A Major Seminar Report

ON

" Global Positioning System."

(Submitted as a partial fullllment of degree of Master of Computer Applications)

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA

Session: 2011-2012

Submitted to:
Mr.Vikas Kurdia H.O.D.(MCA) I.T.M.,Bhilwara(Raj.)311001

Submitted by:
Chirag Tripathi M.C.A Sem-V (09CIMXX606)

Guided By: Mr.Pankaj Parihar Lecturer,ITM,Bhilwara

Institute Of Technology & Management

NH No-79, Chittor Road, Bhilwara By Pass,Bhilwara

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT Department of Computer Applications CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this report embodies the original work done by Chirag Tripathi during this major seminar presentation. As a fulfillment of the requirement for the technical seminar on " Global Positioning System. " MCA Sem-V, of the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.

Mr. Vikas kurdia (Head of MCA Dept.)

Mr. Pankaj Parihar (Lecturer)

Principal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Words, like the real things are depicting, have their own handicaps. They shall never be able to pierce through the gamut of emotions that is suddenly exposed during the routine of our life. They will never be able to describe the spirit of co-operation with which we worked together, nor shall they ever be able to express the feeling we feel towards the guide. Before I get into think of the things I would like to add a few heartfelt words for people who were the part of this major seminar report in numerous ways. I feel it pertinent to add a word of praise for my seminar guide for his cool mind, patience and always bearing grotesque smile which de nitely provided me encouragement, enthusiasm and lively atmosphere all the times. It goes without saying that no work can be perfect without ample guidance. I wish to give spe-cial thank to Mr. R.P.Soni(Chairman), Mr.S.N.Modani(Vice Chairman), Mr. S.L Kakani(Executive Director), Mr.S.K Sharma(Principal). I also wish to thank Mr. Vikas kurdia(H.O.D. Of MCA DEPT.), Mr.Pankaj parihar (Lecturer) and all faculty members, for the time they devoted to review the report and their helpful comments. I am indebted to them for being a perpetual source of inspiration and motivation for me. Words are insufficient to express my profound sense of gratitude to my guides, parents, friends whose encouragement and blessings gave me great physical and moral strength.

Guided by: Mr. Pankaj Parihar Lecturer

Chirag Tripathi MCA sem-V

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PREFACE

Difference in the academic life and practical life is revealed when one enter the real life and competitive world of industries,where there is cut throat competition and one has to forcefully follow the theory of Charles Darwin "Survival of Fittest". In order to exist in the competitive world one has to fully aware of all aspect. To accomplish this aspect in our engineering curriculum of Rajasthan Technical University, provision of major seminar is provided. Succeeding chapters give details about what I have learnt in this seminar.

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ABSTRACT

Recently Technology is advancing quickly everyday in our lives. New devices are being brought to the public to make our everyday lives easier. With that in mind, one of the more recent, advancing devices is the Global Positioning System. I chose this topic of technology because I feel that it has undoubtedly made a big impact in society. With all that it can perform and accomplish for different people and groups, the GPS has been a great advancement in technology The GPS, also known as the NAVSTAR (Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System) Global Positioning System, is a satellite-based radio-navigation network that provides a person's location in all parts of the world at all times (Dixon 9). The GPS is built and operated by the U.S. military on a system of twenty-one satellites plus three spares which constantly orbit the earth completely in twelve hours (Evans, Martin, and Poatsy 354).

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Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE ABSTRACT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Introduction History Theory Working Principle GPS Satellite Geometry GPS Satellite Signals GPG Architecture Application Advantage

ii iii iv 1 3 5 8 11 14 16 18 19 20 21 22

10 Disadvantage 11 Conclusion 12 Bibliography

Introduction

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a location system based on a constellation of about 24 satellites orbiting the earth at altitudes of approximately 11,000 miles. GPS was developed by the United States Department of Defense (DOD), for its tremendous application as a military locating utility. The DOD's investment in GPS is immense. Billions and billions of dollars have been invested in creating this technology for military uses. However, over the past several years, GPS has proven to be a useful tool in non-military mapping applications as well. GPS satellites are orbited high enough to avoid the problems associated with land based systems, yet can provide accurate positioning 24 hours a day, anywhere in the world. Uncorrected positions determined from GPS satellite signals produce accuracies in the range of 50 to 100 meters. When using a technique called differential correction, users can get positions accurate to within 5 meters or less.

History

1969Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS) formed 1973NAVSTAR Global Positioning System developed 1978first 4 satellites launched 199324th satellite launched; initial operational capability 1995full operational capability May 2000Military accuracy available to all users NavStar : - Started development in 1973 - First four satellites launched in 1978 - Full Operational Capacity (FOC) reached on July 17, - System cost of $12 billion Selective Availability (S/A) deactivated May 2000

1995

Definition
GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, is a radio navigation system that allows land, sea, and airborne users to determine their exact location, velocity, and time 24 hours a day, in all weather conditions, anywhere in the world. The capabilities of todays system render other well-known navigation and positioning technologiesnamely the magnetic compass, the sextant, the chronometer, and radio-based devicesimpractical and obsolete. GPS is used to support a broad range of military, commercial, and consumer applications.

