Working For A Sustainable World

Working for a Sustainable World
U . S . Gove r n m e n t In i t i a t i ve s
t o Pro m o t e Su s t a i n a b l e De ve l o p m e n t
Full Report
August 2002
“Countries that live by these three broad standards—ruling justly,
investing in their people, and encouraging economic freedom—
will receive more aid from America. And, more importantly,
over time, they will really no longer need it, because nations with
sound laws and policies will attract more foreign investment.
They will earn more trade revenues. And they will find that all
these sources of capital will be invested more effectively and
productively to create more jobs for their people.
My administration will adopt a new spirit of respect and coopera-

tion, because, in the end, that is the better way to protect the
environment we all share—a new environmentalism for the 21st
century. Citizens and private groups play a crucial role. Just as
we share an ethic of stewardship, we must share in the work of
stewardship. Our challenge is to work in partnership.”
President George W. Bush

March 14, 2002 and May 30, 2001
“We live in a century of promise. Our responsibility now is to

turn it into a century of hopes fulfilled, a century of sustained
development that enriches all our peoples without impoverishing
our planet. When we talk of sustainable development, we are
talking about the means to unlock human potential through
economic development based on sound economic policy, social
development based on investment in health and education,
and responsible stewardship of the environment that has been
entrusted to our care by a benevolent God.
Sustainable development is a marathon, not a sprint. It does not

follow from a single event like the Johannesburg Summit, impor-
tant as that meeting may be, but from a sustained global effort
by many players working together over a long period of time.
Sustainable development requires institutions, policies, people,
and effective partnerships to carry out our common effort
beyond Johannesburg and well into the future.”
Secretary of State Colin L. Powell

July 12, 2002
Contents
Executive Summary 3
Introduction 4
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
What Makes Development Sustainable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
How the United States Supports Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Building International Consensus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
How the Report Is Organized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Good Domestic Governance 8

Why Good Domestic Governance Is Essential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Initiatives for Good Domestic Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
The Value of an Integrated Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Partnerships for Good Domestic Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Addressing Labor Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Resolving Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Investing in People 13
Investing in Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Promoting Health and Combating Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Mobilizing Partnerships 20
Why Partnerships Are Effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Partnering with the Nonprofit Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
How Private Investments Support Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Private Sector Finance and Good Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Public–Private Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
How Science and Technology Support Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Applying Partnerships to
Environmental Stewardship 40
U.S. Support for Environmental Stewardship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Recognizing the Critical Nature of Global Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Meeting Energy Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Maintaining Biodiversity and Conserving Critical Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Water—Taking an Integrated and Sustainable Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Protecting Oceans and Coastal Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Stemming Agricultural and Land Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Preserving Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Concluding Note 74
Attachments 75
Survey Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Participating U.S. Departments and Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Photo Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Working for a Sustainable World: U.S. Government Initiatives to Promote Sustainable Development 1
Executive Summary
This report distills the results of a survey of 400 sustainable The report focuses on how U.S. policy is translated into
development initiatives supported by the U.S. Government. action through partnerships to mobilize public sector,
While the survey is not exhaustive, it reveals a wide range of private sector, and civil society resources for sustainable
U.S. departments and agencies making substantial commit- development. There are four principal types of partnerships:
ments to achieve sustainable development using varied and ■ The nonprofit sector: The United States helps non-
novel strategies in practically all developing and transition governmental organizations become active partners
countries. Further, the survey shows the U.S. Government is in sustainable development.
working to leverage economic and social resources from the ■ Private sector finance: The United States promotes
private, nonprofit, and academic communities. market development through project-specific alliances
with the very poor in microenterprise initiatives and
U.S. policy, reflecting broad international consensus on how preparing economies to attract private finance.
to promote sustainable development, rests on three pillars: ■ Public-private partnerships: The United States creates
fostering economic growth, investing in people (particularly synergies across nongovernmental organizations,
education and health), and promoting stewardship of private sector firms, foundations, academia, and
natural resources. public institutions.
■ Science and technology partnerships: Many U.S.-
Good governance is necessary for sustainable development. supported programs provide data for sustainability
To strengthen governance, the U.S. Government promotes initiatives around the world. The United States is the
conflict resolution, competitive elections, and democratic leading source of scientific and technological innova-
systems; strengthens judicial systems; and helps developing tions and is committed to sharing this bounty.
and transition countries better manage natural resources.
These partnerships address critical issues like energy, water
Other initiatives address human resources, seeking to resources, and biodiversity. Some, like the world’s largest
improve education and health. Health initiatives fight climate and global change research program, are notable for
HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and support popula- their magnitude; others, like the Caspian Environmental
tion planning and maternal and child health. The U.S. Partnership Program, are notable for their mobilization
Government also invests in improving basic education of private resources to strengthen cooperation among
and ending child labor, and in science and technology nongovernmental organizations, the business sector, and
training that can meet environmental challenges. government. ■
Introduction
Background well as innovative approaches to mobi-

