MAE 451

MINI PROJECT 3: Infrastructure design to provide a sustainable Electric and Water supply System By: Sameer Parikh, Dharan Shah, Bhushan Karayilthekkoot, Nnamaka Nwufoh, Chris Fernandez, Konrad Sontag.

MAE 451

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Contents
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Introduction ............................................................................................... 3 Customer Requirements .............................................................................. 5 Customer Requirements to Engineering Specifications.................................... 6 Engineering Specification ............................................................................. 8 House of Quality ......................................................................................... 9 Interpretations of House of Quality ............................................................. 10 Concept Generation................................................................................... 12 Design Screening ...................................................................................... 14 Best Concept Selection .............................................................................. 18 Concept Explanation & Functionality ........................................................ 19 Sustainability ......................................................................................... 20 System Layout....................................................................................... 21 Component Selection.............................................................................. 24 Reliability Analysis ................................................................................. 28 Conclusion............................................................................................. 30 References ............................................................................................ 32

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1 Introduction
Electricity in most third world countries is considered a luxury and not a necessity. Considering the fact that most of these countries gets more sunlight than the more developed western nations, says that something could be done about it. Since the mid-20th century, solar energy as a source of power has been researched, developed and experimented with. The main reason this hasnt been completely established as part of a societal requirement is due to the inconsistency of solar power in the west. In Sotoko State, Nigeria, the average daytime temperature is 96 F and stays consistent year round. This state is located at longitudes 48'E and 654'E and latitudes 12'N and 1358'N. This puts it about 420 miles from the Sahara desert, whose latitude stretches from approximately 35 degrees N to 15 degrees N. Its longitude extends from approximately 35 degrees W to 15 degrees E. This means they get about 12 hours of daylight year round. In this state lies a county called Silame county. According to the 2006 census of Nigeria it covers an area of 790km 2 and is home to 104,378 people. Most of the land is dry with sparse vegetation. However, the most of the locals are agriculturalists. There are several rivers which run throughout the county, and this is where most people get their water. The livelihood of most villagers is based upon either growing millet or raising cattle. Due to the dry weather, most of the herders are nomadic farmers. They move their cattle south during the drier seasons and comeback when precipitation increases. The county has about 80 villages. Each village has approximately 50 families with an average of 22 persons [1]. Electricity is a major problem because these villages share one electrical transformer with the rest of the county. Due to this, electricity is sporadically rationed amongst the communities. There is no reliable power supply and no source of clean drinking water for these villages. Having a system capable of providing electricity and clean water would increase the quality of life for the villagers greatly. The conditions in cities are better with concern to electricity, but drinking water is still not reliably safe. So, this system could also be implemented in individual neighborhoods of the cities.

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Climate Sokoto Nigeria[3] Temperature - Precipitation Jan Average high in F Average low in F Av. precipitation inch 91 61 0 Feb 97 63 0 Mar 102 72 0.04 Apr 106 79 0.2 May 102 79 1.38 F June 97 75 3.86

July Average high in F Average low in F Av. precipitation inch 91 73 6.46

Aug 88 72 7.6

Sep 91 72 3.78

Oct 99 72 0.59

Nov 97 66 0

Dec 91 61 0

Fig 1: Climate chart Sokoto

Average Temperatures per Month

120 Temperature (F) 100

80 60 40
20 0 Jan

Average High Temperatures in F

Average Low Temperatures in F

Apr

May

Oct

Mar

This chart depicts the average temperatures in the Silame County.