How it works

All satellites have clocks set to exactly the same time. All satellites know their exact position in space from data sent to them from the systems controllers. Each satellite transmits its position and a time signal. The signals travel to the receiver delayed only by distance traveled. The receiver calculates the distance to each satellite and trilaterates its own position 31 satellites currently active (9/2007) Orbit 11,000 miles above Earth 6 visible sats from any point on Earth

5 monitoring stations synchronize the atomic clocks on board each satellite distance from a satellite to a receiver in miles=(186,000 mi/sec) x (signal travel time in seconds)

Pseudo-Random Code 10

Complex signal Unique to each satellite All satellites use same frequency Amplified by information theory

Distance to a satellite is determined by measuring how long a radio signal takes to reach us from that satellite. To make the measurement we assume that both the satellite and our receiver are generating the same pseudo-random codes at exactly the same time. By comparing how late the satellite's pseudo-random code appears compared to our receiver's code, we determine how long it took to reach us. Multiply that travel time by the speed of light and you've got distance. Accurate timing is the key to measuring distance to satellites. Satellites are accurate because they have four atomic clocks ($100,000 each) on board. To use the satellites as references for range measurements we need to know exactly where they are. GPS satellites are so high up their orbits are very predictable. All GPS receivers have an almanac programmed into their computers that tells them where in the sky each satellite is, moment by moment. Minor variations in their orbits are measured by the Department of Defense. The error information is sent to the satellites, to be transmitted along with the timing signals.

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GPS Satellite Geometry

Satellite geometry can affect the quality of GPS signals and accuracy of receiver trilateration. Dilution of Precision (DOP) reflects each satellites position relative to the other satellites being accessed by a receiver. There are five distinct kinds of DOP. Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) is the DOP value used most commonly in GPS to determine the quality of a receivers position. Its usually up to the GPS receiver to pick satellites which provide the best position triangulation. More advanced GPS receivers can filter out poor DOP values.

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Ideal Satellite Geometry

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Poor Satellite Geometry

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GPS Satellite Signals

Atomic Clock (G, Rb) fundamental frequency - 10.23. MHz

L1 Carrier Signal - 154 X 10.23 MHz L1 Frequency - 1575.42 MHz L1 Wave length - 19.05 Cm L2 Carrier Signal - 120 X 10.23 MHz L2 Frequency - 1227.60 MHz L2 Wave Length - 24.45 Cm P-Code Frequency (Chipping Rate) - 10.23 MHz (Mbps) P-Code Wavelength - 29.31 M P-Code Period 267 days - 7 Days/Satellite

C/A-Code Frequency (Chipping Rate) - 1.023 MHz (Mbps)

C/A-Code Wavelength - 293.1 M C/A-Code Cycle Length - 1 Milisecond Data Signal Frequency - 50 bps Data Signal Cycle Length - 30 Seconds

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GPS Architecture

The GPS system is divided into three segments:

The Space Segment The Control Segment The User Segment

1.The Space Segment

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GPS uses more than two dozen operational satellites, with an additional three satellites in orbit as redundant backup. GPS uses NAVSTAR satellites manufactured by Rockwell International. Each NAVSTAR satellite is approximately 5 meters wide (with solar panels extended) and weighs approximately 900Kg. GPS satellites orbit the earth at an altitude of approximately 20,200Km. Each GPS satellite has an orbital period of 11 hours and 58 minutes. This means that each GPS satellite orbits the Earth twice each day. Highly accurate atomic clocks are installed on these satellites, operating at a fundamental frequency of 10.23MHz each. With the help of these clocks, signals are generated from the satellite, to be broadcast to the Earth. These twenty-four satellites orbit in six orbital planes, or paths. This means that four GPS satellites operate in each orbital plane. Each of these six orbital planes is spaced sixty degrees apart. All of these orbital planes are inclined fifty-five degrees from the Equator.

[space segment figure]

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A visual example of theGPS constellation in motion with the Earth rotating. Notice how the number of satellites in view from a given point on the Earth's surface, in this example at 45N, changes with time.

2.The Control Segment

The Control Segment is comprised of a master control station, 5 monitor stations and 4 ground antennas. All of these are strategically located along the Equator. The Master Control Station (MCS) of the GPS system is operated at Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The United States Air Force maintains redundant Master Control Stations in Rockville, Maryland and Sunnyvale, California. The Air Force also maintains monitoring stations in Colorado Springs, Hawaii, The Ascension Islands, Diego Garcia, and Kwajalein.

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Key Functions of the Control Segment

The Control Segment keeps track of the orbiting position of the GPS satellites, calibrating and synchronizing their clocks. It also predicts the path of each satellite for the following 24 hours, and uploads this information to each satellite.