This report, prepared for the World lizing resources to achieve sustainable
Summit on Sustainable Development, development. These strategies hold
highlights current U.S. actions and promising possibilities for achieving
programs that further sustainable inter- the aims of the World Summit on
national development. It summarizes a Sustainable Development.
survey of 23 U.S. Government agen-
cies on their international sustainable In 1987, the UN’s World Commission
development initiatives. Agencies on Environment and Development
returned information on more than defined sustainable development as
“The Johannesburg Summit aims to find 400 such initiatives. These demon- “development which meets the needs of
practical ways for humanity to respond strate the commitment of the United the present without compromising the
to ... better the lives of all human States to helping developing and tran- ability of future generations to meet
beings, while protecting the environ- sition countries promote economic their own needs.” The United States is
ment. The Summit also aims to move growth, vibrant civil societies, and helping people in developing and tran-
from commitments—of which we have protection of the environment. This sition countries to meet their own
had plenty—to action.” report offers students, policymakers, needs in sustainable ways.
UN Secretary General
and development practitioners greater
Kofi Annan insight into how the United States is What Makes
May 14, 2002 addressing the complex challenges of Development
creating a sustainable world. Sustainable
Sustainable development requires three
The survey and the case studies fea- fundamental strategies: promotion of
tured in this report reveal the engage- economic growth to provide resources;
ment of numerous governmental enti- investment in people, particularly in
ties, experts, and financial resources to basic education and health services;
strengthen the three pillars of sustain- and good environmental stewardship,
able development—economic growth, which is dependent upon improved
investment in people, and environmen- resource management, good gover-
tal stewardship. While the survey is nance, and application of new tech-
not an exhaustive catalogue, its data nologies. Growth needs to be consis-
fairly illustrate the kinds of work in tent with good stewardship and must
sustainable development that the U.S. not preclude opportunities for future
Government supports. The case studies generations.
presented describe dynamic partner-
ships with nongovernmental organiza- Governance that rules justly is also an
tions (NGOs), the private sector, and essential prerequisite for sustainable
experts in science and technology, as development. Governments must
4 Working for a Sustainable World: U.S. Government Initiatives to Promote Sustainable Development
assure access to quality health care and over current levels. This increase
education, whether provided by public will be managed through a
or private means. Governments must Millennium Challenge Account,
promote economic freedom so that which aims to recognize countries
growth can take place. Governments that demonstrate commitment
must also set the rules and responsibili- to sound policies that support
ties for good environmental steward- economic growth.
ship. Good governance also permits ■ Launched the Global
societies to function productively, pro- Development Alliance to foster
viding the social investments that public–private partnerships.
enable people to flourish. A well-func- ■ Announced a $500 million initia-
tioning and progressing society will be “America supports the international
tive for International Mother and
economically productive enough to development goals in the UN
Child HIV Prevention for Africa
Millennium Declaration, and believes
afford investments in social develop- and the Caribbean, and raised its that these goals are a shared responsi-
ment and resource stewardship. Such pledge to the Global Fund to bility of developed and developing
societies will apply new technologies in Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, countries.”
their quest for sustainability and will and Malaria to $500 million.
attract sufficient domestic and interna- ■ Announced an initiative to sup- President George W. Bush
tional investment to preclude further March 14, 2002
port primary education in Africa,
aid dependency. with funding of $200 million
over five years.
The primary responsibility for sustain-
■ Announced a commitment to
able development rests with domestic
increase the number of Peace
governments, who must establish their
Corps volunteers over the next
own courses of action, their own
five years to help people at the
capacities for effectiveness, and their
grassroots level meet their com-
own mobilization of social and eco-
munities’ sustainable develop-
nomic forces for the common good.
ment needs.
■ Requested increased support for
How the United States
agricultural development—by
Supports Sustainable 1
Development 25 percent in FY 2003 over

The United States believes that better- FY 2002.
off countries must assist poorer coun- ■ Invested $1.5 billion in trade
tries that are working effectively on capacity building in developing
the fundamentals of sustainable and transition counties between
development. The obligation is moral 1999 and 2001.
as well as practical. Leading to the ■ With its partners, worked to
World Summit in Johannesburg, increase World Bank grants
South Africa, the United States took (rather than concessional loans)
numerous actions that support sus- to the poorest of developing
tainable development, including the countries.
following: ■ Plans to increase expenditures
■ Announced that core development for climate-change-related
assistance will be increased by $5 programs and activities by an
1. In the United States, the fiscal year (FY) begins on
billion, an increase of 50 percent expected $653 million. October 1.
Building International pro-development round of trade nego-
Consensus tiations. Trade flows with developing
U.S. policies and initiatives reflect the and transition countries now amount
consensus of the global community on to $2.4 trillion per year.
the fundamentals of sustainable devel-
opment. Its three pillars—economic The Doha conference created a new cli-
growth, social progress, and environ- mate for constructive forward move-
“We fight against poverty because
opportunity is a fundamental right to mental stewardship—were elucidated ment on development issues. The UN
human dignity. We fight against poverty at the Earth Summit of 1992. Over the Conference on International Financial
because faith requires it and con- last several years, multilateral, UN con- Development, held in Monterrey,
science demands it.” ferences, the Development Assistance Mexico, in March 2002, marked the
Committee of the OECD, and the UN next step in an extraordinary year of
President George W. Bush progress. Addressing finance for devel-
March 22, 2002 Millennium Summit contributed to a
growing global consensus. opment and poverty reduction, the
conference witnessed commitments
Together, they helped articulate strate- made by the United States and the
gies that promote sustainable develop- European Union that totaled $12 bil-
ment. Agreed aims in poverty reduction lion per year in new aid by 2006. This
and social development were expressed figure represents a momentous change
as the Millennium Development Goals. after years of declining global aid levels.
At the World Trade Organization’s con- Participants at Monterrey agreed that

ference in Doha, Qatar, in November the global economy is a powerful
2001, trade ministers committed them- engine for development, and that each
selves to an inclusive trading system country must take on the responsibility
that promotes sustainable development. of harnessing it by practicing good gov-
The ministers agreed that an open and ernance, adhering to the rule of law,
nondiscriminatory multilateral trading investing in people, and encouraging
system and the protection of the envi- political and economic freedom.
ronment “can and must be mutually Two other important conferences
supportive.” The meeting instigated a amplified key components of sustain-
able development. In May 2002, the
UN General Assembly’s Special Session
U.S. Economic Leadership
on Children reviewed progress since
1990, articulating goals and indicators
U.S. imports from developing countries in 2001 $449 billion
for further progress. The following
U.S. official development assistance in 2001 $11 billion month, the World Food Summit: Five
U.S. annual private capital investment in Years Later reviewed ways to cut pover-
developing countries, 1997–2000 $36 billion ty by half by 2015. These international
U.S. private charitable donations to meetings emphasized the prerequisite of
developing countries in 2000 $4 billion good governance, the importance of
U.S. humanitarian assistance and food aid in 2001 $2.5 billion stimulating finance for development,
and the necessity of assuring effective
U.S. contribution to multilateral development banks,
stewardship of natural resources for the
2002–2003 $1.4 billion
benefit of coming generations.
How the Report Is
Organized Major Commitments to Study Global Climate Change
This report begins by reviewing collab-
Half of the world’s climate and global change research is financed by the U.S.
oration to increase the effectiveness of
Government. This amounts to $1.7 billion a year since FY 2000, through the U.S.
governance. It continues with a chapter
Global Change Research Program, not including a five-year, $1 billion effort by USAID
on investing in people—mainly in edu-
to help strengthen developing-country participation in the UN Framework Convention
cation and health. It draws attention to
on Climate Change and to engage the private sector and other actors in climate change
partnerships for sustainable develop-
issues. This massive research effort assists sustainable development around the world in
ment: strategies that strengthen NGOs,
many ways. One example is advance warning of El Niño that allows farmers and fisher-
leverage private sector finance, and col-
men in many tropical Pacific regions to quickly adapt to imminent climate change.
laborate with the scientific community.
The report concludes with a discussion
of partnerships and collaboration in
key areas of resource stewardship,
including climate change, energy, bio-
diversity, freshwater, oceans, land
degradation, and forests.
The crosscutting theme in this report

is the creation and impact of different
kinds of partnerships and the approach
each brings to strengthening sustain-
able development. To highlight the dif-
ferences, these partnerships are present-
ed separately, although this separation
can be artificial. Creative programs
bring together in one endeavor govern-
ment aid, the private sector, NGOs,
and the science and technology com-
munity. In partnerships, government
aid is amplified, and large quantities
of technological, human, and financial
resources are brought to bear upon
sustainable development. ■
Good Domestic Governance
Why Good Domestic allows citizens to influence the alloca-

