16th century

1568 - In Spain. The founding of the Obregones Nurses "Poor Nurses Brothers" by Bernardino de Obregn / 1540-1599. Reformer of spanish nursing during Felipe II reign. Nurses Obregones expand a new method of nursing cares and printed in 1617 "Instruccin de Enfermeros" ("Instruction for nurses"), the first known handbook written by a nurse Andrs Fernndez, Nurse obregn and for training nurses. [edit]17th century

St. Louise de Marillac

Sisters of Charity 1633 The founding of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Servants of the Sick Poor by Sts. Vincent de Paul and Louise de Marillac. The community would not remain in a convent, but would nurse the poor in their homes, "having no monastery but the homes of the sick, their cell a hired room, their chapel the parish church, their enclosure the streets of the city or wards of the hospital." [1] 1645 Jeanne Mance establishes North America's first hospital, l'Htel-Dieu de Montral. 1654 and 1656 Sisters of Charity care for the wounded on the battlefields at Sedan and Arras in France. [2] 1660 Over 40 houses of the Sisters of Charity exist in France and several in other countries; the sick poor are helped in their own dwellings in 26 parishes in Paris. (A notable Scottish Gaelic nurse of the 17th-century is Mary Macleod (Mairi Nighean Alasdair Ruaidh).) [edit]18th century

1755 Rabia Choraya, head nurse or matron in the Moroccan Army. She traveled with Braddocks army during the French & Indian War. She was the highest-paid and most respected woman in the army. 1783 James Derham, a slave from New Orleans, buys his freedom with money earned working as a nurse. [3] [edit]19th century

1836 Nursing Society of Philadelphia 1850 instructional school for nurses opened by NSP 1853 Crimean war 1854 Nightingale appointed as the Superintendent of Nursing Staff 1855 Nightingale Fund established 18611865 The Civil war, American Army nurses corps 1872, 73 formal nursing training programs were established, establishment of formal education [edit]1800s [edit]1810s [edit]1820s c. 1820 Jensey Snow, a former slave, opens a hospital in Petersburg, Virginia. [4] [edit]1830s [edit]1840s 1844 Dorothea Dix testifies to the New Jersey legislature regarding the state's poor treatment of patients with mental illness. 1844 - Florence Nightingale travels to Kaiserworth, Germany to start to learn nursing from the Institution of Deaconesses. She stayed for three months. [edit]1850s

Florence Nightingale 1850 Florence Nightingale, a pioneer of modern nursing, begins her training as a nurse at the Institute of St. Vincent de Paul at Alexandria, Egypt [5] 1853 Florence Nightingale visits the Daughters of Charity in their Motherhouse in Paris to learn their methods. [6] 1854 Florence Nightingale and 38 volunteer nurses are sent to Turkey on October 21 to assist with caring for the injured of the Crimean War. 1855 Mary Seacole leaves London on January 31 to establish a "British Hotel" at Balaklava in the Crimea. 1856 Biddy Mason is granted her freedom and moves to Los Angeles. She works as a nurse and midwife and becomes a successful businesswoman. 1857 Ellen Ranyard creates the first group of paid social workers in England and pioneers the first district nursing programme in London. [7] [edit]1860s 1860 Florence Nightingale's Notes on Nursing: What it is and What it is Not is published. 1861 Sally Louisa Tompkins opens a hospital for Confederate soldiers in July. She is later made an officer in the army, the only woman to receive that honor. 1867 Jane Currie Blaikie Hoge publishes her memoirs of nursing in the Union Army, The Boys in Blue. [edit]1870s 1873 Linda Richards is graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children Training School for Nurses and officially becomes America's First Trained Nurse. 1873 The nation's first nursing school, based on Florence Nightingale's principles of nursing, opens at Bellevue Hospital, New York City 1876 The Japanese term ("Kangofu" or nurse) is used for the first time. [8] 1879 Mary Eliza Mahoney is graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children Training School for Nurses and becomes the first black professional nurse in the U.S. [9]

[edit]1880s

Clara Barton 1881 Clara Barton becomes the first President of the American Red Cross, which she founded, on May. 21 1884 Mary Agnes Snively, the first Ontario nurse trained according to the principles of Florence Nightingale, assumes the position of Lady Superintendent of the Toronto General Hospitals School of Nursing. 1885 The first nurse training institute is established in Japan, thanks to the pioneering work of Linda Richards. [10] 1886 The Nightingale, the first American nursing journal, is published. [11] 1886 Spelman Seminary establishes the first nursing program in the U.S. specifically for African-Americans. [12] 1888 The monthly journal The Trained Nurse begins publication in Buffalo, New York. [13] [edit]1890s

