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Test Bank First Five Quizzes Introduction Quiz 1. How does the reading define childhood? 2.

Name of the five listed institutions or practices societies use to regulate the development of children. 3. Childhood is really real not fabricated. a. True 4. Childhood is fabulously fabricated not really real. a. True 5. What does Geertz mean when he claims that childhood is not one thing but is a reflection of the differenced worlds of children? 6. The Child (Shweder, 2009) is a compilation of state-of-the art-information in the field of child development a. True Development Concept of 1. Transformational and variational change are both a. Reversible b. Linear c. Goal-directed d. Permanent i. C 2. Change is the core meaning of development a. True 3. Which of the following is a characteristic of transformational change? a. Continuous b. Reversible c. Nonlinear d. Idiosyncratic i. C 4. Give a clear example of variational change and explain why it is transformational. 5. Give a specific example of transformational change and explain why it is transformational 6. One theorist who places an emphasis on transformational change is a. Piaget b. Skinner c. Watson d. Freud i. A 7. Explain how language is both transformational and variational change. Training, Child 1. List the three generally recognized phases of childhood.

2. In middle childhood children begin to engage in play activities mainly with same-sex peers. a. True 3. Which of the following is NOT a typical response to premarital sexual behavior in different societies? a. Complete freedom to engage in premarital sexual behavior b. Early marriage c. Inter course with multiple partners d. Severe punishment to sexually active females i. A 4. What is a major coping resource of adolescents? 5. Breastfeeding lasts approximately how long in a majority of societies? a. 6 months b. 8 months c. 24 months d. 36 months i. C 6. Which of following is NOT typical of the activities assigned to middle aged children agricultural and pastoral groups a. Sibling care b. Food preparation c. Household chores d. Caring for the elderly i. D 7. In terms of treatment for infants, early _____________ treatment has long lasting effects but____________treatment is related to a variety of outcomes a. Positive, positive, negative b. Positive, negative, negative c. Negative, positive, negative d. Negative, negative, positive Child: Legal and Public-policy Perspectives 1. A child reaches the age of majority when they a. Reach the age of 18. b. Are able to rent a car c. Have finished puberty d. Become full rights-bearing citizens i. D 2. Parental authority can never be overridden by the law. a. False 3. Which is NOT true regarding children growing up before the 19th century? a. Children were considered property of their parents b. Mothers were considered equal to the father when it came to decisions regarding their children c. Laws protecting children incorporated traditional beliefs. d. Custody was primarily held by fathers i. B

4. What policy issue related to child development is apparent in the U.S. Supreme Courts varying opinions related to child labor? a. In 1918 the U.S Supreme Court struck down a child labor law saying that it exceeded Congress's power under the commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution. Congress upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, basically reversing their previous decision. This is related to the issue of whether the parent or the state has control over decisions about the child. 5. Child welfare laws protecting abused and neglected children originated in the early 19th century. a. False 6. Industrialization was responsible for women acquiring primary responsibility for their children. a. True 7. Which of these countries has one of the lowest child poverty rates among Westernized countries? a. Australia b. France c. Canada d. United States i. B Physical Growth and Development 1. Infants who are premature often are born with which of the following? a. IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction) b. LBW (low birth weight). c. Babies without a twin. d. Parents who were also premature i. B 2. Girls experience a growth spurt right before the onset of their menstrual periods a. True 3. Which of the following is NOT a teratogen that can cause growth retardation? a. Alcohol b. Tobacco c. Caffeine d. Anticonvulsant medication i. C 4. What are characteristics of a child who has been diagnosed with failure to thrive? a. Weight for age as less than 3rd percentile, weight for height less than the 5th to 10 percentile or inadequate rate of weight gain. Inadequate food intake is common. Sometime cannot utilize nutrients normally or has increased metabolic demands 5. Obese children are at higher risk for which of the following? a. Hypertension b. High cholesterol

