Ministry of Science and Education of Ukraine

National Aviation University

Department of the Human Activities Safety

Laboratory work of the discipline (2) Basics of Labour Precaution

INVESTIGATION OF AIR PARAMETERS IN THE WORKING AREA

Made by student Group Faculty Date Checked by Approved

Kyiv 2010

Laboratory work Investigation of Air Parameters in the Working Area

The purpose of the work: to be acquainted with equipment and regulation for air parameters, to be skilled with investigations of microclimate conditions at workplaces The Work objectives: to study the main principles for meteorological norm setting in work zone; to study meteorological measuring instruments applied in work zone; to do some measurements in laboratory room. 1 Shot Theoretical Information First, it is necessary to explain why this problem is so important. As all of you know the normal temperature of the humans body is approximately 36C. The meteorological conditions or microclimate at workplaces render huge influence on biological processes in human body and therefore they are important factors, characterising the sanitary-hygienic labour conditions. Microclimate of air environment is a combination of temperature, humidity and speed of airflow and also of temperature of surrounding surfaces. Optimum conditions of the microclimate such a combination of the parameters, which during a long and systematic influence on the human body provides its normal functional and heat status without stress of its reaction of thermal regulation. They provide the feelings of heat comfort and arrange the conditions for high level of fitness to work. Permissible meteorological conditions or microclimate are provided at permanent workplaces (at which the worker exists more than 50% of working time or 2 hours without interruption) in apartments with area more than 100 m2 for one worker. These conditions during the long and systematic influence on the human body may cause its quickly normalising functional and heat status and stress of its reaction of thermal regulation, that are not run out the levels of physiological possibilities for adaptation. The damages and disturbances of the health are not appeared, but feelings of heat discomfort, worsening of personal feelings and decreasing of fitness to work may be observed. A lack of correspondence with permissible values for one parameter of the microclimate (only temperature in apartment) may cause unfortunate impact on human health. The environment outside the humans body is able to accept the heat, which is worked out by the human. The heat transfers into environment due to the next processes: temperature conductivity through the cloth; convection while air contacts with open skin spaces; vaporising of water from the skin; heating of air on respiration. The balance between the heat energy the body works out and the heat whats transferred to the environment maintains normal temperature and functional state of human. That balance keeps on working with various difficulty even at some deviation of meteorological condition (temperature, air humidity, air circulation) of the environment from normal maintaining body temperature stable. However, we should consider that the meteorological conditions could change. This ability to keep temperature unchanged at meteorological conditions changing and during work is called heat regulation. Taking into account that meteorological conditions directly influence on heat regulation reaction tress, and this way on temperature and functional state of an human the All-Union State standard ( 12.1.005-88) "General sanitary-hygienic requirements to air of working area" sets optimal and acceptable norms for such parameters of microclimate as:

air temperature; air humidity; air circulation; intensity of heat radiation. Optimal norms ensure normal functioning and temperature state of human organism without heat regulation stress. Acceptable norms may include some changes of functional and temperature state but heat regulation stress returns to normal fast. When this happen the Health State is not infringed, but there can be some discomfort fillings and workability decreasing observed. To set meteorological norms the All-Union state standard considers two factors: work category year period. The calendar year is divided into two periods: warm period having average daily temperature of outer air +10C and higher; cold period average daily temperature of outer air under +10C. In accordance with All-Union state standard ( 12.1.005-88) "General sanitary-hygienic requirements to air of working area" optimum and permissible values of the microclimate are dependent of availability of explicit heat in apartment, category of done work and season of the year, as it is shown in tab. 4. For normal conditions in servicing apartments the conditioners are used. Conditioner provides cooling of the air, automatically supports necessary temperature, decreases air humidity, makes changes of airflow speed and directivity and provides air exchange with surrounding environment. 2 Meteorological measuring instruments Air temperature measuring For air temperature measuring mercury and alcohol thermometers are applied. The mercury thermometers are more precise in temperatures 35+357C. Alcohol thermometers are less precise and applied in low temperatures (under -130C). The alcohol boils in temperature over 78.3C. Using mercury thermometers the actual temperature corresponds to the upper meniscus part, alcohol to the lower one. To measure air temperature in the room with some heat radiation the pair of thermometers whats made up from two thermometers is applied. The surface of one of the mercury bulb is covered by black paint, and other one has the silver layer on it. The actual temperature is defined by the formula: ta = tb k(tb ts ) where tb indication of thermometer with black bulb, C; k instrument constant; ts indication of thermometer with silvered bulb. To record air temperature changes in time thermograph is applied. Air humidity measuring Air humidity is measured by psychrometer. The most simply model of it is August psychrometer whats made up from two thermometers - dry and wet one. The bulb of wet thermometer is covered by cambric the end of which is dipped into glass with distil water, which vaporising from the bulb absorbs the heat, therefore, the wet thermometer indication is lower than of the dry one. For more precise measurements the aspiration psychrometer (Asman psychrometer) is applied. It also consists from two thermometers the bulb of which are in metal sleeves, what prevents additional heating of thermometers by heat radiation. Protective sleeves connect to the pipe with aspiration ventilator set on its upper part.

The air humidity can be defined by psychrometer tables or graphs, or calculated by formula. To record air humidity changes in time hygrograph is applied. Air circulation measuring For measuring air circulation in the frames of 0.3-5 m/s revolving-vane analyser is applied. Its vane has light aluminium vane placed into wide metal ring. The worm-gearing transfers the vane revolution to counter. The air circulation is defined by means of calibration graph taking the difference of counter indication before and after the measuring divided by time of measuring in seconds. For measuring air circulation in the frames of 1-50 m/s revolving-cup analyser is applied. To measure very slight air circulation electro-anemometers and catathermometer are used. Catathermometer is alcohol thermometer with cylindrical or spherical bulb. Cylindrical catathermometer scale is calibrated in frames 35-38C, spherical one 33-40C. The heat measured in milicalories, that 1 cm2 of bulb surface radiates for the time the catathermometer cools down from 38C to 35C is called device factor F. Its signed on the catathermometer capillary bore. If to divide factor F by time a in seconds, during which alcohol column of heated catathermometer goes from 38C to 35C, well get the total cooling ability of air surroundings H:
H= F a

if temperature measuring is carried out in the temperature frames 40-33C, or 39-34C:

H = F (t' '') t 3a

where: t, t temperature at the beginning and at the end of measuring respectively, C. At any case measuring should be carried out in the temperature frames where half of their sum equals 36.5C. The air circulation can be found by the formulas:
H / t 0.2 V = , 0.4
2

(1)

or
H / t 0.13 V = , 0.47
2

(2)

where: t difference between average temperature of catathermometer (36.5C) and air temperature in room. Choosing calculation formula depends on ratio H/ t. If H/ t 0.6 calculation is carried by formula 1, otherwise by formula 2. Heat radiation measuring For heat radiation measuring the actinometer is applied. 3 Objectives 1. To study construction, principals of functioning and rules for use of equipment, that is used in work. 2. To define the climate parameters in laboratory. 3. To compare the results with optimum values in accordance with 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary-hygienic requirements to air of working area". 4. To optimise the climate parameters by means of conditioner. 5. To built the relationships of T=f(t), r=f(t) graphically. 6. To make a report.