Governance Is Essential tion of health services, food, clean
Almost every aspect of sustainable water, and sanitation. A vibrant and
development will be affected by the politically active civil society, with a
quality of civil society, political partici- free press and the right to free associa-
pation and decisionmaking, and tion, will hold institutions account-
responsible and reliable governance. able—the more so when policymaking
Because good governance is the funda- is transparent and responsive to the
mental requirement for progress and concerns of citizens.
sustainability, furthering it is at the core
“Self-governing people prepared to par- of U.S. strategy to foster sustainable An independent and fair judiciary is
ticipate in an open world marketplace development. also crucial. Solid judiciaries support
are the very foundation of sustainable laws that protect people, commerce,
development, and that begins with The goals of U.S. assistance programs and the environment, and they enable
good governance. Without a foundation that support good governance are enforceable contracts, a cornerstone of
of good governance, no amount of out- ■ democratic institutions that are a functioning economy. Good gover-
side assistance will produce sustain- nance also facilitates economic growth
effective, accountable, and trans-
able development.” and equity. Both are shackled by cor-
parent
Undersecretary of State ■ an independent and fair judiciary ruption, a worldwide problem that dis-
Paula J. Dobriansky ■ law enforcement that—with torts investment decisions, leads to mis-
May 23, 2002 allocation of resources, and has a dis-
integrity—protects the people
while strengthening their capacity proportionate impact on the poor.
to combat corruption
■ sound monetary, fiscal, and trade The U.S. Government promotes good
policies that promote economic governance in every region of the world
growth, social development, and and believes that a good governance
environmental protection component makes environmentally ori-
■ participation by all members of ented programs more effective. USAID
civil society in decisions that is the lead agency in this work, provid-
affect them ing $700 million annually to support
an array of democracy and governance
Democratic governance supports sus- activities. It is worth noting that over
tainable development by making insti- half of the 400 sustainable development
tutions and policymaking more initiatives surveyed had a good gover-
accountable, transparent, and respon- nance and anticorruption component.
sive. Free and fair elections allow peo-
ple to select and change their leaders Initiatives for Good
and to express their preferences for Domestic Governance
political parties and popular move- The United States has dedicated $19.5
ments. Increasing political participation million per year to the development of
international law enforcement acade- and permit more direct assistance. This “As our Peruvian colleague Hernando
mies. The Department of State, with assistance will be more efficiently tar- de Soto has so aptly said, ‘The hidden
the Departments of Justice and geted through collaboration between architecture of sustainable develop-
Treasury, will bring the expertise of public health officials, NGOs, commu- ment is the law.’ The law …. The rule of
their 12 law enforcement agencies to nity associations, and the private sector. law that permits wonderful things to
happen. The rule of law that permits
strengthen the capacity and integrity USAID is also helping build related
people to be free and to pursue their
of the law enforcement profession capabilities within Morocco’s Ministry
God-given destiny, and to reach and to
throughout the world. The regional of Health.
search and to try harder for their coun-
International Law Enforcement
try, for their family. The rule of law that
Academies (ILEAs) in Thailand, The Ukraine Local Environmental attracts investment. The rule of law that
Hungary, Botswana, and the United Action Program, begun in 2000, has makes investment safe. The rule of law
States provide training in environmen- increased the effectiveness of policies at that will make sure there is no corrup-
tal protection and criminal investiga- the local level, and empowered citizens tion, that will make sure there is justice
tions, anticorruption investigative task to influence environmental decision- in a nation that is trying to develop.”
forces, and prosecutorial and judicial making. With USAID support, the
Secretary of State
reform. A fifth academy is planned in program reached out to over 5,000
Colin L. Powell
Costa Rica. The National Center for local communities, NGOs, and local July 12, 2002
State Courts, with USAID support, is businesses through eight newsletters
strengthening judicial systems in more entitled Chysta Hata (Clean Hut).
than 50 countries, including Brazil,
Croatia, the Dominican Republic,
Eritrea, Guatemala, Hungary,
Mongolia, Nepal, Nigeria, and the Local Rights and Participation in Indonesia
Philippines. The National Strategy
Information Center, with support from Reports of decentralized environmental
the Department of State, provides pub- decisionmaking and influential non-
lic education programming that aims governmental constituencies come from
to provide citizens and media with Indonesia, where $12 million of USAID
support promoted pluralistic and transpar-
strategies to combat corruption and
ent decisionmaking and management. Key
crime. The National Endowment for components in the process are site-specific
Democracy, with support from the natural resource management plans; agree-
U.S. Congress, promotes competitive ments among local stakeholders; coopera-
elections and democratic systems tion between resource user groups, local
throughout the world. The U.S. communities, private sector companies,
and traditional groups; and the develop-
Government’s support for reducing
ment of an integrated coastal management abundance in “no-take” protected
corruption is exemplified in the fund- framework at a national level. In 2001, areas, significantly increased fish
ing provided for Transparency USAID assisted the implementation of 51 diversity, and improved or stabilized
International, an agency that publicizes site-specific plans that placed 700,000 more than 72 percent of coral reefs.
and works to reduce corrupt practices. hectares of Indonesian forest and coastline ■ In the Bird’s Head Peninsula area of
under better management. This resulted Papua, USAID helped to protect
from more than 180 Government of endangered sea turtles by working
Governance issues are critical at local
Indonesia policy decisions made in a par- with communities to establish land
levels, where participatory problem ticipatory and transparent manner with tenure and to resolve conflicts over
solving permits effective resource stew- local communities. Two site-specific exam- natural resource rights. As a result of
ardship. A population and child nutri- ples follow: village patrols and public awareness
tion program in Morocco receiving ■ In North Sulawesi, community-based activities, the number of turtles nest-
$8.7 million from USAID promotes coastal zone management plans ing has increased by 50 percent since
helped to more than double fish 1999.
localized management of public health
services in order to reduce bureaucracy
“When development projects are These spotlighted local environmental are being mobilized to undertake envi-
infused with democratic principles and projects in Ukraine and disseminated ronmental cleanup and nature conser-
approaches, a cycle of benefits success stories from other countries in vation activities across Ukraine.
accrues. The projects not only achieve the region. The project helps 10 com-
better results but also can change the
munities solve specific environmental The Value of an
way communities go about solving
problems and developed a team of Integrated Approach
problems.”
Ukrainian professionals who provide The U.S. Government is promoting an
Linking Democracy and local communities with needed techni- integrated, cross-sectoral approach to
Development: An Idea for the cal support for environmental activities. addressing governance and sustainable
Times, USAID June, 2001
As a result, NGOs and local authorities development. USAID efforts to assure
clean water in El Salvador provide a
good example. The project went well
Transboundary Water Issues in the Middle East beyond protecting vital watersheds: it
enhanced the governance of participat-
Around the world, solutions to environ- ing water municipalities by organizing
mental challenges require regional coop- and training small community groups,
eration. Supporting the efforts of nations municipalities, and national water
to work together on common environ- agencies. Activities that emphasized
mental problems brings benefits beyond
improved extension practices, water-
the scope of the particular issue. This
shed conservation, and production of
point is exemplified by U.S. efforts con-
cerning the river basins of the Nile and high-value commodities contributed to
the Jordan, where the State Department substantial gains: 325 demonstration
is committed to a regional strategy that farms worked with 3,859 neighboring
complements U.S. bilateral and multilat- farms to increase the area of land con-
eral diplomatic efforts.
served to almost 9,000 hectares—more
the broader efforts to promote Middle
than double the original end-of-activity
Historically, the rest of the Middle East East peace. To this end, the Department
and North Africa envied Egypt and of State established one of its 12 world- target. Further, 50 potable water sys-
Sudan’s access to the Nile’s water, but wide Regional Environmental Hubs at tems were completed, rehabilitated, or
today this great river struggles with the U.S. Embassy in Amman, Jordan. To improved; these serve 50 percent of the
increasing demands made upon it by promote, develop, and support regional households in 24 municipalities.
population growth, economic develop- water activities that arise from the Middle
ment, droughts, and environmental East peace process, the Amman Hub
The cross-sectoral approach was also
degradation. As demand for water grows, facilitates cooperation between regional
so does the possibility of political and mechanisms and institutions, and with embraced for the creation of Regional
economic instability, especially if border- national governments, environmental Environmental Centers in Hungary,
ing countries unilaterally attempt to NGOs, donor organizations, and the Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Central
exploit water resources. With a host of business communities of the region. Asia, and the Caucasus. The U.S.
other partners, the United States supports Many of these activities derive from the Environmental Protection Agency pro-
progress being made by the riparian states Multilateral Working Groups on Water
vided direct support to improve local
to address these issues, resolve regional Resources and the Working Group on the
water questions, and advance economic Environment. Participants include experts environmental governance and public
integration efforts. and officials from Jordan, Israel, the participation in Mariupol, Ukraine.
Palestinian Authority, Egypt, Tunisia, and The project instigated the first partici-
Concomitantly, the Department of State Oman. They grapple with such topics as patory approach to local planning and
is encouraging transboundary coopera- regional water data banks, public aware- priority setting in Mariupol, and pro-
tion in order to promote better manage- ness and water conservation, electronic
vided a lasting forum to allow NGOs,
ment of the water resources of the Jordan networking for water information, inte-
River and the Gulf of Aqaba. These grated pest management, watershed mon- citizens, private businesses, and local
efforts toward regional environmental itoring, dryland management, and desali- authorities to cooperate on environ-
cooperation exist within the context of nation research and training. mental problems.
Bringing nations together to find region- workforce that is vital to a prospering
al solutions to environmental challenges economy and the protection of natural
that transcend national boundaries can resources.
advance good governance practices in
ways that go far beyond the scope of the A program of the Department of
environmental issues themselves. Labor—Improving Economic
Opportunities and Income Security for
Partnerships for Good Workers—provided $50 million over
Domestic Governance the FY 2000–2002 period to strengthen
The U.S. Government promotes good the ability of developing countries to
governance through a wide range of design and institutionalize the social
partnerships. Often, funding goes
directly to governments that have
demonstrated political will to strength- Ending Child Labor
en and make more transparent their
judicial and legislative bodies. In Child labor is exceptionally perni-
Armenia, for example, USAID provid- cious. It deprives its victims of
ed nearly $2.2 million to improve the opportunities for education, and
National Assembly’s ability to commu- places them in working conditions
nicate with its constituents and others that are often harsh and miserable.
It destroys their innocence and
and conduct financial and economic
their chances for a hopeful future
analyses. as productive, successful adults.
The U.S. Government provides signifi- Between FY 1995 and FY 2001,

