of total N, 2010

Incorp. Time hours

N fertilizer equivalence value Silage Grain ------- lb N/a ------80 83 80 55 86 83 86 55

Manure N availability Silage Grain % of total N applied

None Manure Manure Manure Manure

Injected Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast

Research will continue in 2011 & 2012

Living on the edge

Understanding plant availability of manganese in glyphosate resistant soybean systems

Carrie Laboski, Soil Science Shawn Conley, Agronomy

Purdue & Kansas found yield increases when:

Foliar Mn application (split plot)

Mn in starter fertilizer 2x2 (split split plot)

30 rows 2009: 155,510 seeds/a 2010: 150,000 seeds/a

Leaf Mn at R1, ppm

Conv. = Dairyland DSR2118; GR = Asgrow AG2204

Leaf Mn 10 days after R3 foliar application, Hubbleton, 2009

Yield, Hubbleton, 2009

Leaf Mn 10 days after R3 foliar application, Watertown, 2009

Yield, Watertown, 2009

Mn deficiency symptoms New London A

Photos at left are R1; symptoms apparent on newest leaves.

Photo above is R2; symptoms apparent on lower leaves only.

Leaf Mn 10 days after R3 foliar application, New London A, 2010

Leaf Mn 10 days after R3 foliar application, New London B, 2010

Yield, New London B, 2010

Leaf Mn concentrations increased for at least 10 days following foliar application

No significant yield response to any Mn application method or timing at any location

Further data analysis will be done

Take home message

Thanks to our sponsors!

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