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Nov

Aug

Dec

Jun

Jul

Sep

Feb

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2 Customer Requirements
Issues Water Customer Requirement Provides adequate amount of water for people & agriculture. Provides clean drinking water. Stores water. Maintenance Able to provide adequate power. Reliable Power. Easy to maintain Detail Provides enough water for the entire village, for their daily use. Filters water for safe drinking. Stores water as a buffer. Provides fair amount of power to run each household Dont experience power outages. Untrained villagers able to perform simple maintenance. Does not cost a lot to fix common breakdowns. Lasts for a long time without breaking down. Comprised with several independent components. Components are scalable to the needs of differently sized villiages. Easily transportable to location Space required doesnt affect the community. Minimal training required to operate the system. Able to operate with current infrastructure. Affordable with aid of charity, funds or subsidy to a village.

Power

Performance

Cheap to repair Durable Modular Adaptable

Cost

Accessibility Minimum Space Ease to operate Compatible Affordable with aid

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3 Customer Requirements to Engineering Specifications

Customer Requirement Provides enough drinking water Detail Enough to provide about 3 gallons a day for each person in typical village. Highest efficiency water purifier Enough to feed entire town in case of national disaster or any emergency. Able to provide enough electricity for entire town. Least power outage as possible Able to finish the repair within least time as possible. Able to find defected part easily, and with reasonable price. Try to manage high quality-lasting parts, fits best within the budget. Each operation can work independently. (water, solar panel, ext.) System meet different levels of demand Engineering Requirement Water Output Engineering Intake Minimum Value

Provides clean drinking water Stores water

Removes particles down to a certain size Storage Capacity

Maximum Value 15nm Minimum Value 10,000 gal Minimum value Maximum value 0 Minimum value as possible 2-3 hours/week Minimum value as possible $250/repair Maximum value 6 months/ break Target Value.

Able to provide adequate power. Reliable Power. Easy to maintain Cheap to repair

Power Output No interruptions Weekly maintenance time Expected Repair Cost Maximum amount of time in between breakdowns. Each system is independent.

Durable

Modular

Adaptable

Size of system relies on output requires.

Maximum Value

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Accessibility

Minimum Space

Easy to operate Compatible

Able to transport solar panels to different location easily with commercial transportation. Able to work within the area provided by the government. Can be operated by average person. Able to attach their electric configuration wires with solar panels. Able to run project with funding provided.

Disassembled system is easy. transport

Target Value 1 truck

System Footprint size Takes few steps for activation of the system Wire standards for the current grid $40,000- total cost.

Minimum Value

Minimum value as possible 2 steps Target Value

Affordable with aid

Minimum value as possible

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4 Engineering Specification
Issues Water Engineering Specification Water Output Particle Size to Remove Storage Capacity Power Output Power Reliablility Performance Maintenance Time Repair Cost System Reliability Modularity Scalability Disassembled system size System Footprint Operation Wire size compatibility Detail Takes two steps for activation of the system. Wire standards for the current grid. 0 interruptions 2-3 hours/week $250/repair 6 months/ break Each system is independent. Size of system relies on output requires. Fits on one truck. Removes up to 15 nm 10,000 gal tank

Power

Maintenances

Cost

System price

$40,000- total cost.

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5 House of Quality

See Attached Sheet.

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6 Interpretations of House of Quality

In a House of Quality Customer Requirements and the corresponding Engineering Specifications are compared and their relationships studied. The interactions between the different Specifications are noted and analyzed. The HOQ will help show designers which Specifications are most important with relation to the Customer Requirements and show which will be the largest cost drivers. Our House of Quality the most important Customer Requirements are the following: 1. Affordability 2. Adequate Power Output 3. Adequate Water Supply 4. Clean Water Supply This correlates to what we chose to be the most important factors of the system, which is to provide by solar power adequate electricity and clean drinking water for the typical village. Cost is so important because of how little money the villagers have available to spend on something like this system. Most of this money would need to come from charity and thus cost needs to be minimized without effecting the other major requirements. These all corresponded to Engineering Specifications: 1. Cost limit of $40000 This Specification received a score for Weight/Importance of 269.2, making it the most important of our Specifications. Our system is useless unless the target consumers can afford to purchase it with some sort of partial payment assistance. 2. 6 month between repairs This Specification received a score for Weight/Importance of 225.2, which is unexpected when compared to the rank of the corresponding Customer Requirement. This Specification is still important though, as any system should be this reliable to keep down maintenance costs as well as limit downtime.

