College of Engineering and Computer Science Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 370 Thermodynamics

Fall 2010 Number: 14319 Instructor: Larry Caretto

Solutions to Unit One Exercise Properties of Pure Substances

1. Find the specific volume of water at two points: (a) T = 600oC and P = 50 kPa; (b) T = 360oC and P = 20 MPa. At each point find the specific volume from the property tables for water and compare these results to those that you calculate from the ideal gas equation of state. If either state is a compressed liquid, find the state from the compressed liquid tables and compare that result to the approximation that the specific volume of a compressed liquid is the same as that of the saturated liquid. (a) `We can find the first state in the tables for superheated water. In Table A-6 on page 918 we find the specific volume at T = 600oC and P = 50 kPa = 0.05 MPa is v = 8.0577 m3/kg. To apply the ideal gas equation here, we use the value of the gas constant, R, for water from Table A-1 on page 908: R = 0.4615 kJ/kgK.

0.4615 kJ (600 + 273 .15 ) K RT kg K v= = = 1 kJ P (50 kPa ) kPa m 3

8.061

m3 kg

In this case the ideal gas equation gives an error of 0.05% in the specific volume. (b) In the first case, I just started looking in the superheat tables and found the desired state. When I try this approach in the second case, I found the sub-table for a pressure of 20 MPa on page 921. There are no data for 350oC and the first temperature shown in the table is 400oC. However, in the same table, I can find that the saturation temperature at 20 MPa is 365.81oC. (This is shown next to the pressure in the heading for each pressure table.) Since the given temperature of 360oC is less than this we are in the liquid region. If we use the approximation that the specific volume at this temperature and pressure is approximately the same as the specific volume o the saturated liquid at the given temperature, we can look in table A-4 on page 9157 to find vf(360oC) = 0.001895 m3/kg. However, we have compressed liquid tables for water. From Table A-7 on page 922 we can find that v = 0.0018248 m3/kg at 20 MPa and 360oC. (In this case our approximation for a compressed liquid that v(T,P) vf(T) leads to an error of 3.8%.) In this case, the ideal gas equation gives

0.4615 kJ (360 + 273 .15 ) K RT kg K v= = = 1000 kJ P (20 kPa ) MPa m 3

0.0 4 1 16

m3 k g

Jacaranda (Engineering) 3519 E-mail: lcaretto@csun.edu

Mail Code 8348

Phone: 818.677.6448 Fax: 818.677.7062

Since this is a liquid, we expect that the ideal gas equation will be far off and we are not disappointed. The ideal gas equation gives us an error of 701%! Notice that we can always make calculations with the ideal gas equation of state, but they may be useless. 2. Each state below is identified by a specific volume and a temperature or pressure. For each state find the temperature if the pressure is given or find the pressure if the temperature is given. If the state is in the mixed region, find the quality. (a) Water, T = 600oC, v = 0.2208 m /kg
3

If we look in the tables for water at a temperature of 600oC, we find the following data in Table A6 on page 919: at P1 = 1.80 MPa, v1 = 0.22200; at P2 = 2 MPa, v2 = 0.19962. The volume that we are looking for, v = 0.2208 m3/kg lies between these two values so that we have to interpolate to find the pressure. Using our general interpolation formula gives the following result.

P2 P 1 (v v1 ) v 2 v1 0.2208 m 3 0.22200 m 3 = 1.8077 MPa 2 MPa 1.80 MPa = 1.80 MPa + 3 3 kg kg 0.19962 m 0.22200 m kg kg P=P + 1
So the interpolated pressure is P = 1.81 MPa. (b) Refrigerant 134a, P = 500 kPa, v = 0.056205 m /kg
3

If we look at the superheated vapor tables for R-134a on page 930 for the given pressure of 500 kPa = 0.5 MPa, we find the given specific volume exactly, without interpolation, when T = 90oC. (c) 3 Water, T = 200oF, v = 20 ft /lbm

At the given temperature of 200oF, we find the specific volumes of saturated liquid and saturated vapor from the English unit tables on page 964. These are, respectively, vf = 0.01663 ft3/lbm and vg = 33.613 ft3/lbm, We see that our given volume is between these two so that we are in the mixed region. Since we are in the mixed region, the pressure is equal to the saturation pressure. This gives P = Psat(200oF) = 11.538 psia. The quality is found as follows.

x=

v v f vg v f

20 ft 3 0.01663 ft 3 lbm lbm 33 .613 ft 3 0.01663 ft 3 lbm lbm

x = 0.595

(d)

3 Refrigerant 134a, P = 500 psia, v = 0.01201 ft /lbm

Using the English-unit saturation table for R 134a (Table A-12E on page 977), we find that the specific volume of the saturated liquid for R 134a at a pressure of 500 psia is 0.01995 ft3/lbm. Since our given volume is less than this, we have a compressed liquid. There is no compressed liquid table for R 134a, so we will use the approximation that v(T,P) vf(T) for this point. This gives us v = 0.001201 ft3/lbm = vf(T). We have to find the temperature in the saturation table (Table A-11E) for which the value of vf matches our given volume. We see that our given value of v = 0.001201 ft3/lbm is the table value at T = 100F so we conclude that

T = 10oF.