4 Steps of the work To measure the temperature at workplace by thermometer. 2. To define air pressure by barometer. 3. To measure airflow speed by anemometer at workplace. For the measuring of airflow speeds in table 7 the initial indications of the anemometer must be written in conventional units. Then simultaneously to put in the anemometer and seconds counter. After 100 s to check finite indications and to write them in a table 7. Using the graph of the anemometer to define the speed of airflow. 4. To measure and to calculate the relative humidity of the air (r). For measuring to use static and aspiration psychrometer. By difference between indications of dry and humid thermometers of the static psychrometer in accordance with table to find a value of relative humidity. 5. To calculate the relative humidity using following formula: P ( t dry t wet ) B r = wet 100% Pdry And using indications of dry and humid thermometers of the static psychrometer:
1.

r =

Pwet 0.5( t dry t wet ) B 100% Pdry 100641

where: wet ( wet) maximum elasticity of water vapour for temperature of humid thermometer of the static (aspirate) psychrometer, Pa (table 2); - non-dimensional psychrometer coefficient (table 3); tdry (t dry), twet (t wet) indications of the dry and humid thermometers, 0C; B barometric pressure, Pa; dry ( dry) maximum elasticity of water vapour for temperature of dry thermometer of the static (aspirate) psychrometer, Pa (table 2); 0.5 constant psychrometer coefficient; 100641 averaged barometric pressure, Pa. The results of measuring and calculation to write in table 7. 6. To write in table 8 the data of microclimate parameters and to compare them with optimum norms using the 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary-hygienic requirements to air of working area". 7. To make a report and conclusions about the microclimate in laboratory. 5 Key questions 1. Why is it necessary to investigate meteorological condition in the working area? 2. What is the normal temperature of the humans body? 3. Name the processes of heat transferring into environment. 4. How is the normal temperature and functional state of the human maintained? 5. What is the heat regulation? 6. What parameters characterise microclimate of work zone? 7. Name the microclimate parameters set by the All- Union State standard. 8. What is the difference between the optimal and acceptable norms? 9. What are the optimum conditions of microclimate? 10. What is the reaction for changing of microclimate parameters? 11. What is the heat regulation stress? 12. What kind of norms allows some discomfort of human Functional and Temperature State? 13. What factors does the State standard consider to set meteorological norms? 14. Name the classification of work category. 15. Give the definitions of cold and warm year period. 16. Describe the principal scheme of the conditioning system. 17. How does conditioner provide normal microclimate? 18. What device is applied for air temperature measuring? 19. What kind of thermometers do you know?

20. In what temperature ranges are the mercury thermometers more precise? 21. In what temperature ranges are the alcohol thermometers applied? 22. What device is applied for air humidity measuring? 23. Describe the model of static psychrometer. 24. What factors influence on psychrometer indication? How to prevent them? 25. What device is applied for air circulation measuring in the range of 0.3-5 m/s? 26. Explain the principal of operation for revolving-vane analyser. 27. What device is applied for air circulation measuring in the range of 1-50 m/s? 28. What device is applied to measure very slight air circulation? 29. What device is applied for heat radiation measuring? 30. What device is applied for air pressure measuring? Table 1 Work Categories Category I - easy physical work is Category Ia energy consumption up to 120 activity consumption up to 150 kilocalorie/hour (139 W/hour) kilocalorie/hour (174 W/hour) Includes work in sitting or standing position what takes slight physical exertion (work applied in precise instrument-machine engineering, clothing manufacturing, offices etc.) Category Ib energy consumption is 121-150 kilocalorie/hour (140-174 W/hour) Includes work in sitting, standing or walking position what takes some physical exertion (work applied in printing industry, communication service, checkers, experts in any industry etc.) Category II normal physical work Category IIa energy consumption is 151-200 is activity with energy consumption kilocalorie/hour (175-232 W/hour) 151-250 kilocalorie/hour (175-290 Includes work with constant walking, moving small things (up W/hour) to 1 kg weight) sitting or standing and takes some physical exertion (work applied in mechanical workshops in machine engineering, spinning factory etc.) Category IIb energy consumption is 201-250 kilocalorie/hour (233-290 W/hour) Includes work with constant walking, moving and carrying weights up to 10 kg and takes moderate physical exertion (work applied in foundry, rolling, forge, heat and welding workshops etc.) Category III hard physical work Includes work with constant walking, moving and carrying is activity with energy consumption heavy weights (over 10 kg) and takes great physical effort over 250 kilocalorie/hour (290 (work applied in forge workshops with manual ramming and W/hour) casting in machine engineering and metallurgical works etc.)