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3. Power output of 620kWh/day This Specification received a score for Weight/Importance of 217.8, which makes it the second most important Specification. This is what was calculated as the average power usage of the typical village. 4. Water output of 4000 gal/day This Specification received a score for Weight/Importance of 180.4, which corresponds with the Customer requirement rank of 3. This need was calculated for 3 gallons per person per day for 1300 people. The next important factor to study is the roof of the HOQ, which will show how the different Engineering Specifications will effect each other and which will be the biggest cost drivers. Our most interrelated Specifications and largest cost drivers are: Storage Capacity: This depends upon and impacts many factors including the ability of the system to fill the tank, the cost of a tank, the transport of the tank, and others. A large supply of water will require a large vessel for storage, which will increase the overall price. Power Output: This Spec relates to almost every other Specification citing it as the largest cost driver and most difficult to deal with of all of the specs listed. Water Output: This Specification also relates to most of the others and is a very important attribute of what the final system will do. From these we can imply that the most important drivers for this system will be cost, water output, and electrical output.

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7 Concept Generation
In the conceptual design phase, we decided to do a 6-3-5 brain-storming session. Here, six people individually brain-stormed for 3 minutes, wrote down their ideas and passed it onto the next group member. Once this table was developed we made it into a Google document and added several more ideas over the course of the next week. From these we generated 64 unique component concepts. Our goal here was to develop as many possible components which would perform the roles inherent to a system which would match all of our requirements
Power Supply Solar Panels Electric Salt Baths Coal Grid Diesel Generators Gasoline Power Pump Type Electric Motor Centrifugal Gravity Submerged In-Line Surface Buckets Storage Tanks(portable) Bucket Pit Tower Tank Steel Tank Composite Drums Water Source Wells Rivers Dams Rainwater Hand Pump Truck it In Airdrop Filter System Sedimentation Mechanical Chemical Electrical Biological UV Light Muslin Dispensing Piping Indoor Plumbing Source Tap Trough Knob People walk to Source Distributed to homes in containters

Solar Powered Pumps Animal Powered Sustainable Playground Coal-Powered Station

Manual Pumps

Bottles

Deep-suction from underground

Filtered in Tanks

Swamp Pump Jet Pumps

Vessel Community Tanks Portable Containers Clay Pots

Solar Powered Pumps Rotary Pump Reciprocating Pump Diesel Operated Gasoline Powered Hand Pumps

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From these ideas, we can generate a morphological matrix which will help us come up with systems, then narrow it down to the best combination-concept system, to serve the purpose required. From this matrix it is possible to generate 1216512 complete system concepts based upon the varying combinations of components. Ex 1: Use solar panels to run an electric motor to draw water from a well and store in tower tank in which we will use a mechanical filtration system and dispense using a source tap. Ex 2: Use animals to carry buckets of water from a river, then use chemical filtration and dispense using a trough. EX 3: Use a sustainable playground to power a manual pump to draw water from underground and fill store in bottles which will be UV treated and will be distributed to homes. And so on

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8 Design Screening
In order to deal with a more reasonable number of possible systems and components we then used logic to remove those which were unreasonable or those which would not adequately fulfill the requirements at any level. From this we came up with the following filtered component table, which is still able to produce 840 system concepts. The only power source we have chosen to consider is solar panels, which will provide electricity to the village and the water system. This is because they are the primary way to capture the Suns power and convert it to electricity. They are reliable and have a long lifespan, they are getting more efficient all the time, and are readily available on the open market.
Power Supply Solar Panels Water Source Pump Type Wells River Rainwater Storage Filter System Sedimentation Mechanical Boilers Biological Electrical Dispensing Source tap Plumbing

Electric Motor Tank (Portable) vessel Gravity Submerged In-Line Surface Tower Tank Community Tank Underground Tanks

In order to further narrow the number of systems to a final selection we reviewed each component category by scored them on a number of factors drawn from our House of Quality and based upon other concerns.

