Paper is a very ancient invention. It was known in ancient China.

Father of the paper believe the Chinese Pai Lun, who invented paper in the year 105 AD. They did it then as follows: pieces of silk wool, rags, old fishing nets shredded and thrown into a vat of water and agitated until it was obtained homogeneous, watery mush, which drew a bamboo grid. The precipitate remaining lie evenly on the grid, dried. This principle holds true today, only changed the means of production, size, speed and raw materials. In Russia, the paper appeared in the XIV century. Until that time, written on parchment. Paper - it is thin and flat sheet or strip material consisting mainly of cellulose fibers (wood pulp, wood pulp, cotton fibers, flax, recycled stock and some other auxiliaries). Length of plant fibers, which are formed of paper, 1-2 mm in diameter about 25 microns. Weight per square meter of paper is 250 grams. By definition, the paper - it's porous plane artificially created material available for the air infiltration, moisture and color. When maceration in water, normal paper grades lose their mechanical strength during impregnation with kerosene oil or strength of the paper does not change. This assures that the cellulose fibers in paper are connected mainly by hydrogen bonds. Properties of paper depend on the fiber composition, the nature of plant fibers, the nature of their treatment, filler content, sizing, and the ebb and finishing technology, making the paper obtained with different properties. The composition and manufacturing process of paper Floured cellulose fibers, wood pulp, bleached and pulverized clay, glue, Highlighter mixed in right proportions. As a filler of printed paper is used primarily kaolin - white china clay or talc - the connection from the class of silicates. Titanium dioxide is used in the manufacture of coated papers. Zinc oxide is used as filler for special types of paper. Thanks filler paper is flat, smooth, opaque, plastic, capillary and less porous. Cast from paper pulp for paper-making machine that runs at speeds up to 800 m / min and consisted of four parts: 1. grid of: pulp stream is fed to the grid machine. Emerging from the mush thin fibrous layer gradually released from the water on the wire section. 2. the press section: here the water pressure squeezes the presses. 3. dryer section: paper tape, clinging to the drying cylinders, brought to dryness of 95%. In the dryer section inserted size press for surface sizing of paper, which is necessary for the paper used for printing with moisture (lithography, photoengraving, offset printing). 4. Finishing with some freewheeling paper (wrap in rolls), three to eight polished cast-iron cylinder seal the paper, making the surface smoother. In the papermaking process, when the pulp stream is fed to a moving grid paper machine, fiber, entrained flow, taking advantage of the arrangement when their axes coincide with the direction of the grid machines. Therefore, the properties of the sheet in the longitudinal and transverse directions are slightly different - namely, the strength of the paper will be higher in the longitudinal direction. Acceptance of determining the direction of the paper fibers 1) If we tear the paper along the length and width of the sheet, the gap in the direction of grid paper machine will be even, and in the transverse direction the gap is uneven (ragged). The direction of an even break the paper is the direction of outflow of the paper. 2) the same cut strips along the length of the sheet and on its width. Put one strip to another. Align. Taken in hand with thumb and forefinger. Pull the arm at right angles to each other. That band, which will hang down lower and determines the direction of outflow of the paper. The top (front) side of the paper is not in contact with the grid paper machine will be much more even grid. Mesh side has less filler, leaving part of the paper along with the flushing water. That is an orthotropic paper: its properties are somewhat different in all three dimensions - width, length, and face / back. All this must be considered when preparing the paper for printing and processing of prints in bookbinding and finishing purposes (for cutting, folding, stitching, die cutting and embossing).