Communications with the space segment are conducted through ground antennas in the Ascension Islands, Diego Garcia, and Kwajalein. The satellite signals are read here and the measurements sent to the Master Control Station in Colorado. The signals are processed there to determine any errors, and sent back to the four monitor stations with ground antennas, after which the information is uploaded back to the satellites.

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[control segment figure]

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US Space Command

Cape Canaveral Hawaii Kwajalein Atoll Ascension Is. Diego Garcia

Master Control Station

Monitor Station

Ground Antenna

3.The User Segment

This part consists of user receivers which are hand-held or, can be placed in a vehicle. 21

All GPS receivers have an almanac programmed into their computer, which tells them where each satellite is at any given moment. The GPS receivers detect, decode and process the signals received from the satellites. The receiver is usually used in conjunction with computer software to output the information to the user in the form of a map. As the user does not have to communicate with the satellite there can be unlimited users at one time.

Three segment of the gps

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Space Segment

User Segment
Control Segment

Master Station

Monitor Stations

Ground Antennas

Applications

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GPS has become a widely used and a useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking and surveillance. GPS's accurate timing facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids. Farmers, surveyors, geologists and countless others perform their work more efficiently, safely, economically, and accurately

Civilian

This antenna is mounted on the roof of a hut containing a scientific experiment needing precise timing.

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The first civilian application of GPS was on large ships, where the relatively high expense of the early GPS receivers was not such a problem. As prices have fallen, GPS receivers have become common on smaller vessels as well. GPS receiver systems are now being incorporated into cars as well. While they remain mostly curiosities in the US so far, they have proven popular in Japan, where consumers are more gadgethappy. Such systems may interact with the car's CD-ROM player to obtain map information and present it on a dashboard video display. Surveying: Surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property boundaries Map-making: Both civilian and military cartographers use GPS extensively. Navigation: Navigators value digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements.

Advantages

fast speed leads u in right direction 25

helps improve mapping skills makes navagation easier has panic buttons built in you can be found easier if in danger or in accident plugs into your car cigeratte lighter

Fast speed

GPS receivers display speed and calculate the speed using algorithms in the Kalman filter. Most receivers compute speed by a combination of movement per unit time and computing the doppler shift in the pseudo range signals from the satellites. 26

The speed is smoothed and not instantaneous speed.

makes navigation easier

A GPS device is extremely handy. When you are hiking, you can deviate from a path without worrying about how you will find your way back. When you are driving, GPS-based navigation systems can provide you with turn-by-turn directions, a helpful feature in a strange town.

Search Nearby Area

Some GPS systems allow you to search the local area for nearby amenities, such as hotels, restaurants and gas stations. This is extremely helpful in some situations. For example, if you are driving cross-country and realize there is a problem with your car, you can search for nearby auto mechanics and select one that is along your route. Your GPS system will show you exactly how to get there.

Ease of Navigation
A GPS device is extremely handy. When you are hiking, you can deviate from a path without worrying about how you will find your way back.

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When you are driving, GPS-based navigation systems can provide you with turn-by-turn directions, a helpful feature in a strange town

Water Navigation
GPS devices are perfect for water navigation. Since there are no landmarks in large bodies of water, boaters in the past had to use a compass and a map to determine if they were on the right heading, with somewhat imprecise results. But the advent of GPS systems allowed boaters to figure out their exact position on the map. In situations where underwater hazards are a problem, GPS devices allow boaters to steer around hidden dangers

Disadvantages

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cellular devices can track other cellular device users not very cheap people focus on GPS more than road = accidents should be used as backup map but used as 1st resource - Possible Failures needs good care and handling external power needs batteries (handheld ones) Inaccuracy

Possible Failures

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You need to carry a backup map and directions in case your GPS fails for some reason. For example, if you are driving down a city street, the buildings may block the satellite signal, preventing you from receiving position updates. If you are hiking in the wilderness, your handheld GPS receiver's battery may die, leaving you with no way to navigate. For hiking situations, it's a good idea to bring along a compass as well.

Inaccuracy
GPS signals are not completely accurate. Obstacles like buildings and trees can deflect the signal, causing your position on the GPS screen to be off by as much as 100 feet. Atmospheric conditions (such as geomagnetic storms caused by solar activity) may also affect GPS accuracy. For highway driving, this can cause you to miss a turn or exit.

Battery Life
GPS units that are not plugged into a power source, and rely on batteries, which can drain quickly. This can increase the cost of owning a GPS unit significantly.

Cost
Purchasing a GPS based on price can be a major disadvantage. If you purchase a "bargain GPS," you will get what you pay for, and features such as traffic and up-todate maps could be lacking.

Reception
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GPS devices are limited by having clear access to the satellites that provide the tracking. In locations with tall buildings or sparse coverage, reception can be poor.

Conclusion

Components of the GPS Working of the GPS 31

Errors sources in GPS Working of the DGPS Features of the Rockwell Jupiter GPS Binary and NMEA format Programming of the GPS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

jcovili@media.utah.edu ajensen@stoller.com 32

www.stoller-eser.com

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