c. Diabetes d. All of the Above i. D 6. What is something that children with tall stature and short stature have in common? a. Caused by growth hormones b. Both socially desirable c. Cause by malnutrition d. They both fall in the 3% tails for their age on standard growth charts i. D 7. Pediatricians monitor a childs physical growth by means of two core measurements: height and weight a. False Neurological and Brain Development 1. Choose all those that are considered reflex behaviors. a. Breathing b. Talking c. Crying d. Visual tracking e. Walking f. Crawling g. Withdrawal from painful stimulus i. A, C, D, G 2. Object permanence emerges at around 10 months a. True 3. Describe how language develops in infants a. Infants start out cooing in vowel sounds and then adds consonant sounds and raspberries. Sounds produced are the same in infants of all nationalities. At 6 months the infant begins to produce repeated syllables and to produce more speech. Between 9 and 12 months babies begin to point at objects communicatively. Most produce first meaningful word by 1 year of age. By 2 years a child typically has a vocabulary of more than 200 words and produces two-word phrases. By 3 a child uses pronouns and three word sentences and large vocabulary. 4. During the period of rapid brain growth a. Many more synapses are formed than are ultimately needed b. The number of synapses are exactly the number that are needed c. The number of synapses are not the number that are needed, more are added later. d. No synapses are added during this time. i. A 5. Myelination is complete in most parts of the brain by a. 12 years b. 6 years c. 3 years

d. Birth i. C 6. Glial cells are nerve axons that develop outside the brain. a. False 7. Infants reared in bilingual homes do not acquire language at a significantly different rate from that of monolingual children a. True Motor Development 1. Describe the common sequence of change in gross movements in infats a. Thrusting arms and legs, able to hold head up, rolling, sitting up unassisted, crawling, walking. 2. The range of normal for gross motor development depends heavily on the childs individual muscle tone a. True 3. If parents dont encourage their child to learn to walk is likely that they will be significantly delayed. a. False 4. Which of these is UNLIKELY to cause motor delays? a. Coming from a low-income family b. Anemia c. Chronic undernutrition d. Coming from a divorced family i. D 5. A child with fine motor delays is usually referred to a. Physical therapy b. Occupational therapy c. Psychiatry d. Medical doctor i. B 6. It is unlikely that physical therapy or occupational therapy services alter brain structure or functions. a. True 7. In order do the steps of fine motor development happen? a. Grasps and transfers objects from hand to hand, reaches for objects, hold hands together, grasping reflex b. Grasping reflex, reaching for objects, grasps and transfers objects from hand to hand, holds hands together. c. Grasping reflex, holds hands together, reaches for objects, grasps and transfers object from hand to hand. d. Holds hands together, grasping reflex, reaches for objects, grasps and transfers objects from hand to hand. i. C Motor Development: A theoretical model 1. Developmental theory must be both _____________________ and explanatory. a. Influential b. Descriptive

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c. Informative d. Developed i. B In the inductive method the investigator uses inference and has three primary qualities. a. False Developmental differences can be observed through two areas: process (form) and product (performance). a. True Which is the type of observable movement that imparts or receives force from objects? a. Stabilizing movements b. Locomotor movements c. Manipulative movements d. Gross motor movements i. C Describe the difference between primitive reflexes and postural reflexes. a. Primitive reflexes are information-gathering, nourishment seeking and protective responses. Ex. Rooting and sucking reflex Postural reflexes involve involuntary neuromotor testing similar to future voluntary movements. Which is NOT true regarding rudimentary movements? a. Characterized by a highly predictable sequence of events. b. Are the very first movements a fetus makes. c. The rate and which these movements appear will vary from child to child. d. They represent basic forms of voluntary movements that are required for survival Which of these apply to the fundamental movement phase? a. Involuntary, subcorically controlled movements b. Change in location of body in relation to a fixed point c. Based on inhibition of reflexes d. Active exploration and experimentation of movement capabilities i. D Motor development is a good example of the dynamic system concept for development because a. Change in any part affects all other parts b. The stages occur in a predetermined order c. Rate is the same for everyone d. The whole body system is involved in the development i. A Which of these is a definition of the specialized movement phase? a. A period when fundamental stability, locomotor and manipulative skills are progressively refined combined and elaborated upon for use in increasingly demanding situations