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Score

10

Description Worst/Not at all Acceptable Best

After being scored by with the above guide the values were normalized and a total score calculated using the formulas below: Cell Score: Where: is the score given to a component. i being the row and j the column locator. is the normalized score. is the weighting factor.
Table 1 - Total score breakdown.

Total Score:

Score

.5

Description Worst

Acceptable Best

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Water Source
Weight Criteria Wells River Rainwater 0.2 Accessibility 10 6 8 0.45 Availability(year round) 10 7 3 Normalized Wells River Rainwater 1 0 0.5 1 0.57 0 1 0 0.25 0 1 0.34 0.1 Quality 8 5 7 0.25 Cost 4 7 5 Total Score 0.75 0.51 0.21

Water Pump
Weight Criteria Electric Motor Submerged In-Line Surface 0.35 Cost $ 7 3 7 8 Normalized Electric Motor Submerged In-Line Surface 0.8 0 0.8 1 0 1 0.43 0.29 0.65 Output GPH 3 10 6 5 Total 0.28 0.65 0.56 0.54

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Dispensing Method
Weight Criteria Source Tap In house Plumbing 0.5 Cost 8 4 Normalized Source Tap In house Plumbing 1 0 0 1 1 0 0.2 Convenience 7 10 0.3 Durability 9 6 Total 0.8 0.2

At this point we realized that whatever storage source we looked at had to be compatible with whatever distribution method showed to be superior, and so the Source Tap Compatible criteria under the storage analysis reflects this. Water Storage
Weight Criteria Tank (Portable) vessel Tower Tank Surface Tank Underground Tanks 0.2 Cost 7 4 9 4 0.2 Capacity 4 7 10 7 Normalized Tank (Portable) vessel Tower Tank Surface Tank Underground Tanks 0.6 0 1 0 0 0.5 1 0.5 0.25 0.25 0 1 0 1 1 0 0.1 Safety 4 4 3 7 0.5 Source Tap Compatible 0 10 10 0 Total 0.15 0.63 0.9 0.2

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Filtration
Weight Criteria Sedimentation Mechanical Biological Chemical Muslin UV Light 0.2 Cost 10 6 5 6 10 7 0.3 Particulate Removal 4 9 0 0 2 0 Normalized Sedimentation Mechanical Biological Chemical Muslin UV Light 1 0.2 0 0.2 1 0.4 0.45 1 0 0 0.23 0 0 0.2 0.5 1 0 1 1 0.44 0.72 0.29 0 0.86 0 0.86 0.14 0.86 0 1 0.3 Biological Removal 0 2 5 10 0 10 0.05 Lifespan 10 6 8 5 3 9 0.1 Time Required 3 9 4 9 3 10 Total 0.38 0.42 0.19 0.35 0.27 0.42

9 Best Concept Selection

From this analysis the best components from each set are combined to create the combined power-water system the final system is actually a set of two systems which will be selected per location. For villages near the Sokoto River, within 300m, the water source will be the river itself which will be coupled with the submerged pump. This pump will be placed in the river itself and use pipes to deliver the water to the tank. For villages in more arid regions or farther away from the river a well will be the source of water and will be coupled with the in-line pump. Also, in order to better filter both sediment and biological contaminants the dual Mechanical/Ultraviolet Light filtration will be conducted on all drinking water provided through the system.