Jacaranda (Engineering) 3519 E-mail: lcaretto@csun.edu

Mail Code 8348

Phone: 818.677.6448 Fax: 818.677.7062

(e)

3 Refrigerant 134a, P = 500 psia, v = 0.01204 ft /lbm

Using the English-unit saturation table for R 134a (Table A-12E on page 977), we find that the specific volume of the saturated liquid for R 134a at a pressure of 500 psia is 0.01995 ft3/lbm. Since our given volume is less than this, we have a compressed liquid. There is no compressed liquid table for R 134a, so we will use the approximation that v(T,P) vf(T) for this point. This gives us v = 0.001204 ft3/lbm = vf(T). We have to find the temperature in the saturation table (Table A-11E) for which the value of vf matches our given volume. We see that our given value of v = 0.001204 ft3/lbm lies between vf = 0.001201 ft3/lbm at T = 100F and vf = 0.001209 ft3/lbm at T = 150F. We find the temperature by Interpolating between these two points.

T = 10 o F +

15 o F 10 o F 0.01209 ft 3 0.01201 ft 3 lbm lb m

0.01204 ft 3 0.01201 ft 3 = 11 .875 o F lbm lb m

T = 12oF.
3. Find the specific volume of R-134a at a pressure of 100 kPa and temperatures of (a) 25oC and (b) -30oC. If we guess that this state is superheated and look at Table A-13 on page 931 for superheated R134a, we see that that the saturation temperature (listed at the top of the table for each pressure) is -26.37oC at the given pressure of 100 kPa. Since a temperature of 25oC is greater than the saturation temperature at the given pressure, we have a gas. But the first table entry is for a temperature of 20oC. Thus we have to interpolate between the saturated vapor data (T = -26.54oC, v = 0.19254 m3/kg) and the first temperature in the superheat table (T = 20oC, v = 0.19841 m3/kg). This gives

v=

0.19254 m + kg

0.19841 m 3 0.19254 m 3 kg kg 20 o C (26 .54 o C )

[ 25

C (26 .54 o C ) =

0.19393 m 3 kg

The second temperature of -30oC is less than the saturation pressure at the given temperature which means that we have a compressed liquid. Here we can use the approximation that the specific volume of a compressed liquid is the same as the specific volume of the saturated liquid at the same temperature. This gives v(100 kPa, -30oC) vf(-30oC) = 0.0007203 m3/kg from Table A-11 on page 926. 4. The property tables used for quizzes have only one saturation table pressure as the intended look-up variable. Show that you can use this kind of table when the pressure is given by using Table A-5 to find the pressure and specific volume of water at a temperature of 220oC and a quality, x = 0.25. Compare the result to the value of v = 0.022416 m3/kg from slide 25 of the August 26 lecture presentation. Because we have a quality of 0.25 we know that we are in the mixed region. Since pressure and temperature are related in this region, we can use the temperature column in Table A-5 to find the given temperature of 220oC. We find this on page 919, between 218.41oC and 223.95oC. We can then interpolate to find the saturation pressure (which is the system pressure for this mixed state) and the specific volumes of the saturated liquid and saturated vapor. This gives

P = 2250 kPa +
3

2500 kPa 2250 kPa ( 220 o C 218 .41o C ) = 2321.8 kPa 223 .95 o C 218 .41o C

0.001197 m 3 0.001187 m 3 0.001187 m 0.001190 m 3 kg kg vf = + 220 o C 218 .41 o C = kg kg 223 .95 o C 218 .41 o C

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Mail Code 8348

Phone: 818.677.6448 Fax: 818.677.7062

0.079952 m 3 0.088717 m 3 0.088717 m 3 0.085811 m 3 kg kg vg = + 220 o C 218 .41 o C = kg kg 223 .95 o C 218 .41 o C

All the interpolations above have the following factor in common:

when using a calculator we need only compute this factor one time. We can now find the specific volume from the usual equation involving the quality.

220 o C 218 .41 o C ; 223 .95 o C 218 .41 o C

v = (1 x ) v f + xv g = (1 0.25 )

0.001190 m 3 0.085811 m 3 + (0.25 ) = kg kg

0 .0 2 4 235 k g

m3

The results obtained in the class example, using table A-4 with temperature as a look-up variable were P = 2319.6 kPa and v = 0.022416 m3/kg. The following is an advanced topic which will not be covered further in this course. It does show how a non-linear interpolation formula, based on a physical equation, can give a more accurate interpolation result. An alternative interpolation for saturation pressure is based on the Clausius-Clapeyron equation d(ln P)/d(1/T) = hfg/R; the temperatures in this equation must be absolute temperatures. If we assume that hfg/R is approximately constant over the narrow interpolation interval we can use the following interpolation formula for the pressure.

P ln 2 P 1 1 P ln P2 ln P1 1 1 ln = 1 ln P = ln P1 + P 1 1 T T1 1 1 T T1 1 T2 T1 T2 T1 2500 kPa ln 2250 kPa P 1 1 = ln 2250 kPa 493 .15 K 491 .56 K = 0.030481 1 1 497 .10 K 491 .56 K
P = ( 2250 kPa )e 0.030481 = = 2319.6 kPa
This interpolation matches the five significant figures found in the saturation temperature table on page 917. 5. A story in the August 24, 2004 edition of the LA Times had the following statement: Science geek alert: The 7.62 round has a muzzle velocity of 2,750 feet per second and imparts to the 150-grain projectile a kinetic energy of about 2,511 foot-pounds. Check this statement. Remember the conversion factor that 1 lbf = 32.174 lbmft/s2. There are 7000 grains in a pound. From the equation for kinetic energy, KE = mV2/2 we have the following calculation using the appropriate unit conversion factors.

KE =

mV 2 1 = 2 2

150 grains 7000 grains lbm

2 lb f s 2 2750 ft = s 32.174 lbm ft 2518 ft lbf

Which is about 2,511 foot-pounds.

Jacaranda (Engineering) 3519 E-mail: lcaretto@csun.edu

Mail Code 8348

Phone: 818.677.6448 Fax: 818.677.7062