b. A period that is characterized by mechanically efficient coordinated and controlled movements c. A period that involved greater control and better rhythmical coordination of fundamental movements d. A period that represents the childs first goal oriented attempts at performing a fundamental skill i. A 10. Which best describes the overall picture of motor development? a. The productwhat a body can do. b. Increasing control and competence over time. c. How heredity predicts motor outcomes d. The automatic nature of motor development i. B 11. The age ranges for each phase of motor development should be viewed as concrete and unchangeable. a. False 12. In hour glass heuristic the sand represents what? a. Heredity b. Environment c. Task d. Both A and B e. All of the above i. D Emotional Development 1. Explain the difference in how a structural theorist portrays emotional life as opposed to how a functional theorist portrays emotional life. a. Structural theorists portray emotional life as basic emotional states, each with its unique way of feeling and own facial expression. Each of them is relevant to human survival and all develop early. Functional theorists take a broader approach to emotions and they don't define a range of emotion categories or identify their essential characteristics. They allow for more complex emotions. 2. Emotions are biologically complicated by neurobiologically basic a. False 3. At what age can infants distinguish facial expressions of positive and negative emotions? a. 1-2 months b. 3 months c. 4-5 months d. 6-7 months i. C 4. An example of social referencing would be a. An adult starts to smile at a baby and the baby hides his face in his moms shoulder. b. An older sibling displays fear of a spider, and the infant begins to cry whenever he/she sees a spider.

c. A baby laughs for the first time at something silly his father did. d. An infant cries when his mother leaves the room i. B 5. How can cultural values affect emotional understanding? a. Cultural values can help define the emotions that are appropriate to express and those that are not appropriate to express or display. 6. Self conscious emotions develop at the same time that toddlers become self aware. a. True 7. Children who grow up in homes characterized by family conflict are more likely to. a. Be less advanced in emotional understanding. b. Be insecurely attached to their parents c. Be prone to dysregulated emotions. d. All of the above e. None of the above f. A and B only i. D Perception 1. Put the senses in the order in which they enter functional development a. Touch b. Taste c. Smell d. Hearing e. Vision 2. Epistemology in the branch of philosophy concerned with the origins and nature of knowledge. It was traditionally dominated by a debate between which two viewpoints? a. Perception vs Sensation. b. Knowledge vs The Unknown c. Development vs. Creation d. Nature vs Nurture i. D 3. What stimulus would evoke lip-pursing, wrinkled nose and blinking of the eyes of a newbort? a. Sweet stimulus b. Sour stimulus c. Bitter stimulus d. Rotten stimulus i. B 4. To hear a sound infants appear to need the sound to be softer than what an adult needs. a. False 5. How can nurture influence perception? a. An example of a correct answer to this question would be that all infants start out using the same speech sounds and then

by perceiving how the people around them speak, eventually develop the speech patterns of their culture. 6. Newborns are a. Nearsighted b. Farsighted c. Born with excellent vision. d. None of the above i. A 7. Categorical perception means that only a small number of tokens are functionally distinguished. a. True 8. What kind of parent temperament would fit best with an passive, low energy infant? a. Highly active and energetic b. Easy going and friendly c. Passive, low energy d. Aggressive and easily frustrated. i. C Attachment Quiz 1. Which attachment theorist placed emphasis on basic trust in attachment relationships? a. Erik Erickson b. Sigmund Freud c. John Bowlby d. Konrad Lorenz i. A 2. Give a definition of attachment an example 3. Which of these occurs in the second phase of the development of attachment? a. Babies respond differently to one or a few familiar figures than to strangers. b. Babies learn to crawl and walk. c. Babies are socially responsive and able to orient to people. d. Babies learn to talk i. A 4. Describe the strange situation. a. The strange situation is a series of brief separations and reunions from the mother and a stranger in a laboratory playroom. 5. Infants who show little or no distress when separated from the caregiver are classifies as a. Secure b. Avoidant c. Resistant d. Disorganized i. B 6. In family systems theory the mother-infant relationship DOES NOT affect the other relationships in the family

