Slippery Runways

Airplane Deceleration on Slippery Runways What You Should Know
Mark H. Smith
Boeing Air Safety Investigation
59TH International Air Safety Seminar 25 October 2006 Paris, France
Airplane Deceleration On Slippery Runways Agenda

The Boeing Company
Certified vs. Advisory Landing Distance Data
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction
Autobrake vs. Manual Brakes

Landing Distance Data Data Provided by Boeing

The Boeing Company
Two sets of landing data are provided. Certified Data

Also Called: Dispatch Factored
Advisory Data
En route Unfactored Operational
Location:
Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) Parts 25 & 121
Quick Reference Handbook (QRH) Part 121
Reqmts:
Landing Distance Data Data Provided by Boeing

The Boeing Company
The two data sets are for different purposes and uses. Certified Data
Purpose: Provide factored landing distance as required by regulators
Advisory Data
Provide actual landing distance capability of the airplane
Use: Determine landing distance requirements prior to dispatch
Determine landing distance for operational decisions while en route
Landing Distance Data Baseline Demonstrated Distance

The Boeing Company
Runway Threshold
Touch Down
Auto-Speedbrakes Deployed Brakes Applied
Stop
Air Distance
Transition Distance
Stopping Distance

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Runway Threshold
Touch Down
Stop
Air Distance
Transition Distance
Stopping Distance
50 ft
Basis for Certified Data Set

Dry Distance from 50 ft 1sec Max. Manual Braking Basis Distance

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Runway Threshold
Touch Down
Stop
Air Distance
Transition Distance
Stopping Distance
Basis for Advisory Data Set

Reverse 1000 feet
Dry
1sec
Max. Manual Braking Basis Distance

7

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Runway Threshold
Touch Down
Stop
Air Distance
Transition Distance
Stopping Distance
50 ft
Basis for Certified Data Set

Dry Distance from 50 ft 1sec Max. Manual Braking Basis Distance
Basis for Advisory Data Set

Reverse 1000 feet
Dry
1sec
Max. Manual Braking Basis Distance

8
Landing Distance Data CERTIFIED Data Set

The Boeing Company
Dry runway Automatic Speedbrakes Max manual braking No reverse thrust

Basis Distance
Stop
CERTIFIED Data
FAR Dry
Basis Distance
Basis Distance x 1. 67
CERTIFIED Data
FAR Wet / Slippery
Basis Distance
Basis Distance x 1. 67 Basis Distance x 1. 67 x 1. 15

59TH International Air Safety Seminar 25 October 2006 Paris, France 9
Landing Distance Data ADVISORY Data Set

The Boeing Company
Dry runway Automatic Speedbrakes Max manual braking With reverse thrust
Reverse Basis Distance
Stop
ADVISORY Data
Dry Dry Braking
1000 ft
Wet
Good Braking Medium Braking
Snow
Ice Poor Braking

Landing Distance Data Summary CERTIFIED Data vs. ADVISORY Data

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Dry runway Automatic Speedbrakes Max manual braking No reverse thrust

Basis Distance
Reference Distance
Stop
CERTIFIED Data
FAR Dry FAR Wet / Slippery
Basis Distance x 1. 67 Dry runway Automatic Speedbrakes Max manual braking With reverse thrust Basis Distance x 1. 67 x 1. 15
Stop
ADVISORY Data
Dry Dry Braking
1000 ft
Reverse Basis Distance
Wet
Good Braking Medium Braking
Snow
Ice Poor Braking

Landing Distance Advisory Data

Dry
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Quick Reference Handbook (QRH) contains airplane landing distance data for various runway conditions and brake configurations.
Good
Med
Poor
12
Landing Distance Advisory Data

The Boeing Company
QRH landing distance data is based on the notes at the bottom of the page. Relevant notes include:
- two engine detent reverse thrust - 1,000 ft of air distance - actual (unfactored) distances (JAR Ops include 15% margin)
Based on these notes


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14
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Runway Condition Reporting

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Three methods can be used to report runway condition

Airplane Braking Action Report Runway Description Runway Friction Measurement
Each method uses a different descriptor (scale)
15
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Summary of Reporting Methods

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Airplane Braking Action Report
Runway Description
Better Braking
Runway Friction Measurement

ICAO
Dry
Dry Wet Dry Snow Good
Good
Compact Snow Wet Snow Slush Ice Wet Ice Worse Braking Med
Med Poor
Poor
16
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Summary of Reporting Methods

The Boeing Company
Calculated Airplane Braking

QRH Data 0. 4 Dry
Runway Description
Better Braking Dry Wet Dry Snow
Runway Friction Measurement

1. 0 ICAO
0. 8
Calculated 0. 3 Airplane Braking Coefficient 0. 2
Good
Airplane
Compact Snow Wet Snow Slush Ice Wet Ice Worse Braking
Measured Runway 0. 6 Friction Coefficient0. 4
Good
0. 1
Med Poor
Runway
Med 0. 2 Poor 0. 0
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0. 0
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Deceleration Available from Brakes

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Max Brakes Dry Runway

Better
e.g., stand on the brake pedals
-Runway (Tire Skid Point) -Airplane (Braking Capability)

Slippery Runway
Braking Conditions
Runway
Worse Less
(Tire Skid Point)
initially, brakes will attempt full pressure but this would lock the wheels
Deceleration Available
More
18

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Max Brakes Dry Runway

Better
-Runway (Tire Skid Point) -Airplane (Braking Capability)

Method
Slippery Runway
Braking Conditions
Runway (Tire Skid Point) Airplane (Braking Capability)