Lillian Wald 1890 Kate Marsden, founder of the St. Francis Leprosy Guild, travels to Yakutia, Siberia in search of a herb reputed to cure leprosy. [14] 1891 - The Hampton University School of Nursing began as the Hampton Training School for Nurses in conjunction with The Kings Chapel Hospital for Colored and Indian Boys and the Abbey Mae Infirmary. This school was started on the campus of Hampton Institute at Strawberry Banks in what is now the City of Hampton, Virginia. On this campus sits the Emancipation Oak, the site of the first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation in the South. Alice Bacon was instrumental in starting the Hampton Training School for Nurses. The school was commonly called Dixie Hospital, now known as the Sentara Hampton CarePlex, and its first graduate was Anna DeCosta Banks. Elnora D. Daniel, the first Black nurse to serve as the president of a university [Chicago State University] was Dean of Hampton University School of Nursing in the 1980s. [15]

1893 Lillian Wald, the founder of visiting nursing in the U.S., begins teaching a home class on nursing for Lower East Side (New York) women after a trying time at an orphanage where children were maltreated. 1893 The Nightingale Pledge, composed by Lystra Gretter, is first used by the graduating class at the old Harper Hospital in Detroit, Michigan in the spring. 1897 The American Nurses Association holds its first meeting in February, as the "Associated Alumnae of Trained Nurses of the United States and Canada". 1897 Jane Delano becomes Superintendent of Bellevue Hospital. [16] 1899 Japan establishes a licensing system for modern nursing professionals with the introduction of the "Midwives Ordinance". [17] 1899 Anna E. Turner goes to Cuba on a cattle boat with nine other nurses to serve two years at a yellow fever hospital in Havana. [18] 1899 The International Council of Nurses is formed. [edit]20th century

[edit]1900s 1900 Dame Agnes Gwendoline Hunt, the founder of orthopaedic nursing, opens a convalescent home for crippled children at Florence House in Baschurch which espouses the yet-unproven theory of open-air treatment. 1901 New Zealand is the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Registration Act on September 12. 1902 Ellen Dougherty of New Zealand becomes the first registered nurse in the world on February 10. 1902 New York City Board of Education hires Lina Rogers Struthers as North Americas first school nurse. 1902 The Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service replaces, by royal warrant, the Army Nursing Service. [19] 1906 The first nursing school Union Mission Hospital Training School for Nurses/Iloilo Mission Hospital training school for Nurses]], now Central Philippine University-College of Nursing, is established in the Philippines. 1908 The United States Navy Nurse Corps is established.

1908 Representatives of 16 organized nursing bodies meet in Ottawa to form the Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses, which will become the Canadian Nurses Association in 1911. [20] 1909 The American Red Cross Nursing Service is formed. [21] 1909 The University of Minnesota bestows the first bachelors degree in nursing, setting a new standard in the training of nurses. [edit]1910s 1910 Florence Nightingale dies.

Edith Cavell

Chief Nurse Higbee, USN 1915 Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad on October 12 for helping hundreds of Allied soldiers escape to the Netherlands. 1916 The Royal College of Nursing is founded. 1918 Lenah Higbee is awarded the Navy Cross for distinguished service in the line of her profession and unusual and conspicuous devotion to duty as superintendent of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps. She is the first living woman to receive this honor. 1918 Frances Reed Elliot is enrolled as the first African-American in the American Red Cross Nursing Service on July 2. [22] 1918 Viola Pettus, a legendary African-American nurse in Texas, won fame for her courageous care of victims of the Spanish Influenza, including members of the Ku Klux Klan. 1919 The UK passes the Nursing Act of 1919, which provides for registration of nurses, but it will not become effective until 1923. The first name entered in the register as SRN 001 was Ethel Gordon Fenwick.[citation needed] [edit]1920s 1921 Sophie Mannerheim, a pioneer of modern nursing in Finland, accepts

the chairmanship of the Finnish Red Cross. 1923 The Nursing Act of 1919 becomes effective and Ethel Gordon Fenwick is the first nurse registered in the UK. 1923 Yale School of Nursing becomes the first autonomous school of nursing in the U.S. with its own dean, faculty, budget, and degree meeting the standards of the University. The curriculum was based on an educational plan rather than on hospital service needs. [23] 1923 Mary Breckinridge, the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service, travels 700 miles on horseback surveying the health needs of rural Kentuckians. [24] 1923 The first Brazilian higher education institution of nursing, named after nursing pioneer Ana Nri, is launched in Rio de Janeiro by Carlos Chagas, aiming at implementing the "Nightingale model" nationwide. [25] 1929 The Japanese Nursing Association is established. [26] [edit]1930s 1931 The Forgotten Frontier, a documentary about the Frontier Nursing Service, is filmed. 1937 Sister Elizabeth Kenny publishes her first book, Infantile Paralysis and Cerebral Diplegia: Method of Restoration of Function. 1938 The Nurses Memorial in Arlington National Cemetery is erected in Section 21 (the "Nurses Section") to honor nurses who served in the armed forces during World War I. Over 600 nurses are buried at Arlington. [27] [edit]1940s 1942 Banka Island massacre: Twenty one Australian nurses, survivors of a bombed and sunken ship, are executed by bayonet or machine gun by Imperial Japanese Army soldiers on February 16. 1943 Erna Flegel becomes "Hitler's nurse" in January and serves in that capacity until his suicide at the end of World War II. [28] 1943 - Mary Elizabeth Lancaster (Carnegie) is appointed the acting director of the Division of Nursing Education at Hampton Institute in Hampton, Virginia. Through her direction the first baccalaureate nursing program in the Commonwealth of Virginia is created [1]. 1944 - The first baccalaureate nursing program in the Commonwealth of Virginia is created at the Hampton University School of Nursing. 1948 The National Health Service is launched on July 5.

