AP United States History Chapter 3 & 4 Objective Test Study Guide

Albany Plan: a plan that Benjamin Franklin designed that would have united the colonies under one Grand Council to better strengthen their positing against their enemies, but it wasnt approved by the English government. American colonial gentry 17th century: the social class right below the mobility who are still considered high on the social ranking. They led a revolt in the 17th century supporting the ideals of republicanism. Bacons Rebellion: the rebellion against the Virginia governor William Berkeley for his selfishness in monopolizing the fur trade by Nathanial Bacon that wasnt successful. Balance of trade between England and the colonies: the goal of England was for the colonies to export more to the mother country than was needed imported to them so they could have the maximum amount of wealth brought to England. Benjamin Franklin: was a scientist, author, and a well-known politician best remembered for his contributions as Silence Dogood and the efforts he made to help the colonists. Cato's Letters: essays published by two British writers that advocated the freedoms of speech and conscience, condemned tyranny, and championed the ideas of republican principles. Chesapeake region emigration: the people that came to the Chesapeake came over as mostly single men and women who spent their first years as indentured servants, lived somewhat shorter lives, and had a very unequal ratios of men to women. Christianity and slaves: slaves were forced to convert to Christianity, but some still tried to keep their traditions from their home countries while keeping it a secret from their masters. Colonial Assemblies: these assemblies could be found in all of the colonies, and they were made up of members voted in by all free white land-owning males and they

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usually were in charge of taxes and government budgets. Colonial commerce mid-1700s: the colonies worked together to trade and produce enough exports to send back to England. Edmund Andros: was known for being the governor of Dominion of New England, but his rule of Puritan England wasnt popular, and he was told to never come back. Education of the young: the educating of children during this time was the responsibility of the parents, and education rates rose very high during this time. English constitution: was more of an elusive document that created the hierarchy in government for the English where the monarch was on top, then the House of Lords, and finally the House of Commons. This was supposed to represent three distinct socioeconomic groups, but in reality it only looked out for the interest of the richer Englishmen. Enlightenment philosophers: believers in reason that came up during the age of Enlightenment and made an attempt o reform society and bring more knowledge to the world. Farmers of the northern colonies: each farm was made up of a family who farmed just enough to feed themselves, and survived based on each individual farm, as opposed to making enough to sell to others. George Whitefield: English Anglican priest who spread the ideas of the Great Awakening. German Lutherans: German Lutherans came over to America looking for religious freedom and a better life, and they were forced to live in the backcountry because the coast was already filled with colonies. Gilbert Tennent: Presbyterian clergyman and religious leader of the Great Awakening.

Half-Way Covenant: a form of partial church membership in the Puritan Church that allowed you to be part of the Church, but you couldnt be a full member and have your children baptized. This was put in place because membership had waned, and people didnt want to have to do what it took to become a full member. Hysteria over witchcraft: superstition arose over two girls who claimed that they were possessed by the devil, and it started an entire phase of hysteria over witches and the devil. Increase Mather: Puritan minister known for his involvement in the Salem Witch Trials and the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Independent Reflector: newspaper created by a group of lawyers that claimed to be politically neutral, but leaned to the liberal side and advocated truth and liberty. Jacob Leisler: created a Huguenot settlement in the New World and led a rebellion to take seize the colony of New York until he was later captured and executed. James Davenport: American clergyman and preacher who was known for his support of the Great Awakening and his interesting behavior. He once ordered his followers to burn all of their books and expensive clothes to show their commitment to God. John Coode: led a rebellion to overthrow Marylands colonial government and served as governor for a period of time. Jonathan Edwards: preacher, theologian, and missionary who is very well-known for his involvement with the Great Awakening. Juan de Onate: Spanish explorer and governer of New Spain and New Mexico. Massachusetts Bay uprisings: the colonists revolted against Governer Andros, arrested him, sent him back to England, and returned to their former way of government. Mercantilism: economic theory that a balance of trade generates wealth, and a countrys wealth is based on its amount of bullion. Middle ground: the position the Indians maintained when trading with the English and French, and also refers to where they

were forced to relocate after the colonists settled in. Nathaniel Bacon: Virginia colonist who revolted against the governor and attempted to take over, but died very quickly of an illness and Governor Berkeley took over again. Navigation Acts: trade regulations set up by the English to block trade from the Dutch that said all ships transporting goods had to go to English ports, be built in England, and have a 75% English crew. New England Courant: newspaper started by Benjamin Franklin and his older brother that was the first independent American Newspaper. Peace of Paris in 1763: treaty that ended the Seven Years War. Plantation Duty: part of the Navigation Acts that stated that money collected in colonial ports had to be equal to English taxes. Population increase in New England: people in New England began to live longer, healthier lives and have more children at a younger age, so the population began to increase rapidly. Royal governors: governors who took over a colony when it was no longer controlled by individuals, and were returned back to the crown. Scotch-Irish immigrants: came over from Ireland to escape English rule, they were forced to settle in the backcountry, and sort of made their own rules when it came to where they were going to settle and what they were going to do there. Slave trade: slaves were brought over here from Africa to work on plantations and farms to produce sugar and tobacco. Staple Act: part of the Navigation Acts that stated that shipping of any goods to the colonies from anywhere but England or Wales was forbidden. Sumptuary Law: laws used to regulate habit of consumption, and were usually put in place to instill social hierarchy. The Spectator: daily publication that aimed to enlighten people about philosophy and reason.