cant assistance to NGOs experienced in the U.S. Congress appropriated
fostering civil society and democratic some $112 million to the
Department of Labor for activities
processes. For example, USAID sup-
that combat international child ■ Raising public awareness and under-
ports PACT, a U.S. NGO, in its work labor through the International Labor standing of the international child
with the Black Entrepreneurship and Organization’s International Program on labor problem.
Enterprise Support program in South the Elimination of Child Labor. These
Africa, helping it to better advise small funds support a wide range of child-labor In 2002, the U.S. Department of Labor
and micro-entrepreneurs on advocacy elimination projects and activities in will contribute an additional $45 million
Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, to support such projects, including an
and participation in policy formulation.
Latin America, and the Caribbean, and additional number of Timebound
contribute to the following objectives: Programs—comprehensive, national ini-
Addressing Labor ■ Eliminating child labor in specific tiatives that aim to end the worst forms
Issues hazardous or abusive occupations. of child labor in a particular country
The U.S. Government recognizes that These targeted projects aim to within five to 10 years. In addition, by
addressing employment and labor remove children from exploitative September 2003, the Department’s new
work, provide them with education- Child Labor Education Initiative will
issues is essential to poverty alleviation
al opportunities, and generate alter- award $74 million in grants to expand
and sustainable development, and that native sources of income for their access to education in countries with a
labor unions often play key roles in families. high incidence of exploitative child labor.
promoting civil society, fostering politi- ■ Bringing into the International This includes the $12 million recently
cal participation, and demanding Program on the Elimination of awarded to organizations taking on the
accountability from elected leaders. The Child Labor more countries that are education of children removed from or at
committed to addressing their child risk of entering child labor to supplement
U.S. Government therefore supports
labor problems. the department’s funding in FY 2001 of
significant international programs to ■ Documenting the extent and nature the first three timebound programs in El
help achieve the healthy, educated of child labor. Salvador, Nepal, and Tanzania.
safety net policies and programs needed Resolving Conflicts
to foster economic growth and worker Effective governance is required to pre-
protection. vent and control conflict. The United
States has strengthened its organiza-
Since 2000, the Labor Department tional abilities to prevent the outbreak
has channeled some $60 million in of conflicts and to end them as quickly
assistance to help countries implement as possible. The United States also tries
core labor standards in accordance to help countries quickly recover from
with the UN International Labor conflict and resume a course of sustain-
Organization’s Declaration on able development.
Fundamental Principles and Rights at
Work. To promote the adoption and In Afghanistan, the U.S. Government
enforcement of these standards, the is reducing the potential for future
American Center for International conflict by strengthening government
Labor Solidarity receives $9 million a institutions that contribute to political
year from USAID. Other U.S. fund- differences being debated and settled
ing—over $500,000 since 1999—goes peacefully. USAID participated in
to the International Labor Rights recent preparations to reestablish the
Fund, an NGO that monitors labor loya jirga, the traditional Afghan forum
practices in the apparel industry and for selecting political leadership. The
manages two anti-sweatshop programs. U.S. Government is providing funding
for programs that enhance the nascent
The United States is also extremely government’s credibility, strengthen
active in fighting child labor. It sup- law enforcement, secure borders, and
ports programs aimed at removing chil- enhance logistical and communication
dren from exploitative work, providing support for the Afghan Interim
them with education and rehabilita- Authority; it is also funding local ini-
tion, and helping their families find tiatives that help communities define
viable economic alternatives. priorities and rehabilitate local infra-
structures, including village-to-market
roads and government facilities.
A new tool in the effort to prevent and