a. False 7. Fathers are often preferred as ______________ whereas mothers are often preferred for _____________ a. Playmates, comfort Temperament 1. Which of these descriptions describe a slow to warm up baby? a. Babies who are positive in mood and regular in body functions and habits. b. Babies who are negative in mood, active and irregular in cycles and habits. c. Babies who withdraw in new situations and are low in activity. d. Babies who have disorganized attachment i. C 2. Describe how goodness of fit is related to temperament. a. In the right environment the temperament of a difficult infant need not result in subsequent behavioral disorders. The outcome would be normal if the parents responded in a manner that helped the child regulate his or her behavior. 3. In one study, researchers found that infants of African American descent compared to European American counterparts showed lower activity level. a. False 4. There is evidence that temperament in early childhood predicts personality in adulthood. a. True 5. It is most likely that a combination of nature and nurture that creates the differences in male and female temperaments. a. True 6. List the three kinds of temperament developed by Thomas and Chess. a. Easy, Difficult, Slow to Warm up Self-Development 1. The I-self is the reflected outcome and the Me-self does the reflecting a. False 2. Match each early theorist with their theory on the formulation of self. a. William James the I-self and the Me-self b. Charles Cooley the looking-glass self c. George Herbert Mead the generalized other as generic social shaper of our sense of self d. James Mark Baldwin imitation and interactions between infants and their significant others as the very process by which we come to have a sense of self 3. What is the difference between self-concept and self-efficacy? a. Self concept is the collection of descriptions one has about oneself. Self-efficacy refers to a belief in one's own competence and may be viewed as a subcategory of one's self concepts 4. The ____________ self is the sense that we have about who we are in relation to others.

Self-efficacy Self-concept Executive self Interpersonal self i. D 5. During which period of childhood do children tend to view themselves from an all or none perspective, over differentiating self-relevant categories such as good or bad? a. Middle childhood b. Preschool period c. Infancy d. Adolescence i. A 6. Describe the theory of the independent self and the interdependent self. a. The independent self is autonomous, bonded and distinct from the others. Interdependent selves are connected with one another, stressing the group more than individual uniqueness. Personality Development 1. The concept_______ refers to the stable profiles of beliefs, emotions, chronic moods and behaviors of a single person. a. Personality 2. Match the theoretical conception of personality type with a key concept from its theory. a. Temperament How infants react to their environment b. Psychoanalytic theory differences in parental socialization produce variation in anxiety which in turn leads to different types of personality c. Attachment theory- monitors, regulates and initiates behavior and is influenced by the reactions of others towards the person. d. Self psychological growth is motivated by affectionate ties to others. e. Observed Behavior direct observations of actual behavior 3. Which major influence on the development of personality profiles would influence a child to believe that she has the same qualities as her mother? a. Identification b. Ordinal Position c. Social Class d. Parental Socialization i. A 4. Which major influence on the development of personality would influence a first-born child to be motivated to achieve in school? a. Ordinal position b. Identification c. Social Class d. Parental Socialization i. A

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5. Which major influence on the development of personality would influence a child from a middle-class background to achieve in school? a. Identification b. Ordinal Position c. Social Class d. Parental Socialization i. C 6. Which major influence on the development of personality would influence a child to be minimally self-reliant? a. Identification b. Ordinal Position c. Social Class d. Parental Socialization i. D 7. The complex nature of personality development can be appreciated by recognizing that combinations of temperamental biases and family environment can generate a very small number of personality types a. False Self-Esteem 1. Children with high self-esteem tend to be what? Pick all that apply. a. Depressed b. Anxious c. Well-adjusted d. Happy i. C, D. 2. As children get older they continue to view themselves with global appraisals. (I am a good person). a. False 3. Self-esteem seems to be lower in early childhood a. False 4. How is the self-esteem of boys and girls different? a. Girls report slightly lower self esteem. 5. Those children who have a strong sense of identification with their ethnic group also tend to have high self-esteem a. True 6. Which of these two things have been linked? a. High self-esteem and bullying b. Low self-esteem and high extra curricular activities c. Low self-esteem and suicide rate d. High self-esteem and independence from parents i. A 7. Children from other cultures report lower levels of self-esteem and yet outperform them academically a. True

Cognitive Development Quiz 1. Biology and culture are intertwined in the process of cognitive development a. True 2. It is NOW widely believed that a. Children arrive in the world a set of cognitive abilities that help them act upon their experiences. b. Infants are born with rudimentary capacities for perceiving their environment c. The brain is a general processing organ that supports the ability to respond to some stimuli with reflexes (no higher level functioning until later in life). d. The newborns experience is blooming, buzzing and confusion. i. A 3. Choose all of the following that are present at birth or VERY shortly after a. Language b. Physical laws c. Number concepts d. Distinction between animate and inanimate entities. e. Holding head up f. Walking g. Talking i. A, B, C, D. 4. The vast majority of the neurons in individual nervous systems originate after birth. a. False 5. Describe some aspects of cognitive development that happen in all cultures. a. Increasing mastery of many forms of knowledge or provides a couple examples 6. Which of the following is NOT typical of children in early childhood? a. Often think about two or more aspects of a problem at a time. b. Susceptible to difficulties dealing with many cognitive tasks. c. Fail to take into account what people around them are experiencing d. Susceptible to confusing objects that look like each other. e. Reason in an illogical manner i. A 7. Culture elaborates on knowledge to different degrees and often in different ways Learning Quiz 1. Which early psychologist connected learning with memory? a. Hermann Ebbinghaus b. John Locke c. Wilhelm Wundt d. John Watson i. A 2. Which of the following theories states that responses to stimuli could be associated with extraneous stimulus and then elicit the response?

Classical Conditioning Associationism Operant Conditioning Gestalt i. A 3. Match the theory with its experiment. a. Gestalt linear array consisting of a circle, a smaller half circle and two dots. b. Operant Conditioning an infant turns his or her house to the side and finds a pacifier to suck on. Next time the infant will turn farther to find the pacifier c. Memory Nonsense syllables d. Classical Conditioning A dog who has been associating the sound of a bell with food will drool at the sound of a bell. 4. Describe Noam Chomskys theory of language a. Language must be underlain by some sort of mental structure capable of placing words in specific sequential orders. Highly creative providing adaptive responses. Deep structure. Innate 5. What is the difference between associationism and constructivism? a. Associationism learning is an acquisition of information stored in memory. Constructivism learners are actively engaged in producing own knowledge. 6. Piaget saw the acquisition of knowledge as a process of internalization of control of actions that were reconstructed a generalized cognitive control structures. a. False 7. What is the zone of proximal development? a. The difference between the learners independent ability level before learning a given task and the level achieved with the support of another. b. Control structures by which one simultaneously holds in mind and sequences the mental and physical actions needed to perform a given task c. Conservation of number task d. The cognitive skill for controlling the mental operations needed to solve specific math problems i. A Piaget Quiz 1. In Piagets evolutionary theory, an organisms behavior adaptations can lead to adaptations in the subsystems that can be inherited a. True 2. What did Piaget discover in his search for how to measure intelligence? a. Engaging children in free conversation is more revealing in the examination of intelligence b. It is more important to look at the number of right and wrong answers on standard tests

