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Brief Introductionto

WESTERI{ PHILOSOPHY
(epistcurology)

Stream of Conscious Notes; Early Greeks and Plato with the Greeks.Theywerethe first to establish Philosophy begins The Greeks: Western Theywerethe first to askwhat is reality? existence. thoughtase means examining of rational outside the gods of of? Theywerethefirstto ask questions ? Whatis its essence What is it made rer, just to say"because godswill it" wasnot an ans\ the and to the Importent Thinkers: Theles(580B.C.)- Oneof the earliest question essence nature tt is of of reality.(the essence matter water)Hereclitus- All is flux - a mancannot stepinto the is river twice.r/Prtmenid$- In essence, is static- change an illusionof the mind. all same \ @' ) - I d e a o f th e e sse n ce o fma tte rbeingm adeofatom s' Pythegor as- Math (music)approaches truesttruth. - Socrates taught Plato-PlatousedSocrates his voicein hisphilosophical as Phto/Socrrtes n The beginning wisdomis the definition terms."and"The Unexamined writings. Socrates: of of Life is not worth living." PLATOMC DUALTSM: THE PI{YSICAL TTIE IDEAL (Forms) Appearances Reality Change Permanence Opinion Knowledge Time Eternity Particular (or nounof choice) (or cat Catness ness ) Senses Reason Body Soul Appearance ofBeauty, Love,Justice, Absolute Beauty, Love,Justice, etc. etc. (Heraclitus) (Parmenides) Greekword Ideameans Form. We apprehend our Soul-Mind the soulexisted with beforeit - remembering inhabited body(anamnesis the beforewe wereborn)- Platoasked how is it that the physical image a horse, pig keeps of cat, reoccurring not a Horcapig?.Answer: and Fcrmsa common absolute and mold- like anultimate cookiecutter.Platoasks: How is it thatall phenomena be put in definite can categories? Answer: Mustbelimitednumber forms"behind" of - these - Thereareeternal immutable everything formsareIdeas and patterns behind various the phenomena nature. in TRUE KNOWLEDGE. Platoasks: "Whet is it possible know nbsolutety?" to Answer.. "That which doesn'tchange" Example:Whenthe human race, earth,andeventhe sunhaveall the returned space to dust, the sumtotalof a plane triangle willalways 180degrees. be
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for Bellenirtic rnd Roman Thought: Thesearch tranquillity

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(t tustconddcrthc unstablc,uncerlainttmcs dcathalwa.'-s lurhng) vtth -ougbr vimrc and Cirucs endcruieism : Diogeocs. bcc.urcbe tiveddoglikc - rnucbpe$lcsflcr to stoicism t-bst mord fttcdour in tibaation from 'Lcire- bcidlfhrcnt to tbc SDode forturc brs to bcoowend you will bE emanciptcd fton fter. ' thrrc 1f,qrricctd thceneuitiesof sivilizrtion -ruy in0ucnccwhicbmight compomise of r-be auscre indcpcndcnce tbc witl is podtivetyharudrt - conventioru society ere ignored dcspiscd of or Sclpticitlt (or Stcpticirn) - (wc canbed lcastccrtrin rbon wbrt we &nt laow) ldan of sciencs I think iti thrrs' hl fm Et $r". l&n'tfilowifi6hlhnhopetofin'touL Inteltcrnnltyquiolrs: ,

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Grcek lVc caalosw by d.a'cton &oraglocnl pincipler thrt rre celf widcor ..4{ i r, ,r. t trru_ri,,,:-,1 I i{ by Skcptie m ch Uin/ evcryrling mEt bcerorrcd ncensof mcthing ckc. Tbc grrt cit"tc - A Tauologr -"--'-;drr :. So, ia csrcncc,nothi4 can bc pr,otrcd dl Epioreur rd Stoica- ,r{bsrr livE io s to rvoid fear - Plcesnc u tbc only Sood ht bffic: Epicurcanr (tle&nin) live co thrt fin is rbtrt rdhcr thqn prelcoc! - 2 greerest of of pleamrc. Fm Eflorcr soutces ftar : Rcligionmd dcdh- 'Derth is s6thingto rs; for thet which is diEtolvcdis withmt sensationmd thet whichlecls lcor.tioa ir nuhing lo us.' Hewrs tbc 6rst to nr3geo that rniln t:ltr be happyon thc rack Stoicim - Basics: l. Everything brs e prporc - counected with hmus being - Bclidh Daerninisn conuadiction bccaucc rlso beliarc in frec wiU(Chririenity will pick up) - Becanse thintF arc dalcrrined we {l sbould scekto confol only thrt which we crn coilrol (ftec win): our opitions, our eEotioturud o|n dcsiEs. (ver-vlndrrto lib) DurstrecoEnize c.n rct coutml lhatwhich b ffitidc of m conlrol rry otbcrs rL dath we of all thinp, etc., We can thcrefrre faccwith cquuirdtf. So,it follonn hr tb Soics tha whcothings go b.dty, the ignorent.pcnonbhmcs dhcrq thc prurlly wire blrne thancelver,end tb. wir blrc Doorc. 2. God is not scparilc from tbc vorld tlc is thc roul of tbc sorld - tbr wblc uahcse frrncd tb subgtenca God - eachof us of crnrint r prrt of thc Divine 6re 3. All lhinp src FrB of orc sinle svsrcowbch ir c-lted ugtrne- thc indirirhtal is gmd when in harmonywith Nrturc. sinceurnrrecreated - (inltuctrcr on Romanric psriod) {. it Virnre is the soleSeod- il consistsin r will which is in agrecncnt*ith, nruue - otherthinqr ercf es hcdtlrhappincsrlpossersionr of no eccounl Youronly dry is to dnzyr do thc viruous thing-'real couragcir whcn arc you lnm, you.ere&fuled bcfore)ou sterthl you beginurywsy.'S. prrcioos (eU- goodrnd brd -are coodcurned) Tbe wise nen (sege)&cs not feel syopthy - whenhi! ri& rnd childrn dic bc rdlecg tid thi! evEntis lot r! obstrcle o his ssl virue - Nothiag is to dcdlsyyotrr hotycah" 6. All mcn erebrothcrs-'lo'e (not in eootionel sense)yoru bmthcr' urivecal love - (Chri*irniry p& up) Abo pickcd up in lTth ud ltth cctrturiesin forn of Nrtunl Righs of I'Ian - By natureall humrnbeings equd - Idc[ of Nanual law (Virtne) is Roic doctrincin erc Christietr dressand will bring do*a &spotisn of ttth cedtu{v) Sencca Romgnsutcamsn-poet rnd Stoicphilosopber (somesq' he conespondcd Paul;. Dicd a caln with noic 't ath becausc Nero forced him to opcnhir veins lvfetgus Aurcliur - Meditations - lvlA is tbeStoiclrhl - tr wasEmpemrfmm lzl-lt0 AD. 'Sincc it is porotlc thst thournqst dcpartfrom life this verl'uromsnq rcgulate Quotcs fora Lledtattons.' l. wery rct and lboughtaccordingly.' 2. Evcrything harmonizc me which is hrrmoniors to the. O Univene. Nothing for mc is oo earlv or tm hte, whichir in dueH'nefor thee. O naturc fron theeu? all thint5, in lbeeare all thing. to theedl things tetut!.' lv{Afiadscomfo'rt thc thoughrthrt tte universcis ooeliving being in haring onenrbstence on soul - a frrcriu Mcrcim: 3. ' Frcquentl.v and consi&r the connection all rhings in thc of universc.' and -1. 'Whatet'er man'happen thee,it wesprcparcdfor tbce from all etemit]: and the implicaion to wasfrom aernir.vsprnningthe thrcad thy being' of causcs of

