Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Updated 12/16/11
Table of Contents
Nouns...............................................................................................................................................3
Cases...........................................................................................................................................3
First and Second Declension.......................................................................................................3
First Declension , , type.........................................................................................................4
Third Declension.........................................................................................................................4
Definite Article............................................................................................................................4
Pronouns..........................................................................................................................................5
Personal Pronouns.......................................................................................................................5
First & Second Person............................................................................................................5
Third Person...........................................................................................................................5
Relative Pronouns.......................................................................................................................6
Demonstrative Pronouns.............................................................................................................6
This & These..........................................................................................................................6
That & Those..........................................................................................................................7
Reflexive Pronouns.....................................................................................................................7
First & Second Person............................................................................................................7
Third Person...........................................................................................................................7
Interrogative & Indefinite Pronouns...........................................................................................8
Adjectives........................................................................................................................................9
First and Second Declension.......................................................................................................9
Third Declension.........................................................................................................................9
Verbs..............................................................................................................................................10
Present Indicative Active & Middle/Passive.............................................................................10
Future Indicative Active, Middle, Passive................................................................................10
Imperfect Indicative Active & Middle/Passive.........................................................................10
Aorist Indicative Active, Middle, Passive.................................................................................11
First Aorist............................................................................................................................11
Second Aorist.......................................................................................................................11
Perfect Indicative Active & Middle/Passive.............................................................................11
Imperative Mood.......................................................................................................................12
Present Imperative Active & Middle/Passive.......................................................................12
Aorist Imperative Active, Middle, Passive...........................................................................12
Subjunctive Mood.....................................................................................................................12
Present Subjunctive Active & Middle/Passive.....................................................................12
Aorist Subjunctive Active, Middle, Passive.........................................................................13
Participles.......................................................................................................................................14
Present Active Participles.........................................................................................................14
Present Middle/Passive Participles...........................................................................................14
Aorist Active & Middle Participles...........................................................................................15
Updated 12/16/11
Updated 12/16/11
Nouns
A noun is a word that signifies a person, place, thing, or idea. Decline nouns (according to their
declension) to give number (singular, plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), and case
(nominative, genitive, dative, accusative). Each noun has a specific gender that will not change.
The principal parts of a noun are: nominative singular, genitive singular, and nominative
singular definite article. The definite article given in the dictionary tells the gender of the noun.
Cases
Example: He read his book to her.
Nominative: the subject of a verb (who). When using the linking verb to be (),
nominatives appear also in the predicate. (In the example, He)
Genitive: shows possession (of whom; of the Lord: ). (In the example, his)
Dative: the indirect object or receiver of action (to whom). (In the example, her)
Accusative: the direct object or what is acted upon (whom). (In the example, book)
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Singular
Masculine
Updated 12/16/11
Feminine (house)
Plural
Feminine
Nominative
Nominative
Genitive
Genitive
Dative
Dative
Accusative
Accusative
Third Declension
Third declension nouns vary in gender. Their nominative forms are irregular, so the genitive will
reveal the stem for the rest of the cases.
Singular
blood (neuter)
Plural
blood (neuter)
Nominative
Nominative
Genitive
Genitive
Dative
Dative
Accusative
Accusative
Definite Article
In English, the definite article is the word the. In Greek, it acts like an adjective, agreeing with
the noun it modifies in number, case, and gender.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Masculine
Updated 12/16/11
Pronouns
Pronouns take the place of a noun. English equivalents include he, she, it, who, whom, which,
this, that. Greek has personal, relative, demonstrative, reflexive, interrogative and indefinite
pronouns.
Personal Pronouns
First & Second Person
Translate these as I, of me, to/for me, me and We, of us, to/for us, us etc.
1st Person: We
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Singular
1st Person: I
Third Person
Translate these as he, of him, to/for him, him etc.
Singular
Masculine (he)
Feminine (she)
Neuter (it)
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Feminine (they)
Neuter (they)
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Masculine (they)
Updated 12/16/11
Relative Pronouns
little dinky word with a rough c and an accent
Construct from the definite article: remove , change to rough breathing, accent nominatives and
accusatives with acute, and genitives and datives with circumflex.
Translate as who, of whom, to whom, whom or which, of which, to which, which
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Demonstrative Pronouns
This & These
auto with a or a rough c
Construct these from the third person personal pronoun (), adding a to everything but the
nominatives, and changing initial to when it (or ) is present in the ending.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Masculine
Updated 12/16/11
Masculine
Nominative
Feminine
Neuter
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Reflexive Pronouns
auto with an e: prefix -
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Third Person
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Updated 12/16/11
Masc./Fem.