Table 2 Maximum Elasticity of Water Vapour for temperature of dry and wet thermometers of the static (aspirate) psychrometer Air temperature, C
1

Maximum elasticity of water vapour, Pdry and Pwet (mm.mr.cl)

2

Air temperature, C
3

Maximum elasticity of water vapour, Pdry and Pwet (mm.mr.cl)

4

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

9.209 9.844 10.518 11.231 11.387 12.788 13.634 14.530 15.477 16.477 17.735

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

18.65 19.827 21.068 22.377 23.756 25.209 26.739 28.344 30.043 31.842 33.695 Table 3

Psychometric Coefficient Air circulation, m/s 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.80 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.65 3.0 3.5 4.0 Psychometric coefficient, 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.0010 0.0009 0.0008 0.00077 0.00074 0.0007 0.000695 0.00069 0.00068 0.00068

Table 4 Optimal and Acceptable Norms for Air Temperature, Air Humidity and Air Circulation in the Work Zone (standard 12.1.005-88) Year period Work category Optimal Temperature, C Acceptable limits Upper Lower Workplace fixed unfixed fixed unfixed 25 26 21 18 24 25 20 17 23 24 17 15 21 23 15 13 19 20 13 12 28 30 22 20 28 30 21 19 27 29 18 17 27 29 16 15 26 28 15 13 Humidity, % Optimal Upper acceptable limit on fixed and unfixed workplace 4060 4060 4060 4060 4060 4060 4060 4060 4060 4060 75 75 75 75 75 55 at 28C 60 at 27C 65 at 26C 70 at 25C 75 at 24C Movement rate, m/s Optimal Upper acceptable limit on fixed and unfixed workplace 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0,5 0.10.2 0.10.3 0.20.4 0.20.5 0.20.6

Cold

Warm

Easy Ia Easy Ib Normal IIa Normal IIb Hard III Easy Ia Easy Ib Normal IIa Normal IIb Hard III

2224 2123 1820 1719 1619 2325 2224 2123 2022 1820

Table 6 Initial Data for Individual Task Device Year period Cold Cold Cold Cold Warm Warm Warm Warm Cold Work category Ia 17 II a 18 II b 19 III 20 Ia 18 II a 19 II b 20 III 21 Ia 19 17 18 740 750 0.3 0.4 17 730 0.2 17 720 0.4 17 760 0.3 16 750 0.2 16 740 0.4 16 730 0.3 16 720 0.2 Temperature, C tdry Static psyhrometer twet Barometric pressure, mm.mr.cl Air circulation, m/s

Cold

II a 20 18 760 0.2

Cold

II b 21 18 720 0.3

Cold

III 22 18 730 0.4

Warm

Ib 20 19 740 0.2

Warm

II a 21 19 750 0.3

Warm

II b 22 19 760 0.4

Warm

III 23 19 20 720 730 0.2 0.3

Cold

Ia

21

Cold

II a 22 20 740 0.4

Cold

II b 23 20 750 0.5

Cold

III 24 20 760 0.6

Table 7 Measurement Data Device Year period Work category Temperature, C tdry 1. 2. 3. Static psyhrometer twet Barometric pressure, mm.mr.cl Maximum elasticity of water vapour, mm.mr.cl Pdry Pwet Air circulation, m/s Psychometric coefficient, Humidity, % measured calculated

1. r = 2. r =

Pwet ( t dry t wet ) B

Pwet

100% = Pdry ( t dry t wet ) B 100% = Pdry Table 8 Microclimate Research Results 1. 2. 3. Air temperature, C optimal acceptable actual Air humidity, % optimal acceptable actual Air circulation, m/s optimal acceptable actual

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