control conflict is a mechanism called
Conflict Early Warning and Response
Network, which was designed in coop-
eration with heads of seven countries
in the Horn of Africa by USAID and
GTZ (the aid agency of the Govern-
ment of Germany). The Network was
formally approved by the seven partici-
pating African governments in January
2002. It will promote peace and securi-
ty through cooperation and dialogue
with representatives of member state
governments, civil society organiza-
tions, and bilateral and multilateral
donors. ■
Investing in People
Human development is an essential In June 2002, President Bush

objective of U.S.-assisted programs. announced that the United States is
Well educated, healthy people can take doubling—to $200 million—its
advantage of opportunities to build five-year commitment to the African
their economies and care for the envi- Education Initiative, launched in July
ronment. Investments in expanded and 2001, bringing the total to $630 mil-
improved education are linked to faster lion. The initiative, a collaboration with
and more equitable economic growth, African governments, is designed to
increased productivity, reduced poverty, ■ provide in-service training for
and strengthened democracy and civil more than 260,000 teachers
liberties. Futhermore, citizens who are ■ train more than 160,000 new
educated, trained, and healthy partici- teachers
pate more fully in local, national, and ■ partner with U.S.-historically black
global development. colleges and universities to provide
4.5 million more textbooks and
Investing in Education other learning tools to African
The U.S. Government provides field children
support, technical leadership, and ■ provide 250,000 scholarships to
research to help improve education African girls
and training in developing and transi- ■ increase the role of parents in edu-
tion countries. In over 25 countries, cation and make schools more
USAID gives priority to efforts that open to reform ideas from the
strengthen primary education, placing community
particular emphasis on improving edu-
cational access, quality, and equity. For
FY 2002, the Agency’s education
budget was increased to $357 million,
up from $285 million in FY 2001.
Other U.S. agencies, including the