Worse Less
Antiskid
Method
Deceleration Available
More
19

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Max Brakes
Dry
Braking Conditions
Med Poor
Good
Antiskid
Less
Deceleration Available from Brakes
More
20

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Decel. Available from Brakes Dry Good Med Poor
For re f in nex erence t sect io n
Less
Deceleration Available from Brakes
More
21

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22
Autobrakes vs. Manual Brakes Airplane Deceleration

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Total airplane deceleration is affected by three factors:

- Aerodynamic drag - Wheel brakes - Reverse thrust
If used, the autobrake system

- Targets a deceleration level - Brakes applied as required to reach target level
23

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Braking Applied
Max Manual
Drag Drag Brakes Brakes Reverse Thrust
Autobrake Max
Autobrake 2
Less
Total Airplane Deceleration
More
24

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Braking Applied
Max Manual
Drag Drag Brakes Brakes Reverse Thrust
Autobrake Max
Drag Drag
Brakes Brakes Reverse Thrust Decel Target
Autobrake 2
Drag Drag
Brakes Brakes Reverse Thrust Less
Deceleration level valid with or without reverser thrust
More
25
Autobrakes vs. Manual Brakes Total Airplane Deceleration

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Decel. Available from Brakes Dry Good Med
Braking Applied
Max Manual
Drag Drag
Poor
Brakes Brakes Reverse Thrust
Autobrake Max
Drag Drag
Brakes Brakes Reverse Thrust Decel. Target
Autobrake 2
Drag Drag
More
26
Autobrakes vs. Manual Brakes Dry Braking

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Braking Applied
Max Manual
Drag Drag
Poor
Autobrake Max
Drag Drag
Autobrake 2
Drag Drag
More
27
Autobrakes vs. Manual Brakes Good Braking

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Braking Applied
Max Manual
Drag Drag
Poor
Autobrake Max
Drag Drag
Autobrake 2
Drag Drag
More
28
Autobrakes vs. Manual Brakes Medium Braking

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Braking Applied
Max Manual
Drag Drag
Poor
Autobrake Max
Drag Drag
Autobrake 2
Drag Drag
More
29
Autobrakes vs. Manual Brakes Poor Braking

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Braking Applied
Max Manual
Drag Drag
Poor
Brakes BrakesReverse Thrust
Autobrake Max
Drag Drag
Brakes BrakesReverse Thrust Decel. Target
Autobrake 2
Drag Drag
More
30
Autobrakes vs. Manual Brakes Summary

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Manual Brakes
Dry runway: Reversers are additive Slippery runway: Reversers are additive
Autobrakes
Dry runway: Reversers not additive Slippery runway: Reversers may be additive
Landing Distance Advisory Data in the QRH includes reversers for Manual and Autobrakes
31

Slippery Runways

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Slippery Runways

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Airplane Deceleration on Slippery Runways What You Should Know

59TH International Air Safety Seminar 25 October 2006 Paris, France

Airplane Deceleration On Slippery Runways Agenda

Certified vs. Advisory Landing Distance Data

Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction

Autobrake vs. Manual Brakes

Landing Distance Data Data Provided by Boeing

Two sets of landing data are provided. Certified Data

Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) Parts 25 & 121

Quick Reference Handbook (QRH) Part 121

59TH International Air Safety Seminar 25 October 2006 Paris, France

Landing Distance Data Data Provided by Boeing

Use: Determine landing distance requirements prior to dispatch

Determine landing distance for operational decisions while en route

59TH International Air Safety Seminar 25 October 2006 Paris, France

Landing Distance Data Baseline Demonstrated Distance

Auto-Speedbrakes Deployed Brakes Applied

59TH International Air Safety Seminar 25 October 2006 Paris, France

Landing Distance Data Baseline Demonstrated Distance

Auto-Speedbrakes Deployed Brakes Applied

Basis for Certified Data Set

59TH International Air Safety Seminar 25 October 2006 Paris, France

Landing Distance Data Baseline Demonstrated Distance

Auto-Speedbrakes Deployed Brakes Applied

Basis for Advisory Data Set

Max. Manual Braking Basis Distance

Landing Distance Data Baseline Demonstrated Distance

Auto-Speedbrakes Deployed Brakes Applied

Basis for Certified Data Set

Basis for Advisory Data Set

Max. Manual Braking Basis Distance

Landing Distance Data CERTIFIED Data Set

Dry runway Automatic Speedbrakes Max manual braking No reverse thrust

Basis Distance x 1. 67 Basis Distance x 1. 67 x 1. 15

Landing Distance Data ADVISORY Data Set

Good Braking Medium Braking

Ice Poor Braking

Landing Distance Data Summary CERTIFIED Data vs. ADVISORY Data

Dry runway Automatic Speedbrakes Max manual braking No reverse thrust

Reverse Basis Distance

Good Braking Medium Braking

Ice Poor Braking

Landing Distance Advisory Data

59TH International Air Safety Seminar 25 October 2006 Paris, France

Landing Distance Advisory Data

Based on these notes

Airplane Deceleration On Slippery Runways Agenda

Certified vs. Advisory Landing Distance Data

Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction

Autobrake vs. Manual Brakes

Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Runway Condition Reporting

Three methods can be used to report runway condition

Each method uses a different descriptor (scale)

59TH International Air Safety Seminar 25 October 2006 Paris, France

Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Summary of Reporting Methods

Airplane Braking Action Report

Runway Friction Measurement

Dry Wet Dry Snow Good

59TH International Air Safety Seminar 25 October 2006 Paris, France

Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Summary of Reporting Methods

Calculated Airplane Braking

Runway Friction Measurement

Calculated 0. 3 Airplane Braking Coefficient 0. 2

Measured Runway 0. 6 Friction Coefficient0. 4