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c. It is the process of development of the tests that reveals the most about intelligence. d. Intelligence of a child can be measured by averaging their parents intelligence. 3. Piagets book The Origins of Intelligence is based off of his observations of a. His three children b. His uncles three children c. One of his own children and two of his friends children. d. Three children that were randomly chosen for the study. 4. Beginning with complex systems, children organize increasing reflexes of activity by coordinating two or more simple actions into a new type of action capable of overcoming the problem a. False 5. Describe Piagets theory about the sensorimotor system a. Is the basis for later stages of logical thought. Makes the infant more capable of anticipating problems. Action patterns become increasingly interiorized 6. Match the mental stage with its definition a. Preoperational stage mental operations partially formed. b. Concrete Operations mental operations capable of reversibility c. Formal Operations Children become capable of mentally operating on abstractions. d. Sensorimotor Simple reflexes 7. Piaget believed in a. Constructivism b. Nativism c. Empiricism d. Innateness i. A 8. What are the major criticism of Piagets work? a. Overly focused individual development without looking at the role of social and cultural processes in development Logical Thinking Quiz 1. What is logical reasoning? a. The ability to make necessary deductive inferences that do not involve using real-world knowledge. b. Reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principle of validity. c. A particular system or codification of the principle of proof and inference. d. Think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic. i. A 2. The theories of ___________gave the major impetus to developmental studies of logical reasoning. a. Jean Piaget b. John Locke

c. Peter Bryant d. Tom Trabassco i. A 3. Which is an example of reversibility? a. Conservation of liquid quantity b. Nonsensical syllogism c. Dual process theory d. Formal operational stage i. A 4. Describe formal operational thought. a. Take a hypothesis about the world which may or may not be true and then examine what is logically entailed by this hypothesis. Consists of logical problems. 5. Dual process theories suppose that logical reasoning is possible but that much of human reasoning is done rapidly, using automatic processes that evaluate conclusions using real-world knowledge. a. True 6. There are no researchers that claim that formal reasoning may be present in very young children. a. False 7. The mental model theory a. Assumes that reasoners construct simple mental representations of premises using their knowledge of language to determine what form of representation is appropriate b. Is when conclusions are made that do not really logically form from the premises but are highly believable. c. Believes that not all people are capable of logical reasoning d. States that the key rules of reasoning are biologically programming. i. A Behavioral Theories Quiz 1. Describe the Little Albert experiment. a. Conditioning response in a baby to white rats 2. B.F. Skinners model emphasized the importance of environmental consequences for increasing or decreasing behavior a. True 3. In the following scenario what is the BEHAVIOR that is being reinforced? A mom and her child are in the grocery store. The child wants a candy bar and throws a tantrum. The mom then gives her a candy bar. a. Throwing a tantrum to get her way. 4. What are Skinner Boxes? a. Controlled containers that Skinner used in his research of rats and pigeons. b. A way to map out behavioral theory. c. Another term for a consequence of behavior. d. The acquisition of reinforcers i. A

5. Setting events are a. Environmental or historical contexts altering the relationships between other terms of the contingency. b. Developmental skill learning activities c. Types of systematic desensitization. d. Explanations of normal development i. A 6. Which of these domains of development has behavioral theory NOT been used to explain? a. Emotional Development b. Cognitive Development c. Language Development d. Personality Development e. None of the Above i. E 7. Name two of the ways operant principle have been used. a. Systematic desensitization. Counterconditioning, behavioral problems, parent training, behavioral pediatrics, ADHD and other areas Memory Quiz 1. Which is a mistaken belief about memory that was widely held until recently? a. Children younger than the age of three cannot form stable and accessible memories b. Children can access memories from as far back as 6 months old. c. Children younger than the age of five cannot form stable and accessible memories. d. Children access the memories from before the age of three but can only do so until they are ten years old i. A 2. What is working memory? a. The type of memory that permits the storage and manipulation of information over short durations 3. Which of these is the A-not-B task? a. A desired object is hidden in one of two identical locations. After a brief delay is allowed to find the object by reaching for it. b. A child is asked to repeat the alphabet by saying only every other letter. c. Peek-a-boo is an example of this. d. Memory of the details of specific events i. A 4. A 9 month old child can remember details of events for a. One month b. 24 hours c. One year d. 3 months