Indefinite
Neuter
Masc./Fem.
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Neuter
Masc./Fem.
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
()
()
()
()
Masc./Fem.
Accusative
Updated 12/16/11
Adjectives
Adjectives are warehouses of information. Their principal parts are the nominative singular
forms in all three genders. Adjectives must be declined (within their own declension family) to
agree with the noun that they modify: matching case, number, and gender.
Third Declension
The adjective meaning all is typically used to demonstrate the third declension adjectives.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Masculine
Accusative
10
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Verbs
Every verb, a word expressing an action, conveys the following information: person (first,
second, third), number (singular, plural), tense (present, imperfect, aorist, perfect, future),
voice (active, middle, passive), and mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive).
: to loose
st
Singular
Middle/Passive Voice
Plural
Singular
Plural
1 Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
to loose
1st Person
Active Voice
Singular
Plural
Middle Voice
Singular
Passive Voice
Plural
Singular
Plural
2nd Person
3rd Person
Active Voice
Singular
Middle/Passive Voice
Plural
Singular
Plural
1 Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
st
11
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First Aorist
to loose
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Plural
Singular
2 Person
3 Person
1st Person
Singular
Middle Voice
nd
rd
Plural
Singular
Plural
Second Aorist
to say
Active Voice
Singular
Singular
Passive Voice
Plural
Singular
Plural
2nd Person
3rd Person
st
1 Person
Plural
Middle Voice
Active Voice
Singular
Middle/Passive Voice
Plural
Singular
Plural
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
12
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Imperative Mood
The imperative mood (as opposed to the indicative and subjunctive moods) gives commands, in
relative time.
Begin with the standard indicative mood second person plural form. Change the final to to
form the third person singular. Add to this to form the third person plural.
The second person singular form is irregular.
: to loose
Singular
Middle/Passive Voice
Plural
Singular
Plural
nd
rd
2 Person
3 Person
to loose
Active Voice
Singular
Plural
nd
Middle Voice
Singular
Passive Voice
Plural
Singular
2 Person
3rd Person
Plural
Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive mood contains only present and aorist tenses. The presence of (in order
that) or (if) will alert us to the use of the subjunctive.
: to loose
Singular
Middle/Passive Voice
Plural
Singular
Plural
1st Person
2nd Person
rd
3 Person
13
Updated 12/16/11
to loose
1st Person
Singular
Plural
Middle Voice
Singular
Passive Voice
Plural
Singular
Plural
2nd Person
3rd Person
Infinitives
Infinitives are verbal nouns; that is, they adapt a verb expressing action to be used as a noun. In
English, the infinitive to walk could also be understood as walking in the substantive sense.
Form these using the and endings possibly added to some connecting letters as follows:
: to loose
Present
Future
Aorist
Perfect
Active Voice
Middle Voice
Passive Voice
14
Updated 12/16/11
Participles
Participles are verbal adjectives. That is, they express action, but describe a noun. This means
that participles convey the following information, and they are formed by a process of
conjugation and declension: number, tense, voice, case, and gender. Particples roughly follow
the third declension rules for their case-making endings in the masculine and neuter, and second
declension for the feminine gender.
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Masculine
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Masculine
15
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Masculine
Middle Voice
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Masculine
Middle/Passive Voice
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Plural Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
16
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Contract Verbs
Contract verbs are so-called because their stems end in vowels (e.g. ), and vowels of
standard endings are contracted into them.
Active Voice
Singular
Middle/Passive Voice
Plural
Singular
Plural
nd
rd
1st Person
2 Person
3 Person
Active Voice
Construction
Middle/Passive Voice
Final
Construction
Final
1 Person Sg.
rd
3 Person Pl.
17
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: to be
Singular
Plural
st
nd
2 Person
3rd Person
1 Person
: to be
Singular
Plural
1 Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
st
: to be
Singular
Plural
1 Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
st
18
Updated 12/16/11
Masculine
Nominative
Feminine
Neuter
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Plural
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
19
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Consonants
Already present
Append
Result
, , , (dentals)
, , (labials)
()
, , (liquids)
, ,
, , (palletals)
()
Vowels
Some vowel sequences are not permitted when these arise in the course of conjugating verbs,
contract them as shown in this table.
Past tense -augment
Prepend
To already present
Result
Vowel Sequence
Corrected
, , ,
, ,