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.''RE/'' OF CON,'CMU.' NOTEII tllEDlEyAL lo thc DEGIIINING OF MODERN TEOUGIIT (lt{ - {10}- Chrillrnizcd Pl.to - tlillory ic whcrc thc rtru'Blc of Good rnd tJlltullnl - betwccn thc'KirrBdomof God' rnd thc'Kingdom of thc World' - llo r phyedout the ioncddceply orlurc of limo - in rchlion to lhc nltutG of Cod rnd thc world' hn thc Scoll (8fl)'s) - Nrturc ir rot only mrdc up otvlnt ls but rlco |'ilat rt rbl - Codl 'God docr nol lurow llinuclf, whrt Hc ir. bccrurc llo ir not r Er i3 in I lcnrc unlnowrblc - WhcnGod crertcdthingt oul of 'nothing' thir nothlngh lo be undcrdood rr God Hinrrdf dl hcrcnrelhrt tlc tnnsccndrell knowlcdgc - Evil hu no ground ln Clod. thcrcforC will urlly bertvcd - lohn bclicvcd thrt In the being of thingr. 3odl bcing crn bc recn - lhir ir I of prntheism highlyunpopulerwith lho Church. rnd Scholrrtlcbrn: - Mcdlcvd Wcrtcm Philoroplrcrrtool it r.Tlourr Aqulmr (12{X}'r) lt for grmtedthrt Chrirtirnity wli lruc - The quertion for Scholutlc lhinkcrr wrt whdhcr rurtrinrplybclievc Cluirthn rcvdrlion or crn we rpprorch the Orirthn lrutla wllh lhc the o[reuon? Whrt wrr lhe rchtionship bctwecn tlre Grcek plillorophc6 rnd whrt thc Bibla Wrr lhcrer contrrdiction bctwccn lhc Biblo rnd lotron? Wcrc bclief rnd knowtcdga rrtiblc?' (Besicrlly onc qu6tlon) - Aquinn, moll lirmout of lhc Scholrrricr, rll rirnizcdArirtotlcrnl hir ryrternrtic tpprorch to lnowlcdgc rnd Lnowin3 - Two prthr lo Frith rnd Rcrlon - A brillirnt thcologirn rnd philoophcr, hc nid.reuon wrr r Slll from thrt couldprovidcbulc rntwcrr to brric philoroplrlcal quationr, Scholutlcr tded lo wilh Church tcrchingr - Aqulolr prodnccr llYc lo3lcrl proofr of rcilc chldc philosophy r crlrf cnce. ll Thc Araumcntlroa Ciengc - Chrngo ir ovcrywherc- lomconecruler it rc mrr, bc r Cod llte fuirlollc'r lJnmottd Movtr 2) Th A4aaent lrom Ctttttlon '

rrrfonrf intclllglbillty - Occhrm grvo forcc rnd vitrlity lo tho plriloroplrictlporitionof rrrrmitrr,llgtr 'Occlrrm! Reror' (univccrlr rrc only ,pt tct o. mcntrl conccptr rnd nol rcrl cntiticr) 'lt it vrin to do with morc whrt crn bc donowhh fc*cr.' merning hnponrnt tool ln phllorophy: thrt ftc rimplcl form of artcnrcnt ir nrpcrior lo r gnnd, cndlcrr hypothctct. lf r theorywith thrla ptrtt cxplrinr u wcll u r thcory with fihcen, thc rimplut ir bcrt. ruclt Tbr Renrlmrcc - Thc Church wrr thc rolo dirrqninrtor of lnowlcdgo - bul Invcntlonr rr lho tdcrcoF braur lo clrmjc tlrin3r - Abovc dl tho Rcnrilrrrrce resrltcd in r ncw vicw of 'Rcbirth'brck mrnklrd, Hrmoilgn (r bdlcf ln mrn rnd hh worth, lr oppotcd to rln) - ldcr of - Motl Mcdicvrl phllorophcrr hrd mrinlrincd tlrcrowrr en Inrtrmounlrble to tht rntlquitia burlcr bctwctn Ood .nd Hir Crcelion. but mrny in tho Ronrirrrncc begrn lo hlvo I moro Filhcirtio bc|idthrt God ir pracnt in Hir crcrtion. lf indecdllo ir infinitolhrn llo murt bo 'Godr prcrurt in Gvcryth&tg. could now bt rrld thrt nrlurc wrr divinc - evcnlhil it ir lt bloroming' - ldor not kindly conridcrcdby thc Chrrrch. Frrrck Brcor - Eodi3lr philorophcr (l t6l-1626) - Frlhcr of lho modcrnricnlific mclhodtder of 'Knowlcdge it Powa', lhrt mm Instcrd of bcing rimply I plrl of nrlurc crn bcirn to intcrvsrc end control it - (now wc rcc fot thir lor bottcr rnd worrc]. nlu Colrelcrr (1173 - t540) prrblirhcdrt tho cnd of hk lifo On lht Rtwhuiono! thX' .z l{ltdrn 'rcvolullonr'In lrirtory. Ctltstlal Splnresud brought rboul onc of lho grcrtcrt Inlcllccturl ( | 56{ - 1642)cootlrnrcdlhc Copcrrdcen Rcvolulion - I lir lrwr of incrtlr dcmondrrlcd Gr[G. tbt thc phydcd world followr brrio prindplcr wlrich lhc humrn mind crn undcrdrnd- llc rho rhowed thtt lho llervenr rrc nol pcrfbct, r hugecnck in lho Church'rintcllccturlfoundrtion beglnr lo form rnd Orlilco wlll pry thc pricc - Clnrrch finrlly foigrvo Nm In lhc crrly 1990'r.