i. A 5. What are some developmental changes that happened with memory? a. Children process information faster and more efficiently. Myelination occurs. Older children have a greater knowledge base. 6. What is an autobiographical memory? a. An episodic memory for an event that is personally significant. b. A working memory for an event that is happening right now. c. A memory about someones biography d. A memory for events that are happening in the world. 7. The cultural difference in references to self may relate to the finding that, among adults, the age of earliest memory is later among Americans than Asians a. False Vygotsky Quiz 1. Which one of these is not one of the themes of Vygotskys work? a. Commitment to a genetic or developmental model. b. Claim that higher uniquely human mental processes in individuals have their origin in social processes and retain a quasi-social nature. c. Human mental processes are medicated by tools and signs. d. Evolution of military strategy and technology i. D 2. Vygotsky viewed the __________ world as provided the key to understanding mental life in the individual. a. Social b. Emotional c. Intellectual d. Human i. A 3. Which of these areas was Vygotsky most interested in? a. Maps b. Mathematical formulas c. Tools and signs d. Human language i. D 4. Describe the difference between how Piaget and Vygotsky look at children talking to themselves. a. Piaget said it was egocentric. Vygotsky is an essential role in the transition from social speech to inner speech. 5. Vygotsky felt that the key to understanding human mental functioning is to examine its origins and developmental transformations. a. True 6. Vygotsky was fundamentally concerned with how human emotional processes are shaped by historical, cultural and institutional contexts. a. True Language Development

1. Match each part of language with its definition a. Phonology the sound system b. Syntax grammatical rules that relate words to one another c. Morphology the shapes of words d. Lexicon the vocabulary e. Pragmatics the uses to which language is put 2. How are childrens verbal skills influenced by their environment? a. Some cultures expose their child multipart talk. In other cultures, child-directed speech in conversational exchanges is privileged. Children learn to attend to what they themselves are interested. Shared attention 3. As children work on how to pronounce words, they set up patterns or templates for one and two-syllable words. a. True 4. Children do not understand what words mean before they begin saying them. a. False 5. Put the stages of how children build their vocabulary in order a. Saying just one word at a time when they speak b. Putting a gesture and word together c. Putting a word and a word together d. Organizing words into semantic domains e. Organizing words into levels of specificity 6. Children must learn to tailor their utterances to others to take into account such factors as a. Age, sex and status b. Parent, children and siblings. c. Mothers, doctors and nurses d. Scaffolding, designing and tailoring i. A 7. Word order can, depending on the language, serve which of the following functions? a. Pragmatic function indicating what is given versus new information. b. Grammatical function. c. Comprehension function. d. A and B. e. All of the Above i. D Social Development Quiz 1. Newborns distinguish their mothers voice and facial appearance with in the first few a. Days b. Minutes c. Hours d. Weeks i. A 2. Match each social development term with its definition.

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a. Joint attention attending to the same object or event as the caregiver b. Social referencing using familiar caregivers emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation c. Perspective taking the ability to detect what others might be thinking and feeling d. Peer socialability mutual imitation involving jumping, chasing or banking a toy e. Peer acceptance the extent to which a child is a child whom is liked by age mates f. Sociodramatic play joint make-believe play g. Self-reflective perspective taking the ability to step in another persons shoes and view ones own thoughts, feelings and behaviors from the others perpective How can attachment influence social development a. Attachment predicts more favorable social development in childhood including the capacity that others have to understand others emotions, etc. Chinese parents have, historically, been more accepting and encouraging of shy children than have American parents a. True. According to Mildren Parten, the development of peer sociability proceeds in a three step sequence. What are the steps in this sequence? a. Non social activity, parallel play, true social interaction Older children often use strategies that impulsively meet their needs such as grabbing and hitting. a. False Positive relationships with parents and friends predict psychological intimacy in romantic relationships a. True

Identity Quiz 1. What are two contrasting approaches to understanding identity? a. One defines identity in terms of evolving pathways or strands of meaning that reach across generations and historical time. The second approach focuses on the social categories that mark divisions between social groups 2. Erik H. Erick son saw identity development a. As a life span intergenerational project that reaches across histories of individuals, families, cultural communities and societies b. As a global demographic and social change in understanding and applications. c. As a map for how our identities can reach across national borders. d. As variations in social categories i. A 3. How many stages were in Eriksons theory of development a. Eight