Requirements for the quality of printed paper 1. sufficient mechanical strength for normal conditions under which the printing process one way or another (lack of paper web breaks during printing, minimal jams sheets and double sheets feeding, prolonged use of printed materials without significant damage.) 2. whiteness, characterized by the number of valid area of 0.1-0.5 sq. mm specks, each 1 m in the paper 3. thickness, density, structure and other properties of the paper should be uniform not only in the pages of the same party, but also within each sheet. 4. moisture content of the paper should be between 6-8%. 5. sheets must be strictly rectangular. Slant sheet should not exceed 0.2%. Corrugated sheets in bales when unpacking is not allowed. Properties of paper Prepress properties of paper, usually associated with moisture, packaging and storage of paper. Properties of paper, called the block include the characteristics determining the passage of paper through the printing machine paper system, as well as properties that determine the quality of the print. Printed properties provide a high-quality print. The basic printing properties of paper: - White - Smoothness - flexibility - Plasticity - Wicking - Opacity - whiteness - The strength of the surface layer - Flatness. These properties must meet the conditions of a method of printing. After printing paper properties define the processes of cutting, folding, stitching, die cutting and embossing, as well as terms and conditions of semi-pressing and storage and drying. The whiteness of the paper: The high degree of whiteness printing paper is highly desirable, as clarity, legibility depends on contrast edition sealed (text, images) and the printing area prints. The degree of whiteness depends on the fullest possible reflection of rays and even of different lengths across the spectrum of scattered daylight white light. To improve the whiteness of paper, eliminating the possibility yellowish tint in the manufacture of paper colored with blue and purple dyes, or injected into its constituent optical brighteners. The degree of whiteness of some types of paper: Coated with an optical brightener - 84% Coated without optical brightener - 78% Pure cellulose printing paper with an optical brightener - 83% The same thing without - 78% Printing paper with a white wood pulp - 72% Newsprint - 65% Smoothness of the paper: Depends on the microgeometry of the surface of the paper, that is, the relief formed by protrusions and depressions between dietary fibers and particles of the filler. Gloss or matt paper also depends on the microgeometry of the surface. Very smooth, glossy paper will be, rough - frosted. Flexibility: Under the action of the working body of the paper machine is deformed, however, depending on the degree of mechanical stress and the goals of technological operations deformations of a different nature: elastic, elastic and plastic.

Property of the material immediately changes shape and size under the appropriate load, and after the termination of its action as they instantly restore called resiliency. Therefore, the elastic - it instantly appear fully reversible deformation. Elasticity - the property of the material to change shape and size under load for some time and gradually fully recover its original shape and size after termination. The property is material to retain the resulting deformation after removal of the mechanical stress that causes it is called plasticity. Flexible properties have a positive impact on the process of printing, but they are often inadequate to properly align the paper surface during printing and the compensation of irregularities, both printed form and most of the paper. Plastic deformation of paper technology is required for folding, creasing, embossing. These conflicting requirements on the properties of paper addressed the development of various types and grades of paper. After selection of paper for the realization of an idea by 50% determines the quality of its performance. Absorption: Good absorbency of paper - an important condition for the timely and full fixing of paint. Absorption of paint into the paper is determined by its porous-capillary structure. Absorbency of paper is particularly important for types of printing and coating, where the consolidation of paint and varnish is mainly determined by absorption, for example, gravure printing, flexographic printing on paper, coating dispersion varnishes. Mode of drying paper on a paper machine affects the porosity of the paper. Thus, at high temperature drying of paper porosity increases. Durability This property is particularly important for illustrative, multi-color printing. The strength of the paper surface is increased by using a well-designed long fiber pulp, sizing her urea resin and starch. Flatness: For stable operation of the printing press sheet is impeccable flatness of the paper. The flatness of the paper is largely determined by climatic conditions, its packaging, transportation and storage. The paper should not be subjected to the negative effects of moisture and temperature fluctuations. If the paper is kept in a room with a certain relative humidity without packaging that protects it from atmospheric influences, it takes moisture from the air or moisture giving long until you reach the equilibrium moisture content. In the absorption of moisture at its edges with paper forms marked undulation. If the paper gives the moisture, then the edges curl. Guidelines for Using Paper 1. When printing with multiple color inks on colored paper to consider the color of printed material. 2. before printing on paper, it must be acclimatised in the pressroom for some time to come to temperature and humidity of 20-22% 50-55. You cannot open the plastic wrap pallets of sheet paper to print shop, if there is no separate room for acclimatization of the paper. 3. Special attention should be paid to the difference in the properties of paper length and width of the sheet, en face and back of the sheet. This is especially important for folding and sewing, and laminating film for cutting, etc. 4. should carefully choose the paper for printing of various publications in different ways and technologies.