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crurercruscr? h thcrcr Firsl Cansc,ittclfuncrurcd? Aquirur 3ry3 thcrc ls. 3) Tftc ncnt lrom Contingarqt- llow do wGtccounl for contingcncyin nrturc? Thcrc nnrrl bo r conlingcncy.Q Thc otaumail fmn Dqna { &cdlcnu ' Wa rrrryBeingbeyond in rdrgrrcr of axccltanco nrturc. Thir implicr tho notlon of perfcctlon. wldch ln turn lmpller wemi3ht ull t Pcrlcct fiehry. l) Thc trgtmclll lranr Htnttotrl - Aquinrr poinls out lhrl 'rccord". Firh needto rwim ro lhty hrw finr rnd ir nhercwe look rhere 'tdrptrllon' or gnrw boncrro they hrvo dlonB lcdt - Wc cen cithcr rly thir b merdy rn rgr ncedto 'design' - thc mrnifcrlelion of rn Intclilgctrct thrt orglrirar tlin3l. nt or wc crn upre lor flthr olOttrn - Actcrl lhc prlt of r truc Frrncbcrnlor Ockhrml (tlOO) - Frrnclrrn rillity rnd mrn'r rrlionrl knowledgc wcrc inlinitcly dirl.nl ftom clch othcr - WNle ninesrid our mindrcrn 3lirnnrcrr blt of God'l mind, Occhrm uring logicd vigor rdd one tl rlrume mrn'smhrdrnd God'r wcre firndrmcntrlly connecled- lincc rll lumrn lurowledge rundcd rcnroryinluition of concrelc prrlicr.rlr6, romelhin; bcyond lhc rcnlcs, luch rl on

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univcrrc - Bcainring of thc rirc in thc tlith in rotron - Rcrron r lcligion - So now looL rt thc dlurllon: rnrn ir no longcr rt th. cdrlct of lho univcrrc - rincc ovcrythin! wrr lovcmd by lhc 3rmc unbrcrlrblc hwr (or mcchrnimr) it il lhacforc poniblo to crlclulrlc rll chmgerby mtthcmrtlca. Thr Ncwton hclpd bdn! rboul thc arrclcdr tlc vorld iw - The univcrrcu onc DtgMthhn - A girnt inllucncc on Wodcrn Civiliulion - (cremplc of rn cxllcmc mcchenirtic vicw: tf rn inlclligenccrl r llycrt timo had Lnown thc porltion of dl prrrlclcr of mrtterthu 'nothing wotrld bo unlnown, both furlurl rnd ptrr would bo opcn lo lhcir oycr.'- Mechenicrl Dctcrminirm - (Roorn for old ider of God? ) Onwrrd to Mcdtrn llroulhl

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A dcfiritioo ofmorlcrn - do not hrve to look back lo the rrrcicnt cxphnrtionr - lhcrc rrc ncw thingr to discovcrrnd rry Dcscrrtcr rcfurcd to footnotc rny rncient ryrtcm ofthought - rcfurcd to rrgue from ruthority - to bc truly rcicntific ono lrrd to bc tbrolulcly cedrin - llow to bc rbrolutcly ccrtrin? thc C.rlcdrrr l]lctlod: I . ryrtcmrtic doubt - rcjcct ell rnd bcgin with thrt wlrichcrn only bc rbrolutcly ccrtrin 2. Alrlyrir 3. Synthcrir 4. Cucful rccrpitulrtion of llrc uBumcnl - Cm doubt Antrrclic rcturlly oxirtr. crn doubt whrt you lnrl for brcrkfist, wc crn cvcn doubl our mrtcrirl (cxitlcncc) - Only thing wc lrc lwrrc of ir r 'show bctwccn lhc arrt' Crrlcrlra rlrlo jr updrtcd: Thc ovil rcicnti:t: A brillirnt nanrologisl mrpt out dl of your nculonrl syrtcms, rlto r cybcrnaic axpcrt, hc her dcvclopcd r $pcr computcr - Alro found r wry of trking r brrin rnd kccping it divc in r vrt - ho conncctc thc brain in rho vat to thc aupcr computEr llc tcllr thc computcr lo rcnd thc brrin scnsc d6tum thrt you hrvc e body hrr your bnin scc r guy in front ofyou rl r lcctcrn telking rbout your brrin in r vrt you cvcr prova you rrc not iuit r bnin in e vrl? (Modcrn Skcpticirm - Soliprirm - r - hc ovcn llow crn mrjor

Bul Plrtu's idcrs uc lluivcrsrls (ebstrtct cnrities) for f)ctcrrrcr rhey rrc plrcnomcorl lrlind rnd Eody rrc diffcrcnr how do thcy irrrcrect?- | wrnt lo lifl my ur., l lrfl nry, Dclclrtca lhc pincrl glrnd - lrter prrdlcrirm - li&c two di{fcronrcloci.r rcr by cod simutlrniougrcg - PROaLEMS: Rdrr:uthl oprclry : Mind ir indubirrblc (undor Body ir dubiour (doubtrblc): lbc eucrrion ir wl.r kind of proporty ir doubribiliry? Ju modcrn rndytic philorophy - Prorcnt dry philorophy trllr rbout trlking - whrt crn bc wlrrt wo rctudly bcllovc rnd drrubr ir rhc rcntcncc - t don,t doubr rhir lscrcrn bul I mr thc rGnl.,.cc rio,'rhi! lccrcrn rxirts' - wc uc tdkin3 rbout frith in lengurgo. whrr r rcelly trlking rboul? EXAMPI-E:

ghilorophicrlproblcm) | crn doubt rny phyricrl crirtcncc, I mry cvcn doubt thrt I em r brrin. llrrl lhcrc ir r vrt - BUT - in rll thir rhcrc ir romcthing lhrl crn not bc doubtcd - thrt tomething is doubting. doubtingrubrtrnca. Thercforc whrl crn wc bc tbsolutcly ccrtrin on Thrt I thinl r (doubt)rhucforc l (whrtcvcr rhrt mighl bc) rrn. (-rrgrla .rto rl.tm - Whrt ir it rbout thir rcnlcncethrt mrkcs it ccnrin? ll ir so clcrr rnd dirtlncl lhrt it urn'l bc doubtcd. So. how do wo know in thtt rhow bctwccn thc ors whel ir truc end whrt ir frbc? (Eplrtcmolopr) Whrt it r tlrinling tlring? Whrt thcn ir r mind? A thing thrt thinlr. rorronr? Othcc cltzt aal dittlnct idclt = LoBtcrnd Gcomctry- lilc Plrto rnd lhc Greckr - dl truc cvcn if wc uc just bniru in r vrl Dercrrter wrr r blillirnl mrlhcmrticirn - invcntcd cooldinllo gcomctry - mrthcmrticrl thinking influcnccdhir philorophy - IDEA of GOD - crch lus rn idcr of God - whcrc docr it comc fionr? Dcrculsr Ollologicll Argumcnt for thc Existcnco of Cod : Cod ir porfcct which mcenr omniscicnt, onmipotcnl- now whrl rbout cxistcncc? wNch ir more perfcct, cxitlcnce or noncristcncc? Exirtenceofcourrc - cxirtcncc ir put of thc vcry dcfinitioo of Oorl. Sccond rpprorch= Whcrc could thc idcr of pcrfcction come from if pcrfcction did not cxisl? Only romclhingpcrfcctcoultl crurc lhc idcr of perfection (clear anl dlsrrrrl) romcthing perfcct lic to ur? No. So, wo can trurt thrt God ir no deceiver Funhcr: would Dcrcrrlct lrrd to provc thc cxirlcnccofCod in ordcr to prove thc exi:tcncc ofobjective rerlily (thingr olhcr then - you cln doubt your body. your our thinkingrdQ - othcrwirc. roliprirm) MIND-BODY mllcr irl cxirtcncc, a! !Bcn, but you crn't doubt your nrind - lwo totrlly diffcrcnt rubrlrnccs Body hrr cxtcnsion trkcr up rprcc - cxists in tinrc - Docr Mind hrvc cxlcnsion? t"Vhcrc it? do is y o r r h r v c l / 2 e n r i n d o r c o n c c p t 'lf/ 4 o f a n l d c e ? M i n r l i s u n c x t c n d c d ( n o - w h c r c ) n d i v i r i b l c i, ju lurrvcrt? two subslrnccrlvllNl) rnd EODY - timihl to Phto'r Durlirm ldcry'Mrtcrirl ir

Tigc. crr mcrr. (whrl ir r rigcr ?) A tigcr it I i ldrcr word. Thcrcforc. i latcr w mart. (rhir ir r crrc of cxrrcnrc togic rt work - liko Zeno'r prndoxcr) (crrry funhcr: A word crtr four lcilcr wordr ) 'l'hc poinr is thrt in philorcphy wc.pcrr. of bclicving rn< but whrt wc uc redly bclicving rnd doubting rrc proporirionr, nol ncccurily rnyrhir 'out rcrfity thcrc'. wc sry' I bclicvc tlnt'ant "l doubt ttnt" - | doubr rha propori rtrtcr 'thc body cxirtr' or 'lhrrt thc body crirtr ir doubrrblc.. - Thc problcmlicr in cc thc rymbolic world of lrngurgo with rhc'rcrl' workl 'our therc' - cen wc bc src of r wolld 'oul thcre'? (problcmr I o be covcred by Bcretcly rnd I lumc) _ So. when you h lomcthing, whrt ir lhc nrruro ol propcrry ofthc phcnomooologicdcvcnt trling phcc tr wc rllrch thc rcrm 'bclicving'? - Brch to Mind Body: Dcrcrrrcr bclievad rlul rornc

wu differcnt from r dog, cel, nronl.cy, rorch - furimrlr rro buicrlly rurom.loru- r r'uc wind thcm up urd lct thcm go - no s(xrl. (thL idcr stryr wilh wcrrcrn cuhurc) lr ir M mrlcr ur differcnt - hc ir thc lithcr of rccing ourlclvcr u minrl - Carln'',itt Dt,,lisn - | imprcr on rho wcrrcrn 'mind- - Exmplc: why holpirdr trclr lhe body wNlc lotrily ig mind - (now xrmc moro holirtic rpprorchcr) - Dcrcrrrcr pointcd our rlrrr rll wc rro immcdletcly rwrrc of ir rho rhow bctwccn thc crrr - Uow rlo wo know our iderr rcprer

rcrl world? Big qucstion for Modcrn philorophy - Hir rnrwcr wrr wirh rhc proof ol'or uvcd him from r soliprirric cxi{cnco - For othcn rhough . hc hrr opcocd'r hugc crn ol philoropNcll wornr - thrt ir why hc ir coruirtcrcd tltc h'othcro! Ildenr l,htlosqhy. Orwrrd to Modcrn Philorophy

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'athcistic t p o f t h e C l r u r c h- s o u u l r tl o o v e r c o m c t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y t e n d e n c y t o w a r d - Also rcactcd to the philosophical ideas of John lirnr" thrt arosc with nrodcrn sciencc ll6l? - 1704)- Locke's thinking was brsed on Ncwtonian physics and wls exlremely ''Ihc nrind is furnished with ideas by expcricncc alonc.' - this is callcd tnrpiricirm ial :kc rhe mind of the newborn child is likc a blurk shect of paper (trbula rasa) - Two types I fronr expcrierrcc I. idcas ofScnsation (direct input fronr the senrcs) anrl 2. ldeas of ron (thinking,believing, formalion of complcx ideas by combining, or abstracting Fom deas Locke believed that olrjects lrave "qualities' that exist in objccts lhat impress ves on our scnseslrom which we lormulate ldeas ry talcs the situation one logicrl step firrther: We only have our own ldeas - based on nce (empiricism)- We in essenceexpcrience only orrr own expcricnce - cln nol get outside - W e d o n o t e x p e r i e n c c ' t h i n g s ' r t l h e r w e e x p e r i e n c e u r " i d e a s ' - ( a n d o u r l d e a sa r c o what we have experienced - We do nol even have truly abstract iders (dc6ned rs idcr to er! on cxperience)- example: a person that is thin and fat, black and whitc (not iust rs of ) rall and short, hairy and bald - all al lhe same time - inrpossible conception. We 'Mnnkinrl", 'Jurticc" - E v e r s c e n" l v l a n k i n d * ? e e a l l ye x p c r i e n c a b s t r a c ti d e a ss t r c ha s :"? (Reasonone once seid that it is easicr to lovc menkind than onc's neighbor - mankind is *mankind') Redity outside of us is to idea - impossible experiencc a rcality called logical. in namc only, a nrallcr o[having been created by naming . . Reification: Tlre realesa thing - Also, nantesdissect. Orrr choice: fulan as a wltolc or as plrts - legs, w A r t d h r r t l r c r :i n e s s e n c e e d o n ' t s e c s l t r p c i t s e l f , o r n r o v c r n c n t i t s c l f ( w c bul do rve see movemenl itselP ls movcmenl a thingl) e idea that soluething moves, e r n r se y e s ltf lrr havewe evcr.tdr'l matler itselP llave we ever experietrcei ntaller.rirccrly? - No, 'expericnceour ideas o["stuff'oul lhere msde rtp of 'stufl" called mrtter - Remcmber 'cenr'l Rrzor - if{ can bc just as wcll cxplained rvilh 3, thcn I is bcst - lfyou can cxplain rce just rs well withorrt ntltter ' tlren leavc it orrt ' (Back to Dcscancs) Lc{l with thc