Small Business Administration and
the Department of Education, spend
$1–1.5 million annually on interna-
tional education activities. USDA also
expects to receive $100 million in FY
2003 for its Global Food for Education
Program, which links improved nutri-
tion and education.
Basic Education ■ evaluate private sector initiatives
U.S. Government resources and atten- and establish partnerships between
tion often give priority to basic educa- public and private institutions
tion, which encompasses primary and ■ initiate efforts to minimize abusive
secondary education, early childhood child labor through education
development, and literacy training for
adults and out-of-school adolescents. The Peace Corps implements basic
The United States also provides train- education projects in 52 countries.
ing for teachers who work in any of Thirty-five percent of its volunteers
these areas. The activities and objectives are engaged in education, the largest
of the U.S. Government’s overseas basic single sector of involvement. Most of
education initiatives include: them teach English, mathematics, or
■ creating student-friendly class- science; others train teachers or their
rooms, and providing materials to counterparts. Education volunteers
meet growing demands also work with communities to expand
■ sponsoring in-service teacher train- resources, develop youth camps,
ing, particularly for teachers in design curricula, and become familiar
rural, isolated areas with computer technology.
■ improving educational opportuni-
ties for girls, out-of-school youth, Information and communication tech-
and other underserved populations nologies offer outstanding opportunities
■ providing educational opportuni- to provide education. To this purpose,
ties to preschool-age children to the U.S. Government helps to incorpo-
improve their chances of primary rate them into educational systems and
school success to establish the legal and regulatory
■ restoring and improving the educa- frameworks required for the prolifera-
tion of child victims of earth- tion of such services. In rural and disad-
quakes, hurricanes, war, and the vantaged areas, the U.S. Government
HIV/AIDS pandemic establishes telecenters that are alternative
■ providing basic literacy and delivery systems for basic education.
numeracy instruction in nonfor- USAID supports Educatodos, run by the
mal school settings Ministry of Education in Honduras, a
■ using television, radio, and com- program that educates youth and young
puters to improve instruction for adults by means of interactive radio les-
hard-to-reach students and teachers sons keyed to accompanying texts. A
similar program in Zambia instructs
Other important projects that support orphans and other vulnerable children.
basic education more indirectly involve It is the product of collaboration
students and teachers. These aim to between USAID contractors, the
■ involve communities in education- Ministry of Education, the Ministry’s
al decisionmaking, program plan- Education Broadcasting Service, NGOs,
ning, and implementation church groups, and communities.
■ facilitate dialogue on education USAID also launched the Training
policy reform to improve system Uganda’s Teachers with Technology
efficiency and quality Project. In close cooperation with
■ strengthen planning, management, Uganda’s Ministry of Education, this
and evaluation expertise within project equipped nine educational cen-
agencies and institutions ters with computer training laboratories
and is preparing a multimedia, online Among a variety of U.S.-supported
teacher-training curriculum. international workforce development
and training initiatives is one run by
Workforce Training, Higher the U.S Department of Education that
Education, and Fellowships trains educators from Eastern and
Cooperative programs and projects Central Europe in civics education,
sponsored by a variety of U.S. agencies human and financial resource manage-
provide both direct and indirect capac- ment, and education policy reform.
ity building to bolster sustainable Another run by the U.S. Small Business
development. The U.S. Department of Administration provides training and
Health and Human Services (HHS) advice to Egyptian business owners. In
Health Resources and Services addition, the U.S. Department of
Administration has aided in the estab- Health and Human Services, through
lishment of telehealth networks to its agencies, the National Institutes of
train providers in remote areas of U.S. Health, the Centers for Disease
territories and associated jurisdictions Control and Prevention, and the
in the Pacific. This technology plat- Health Resources and Services
form allows states in the Pacific to Administration, promotes human
develop the infrastructure necessary to capacity development in areas such as
establish the telehealth system as a key health research, provision of health and
strategy for improving primary care medical services, and health system
delivery, enhancing prevention activi- organizational capacity.
ties, and supporting the training of
health personnel. Sustainable societies require a critical
mass of highly trained people, includ-
USAID’s Education for Development ing experts in scientific discovery and
and Democracy Initiative aims to the management of data and informa-
improve education and strengthen tion systems.
access to the technology and informa-
tion needed to compete in the twenty- To this end, the U.S. Government sup-
first century. One activity of the initia- ports capacity building programs that
tive is a partnership with Georgia State offer a wide variety of education, train-
University to establish the Ronald H. ing, and information resources, and fos-
Brown Institute in memory of the late ters public–private partnerships between
U.S. Secretary of Commerce. The academic institutions. The Higher
Institute is designed to contribute to Education and Workforce Development
private-sector-led economic growth in Partnership Program has created part-
Africa by strengthening the skills of nerships in 53 countries among 130
people already in business and provid- U.S. community colleges and universi-
ing training to other individuals, espe- ties and 120 institutions in developing
cially students, aspiring to enter the countries. This Program developed
business world. The focus will be on or upgraded university curricula in
state-of-the-art technologies, marketing HIV/AIDS (India, South Africa),
techniques, and management systems human rights (Colombia), community
to raise productivity, efficiency, and health (Senegal), agronomy and agri-
standards of quality control to help cultural extension (Rwanda), environ-
companies achieve and maintain inter- mental engineering (Philippines),
national competitiveness. child welfare and nutrition (India),
pesticide disposal (Tanzania), teacher ■ improving maternal and child
training (South Africa, Ghana), solid survival, health and nutrition
waste and wastewater management ■ contributing to the advancement
(Uganda), and mathematics and of scientific knowledge about
science (South Africa). health and helping to transfer this
knowledge to developing countries
A large number of fellowships and ■ preventing HIV/AIDS and miti-
exchanges for specialists working on gating its impact
sustainable development issues are ■ preventing disease and reducing
supported by the U.S. Government and deaths from other major infectious
by U.S. foundations and universities. diseases
Such institutional awards strengthen
home country capability and bolster Maternal and Child Survival
the training conducted by U.S. faculty Since the 1960s, the U.S. Government
in home country institutions. has been a global leader in the world-
wide effort to improve maternal and
Promoting Health and child health. It has supported the devel-
Combating Disease opment of tools—such as vaccines and
The U.S. Government also supports oral rehydration therapy—used to
initiatives that strengthen laboratory lower mortality rates for children under
capabilities, and training in areas like age 5. Between 1985 and 2000, these
epidemiology and health services deliv- rates dropped from 105 to 70 per 1000
ery. USAID and HHS’s National (excluding China). Current contribu-
Institutes of Health, Centers for tions include
Disease Control and Prevention, and ■ HHS/CDC and USAID efforts to
the Health Resources and Services eliminate or eradicate measles, and
Administration have made substantial U.S.-supported family planning
commitments. The National Institutes programs that reduce maternal and
of Health alone manages more than 20 child deaths in poor families.
different international programs to ■ Supplemental vitamin A programs
build research capacity. that USAID helped establish in
more than 50 countries in an effort
Numerous cooperative international to reduce the mortality rate for chil-
programs and projects sponsored by dren under 5 by 23 to 34 percent.
many U.S. federal agencies and non- ■ USAID’s development food aid
profit groups build capacity and bolster program in 38 countries that helps
sustainable development. Programs that to reduce child malnutrition and
provide training in epidemiology, col- mortality. In India, CARE’s pro-
laboration on education and advocacy gram reaches 8 million women and
programs, and the strengthening of lab- children. The program also pro-
oratory capabilities are supported by motes sustainable solutions to
USAID and HHS through several poverty and hunger.
insitutes and centers at the National
Institutes of Health and the Centers Preventing and Controlling
for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS
Historically, the U.S. Government has
U.S. Government efforts to promote been the largest bilateral donor helping
sustainable development concentrate on to prevent and control HIV/AIDS, and
it has substantially increased its com- Africa and India. Established by the
mitments since 2000. Many depart- HHS Health Resources and Services
ments and agencies lend their expertise Administration and the HHS/CDC,
and resources. A partnership formed by the center is increasing the capacity for
the Departments of State, Defense, the training of HIV/AIDS care
Labor, Health and Human Services, providers—physicians, nurses, clinical
and USAID provides financial and administrators, and other key person-
human resources to the international nel. The center enhances training
effort to combat the pandemic, and is capacities in diagnosis, treatment, and
active in 24 of the most vulnerable prevention of the HIV virus, including
countries. The work includes establish- the prevention of perinatal transmission
ing and promoting voluntary counsel- and the prevention and treatment of
ing and testing programs, workplace opportunistic infections, including
education, surveillance that tracks HIV tuberculosis.
seroprevalence, and communication to
change behaviors that contribute to
HIV infection.
Breakthrough Innovations on HIV/AIDS in Uganda
Many agencies lend their expertise and