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All other components were chosen based upon their total scores from the normalized ratings tables.
Power Supply Solar Panels Water Source Pump Type River Well Submerged Inline Storage Filter System Dispensing Source tap

Community tank Mechanical - UV

10 Concept Explanation & Functionality

Our system will consist of a solar panel field large enough to provide enough power to the entire village during the day. This system will use existing wiring to connect to each home and new wiring to connect to the other system components. The size of this solar field can be varied depending upon the power consumption of a specific village or to be used to only power the water system. To draw water we have 2 systems in place: System 1(for Villages within 300m of the Sokoto River): We will be using a submerged pump powered by our solar panels in the Sokoto River. System 2(for villages beyond 300m of the Sokoto River): We will supply water from the wells
by inline pumps which are also powered by solar panels. For the supply of water from river or well to the storage tank, well have to dig up the ground about foot deep for the water supply line. The material of the pipes is Polyvinyl chloride, also known as PVC. The reason we are using PVC is due to its strengths, durability, and resistance to rot and moisture. There is an ease to repair in case of damage and is low in cost. It has a long lifespan which can last up to hundreds of years. In case of an emergency or any pipe damage, the prevention of water waste is facilitated by PVC one-way stop valves, one at beginning and at the interval of every 100m.

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In order to supply enough water to the entire village, we need a storage tank big enough to hold the required water, where we estimated that we would need about a 10,000 gallons capacity tank to supply entire village. The tank will be filled each day when possible, and will be able to store several

days of water in case of emergency. Water will be filtered using a combination of mechanical and ultra-violet filtration techniques so as to be able to remove both particulate and biological contaminants from the water to ensure it is safe for drinking. The water will be distributed via a tap located at the tank which will rely on pressure and gravity to eject water into a container. This may require some sort of flow limiter as the pressure of so much water could cause a flow which is too powerful at the tap.

11 Sustainability
The system will provide sustainable electricity and clean water to the village through the use of solar cells. The solar cells and all components will have a long, reliable lifetime so as to minimize long term costs of the system to the villagers. PVC Piping is designed to withstand decades of use, due to its durability, versatility, and resistance to rot and moisture. We also choose PVC over copper piping because of easiness of installation, instead of soldering to connect copper pipes, PVC just require gluing to connect pipes and its more time efficient. PVC is also more cost efficient than metal piping.

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12 System Layout
Our system will be located near the center of the town/village/neighborhood. The system will be divided into sub-systems, each dependent upon the others. The first is the solar field, which will provide power to the local area as well as the electrical components of the water system ie the pump and filter. The solar array will be connected to the local power grid and thus any excess energy shall enter the grid. The water will be drawn from the source using an electric pump, either in-line or submerged depending upon the source. This water will travel to the filter housing where is will pass through the mechanical filter and then go through the UV filter to ensure that the water is clear and the UV light can work to remove microorganisms effectively. After the water is filtered it is sent to fill the tank. From here the local population can extract the safe water from the taps, which will run out of the bottom of the raised tank so as to use gravity and pressure to power the flow of water.

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Village
13 10

Solar Field
1

Power Grid
14 6 4 11 Filtration System Tank

Pump
3

Intake Valve

Mecha nical
7

UV

8 12 Output Valve

Water Source
9

Electric Line Water Line

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Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Description Solar Field Power Grid Pump Intake Valve Water Source Filtration System Mechanical Filtration UV Filtration Valves Village Tank Output Valve Power to Village Power to Water System

Given Reliability 0.95 0.8 0.95 0.99 N/A 0.9025 0.95 0.95 0.99 N/A 0.95 0.99 0.9 N/A

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The system is mostly in series since most of the components do rely upon each other. This is because of the nature of the system being so linear with the flow of energy and water in mind. If any of the linkages fail then obviously electricity and water cannot flow to the next part of the system. The only parallel connection is the electricity supply system and the water supply system for the village.