experience depends a mind tltal transccnds on indivirlrrcl nriuds anrlis ulrivcrsalnamcly, Ood's mind. All is an ider of God - Gotl is thc switchboard ldcas- Idcr(l)irm - ftlcalirm a berrer of is cxphnrtion lhen ltletcrirlisfl - Agrin: whcre do we panitiononc thingfromanother? Wlry? fingerfronr handfrorn nranfrom groundFom esflh - All rs lder -(Ersremramificrtion) Thcrcforcfor Bcrkclcy: If r trcc fillr in thc middlc of r forest:Yesl it makcs sound.Srmunl r J o t u r s o n - l r e f u t c i t t h u s-l B u l t h e s e n s a l i o n o f p a i n i s a n l d c a l ( u n c o n s c i o u s - n o p a i n - n o 'things' erc, mstter- no thing) But whcn and if you becomcconscious rgein: suddenly therc thingsthat scemed be therebeforc. How so? Consciousncrs God. Wc areihethought lo is of Cod - everytldng in the mind of God is Red Kirrg from rllice in ll/ontlerland

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n g c e r t a i n l. d c a s . W e l r a v c n o d i r c c t e r p c r i c n c e o f a n y t h i n g o u l s i d c o u r i d c a s - N o w a y rcrcir anything utsidco[our irJeas lVe can not slep oulside oforrr mind lo conrparc o J i n t l r c r n i n r t o r v l r a ti s o r r t s i d eo f t l r c n r i n d - i f t h c r c i s a n y t h i n g a l a l l J r r s l a s l o g i c a l l o 'e thst thcrc is nothing outsidc of ilcas. Science does not help in this - All ccicltce can o r e r h ec o r r c l a r i o n f e v e n t s- p r o b a b i l i t y o f e v e n t si n e x p e r i e n c e . ( P r c d i c t a b i l i t y i s n o t i n a n d e l p l a n a t i o n N e w l o n l o l d u s w h a l o r r r i d e a sc a n e x P c c l - n o t w l r a t t l r i n g sa r e o r w l r y ' e . l l e c o u l dc x p l a i n w l r a t g r a v i t y d o e s b t r t n o i w l r a t i t i s o r r v h y i t w a s i u t l r c f i r s t p l a c c r sperrtlatterdays in lriblical lnysticistn arul alchcrny) t l h n t n e a l l c a n a q r e eo n l h e r r o r l t l - t h a t r ' , h e ny o u r v a l k o t t l t t f t l r e d o o r e a c h n t o n r i n g r 1 r r 1 1 1 s 1 o r h ll ' a r r r i l i ae a c l rl i r n e . a w o r k l r r h i c h o t l r c r s c r r c o u r r l e r ' tT h e o r d e t t l r a t w c a l l l rv

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D A V ID IIU ME' S EPTST' EMOLOGY

D r v i d l l u m c ( l 7 l t - 1 7 1 6 )i r o n c o f t h c c r o l t i m p o n r n t t h i n h c n i n t h c W c r t c r n T r r d i t i o n Profoundsffcct on Krnt tluough Modcnr Philorcphy and ldee of Utilirrrirn Ethics of l9th Ccntury) - Enrcmdy rhard of hir rimcr ^ Arairbla. rdmireblc, humorout, enjoyadlife - Big Scotrirh mu thet lovcd rorstsd mutlon rnd Alc - r convivrlist. I hughilg pNlorophcr - Not r Balicver Agnorricirm: Mrn is not eblc or in thc porition to know - thoulht it wu rbrolutely hilrnour thet pcoplcbGlicvc Eut didn't wut to dirrurdc thcm (rocirl inplicetionr) Empiricirt Phcnoncnolopr - Empiricirm: All knowledgo uf rcrlity ir dcrivcd from cxpcricnoonot rcrton - only know rcrlity ttuough o(pcricncr ofthe tcriret. ilume divider into two clescr of mcntd rdivit1r l) lmprc*ionr -vivrcity rnd cluity 2) Idcrr lrck of chrity - ldcu uc copicr of lmprcrrioru md lmprcrsioru crrnc 6rd - Tcrnpord rcqucoct ncvcr hrvc imrgc of mc bcfore *cing mc Crurc rnd Effect - Crurd Agcncy - Tmlh o! a slortmcnl dcpctds on thc rclatlonship ol ldtat *irAlr - lrictly fonrul ruch rr l'lrrh. Algcbrr, Logic, Euclidcrn Gcomctry , thint! I comFtlcr crn do - Er: A) All micc crrry dirarer B) Mickcy ir r mourc C) Mickey crrrio dircuc l{ume: A/o .rastcnliol r.la.ionship ol tht abow vlth rcaliq, . Q.1nrcccpt Euclidcrn Gcomctry u true wilboul bclie'ing in lhc cxirtenco of r trirnglc - Belicvs thrt proofi in logic ue rnro with ogt bclicving in tny rarl world rpplieetion (Ilo cxilaatid Apprccirtionr - rr in thc rbovc, logic of tyllogirmir truc, Mickcy ir not) - Morc modcm rpplicnion: (Truth of ryrrcm ir only withio itrelf -to provc lhc truth of I ryrrcm mult go ou[idr of rhrt ryrlem - Goddr Thcorcml Thing of the rvorld.cxirtcntirl slltcmcots,ot srrlcmcnlt of frct: Thcre ir no logicrl brrir for rll our ltrtemcntr of frct - Whyl Bccrurc coltt.r- Ioctt,ots rrc rll porrible. l:rct: if I rslcuc tNr it will frll - no logicrl rcnon why it mry nol go up (rrrt bccrurc it ncvcr hu ir not r logicrl rarron - bcclurc of thc hwr ofgrrvity ir not rn rnrwcr cithcr - Jurt bccrusc thc lrwr ofgnvity worled ycrtcrdry rnd rll dryr bcforc is not r logicrl proof for thcir working tomorow) llow do wc know mrttcn ofhct bcyond whrt wc rrc prcrcntly rcnring in rime end rprcc. rr thir vcry inltrnl. now? - dcelingwith rcnrutl cvidcnccof thc immcdirts - How do you know thrt if you lcrve lhir room rnd comebrck in r fcw minutcr it will bc lhc nmc rizc, color, rhrpe? B c c r r r s c r lo f y o u r p r r v i o u r c r p c r i c n c c h r r l c d y o u b c l i c v c r o . T h c o t t l y w a y t o a r t w a b o u l t h . l locnol world ts Cmtscaml Eflcctl Crusc rnd cffcct comcs from crpcricncc of conrtrnt conjunction- Evcry timc rew objcct frll it gocr to lhc grotrnd fthd to bc lerrncd - rhing of lcrming ofrn infrnt - hrd to lcm thrl biting onc'r om hrrrd ceu:o pein) You lcrrn th.l.very limc you do thc All-Amcriqn lhing of clling fwo doublc qurrlcr-poundsrswith chcoc yot uc no longcrhungry- But cntircly posrible lhrr onc dry it mrl:cs you llungryl S c i c n c cl:f r l l i t g i v c r u r i r c r u r r l r c l e l l o n r , l h c n l l p u r h c : b r c k t h c c n v c l o p c o f i j n o n n c c : Whl cruscr thc fill ofthis pen' I rclcrsc it. trVhrtsrurcr it to frll rt tha rpced ir docs? thc lrwr
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of Srrvily - WhrI crurcs lhc hwt of Grr.rity? (DonI know ycr - Grud UnihedTheory, pcrh Gvcnturlly)But thcn could go f,rnhcr. wlrrt crurcr lhc Gnnd Unihcd Thcory? Scicncc ncvcr offerr rbrolutc rrulh but only provisiond lruth - conrinurlly nccdingto bc rcvited - Conrioer r

