Square Split Ring Resonator with Rounded Corners: Estimation of Resonant Frequency and Calculation of Magnetic Permeability

Romita Chaudhuri#1, Swagato Mukherjee#2, Chinmoy Saha#3, Jawed Siddiqui*4 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Heritage Institute of Technology, Chowbaga Road, Anandapur, Kolkata-700107, India * Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, University of Calcutta,92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata-700009, India
#1

romita@ieee.org, #2swagato@ieee.org, #3csaha@ieee.org, *4 jysiddiqui@ieee.org

Abstract In this paper, a modified square split ring resonator (S-SRR) is studied with rounded edges instead of the sharp corners in the conventional square SRR. The curvature minimizes brink effects which are otherwise quite prominent in the normal S-SRR. The resonant frequency is computed for different values of edge length, width of the rings and curvature of the corners. The calculated results have been verified using an electromagnetic simulator. The magnetic permeability has been extracted from simulated data and is plotted against a range of frequencies. Index Terms Microstructure, Microwave circuits, Microwave devices, Microwave theory and techniques, Permeability measurement, Resonance, Ring oscillators, Split ring resonator

I. INTRODUCTION The split ring resonator (SRR) along with thin metallic wires can be used to obtain metamaterials with simultaneously negative permeability () and permittivity () [1]. SRRs have high magnetic polarizability and show negative permeability over a band of frequencies above its resonant frequency 0. Of the two types of edge-coupled SRRs studied in [1]-[3], namely circular-SRR (C-SRR) and square-SRR (S-SRR), this paper deals with the study of a modified square split ring resonator, with the edges rounded instead of the sharp corners as in [3]. Fig.1 shows a schematic view of the SRR having strip width c, spacing d between the rings and gaps g1 and g2 in the edge of the rings printed on a substrate with dielectric constant r and thickness t. The SRR embedded dielectric is held by a square iris in a metallic (copper) screen placed in a waveguide, and is simulated using a commercially available simulator [5]. The magnetic permeability is then calculated using NicholsonRoss-Weir (NRW) approach and is plotted against frequency (fig. 6 ). II. THEORY A time varying magnetic field applied along the z-axis induces an electromotive force in the plane of the SRR. Since the size of the SRR structure is much smaller than the free space wavelength at resonance a quasi-static analysis is plausible. The loop currents induced in the rings are responsible for the self inductance of the SRR.
Fig. 1. Modified S-SRR embedded in a dielectric with r = 2.43

The two rings are coupled by a strong distributed capacitance between them as well as by the gap capacitances. Since the spacing between the rings is very small, the induced current flows from one ring to the other through the capacitive gaps in the form of displacement current. Hence, the entire structure behaves like a LC circuit (fig. 2(b)) whose resonant frequency 0 is given by, (1) where, L and Ceq are the total inductance and equivalent capacitance of the S-SRR structure respectively. A. Calculation of Inductance For computing the inductance L of the SRR, a single equivalent ring is considered having effective edge length a 0 (calculated from the center of the SRR), which is further broken up into rectangular segments of length l1,l2 and l3 as shown in fig. 2(c). The inductance of each segment is computed using the expression in [3]. The total inductance of the SRR is given by, L=2L1 + L2 + 2L3, (2) Where L1, L2 and L3 are the inductances of the segments of lengths l1, l2 and l3, as shown in fig. 2(a).

Where

S21 and S11 are the transmission and reflection coefficients respectively as obtained from the simulated data, k0 is the wave number and t is thickness of the substrate which is 0.49mm. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The resonant frequency is calculated for a range of parameter variations, namely edge length a0 and width c of the rings. The theoretical and simulated values agree to a reasonably good accuracy as seen from fig. 5(a) and (b). It is clear that by merely varying the curvature one can change the resonant frequency of the SRR. Table 1 shows the variation in resonant frequency of the SRR as the curvature is increased keeping all other parameters constant, from the conventional square SRR to modified SSRR with curvatures 2 and 1 and finally circular SRR. The simulated charge density and current density plots are shown in fig. 4 (a) and (b). The simulated data for S21and S11 are extracted for a set of

Fig. 2. (a) Equivalent circuit for inductance calculation, (b) Equivalent circuit of the SRR, (c) Effective ring for inductance calculation

B. Calculation of Capacitance Determination of total equivalent capacitance Ceq of the SRR involves calculation of distributed ring capacitances C1 and C2 and calculation of gap capacitance and as done in [3]. (3) and (4) since g1 = g2 = g. Cpul is the per unit length capacitance of the S-SRR. Brink effects are greatly minimized due to the curved edges in the modified SRR dealt with here. This drastically reduces the correction factor to K=45 for both rings for curvature 2 and to 0 for curvature 1, as compared to K1=60 and K2=400 [5] for the normal square SRR. Curvature 1 is greater than curvature 2 in the plot. Therefore, Ceq (5) By substituting L and Ceq in the expression for resonant frequency in (1), we can estimate 0. C. Extraction of Effective Magnetic Permeability The Nicholson-Ross-Weir (NRW) method [4] is used to extract the effective magnetic permeability (r) of the SRR embedded dielectric. The expression for r is
(6) [4]

Fig. 3. A snapshot of HFSS Simulated transmission co-efficient of S-SRR

frequencies around the resonant frequency. The values of S 21 and S11 are used to find Re() which is plotted against frequency.. The fig. 6 (a) and (b) show the plots of versus frequency for two curvatures 1 and 2. Thus, the modified Square SRR is a convenient alternative to the conventional S-SRR since the brink effects are greatly minimized, which may otherwise cause some undesired effects in the overall performance of the SRR embedded structure. Also, we can choose the amount of curvature keeping dimensions same, to adjust the resonant frequency of the SRR to tune it to the desired operating frequency.

TABLE I EFFECT OF CURVATURE ON RESONANT FREQUENCY f0 (GHz) Modified S-SRR (curvature 2) Theory Simulated 5.61 5.26 4.95 4.67 4.42 5.36 4.98 4.78 4.54 4.30 f0 (GHz) Modified S-SRR (curvature 1) Theory Simulated 5.87 5.49 5.15 4.86 4.59 5.79 5.33 5.11 4.88 4.62

aext (mm)

f0 (GHz) (Square SRR) [3] Theory Simulated 4.97 4.67 4.41 4.18 3.97 5.12 4.79 4.56 4.28 4.07

f0 (GHz) Circular SRR [2] Theory Simulated 6.17 5.86 5.54 5.27 5.01 6.01 5.7 5.25 5.08 4.87

2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

(a)

(a)

(b) Fig. 4. (a) Simulated current density profile (aext=2.6mm,c = 0.6mm, d=0.2mm, r = 2.43, g1 = g2 = 0.4mm) (b) Simulated charge density profile (aext = 2.6mm, c=0.6mm,d = 0.2mm, r = 2.43, g1=g2= 0.4mm)

(b) Fig. 5. (a) Variation of Resonant frequency with width of rings (aext = 2.6mm, c=0.6mm,d = 0.2mm, r = 2.43, g1=g2= 0.4mm) (b) Variation of Resonant frequency with edge length (c = 0.6mm, d=0.2mm, r = 2.43, g1 = g2 = 0.4mm)

(a)

Fig.6 (a) Plot of real Magnetic Permeability against frequency for curvature 1 (b) Plot of real Magnetic Permeability against frequency for curvature 2

REFERENCES
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