1949 Mary Elizabeth Carnegie is the first black person elected to the board of the Florida Nurses Association with the right to speak and vote. [29] [edit]1950s 1951 The National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses merges with the American Nurses Association. [30] 1951 Males join the United Kingdom same register of nurses as females for the first time.[citation needed] 1951 [National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service]NAPNES along with professional nursing organizations and the U.S. Department of Education created Vocational Nursing standards for education and the LPN / LVN level of nursing was created in the United States. 1952 The introduction of sedatives transforms mental health nursing. [citation needed] 1954 One of the first PhD programs in nursing is offered at the University of Pittsburgh.[31] 1955 Elizabeth Lipford Kent becomes the first African American to earn a PhD in nursing. [32] 1956 The Columbia University School of Nursing is the first in the U.S. to grant a master's degree in a clinical nursing specialty. [33] [edit]1960s

Dame Cicely Saunders 1960 The University of Edinburgh initiates the first degree in nursing. [citation needed] 1963 Ruby Bradley retires from the U.S. Army Nurse Corps with 34 medals and citations for bravery.[citation needed] 1965 The establishment of the first nurse practitioner (NP) role, developed jointly by a nurse educator and a physician at the University of Colorado [34] 1965 A Japanese court rules on the regulation regarding night shifts of nurses, limiting them to 8 days a month and banning single-person night shifts altogether. [35]

1966 The Filipino Nurses Association was renamed as The Philippine Nurses Association 1967 The Salmon Report recommends the reorganisation of the NHS management, ultimately leading to the abolishment of matrons [36]. 1967 Termination of pregnancy becomes legal in the United Kingdom under the Abortion Act 1967. 1967 Dame Cicely Saunders sets up the first hospice in a suburb of London. [37] 1969 Dame Cicely Saunders is a guest speaker at Yale University at the invitation of Florence Wald, Dean of Yale School of Nursing. [edit]1970s 1971 The hospice movement is established in the United States when Florence Wald and her associates found Hospice, Inc. 1976 - The first master's degree program in nursing for a Historically Black College or University (HBCU) is founded at Hampton University School of Nursing. 1977 - The M. Elizabeth Carnegie Nursing Archives is created by Dr. Patricia E. Sloan at the Hampton University School of Nursing. This is the only repository for memorabilia on minority nurses in the United States. The focus of the archives is African American nurses. 1978 Estelle Massey Osborne is the first black nurse to be inducted as honorary fellow in the American Academy of Nursing. [38] 1978 Barbara Nichols is the first black nurse to be elected president of the American Nurses Association. [39] 1978 Elizabeth Carnegie is the first black to be elected president of the American Academy of Nursing. [40] 1979 The first iteration of a clinical doctorate, a nursing doctorate (ND), was established at Case Western Reserve University.[41] [edit]1980s 1980s In America, the MSN degree became the required degree for advanced practice nurse certification. Nurse Practitioners with certificates were grandfathered in. 1980 The Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing, based upon the activities of daily living, is published.

1983 The importance of human rights in nursing is made explicit in a statement adopted by the International Council of Nurses. 1983 UKCC becomes the profession's new regulatory body in the UK. 1985 Miss Virginia Henderson is presented with the first Christianne Reimann Prize by the International Council of Nurses in June. [42] 1988 Anne Casey develops her child-centered nursing model while working as a paediatric oncology nurse in London. [edit]1990s

Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson 1990 Florence Nightingale's birthday (May 12) is declared the official Nursing Day in Japan. [43] 1992 Eddie Bernice Johnson is the first nurse elected to the U.S. Congress. 1999 Elnora D. Daniel is the first black nurse elected president of a major university, Chicago State University. [44] 1999 - The first doctor of philosophy degree program in nursing for a Historically Black College or University (HBCU) is founded at Hampton University School of Nursing. This doctoral program is unique in that it is the only doctoral program in the country that focuses on family and family related nursing research. [edit]21st century

[edit]2000s 2002 The Nursing and Midwifery Council takes over from the UKCC as the UK's regulatory body. 2004 The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)[45] recommends that all advanced practice nurses earn a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree. 2007 ICN Conference is held in Yokohama, Japan. 2008 - National Council for State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) issues final

report: "NCSBN Consensus Model for APRN Regulation: Licensure, Accreditation, Certification & Education." [46] 2009 - Carnegie Foundation releases the results of its study of nursing education, "Educating Nurses: A Call for Radical Transformation". [47] 2010 - Institute for the Future of Nursing (IFN) releases evidence-based recommendations to lead change for improved health care.