world bcforc Copcrniorr, Nowton rnd Einsrcin- (Lrrcr dch with er thc idcr of rhcpoadrgn) Sum (ro frr): All mrttcrt of hct rrc brtcd on crurc lnd cffEct rnd Cl,E ir bucd oo Coru6nr Conjunoionr - Whrt wrrnnlr our bclicf in cxpcricncc? Logicrl rnd cotirsly po$iblo thll thc fulurc won'l recmbla lhc prcrnt or thc prrt (run will not 'comc up'- Tkco dorbts l/,lpound wifl mrlc mc hungry) No lccourrc to logic in rcuon - Cw oxl Efec! &m't worl in a clr Wlry do wc bclicvc in C&E? h'r Inrtinot / lt'r l|rbiturl - 'l'm Hungry - thinl I woot crr for dryr. . . thrt will flll bc up. lt is lrrrtionolly to bclicvc thrt thc futurc will bc likc prqcnr bur it 'common curtouury - h ir of scnic' - Notica ]rimds, childrcn, rimplcronr follow crura Id cI

but crnt rrliondly crphin uything (Prvlov'r Dogr) A) Who would bc morc qrprircd if r,n droppiq r rock it 0orlcd up - you or I I ycrr old child? Why? 8) Now rry you rnd thc trmc 3 yerr old u,cnl to r mrgic rhotf (rn crccllcnt onc) rnd rhingt n mrdc lo llort in rhc dr. who would hrvc mort fun? Why? - Thc young child u philorophcr.r grerrcr glrilorophcr (li&a thc Artirr) thrn mort of ur - llc poreivcr thc world rr it ir wirbout

putting morc into thin3r thrn hc cxpcricnccs (rincc mol thingt rro rclrtivoly naw... tlt cu bc rourcc of firciution, cven whrr wc cooridcr lhc mort munduc. Funhcr: Evsn though I'vo ol tccn Bhct crow: rll my lifc . . .

Tbc Stcry of Dllly rhc Cblcleo . .Evcrydry dry of Billy'r littlc Chicleo lifc he rccr rnd hcrr Frrmcr Joncr com oul to lho Chickcn pcn rnd cvcrydry Eilly gar fcd - rwo ycrrr - ovcr ?(Xl dryr - Fumcr Joncr - Food rgrin rnd rgrin, md ro ir ir tnd ro ir rhrtl bc. Ard ono dry Fermc loncr, u ururl, comcl to thc chickco pcn rnd Billy u ururl rcrlircr hc L hungtry rnd u urud

ruihct with thc orhcr chickcnr lo gsr to Frrmcr Jono frlst . whch hc docs, which ir why Billy will ba rerved on rhc Joncr'rrblc thrr night wirh I provocrriyc lucc of crmpbcll'r cleem of Muduoom Soup rnd Murtlrd- Thur endirh rhc Lc*on 'Thc crpcctrrion of onc thng followin rDothc( doct not lic in rhe thintr rhemtclvcr. but in our mind.' Evcrydry on bur - rnivrJ rt rchool - E.t - Gct full - Dcsirc to rcntclr hsd - Do ro - Uolll ...

The bcficf in crurc rnd efie.cl: Havt 1nu .wr touclv,A tastc{ in ary way directly erpuicnccd (Rcifcrtion of 'Crurc rnd Effect') Ar crcrrurcr of timc wc crn ttot prolc crurr cau* ittclf rnd cffect - wa crn nol ElGp out rnd rround timc (now) to cxpcicnca thc ccnriuty ofcrutc lnc cffcet - thrl lhere rcturlly exittr lrch'thingr' Existcncc of forcc? Thrt too ir thc rcruh of crurc rnd .ffcct- by crpcricocc - I will to nirc my rrm ( bul writ, tivc you prrrlyrit) Fccling oi folcc within you body -'conrrrnr conjunclionof v rnd body movcrneni - not pfoof - Nccc$rry conncction - forcc - will - jurr rn ider Berlclay: 'Wc never crpericncc mrilst.rl llumc: 'Right, Brillirntl - Ah. whrt color wm r mind rgrin? Whrr llrvor ir ir? Whrr doct mi

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f c e l l i k c ?l f y o u r r c g o i n g t o l h r o w o u t r n . u c r - W h y n o t l v l i n d ? ' T h c o ' d l i n o u r u r i v c r c i r j r 'onc drmn thing r0v lnolhcr ' - Thc bclicf in Mind end lr truar ir lifr . ir'r nlurrJ