13 Component Selection

The basic component types needed for this system were found before during the best concept selection process. Now that these have been placed in a general layout are they are understood, it is necessary to choose existing products to fill the needs of each component type. A set of products will be researched for each category, once a number of suitable examples have been found the best one will be chosen based upon its price, lifetime, and output or capacity. Understanding how these things interact will help us design a system which is more costeffective and has a longer, maintenance free lifetime. The most important cost driver is the power source, the solar panel field. With the HOQ target output of 620 Kwh/d in mind it is possible find the number of any type of panel needed to meet the target.
Output (W) 5170 6960 4800 5750 7200 8160 7650 Area (m2) 1.64 1.92 1.64 1.62 1.67 1.63 1.68 Cost Per Number Total Cost($) 35765.45 35002.5 41723.5 34192.8 34492.95 31544.47 45389.73

Brand Astronergy Canadian Solar Conergy Hyundai Schott Sharp Solar World

Panel($) Required 298.05 388.92 320.95 316.60 396.47 415.06 553.53 120 90 130 108 87 76 82

Output/Cost 0.144553 0.198843 0.115043 0.168164 0.208738 0.258682 0.16854

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Multiplying the number required by the cost per panel allows us to find the cost for the complete solar field. The panel with the lowest total cost is that produced by Sharp. This is because it also has the best output per panel meaning fewer panels will be required for the same energy output, this also helps reduce the area needed for the solar field. The next component selection made is for the pump, which will be either an inline well pump or a submersible pump depending upon location. The most important factors here are the lifetime of the pump and the flow capacity of the pump. We found a few alternatives for each type of pump, listed below.
Inline Brand Flotec Little Giant Rain Barrel Cost 270 179 105 Capacity (gpm) 12 6 18 Submerged Rigid Wel-Bilt 256 35 90 20.6 3 Years 3 Months Life 15 Years 750 Hours 750 Hours

The life of the pump is based upon the manufacturers warranty time, which we took to be an expected time before failure. Based on the life the two choices are the Flotec and Rigid Pumps. Despite these being higher in cost, it is necessary to use long lasting, higher quality pumps so that the residents can rely on their water supply. Next we analyzed were the two filters, mechanical and UltraViolet. The major factors for each of these will be the effective flow capacity, and the filter or bulb replacement cost.

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Mechanical Brand Pelican Rhino Pure Earth Capacity (gpm) 15 7 10 Cost 950 700 1200 Filter Life (Gal) 1000000 300000 400000 Filter Replacement Cost 156 700 400

UV Filters Brand Capacity (gpm) Sterilight Trojan Pure Aqua 30 20 24 1400 950 1600 Cost Bulb Life (months) 12 12 12 0.021429 0.021053 0.015 Capacity/Cost

The Pelican mechanical filter is moderately priced compared to the other two options, but its filter lasts much longer, does a better job, and is much cheaper to replace than that of the other two systems. For these reasons this is the mechanical filtration component which will be used. Another note is that all of the mechanical filtering systems we found also consist of a chemical filter of some form, usually activated carbon. This will also remove some chemical contaminants and balance the pH of the water. For the UV filters, because the flow will be limited by the mechanical filter, the gallon per minute capacity becomes less important all three had the same UV dosage at their proscribed flow rates, and all three had similar bulb life and cost, about $60 every 12 months. So, since it is much cheaper than the other two, the Trojan filter was selected for use in our system. For the storage tank, selecting by manufacturer is somewhat less important as the capacity is chosen by us to be 10,000 gallons. Geometrically most large plastic tanks are similar and the cost of such tanks does not vary much by brand. Likewise, the lifetime of these tanks is similar,

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being at least 20 years. The cost of one of these tanks is around $5000. PVC piping will be used to transfer water, as stated earlier, and comes at a cost of about $0.50 per linear foot. The cost of the well is based upon the average cost to dig a well in Nigeria and will be assumed to be around $4000. Actual costs were found both above this value up to $6000 and below to around $2000.

Valves Brand Brass Gate Valve Apollo Ball Valve Outlet 12.00 5 Type Inlet Cost 27.00 Life (years) 5

We choose brass as the preferred material for the valves because of the climatic conditions in Sokoto. Also brass valves are cheap and easy to replace.