resources to the campaign, including In the fight against
HIV/AIDS, the exam-
several within the Department of
ple of Uganda is
Health and Human Services. During instructive. Between
the past 15 years, the International 1992 and 2000, strong
AIDS Research and Training Program political leadership by
of the National Institutes of Health the country’s president
has trained over 2,000 scientists from and innovative and rig-
orous approaches to
over 100 countries. The HHS Centers
HIV prevention and
for Disease Control and Prevention care contributed to
(CDC), active in 24 countries, reducing the country’s
expands and strengthens surveillance HIV-prevalence rate by
programs for HIV/AIDS and sexually over 50 percent—down
transmitted diseases, and strengthens to an estimated 8.3
percent of the adult
laboratory support for their diagnosis ■ TASO—The AIDS Support
population. The president’s political leader-
and for blood safety screening. Among ship encouraged broad and frank discus- Organization—the first and largest
the countries included in the initia- sions. Radio, television, churches, indigenous HIV/AIDS care and sup-
tive, Zambia reduced HIV prevalence mosques, media, schools, and political port organization in Africa
institutions disseminated information. ■ an innovative “model district” pro-
among 15- to 19-year olds by 42
Women were also encouraged to be more gram that is developing comprehen-
percent between1993 and 1998. sive, integrated HIV/AIDS services
assertive in promoting safe sex.
Contributing to this result was a in 10 districts throughout Uganda
USAID-supported mass media cam- USAID, the HHS Centers for Disease ■ the first AIDS in the Workplace
paign aimed at young adults and a Control and Prevention, and the project in Africa, and one of the
CDC public health program. Department of Defense played important first AIDS in the Military projects
roles in this success. They supported such ■ an activity that used U.S.
innovative projects as: Department of Agriculture emer-
The International Training and gency humanitarian food aid to help
■ the AIDS Information Center, the
Education Center for HIV works to meet the nutritional needs of families
first program in Africa to offer volun-
improve the care of people living with tary counseling and testing for HIV, and orphans affected by the
HIV/AIDS in heavily affected coun- now expanded to 51 locations HIV/AIDS epidemic
tries, and especially in sub-Saharan
The Department of Labor’s Workplace Research includes a strategic plan for
Education Program also aims to international AIDS research, including
reduce the rate of HIV/AIDS infec- training of researchers, enhancing labo-
tions in Malawi, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, ratory capacity, developing clinical
Ukraine, Vietnam, the Dominican capability, and transferring sustainable
Republic, India, and Haiti, by work- technologies such as low-cost diagnos-
ing with employers, trade unions, and tics. An important HHS/NIH focus is
government ministries. the translation of the results of research
to improve patient care, develop pre-
In June 2002, President Bush vention programs, and inform policy
announced an International Mother decisions in resource-poor settings
and Child HIV Prevention Initiative. around the world.
It will spend $500 million to prevent
the transmission of HIV/AIDS from Fighting Other Endemic
mothers to infants and improve health- Diseases
care delivery in the Caribbean and 12 U.S. Government programs also con-
African countries. The improved drug tribute to reducing deaths and sickness
treatment and healthcare provided by from other endemic infectious dis-
this new initiative stand to reach up to eases. Malaria requires particular
1 million women annually, and are attention; it causes an estimated 1 mil-
expected to reduce the incidence of lion deaths annually, as well as another
mother-to-child transmission by 40 1.8 million malaria-related deaths.
percent within five years. USAID supports efforts to develop a
malaria vaccine and sponsors innova-
The United States provided initial tive, low-cost health care technologies
funds and pledged $500 million to the for use in developing countries. These
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, include a rapid diagnostic strip test—
Tuberculosis, and Malaria, and is com- an easy-to-use and low-cost test for
mitted to increase the contribution as malaria—and syringes that self-
the fund shows results. The grants and destruct after one use to prevent reuse
drugs thus provided should enable a and transmission of blood-borne dis-
six-fold increase in anti-retroviral treat- eases. U.S.-supported malaria pro-
ment for HIV in Africa. grams work to improve prevention
and treatment, increase local capacity
The largest investment in AIDS to combat the disease, and accelerate
research belongs to the HHS National vaccine development. Among them is
Institutes of Health, which will invest the International Malaria Research
$2.5 billion in FY 2002. These unpar- Training Program, funded by the
alleled expenditures concentrate on Fogarty International Center of the
such key areas as the development of HHS National Institutes of Health.
vaccines and microbicides; biomedical Health professionals from Kenya,
and behavioral prevention strategies, Mali, Senegal, Uganda, and Zimbabwe
including prevention of mother-to- have trained in malaria research
child transmission; and care and treat- under its auspices.
ment approaches, including antiretro-
viral therapies and treatment and pre- In 2000, tuberculosis caused an esti-
vention of coinfections. The mated 1.7 million deaths worldwide.
HHS/NIH Plan for HIV-Related To help control this epidemic, USAID
recently funded the Tuberculosis Applied Epidemiology Training
Coalition for Technical Assistance. Programs for developing local special-
It comprises six partners with great ists in epidemiology. These programs
expertise in tuberculosis prevention and are modeled on the Epidemic
control, including the American Lung Intelligence Service, the centers’ pre-
Association and the Royal Netherlands mier applied epidemiology training
Tuberculosis Association. They will program. The two-year training and
provide technical assistance to develop- service programs are designed for
ing country governments and organiza- health professionals in entry or mid-
tions. To fight tuberculosis, USAID level positions. Approximately 95 per-
also assists programs in 31 countries. cent of all graduates remain in govern-
The Agency collaborated with the ment service as public health practi-
Gorgas Memorial Institute to adapt the tioners at local, district, provincial, and
Directly Observed Therapy Shortcourse national levels. Trainees have conducted
approach for tuberculosis victims in investigations that encompass virtually
Brazil. The trial program in a rural area every known area of public health,
near Rio de Janeiro achieved an 84 including vaccine-preventable diseases,
percent treatment success rate, consid- diarrheal diseases, malaria, HIV, Ebola,
erably higher than usual. occupational and environmental health
issues, and noncommunicable diseases.
With the Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation, the U.S. Government is a The Asia Pacific Economic Coopera-
key partner in the Global Alliance for tion strategy against infectious disease,
Vaccines and Immunization, which led and supported by the United States,
seeks to reduce the disparities in immu- includes a Network-of-Networks initia-
nization access in 60 developing coun- tive. This initiative will help to improve
tries where the need is greatest. For this disease surveillance and monitoring in
purpose, the Alliance has made five- the region, boost national capacity to
year commitments that total over $900 respond to outbreaks, and train health
million to make available vaccines authorities. ■
against yellow fever, hepatitis B, and
haemophilus influenza B, a leading
cause of meningitis and other diseases.
Mozambique received 1.3 million doses
of a combined vaccine and funding to
strengthen immunization services from
the Alliance in 2001. Such efforts to
fight and prevent devastating diseases
combine the energies, capabilities, and
inventiveness of the public and the pri-
vate sectors, involving NGOs, founda-
tions, and academia.
For nearly 20 years, the HHS Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention
have collaborated with ministries
of health and universities around
the world to establish and conduct
Mobilizing Partnerships for
Sustainable Development
Why Partnerships Are play vital roles in sustainable develop-