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llumr obrcrycdtlrrt mirrclcr rrc nur ururlly found in rcicntific lrbr, or Whitc houtc, ctc. bul uludly in primitivcbrcliwrrd pcople- Alro thoughr thrt EvcrytlJn8wg crprblc ofbcing thc rourcco( hrrnror cvtn lhGsrcrcd Rcligion Aa Egicurernltrrct'Morrliry ht nothing to do with Raligion- No logicd utument fiom bclicfin God to rnorrl bchrvior - Hume'Sir, you tra I good rerroncr but not r Bood cirireo. Most pcoplcuc not good rcuoncr3. Drngcr to Sociery - Humc docr not bclicvc in God or Religionbur would be rtrin$ rnyonc rrguinB erch publicly - Kccp h in u oolaic group Shrpticirn: UwclelcthcCrncrienProblcmeticprrcrisllyrnddoubtourfrcultiarthcrcbno wry ro rhinl, out of r prpcr brg - .ilqpdclrn lr not lqlcally n.tut.Dle - lt ir porriblc thri yout con:ciourne:r i: thc begin-rUud cnd-rll of crbtcocr - Eorv do tr rafula toliptbo? Not pNlorophicrlly? So, how? You gct hungry - you mry bc tlrc only thing in thc univcnc but witbh your con$iournc$ you nlll jo for r doubla qurncr poundrr wilh chccrc - Hunc't tnrwq: Pnctlcrl lilc refrto rlcptlcba - Soliprirm it r prcrry loncly phct - Connoa llfc / Cororl rcnlt ir lb! rlrwcr lo Shcptlcbml Whrfs thc point of 3olip3i3mvs. bdicf in othcrr? - So tl.prlcol thtnbnt at amilt.,n.nl - Sbpticism is lttcfunblc cxcept ln prccrical fc. lt'r r jokc -Notllag - phlluophy in gcnuellll What h tha vdtc of the conn lcrt philnqhy Mt itrrt r lokc boot - An rmudn3 wry of phying rnd dcrling with lifc. But rcriourly folh: lmportlrcc o[Philorophy rcco]din8 to Humc: Mort pcopl: bclicvc wbrt thiy thinl ir rbrolutcly truc rnd othsr rrc wronB - Yct cur't svrn ktow wilh cartrinty thc vrlidity of crurc rnd effcct - Whcn pcople rrguc ovcr whcthcr thc wotld ir mind or mrtt:r/ god qirtr or doon'r thcn givc r hcdthy dongc of rkcpticirm - Trle crrc of Hubrir - Tho point of rlcpticirn ir - Thc Vut bulL olwhrl ir knom to ur ir lo tcrch ur lo bGlcs dogmrtic- lAntl-dotmrtirn) beyondlogicd dcmontlrrtion - Tolcrrlion - to bc opcn mindcd crp. with thorc wc dilgrcc wirh . Thc wolsl of thc Domlicr rrr lh. tccmingly lcrrt likcly - PhD's, Doctorr, l,rwycrs ' Erch parron in tlrir room is rmrrt enough lo rcrlizc lhcir ignorucc! To bc i3norrnt of onc't owr fgnorrncc ir thc rodrdy o[ l3aonncc'- Thc ErighterSan arc thc mort )mu btw Sou don't htw! Wirh Humc ud Rouncru: lbc bcgirning of lhc Romrntic rcrclion rgrinrt tho Scienti6crnobbcry of the Enlightcnmcnt: Lcut ercurrblc. Profcsrors ( cxccpt in tha rcrlm olmrlh rnd logic rnd other relfcontrincd ryrtcmr) Terchqr tclling rtudmu' My opinionr rre lhc truth, I crn provc it' Sum: Onc trn pcrceiv! tht rtgulrrlty ofevtnlr, but nol lhcir ncccrrlly. Thc "ncccrrlty" o f rn .lf.ct followln3 t ctulc ir Do morc thrn r rubJactivt fcdin3 laduced by lhc trpcri:ncc of rpprrrnl rcaulrriry. In ruch r Gortc!tt rrhncG b pottlblc, but it,lt r rcirncc of tbc pbrnomtnrl only, dtlarmlned not by nrturc bu! lhc bumrn prycbologr (prrrdorlcrlly, Iluoc bc3ro rith tbc irtcollon of rpplylng Ncvlo$lr$ ldel of cmpirlcrl rclcncc lo lbc rtudy of mrn (prythology) be llume Lifc ofrhc mind should light rnd opcn-mindcd.Jovid. hrppy. nol wonh fighliog ( ovcrmuchlcrrLillingoverllcdicdhrppy-muchtothcchrgrinofrome) Flomthir Tolcrrocc for othrrs bclicfi - lrccdoo of bclicf mrku llfc much more loterotln3.

ny --"For ceII nyself,

or othcr, ot hcat or cold,. lrght or ahaae, i;;;-";-;;;I"il"o.^" or plearurr. r n.v.r catch nyrelf at any tfr.-"ilr,"ii prrccptlon, and crn never obnrrve anythlng but thc perc-ptlon, grrt thc rrrt of nrnkinil':-:-:;-;;" I vEnture to rfflrn'. . . nothlng but r bundlc or collerctlon of dlffarrnt o"i.uoiton"lehlch succced oech other ulilr lnconcelveble rrptbtty-I.j-".1 ln pcrpetual !lur rnd lovcacrrt...
vg "tre ought not llkc concrrnlng to rrcrrvr ldrntlty, rr rcaroning lny rnd che relrttona of the obBarvrtlons of !!ne ina pf."";

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"Arl our rrrronrngr conccrnrng caulas and effects arc derlvad fron nobhlng but curtons; and thai bellof tr oore proo"ri"-in act of che 6enrrtive, tlran of bha cognlblv part oi oir. niruro".,, "The luppolltlon thc frrture , thrt rcccrnbles the past, ls not foundad on arguranLc o{ arry klnd , buL 1a darlved entirslv froa hrbl t, r' dogmr
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Enphlebn lr Lh. rhort rh.t .ll lnowhdjr lr drrl"rd hon rrprrl. rngo rrlhrr thaD r..ioL Eaplrlclttt tl.l$ lh.l rr.llty rr br laowo oolr throulh thr rp.rlrnc. ol lh. ..or.r rod th.t ,.tloo.lh)' tlonr hI lo .bllht to proeldr lorllht loto thr nrlurr ol lht wo.ld Empl.icl!lr hrrr thr probhn ol rho*in1 ho* thr omplrr nrllthr lhrt p.opl. rrprrbacr crr be coo. .l.ud.d ou cl lho rrmp|.r ol up} po@. lhocr o( pch thJtrld!.l Thr lrrp Ion prrronrl rrprrhrcr lo r rhrrrd rorld ol hirtory. lu. gur1r. relel ordtr. rtrd El.nilic lnrl;lrt brr not b.rn conrlnclotll rrplrlnrd ly rmplrlclrtr. thou;h lh.r..r. rllll phllorophrrr rnd othrr llrlnlrrr rho brlhc. ll[( llrr trur ttt ol laorhdgr rr lu b.rir ir .r, prrlaoca.