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14 Reliability Analysis
Nodal Analysis of the system:

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Node # Type of Link 1 2 3 4 5 6 Series Parallel Series Series Series Series

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Calculations: R(water supply) : 0.95*0.99*0.9025*0.95*0.99 = 0.798 R(System) = 0.95*0.8*(1-[(1-0.9)*(1-0.798)]) =0.74465 = 0.745 The system over all has a decent reliability considering the budget and the location. The major drawback to the system is that we are using the existing power grid, which is not very reliable.

15 Conclusion

Total Component Cost Component Panels Submerged Pump Inline Well Piping Tank UV Filter Mech Filter Valves Final Choice Sharp Ridgid 25423 Flotec 1/2 Well shallow 1.5in PVC Plastic 10kGal Trojan UV mav Pelican Brass Gate Valve Female(Intake) Apollo Brass Ball Valve(Output) Well River Cost 31544.47 256 275 4000 0.5 /ft 5000 980 949 $27 $12 $43166 $39516 30 years 20 1 1000000gal life 25yr 5yr 15yr

Water Source

Costs were calculated assuming a $100 plumping materials cost with the well, and $450 cost at 300m from the river. Both include an estimated cost of $100 for tap fittings.

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If using a well, then the cost of the system is over budget without even considering construction costs. Cost of assembly and on-site construction will be difficult to measure, as this will all take place in Nigeria. The costs of some of these components will certainly be lower; however some may also be more expensive on location. Other costs, such as shipping will also need to be included further down the line. Though cost is a major driver in this project, we feel it is important not to compromise on the output and operation of the system. Doing so would defeat the purpose and mean that the end-users were still without adequate electricity or water. As it is the system meets all of the other requirements presented. Its output is that which was desired, and indeed the water output can exceed that requires in the HoQ. The filtering system will remove not only fine particles but also many trace chemicals and will kill microorganisms which can cause disease. The only daily operations will be turning the pump on and off and operating valves to dispense water. Maintenance costs will be limited to the changing of the filter components every six months. This will require minimal training and be easy for the people of the village to perform. The components chosen all have a long lifespan which helps reduce the breakdowns of the system during normal operation. The unassembled system could be easily transported on the back of a single flatbed cargo truck, the largest components being the water tank and a pallet of solar panels. The breakage of valves or piping will be cheap to repair, however the replacement of more major components would cost significantly more. If the cost is too high then the system could still be used in places where electricity is adequate and water is not, the solar array could easily be scaled down to power only the pump and UV filter, allowing for a drastic reduction in cost.

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16 References
1) http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/sokotostateadv.asp 2) Gill, G.J. Seasonality and Agriculture in the developing world: A Problem of the poor. 1991. 3) Temperature, Precipitation, and Sunshine in Sokoto State, Nigeria, 10/17/2011 http://climatedata.eu/climate.php?loc=nixx0018&lang=en 4) Power consumption table of Regular Household items, 1/10/2008 http://www.absak.com/library/power-consumption-table 5) Chanda, M; Roy, S. K. Plastics Technology Handbook. CRC Press. 2006 6) Solar Panel output, dimension, and pricing information http://www.affordablesolar.com/store/solar-panels-by-the-pallet 7) Storage Tank Information: http://www.plasticmart.com/tech_drawings/norwesco/T10000-FOB-AL.pdf 8) Mechanical Water Filter comparisons: http://www.comparehomewaterfilter.com/compare_wholehouse_filters.html?source=goo gle&gclid=CJCMy_6s36wCFUKo4Aod7CE9pQ 9) UV Filter Information: http://www.home-water-purifiers-and-filters.com/whole-houseultraviolet.php?gclid=CK-hrPnM36wCFQ1x5QodlXHbnA 10) http://www.self.org/SolarvsDiesel.pdf

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