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b. Six c. Seven d. Nine i. A Erikson traced the central role of ________ in forging a positive identity in several different populations. a. Conflict b. Safety c. Relationships d. Culture i. A ______________ identity is particularly important for young people and appears to be a key predictor of overall identity development a. Career b. Family c. Friendship d. Personal It has been revealed that during economic downturns, compared to better economic times, fewer youth actively explore or choose their educational or career pathways. a. True Policies in the United States have always helped people achieve and identity congruent with their culture. a. False Scholars using social identity agree that children and adults use social categorizing and re-categorizing of their social identities as one way to maintain their _____________. a. Self-esteem b. Self-efficacy c. Social identity d. Gender identity i. A

Moral Development Quiz 1. Freud felt that moral development a. Was both a comfort and a curse. b. Would serve as an obstacle to instinctual desires. c. Allowed the child to become a contributing member of society. d. All of the above. e. A and B. f. None of the Above i. D 2. Kohlberg concluded that moral reasoning occurs in a sequence of (a) levels. Each level includes (b) stages for a total of six. a. Three b. Two

3. List the three Kohlberg levels. (Different than stages) a. Preconventional level b. Conventional level c. Post conventional level 4. Describe Turiels theory of moral development. a. Turiels theory argued that in order for a rule to be moral, key criteria are that it applies to everyone and cannot be altered. 5. Put the ethic or Kohlberg level with its definition. a. Autonomy focus on people as individuals who have needs and preferences b. Community people are members of a social group c. Divinity people are spiritual religious entities d. Preconventional level reasoning strictly in terms of ego-centered considerations. 6. Research across cultures have found that children and adolescents think in terms of moral concepts that the cognitive developmental approach does not take into consideration. a. True 7. Carol Gilligan argued that a considerable part of work on moral development was focused on girls and that the time had come to address the moral development of boys. a. False 8. Research reviews have found that girls and boys mostly score alike on Kohlbergs stage sequence. a. True. Peer Quiz 1. Define peer culture. a. Peer culture is a wide range of routine activities that children participate in such as role-playing, teasing gossiping and storytelling 2. Children can form peer cultures as young as the age of two. a. True 3. Role play often involves a. Carrying out of adult roles b. Pretending to do jobs to tests out what they want to be in the future. c. Acting like their sibling. d. Pretending to be the opposite gender. i. A 4. Role play and fantasy play continue as children get older. a. False 5. Ritual teasing is a. More loosely structured than ritual insulting. b. More structured than ritual insulting. c. Causing conflict in groups. d. Used by children of all ages. 6. Conflict may be expressed indirectly through gossiping in early adolescents.

a. True 7. Describe how status hierarchies differ across culture. a. In the United States ranking is important, students who are isolated are vulnerable. In Korea, secondary students are less likely to disconnect themselves from unpleasant peer. Upsets the social balance and is considered to be a great stigma. 8. Children in countries that have a strong oral tradition are likely to place more emphasis on social based instruction than do children in most Western societies a. False Language and Social Life Quiz 1. A prevailing anthropological view says that children engage multiple social worlds. a. True 2. How does language socialization affect joining a community? a. A central idea in language socialization research is that as children acquire language, they become members of one or more communities. Membership entails competence in the language code itself. Become socialized into preferences and expectations. 3. Language development scholarship is anchored in the individual child as a social being. a. False 4. ___________ is a language socialization practice associated with a child-centered orientation. a. Baby talk b. Imitation c. Cooing d. Flirting i. A 5. Rapid, rhythmic, tempoed speech with even pitch and praise is better than baby talk for autism. a. True. 6. Caregivers do not adjust speech for infants or try to orient infants to inanimate objects in their environment. a. False 7. One study showed how a spontaneous sign language that emerged in northwestern Thailand has been sustained by a language ideology and language socialization practice in which hearing as well as deaf members are expected to acquire the language a. True

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