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,,Jcrrrerrdin3,rsh rr tltc lew of crulrlon. Tlrrc crrcaullcr in rrrrn lcrxl I tlrclr n.ccsltt ro rcicnrllic lnowlcd31. Wl.crlr<r rll .vcrrr. rrc (.ur.llt 1 rclerc.l hr tlrc *orll qrrldc tlrs mlnl canmx bc lccrrrincrl, bot bccaus i

rlrc.tly rt.,rercJ 'ftir orlenhltion

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rt,.iihi;l6ri[iowr obiccrlvc rcrllty prcclrcly rnJ r.,Errrrcr rlr.;,, ",i,1 rrrucrulq of r. rhc crlcnr tl,rt tl,et rcelity 6enfelrrrrro tlr. ft.Jr,n.tral

nur.^.1 worlJrrc"iiiulliEliiillr-il-rlcncccrnpqoccrJ.Tlrc

iorufim. 8ur bc..r *hi.lr ukrrf,;;lffirail b.yo.,l-ffiEl mcntrt organlurlon ir ebshrtt, Kena rurnr.,l. rnrq cert lnor ' crrtelnry-Lnou. tlret ir, rlrcorrlyvorlJlt1crrrcrpqticn 3cnuilrc ' , ':--T:--]-..-* l" 'r,lrcromcnrl wolhl. it"',lffih'.&rr nor rccclvcrll lrh lnowlc,J3c crSrricncc. fiom I lnowlcdScirr r rcnrc rftcrrly irrrruluco lrrlf hro lrlr crpcricncc

.r"*,."*, lu obrcrvrrkro In r <mrcrr hr whlch clw rnJ .ff.cr rre .. p,crr,nporarlrcrlltio: crwllrv In lrurntn cornirion lr m &rirycJ (ronr'\ . rl.cmh.J)1|.c*or|.lrJJr<scr.|byxictlcc<q1rcrpotrdrropltnctp|e|rl\.,.,*,i.^ccbur|rb.*,.iffi-.j .|,cmirlJL<r.'.trl..orl|v*o,|Jr"eihL|clorlrclnirrJiralrccdyor3e'.affi|thor|rclG...lorl.to(r|rcrrl. nircJln:ccorrlrnc< wlth tlrc rrrlo.l'rown Pt(Gsct' All hruren cognhlon . rJclrtrnrling ,rclr ' ofurncc, Cg!r. rnd re'do.. Wlrl,orr .*h tlrrough tlrc lrrntrn ttrkrJ'r clrcgorlcr. {l1c ol rlrc ryorlJ ir cl,enrrclc<l f,rJ.,.....I f..rr..o{rFr;...,'idl.t*i prioctplcr, rlrc t^,ffi"" nccrtdtt e.J rcrlltury ulrclmrlflc Lrcglcdlc J:ive tlo-nt tlrc rnlrxl, lnd lnrmrn rulorl wqr[l b< [qprbl: o{ cmprchcrrdinj l. rolJ- | lrrorro rccol,c..l{9{-ln-rlrgllitdipcrrcprlrnrnlundcDufxllor.ofuhc-vorl,l. cxgcrlcocc wuhl bc rn hnpo.iblc clru. rn urrcrly formlcr rnJ rrrir. Thcyrlo not Jcrlvc lrorn nrturc lrulcpcndcnrof tlrc mlnJ, glrlsh tn f*t..11.r,.*, mntfolrl, crccar rlrrt rhc lrumrn rnriblliry rryl unlcr. Wher rnan lttuwt lr e worl.l pcrnrcrlcd b.y. \rn nsvtr bc Lnown irr iucll, rrerxliog by rhclt vcry ururc r.nrfig'rc thrr mrni(ulrt tnro r unr{icd rrc L,ih hTifnowlcdge. arrl carurlity ltrrl tlrc nccorery lrwr o[ rclcncc p.r..p,tn, p6c k In r firmcsort of rlmc rnd rprc. rn,l r.blccr ir ro irrorhcfirrnc*orLo(hirtuinhiur.Olrtc!yg!911-ft"-!!t&!olf[Itrnrn .t -rlrcorrlcrlnjpllrrly'.ofcru'liq.rubcrencc.rnjrhcorhrrcrrcaoricr. q(!t..".r..r1lgg1.niu' <crrrin lrs; rerhcr. $Eglfy1tlbg1llrJllt Erpcricncc li r cwtnrrbn o{ rhc mind lmmrfll_-oo r*lqr. ,) .Z .-90...lnr|..cctoflu.men<qjglriontlrtmio.IJocr.'.tconfo...to/-I..i_mdittmlof tq,!!E.mllJ' r|in3r; rerlrcq. crprrrcncc. Thcy rrc noa rcrd qr o{crpcrlcncc. bur rcd Inro h- Tlrc; t-i{llPDfo!'ll rl'ir cgxlr.nrellng conclurlonl llc lrctrn br ll". JIJ K",;;;'d'i nr. .1,,,uri, ycr cnrp'tolly rppltcrbl-rrrd rpplicablc uly cn,piricrlly. notinl tlrrt t{ rll corrtcnr thel coulJ b< ,lcrivcJ fiottr crpcri.trcc *u { r,f rrrrtdt'wn lr('rtr r'rrrrEt.r'r(tr ttultrtrrrr' rirlrJrawn firrn urrlrcmrticgl lrrl3mtnrr. tlrc ldce: * 4acc atr,l tlmc "'- "l;': "-" tttll rcrnriocrl. Froor rhir lrc infcncJ tlrrt lty cvctrl crpcriorccd by tltc i ; .tt '\ pt mcrrphyrlcelll. For thc only rollrl thrt men Lno' lr rhc cmplricel ':ry' of -1gro,. rnrl tlrer yqll crhrr onlv ro rtrc rnrl rlrer voll crrrrr only m rl'. *ri 'r,."*u. "r rtcr-h- Iu coosrwrlm. V. ..^ L-. W. crn Lmw ifii3, .r,.",-,f,., ;;;;l.dffffi;r*,i*.

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rhclrt..rlrcbrriro{rlltcnrorfcrprlcncc:rltc1 condlrlonandt[uc'a-.i

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