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Lecture 2
Digital Design
Circuit Types: Combinational vs. Sequential
Lecture 2
Transistors, Switches, CMOS Basic Logic Gates Boolean Equations
Digital Design
Circuit Components: Historical Perspective
Digital Design
Transistors as Switches: Binary Switch
x = 0
S x
The evolution of switches: Relays (1930s), vacuum tubes (1940s), discrete transistors (1950s), and integrated circuits (ICs) containing transistors (1960s--present). ICs originally held about ten transistors; now they can hold more than a billion.
Digital Design
Transistors as Switches: Light controlled be a Switch
Digital Design
Transistors as Switches: Basic Functions (AND/OR)
S Battery x L Light
S Power supply x L
Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design
Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design
CMOS transistors: (a) transistor on silicon, (b) nMOS transistor symbol with indication of conducting when gate=1, (c) pMOS transistor symbol conducts when gate=0.
CMOS transistor operation analogy -- A person may not be able to cross a river, until just enough stepping stones are attracted into one pathway. Likewise, electrons cant cross the channel between source and drain, until just enough electrons are attracted into the channel.
Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design
Digital Design
Circuit Logic: Historical Perspective
Having the right building blocks can make all the difference when building things.
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Shannon applied Boolean algebra to switch-based circuits, providing a formal basis to digital circuit design.
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Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates !x x+y xy
Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates
Which answer correctly represents the statement above: A) j = (i + m)(s) B) i = (j)(m + !s) C) i = (m + j) (!s)
Warning: real AND and OR gates arent actually built this way, but rather in a more complex manner
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Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates
Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates
F = h AND e
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Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates
Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates
x1 x2 AND gates x1 x2 xn xn x1 x2 x1 + x2 OR gates x1 + x2 + + xn xn x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
NOT gate
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Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Inverter
Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Inverter
Inverter conduction paths when: (a) the input is 0, and (b) the input is 1.
Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: OR Gate
Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: OR Gate
OR gate conduction paths when: (a) one input is 1, and (b) both inputs are 0.
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Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: AND Gate
Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: AND Gate
1 0 1 y 0 1 F 0
time
AND gate conduction paths when: (a) all inputs are 1, and (b) any input is 0.
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Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design
Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Converting Boolean Equations to Circuits
Building the circuit for F = a AND NOT (b OR NOT (c)): (a) partial, (b) complete.
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Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design
Using multiple-input AND gates: (a) using 2-input AND gates, (b) using a 3-input AND gate.
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