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Skull
Cranium Facial bones Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
Sacrum
Cranium Clavicle Scapula Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Tibia Fibula
Lower limb
The Axial Skeleton The Skull Cranial Bones Frontal bone Parietal bones (2) Major sutures Coronal suture Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture Temporal bones (2) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Sutural Bones Facial Bones Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Nasal bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae (2) Other markings Foramen magnum External acoustic meatus Internal acoustic meatus
Figure 7.4a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.
Frontal bone Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular bone plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer
Mandibular symphysis
Figure 7.4b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.
Sagittal suture
Parietal bone
Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line
Occipital condyle
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa
Temporal bone
Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone Zygomatic process Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
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Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
Parietal bone Coronal suture Frontal bone Greater wing Lesser wing Sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Crista galli Nasal bone Sphenoid sinus Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Vomer Incisive fossa Maxilla Alveolar margins
Squamous suture Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External occipital protuberance Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica of sphenoid bone
Palatine process of maxilla (b) Midsagittal section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull
Mandible
Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla
Temporal bone
Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone
Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen
Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
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Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum
Sphenoid Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone
Posterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone (a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
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Foramen magnum
View
Hyoid Bone Not a bone of the skull Does not articulate directly with another bone Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech
Figure 7.12 The hyoid bone, Inc. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education,anterior view.
Vertebral Column Vertebral Column: Curvatures General Structure of Vertebrae Body or centrum Pedicle Superior articular process Superior articular facet Tranverse process Lamina Spinous process Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Cervical Vertebrae C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Thoracic Vertebrae T1 to T12 All articulate with ribs at facets Long spinous process Lumbar Vertebrae L1 to L5 Short, thick pedicles and laminae Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes Sacrum and Coccyx
Atlas = C1 Axis = C2
Spinous process Transverse processes Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1T12 Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen
Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view
Lamina
Posterior
Transverse process
Spinous process
Vertebral arch
Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) C3 Inferior articular process Bifid spinous process Transverse processes C7 (vertebra prominens) (a) Cervical vertebrae Superior articular process Transverse process
Transverse process
Superior articular process Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Intervertebral disc Body Inferior costal facet (for head of rib) Inferior articular process
Thoracic Cage Sternum (Breastbone) Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Jugular notch Clavicular notch Xiphisternal joint Ribs and Their Attachments 12 pairs Pairs 1 through 7 True (vertebrosternal) ribs Pairs 8 through12 False ribs Pairs 810 also called vertebrochondral ribs Pairs 1112 also called vertebral (floating) ribs No attachment to sternum Intercostal spaces Costal cartilage Costal margin
Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process
Sternum
Floating ribs (11, 12) (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
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Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) Clavicles (Collarbones) Acromial (lateral) end Sternal (medial) end Conoid tubercle Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Suprascapular notch Spine Infraglenoid tubercle
Anterior
Acromial (lateral) end (b) Right clavicle, superior view
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Sternal end
Suprascapular notch
Superior border Superior angle
Lateral border
Inferior angle
Coracoid process
Acromion
Medial border
Lateral border
Acromion
Coracoid process Supraspinous fossa Spine Infraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
Posterior
Anterior
Inferior angle
Humerus Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus Head of humerus Radial fossa Capitulum Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Lateral epicondyle
Figure 7.26a The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Deltoid tuberosity
Figure 7.26b The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Radial groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Bones of the Forearm Ulna Head of ulna Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Styloid process of ulna Radius Head Neck Radial Tuberosity Styloid process of radius
Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane Ulna
Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process of ulna of radius Distal radioulnar joint (a) Anterior view
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Interosseous membrane Ulna Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna
Radius
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Hand Carpals Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Metacarpals Head Shaft Base Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal
Metacarpals
Carpals Capitate Hamate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate Ulna (a) Anterior view of left hand
Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Coxal Bone Ilium Ischium Pubis Iliac crest Iliac fossa Acetabulum Pubic symphysis Greater sciatic notch Lesser sciatic notch Ischial spine Ischial ramus Obturator foramen Pubic tubercle Auricular surface Arcuate line
Figure 7.29 Articulated pelvis showing the two hip (coxal) bones (which together form the pelvic girdle), the sacrum, and the coccyx.
Base of sacrum Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory llium Pubic bone Ischium Sacrum Coccyx Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic brim Acetabulum
Iliac fossa
Coxal bone
Anterior gluteal line Posterior gluteal line Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine
Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Acetabulum
Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Superior ramus of pubis Pubic tubercle Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Inferior ramus of pubis (d) Medial view, right hip bone
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Auricular surface Iliac fossa Arcuate line Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Ischium Ischial ramus Obturator foramen
Patella Apex
Apex
Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Surface for patellar ligament
Femur Head Neck Fovea capitis Lesser trochanter Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric line Intertrochanteric crest Linea aspea Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Patellar surface
Neck
Fovea capitis Head Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
Anterior view
Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Intercondylar fossa Medial condyle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle
(b) Femur (thigh bone)
Posterior view
Bones of the Leg Tibia Medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar eminence Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus Articular surface of medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Fibula Head of fibula Lateral malleolus
Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior border
Fibula
Tibia
Articular surface
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
Bones of the Foot Tarsals Talus Calcaneus Cuboid Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform lateral cuneiform Metatarsals Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Lateral cuneiform Cuboid
Tarsals
Calcaneus
Talus Facet for medial Navicular malleolus Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf)