Internship Report

INTERNSHIP REPORT*
DURATION: AT :
TWO MONTHS ( JULYAUGUST; 2011 )

POWER GENERATION PLANT

LUCKY CEMENT LIMITED

BY : SYED NOUMAN SHAH FIELD:

ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE:

COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY ABBOTTABAD*

Syed Nouman Shah

Internship Report

Introduction:
Energy exists in different forms in nature but the most important form is the electrical energy. The modern society is so much dependent upon the use of electrical energy that it has become a part and parcel of our life. The ever increasing use of electric power for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes necessities to provide bulk electric power economically. This is achieved with the help of suitable power producing units , known as Power plants or Electric power generating stations. The design of a power plant should be incorporate two important aspects. Firstly, the selection and placing of necessary power-generating equipment should be such so that a maximum of return will result from a minimum of expenditure over the working life of the plant. Secondly, the operation of the plant should be such so as to provide cheap, reliable and continuous service.

Generation of Electrical Energy:

The conversion of energy available in different forms in nature into electrical energy is known as generation of electrical energy. Energy is available in various forms from different natural sources such as pressure head of water, chemical energy of fuels, nuclear energy of radioactive substances etc. All these forms of energy can be converted into electrical energy by the use of suitable arrangements. The arrangement essentially employs (see fig.1.1) an alternator coupled to prime mover .The prime mover is driven by the energy obtained from various sources such as burning fuel, pressure of water, force of wind etc .For example , chemical energy of a fuel (e.g. coal) can be used to produce steam at high temperature and pressure. The steam is fed to a prime mover which may be a steam engine or a steam turbine. The turbine converts heat energy of steam into mechanical energy which is further converted into electrical energy by the alternator. Similarly other forms of energy can be converted into electrical energy by employing suitable machinery and equipment.

Syed Nouman Shah

Internship Report

Generating stations:
Bulk( large) electric power is produced by special plants known as generating stations or power plants. The electrical energy produced by the generating station is transmitted and distributed with the help of conductors to various consumers. It may be emphasized that apart from the prime mover alternator combination, a modern generating station employs several auxiliary equipment and instruments to ensure cheap, reliable and continuous service.

Synchronization of Generators:
Before the power is transmitted and distributed the generators are synchronized on the bus-bar so as to share the load and operate generators accordingly.

Conditions for synchronization:

There are five conditions that must be met before the synchronization process takes place. The alternator must have equal Line voltages Frequency Phase sequence Phase angle And wave form to that of the system to which it is being synchronized.

Generator:
An electrical generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy (or power) into electrical energy (or power).

Syed Nouman Shah

Internship Report

Principle:
The energy conversion is based on the principle of the production of dynamically (or motinally) induced emf .Hence two basic essential parts of an electric generator 1. The magnetic field 2. a conductor or conductors which can so move as to cut flux. Emf is due to relative motion between two parts, the coil and the magnetic field. Relative motion is by rotation of two mechanical parts, the field part which produces magnetism (rotor) and the armature part where emf is induced (stator).

Protection Zones:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Generators Transformers Buses Lines (transmission and distribution) Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.) Capacitor or reactor (when separately protected)

Protection of generators:
The generating units, especially the larger ones, are relatively few in number and higher in individual cost than most other equipments. Therefore, it is desirable and necessary to provide protection to cover the wide range of faults which may occur in the modern generating plant. Some of the important faults which may occur on a generator are: i. failure of prime mover ii. failure of field iii. over current iv. over speed v. over voltage vi. unbalanced loading vii. stator winding faults

Differential Protection of Generators:

The most common system used for the protection of stator winding faults employs Circulating-current principle. In this scheme of protection, currents at the two ends of the protected sections are compared. Under normal operating conditions, these currents are equal but may become unequal on the occurrence of a fault in the protected section. The difference of the currents under fault conditions is arranged to pass through the operating coil of the relay. The relay operates the circuit breaker which opens its contacts to isolate protected section from the system

Protective Relays:
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system.

Syed Nouman Shah

Internship Report

Function of relay:
Sense a fault or abnormal condition Determine if the fault or abnormal condition pertains to its zone Decide if disconnection of the section is required If necessary closes the contacts of the trip circuit.

Construction of Relay:
The first part is the primary winding of the c.t., which is connected in series with the line to be protected. Second part consists of secondary winding of c.t and relay operating coil. 3rd part is the tripping circuit which may be either A.C or D.C.

Working Of Relay:
When a short circuit occur a current is flowing to an enormous value in the line ,this results in heavy current flows through the relay coil causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts ,which inurn closes the trip circuit of the breaker and isolating the faulty section from the rest of the system.

Circuit Breaker:
A circuit breaker is equipment that breaks a circuit either manually or automatically under all conditions at no load, full load or short circuit.

Operating Principal:
Two contacts called electrodes remains closed under normal operating conditions. When fault occurs on any part of the system, the trip coil of the circuit breaker gets energized and contacts are separated.

Types of circuit breakers:

i. ii. iii. iv. Oil circuit breaker Air blast circuit breaker SF6 circuit breaker Vacuum circuit breaker

Primary Equipment & Components:

Transformers - to step up or step down voltage level Breakers - to energize equipment and interrupt fault current to isolate faulted equipment Insulators - to insulate equipment from ground and other phases Bus - to allow multiple connections (feeders) to the same source of power (transformer).

Syed Nouman Shah

Internship Report

Grounding - to operate and maintain equipment safely Switchgear integrated components to switch, protect, meter and control power flow Reactors - to limit fault current (series) or compensate for charge current (shunt) PT and CT - to measure primary current and voltage and supply scaled down to values usable by relays, meters, SCADA, transducers, etc Regulators - voltage, current, VAR, phase angle, etc.

Current Transformers:
Current transformers are used to step primary system currents to values usable by relays, meters, SCADA, transducers, etc. CT ratios are expressed as primary to secondary; 2000:5, 1200:5, 600:5, and 300:5.

Voltage Transformers:
Voltage (potential) transformers are used to isolate and step down and accurately reproduce the scaled voltage for the protective device or relay. PT ratios are typically expressed as primary to secondary; 14400:120, 7200:120.

Syed Nouman Shah