7.

4 C3 and C4 plants
2 Types of plants according to carbon fixation in photosynthesis: 1. C3 pathway= C3 plant 2. C4 pathway=C4 plant

C4 Leaf Anatomy The C4 plants possess a characteristic leaf anatomy. Their vascular bundles are surrounded by two rings of cells. The inner ring, called Bundle Sheath Cells, contain starch-rich chloroplasts lacking grana which differ from those in mesophyll cells present as the outer ring. This peculiar anatomy is called Kranz Anatomy (KranzCrown/Halo). The primary function of the Kranz is to provide a site in which carbon dioxide can be concentrated, thus reducing photorespiration. In order to facilitate the maintenance of a significantly higher carbon dioxide concentration in the bundle sheath compared to the mesophyll, the boundary layer of the Kranz has a low conductance to carbon dioxide, a property which may be enhanced by the presence of suberin.

Kranz anatomy A specialized leaf anatomy found in C4 plants, where the vascular bundle sheath comprises 2 concentric layers around the vascular bundles. Outer layer of large mesophyll cells that often radiate out from the bundle sheath and contain a greater abundance of often larger chloroplasts than usual cells and inner layer of bundle sheath = mestome sheath.

7.5 Petiole Anatomy

Anatomical characteristic of petiole

Tissue of petiole may easily compared with the primary tissue of the stem as tere is a close similarity between them with regards to their structure of epidermis The supporting tissue is collenchyma or sclerenchyma The vascular bundles may be collateral or concentric The petiole does have the structure of epidermis, hypodermis of collenchyma, ground tissue and vascular system or complex. The arrangement or pattern of the vascular bundles are vary among species and also vary according to where the petiole section is made Usually for the purpose of comparative anatomy in systematic the petiole sections are made at the half way from the base to the starting of the blade (middle), at the base of the petiole or near to the blade and arrangement of the vascular system will be observed. The outline of the petiole will also has taxomic value: concave, convex, ridged etc.

7.5 Ecological Anatomy

Plants which characteristically grow in certain ecological niches and show a type of structure which is believed to adapted to that particular environment. This type of adapted structural anatomy due to the environment = ecological anatomy.

Hydrophytes: plant live wholly or partly submerged in water or very wet place Mesophytes: plant live in habitat that shows neither excess nor deficiency of water, average temperature and moisture Xerophytes: plants grow at dry habitat where evaporation stress is high and the water supply is low Halophytes: plants that grow in saline soil or water Epiphytes: plants that grow upon other plants, but do not absorb food from the host Parasite: plants that grow upon other plants and absorb food from the host Saprophytes: plant that leave on decaying organic substances