Effective ment. Frequently, they work to increase
Support by the U.S. Government for the skills and assets of poor people, and
partnerships has been both extensive they advance the causes of environmen-
“At Johannesburg, governments will
agree on a common plan of action. But and balanced. To reach the goals of sus- tal stewardship, human rights, and good
the most creative agents of change may tainable development, the U.S. has governance. The U.S. Government has
well be partnerships—among govern- supported different kinds of partner- long recognized the contributions of
ments, private businesses, nonprofit ships. Those between governments PVOs and NGOs and has funded a
organizations, scholars, and concerned achieve common goals and contribute variety of programs that build their
citizens.” to capacities to rule fairly and produc- capacities and support their work.
tively. Partnerships between govern-
UN Secretary General
Kofi Annan ments and the private sector, founda- With USAID assistance
May 14, 2002 tions, NGOs, the scientific and tech- ■ PVOs work with poor rural com-
nology communities, and labor organi- munities to improve incomes and
zations bring a wide range of talents welfare in almost all countries in
and resources to bear on the critical Africa
tasks of resource stewardship, economic ■ NGOs, including faith-based
progress, and social development. organizations, play key roles in
responding to the AIDS epidemic
Partnering with the in Africa and elsewhere
Nonprofit Sector ■ NGOs involve parents and com-
Domestic NGOs and international pri- munity groups in support of
vate voluntary organizations (PVOs) schooling
■ NGOs and PVOs carry out signifi-
cant environmental tasks, includ-
Initiatives by Theme ing safeguarding watersheds, pro-
viding pure water, maintaining
biodiversity, and ensuring sustain-
able forest use
Over the past 40 years, progress in

international development has become
increasingly dependent on the nonprof-
it sector, which brings significant
resources to the task. U.S. PVOs alone
provide an estimated $4 billion annual-
ly in assistance grants—or about 60
percent of all such flows. In 2000, U.S.
PVOs implemented an additional $2.7 Promoting Economic Growth
billion annually to programs financed U.S.-supported PVOs and NGOs pro-
by the U.S. Government. mote economic growth. USAID sup-
ports efforts of herder groups in “Good policies are not enough. People
Promoting Good Governance Mongolia to increase their incomes, must be able to seize the opportunity
PVOs and NGOs committed to partici- and funds business development servic- …. Governments, civil society, and the
patory development and sound develop- es and business-focused civil society private sector must work in partnership
ment practices are often strengthened organizations in Ecuador. USAID also to mobilize development resources. We
by U.S.-funded technical and organiza- funds business skills training for micro- must work together to unleash human
tional management training assistance finance institutions in Zimbabwe. productivity, to reduce poverty, to pro-
mote healthy environments and foster
and funding to develop consortia and Assisted by USAID, Technoserve, a
… sustainable growth. We’ve got to help
umbrella organizations. Of the initia- U.S. NGO, established business organ-
young people to get the skills they
tives surveyed, 20 percent supported izations that support small farmers in
need, the education they need, the
PVOs or NGOs. One such recipient is El Salvador and many other countries.
motivation they need to take part in a
the Democracy Network Program in changing economy and a changing
Macedonia, which enhances democratic The U.S. Government Overseas political environment.”
institutions and promotes citizen partic- Private Investment Corporation's loan
ipation by strengthening civil society to Living Water International helps Secretary of State
Colin L. Powell
organizations through training, techni- address a serious shortage of drinking July 12, 2002
cal assistance, and grant support. water in Kenya by financing drilling
equipment that will permit the dig-
USAID also supports NGOs that ging of 20 new wells a year. Citizens
strive to improve conditions of work. are also trained to maintain these
Funding provided to the American wells, pumps, and storage tanks.
Center for International Labor
Solidarity helps bring technical assis- Caspian Partnership Program
tance to unions, labor NGOs, and oth-
ers, enabling them to promote the The Caspian Environmental Partnership
adoption and effective enforcement of Program builds and strengthens a network
core labor standards and the crusade of NGO partners that addresses environ-
against child labor. The Center also mental and social issues. Initially funded
by USAID, the program now receives sup-
helps establish legal frameworks to pro-
port from the Open Society Institute, the
tect and promote civil society, increases Trust for Mutual Understanding, and
the institutional and financial viability Rockefeller Family Associates. Its objec-
of labor unions and labor NGOs, sup- tives are to:
ports anti-sweatshop activities, and ■ build a network of informed activists
improves health through workplace and to share information and plans in
Caspian-related activities mental education, monitoring of pollution
peer-to-peer health education and pre-
■ increase effectiveness of NGOs at the impacts, and promotion of safe transit of
vention. The USAID-supported local level oil by Kazakh and Russian NGOs. The
Women’s Economic and Legal Rights ■ increase partnership among NGOs Program also includes the Caspinfo
program trained women market vendors working on environmental issues rel- Newsletter and website, and the Caspian
in Cambodia to deal more effectively evant to the Caspian region Seminar Series. Its Caspian E-mail Grants
with market authorities, and provided ■ strengthen inter-sectoral cooperation Program provides e-mail access to environ-
among NGOs, business, and gov- mental NGOs in the region and in remote
legal aid on work-related issues that has
ernment areas, assisting communication between
helped women in Bangladesh form them, and providing e-mail training to
trade unions and prompted government The Caspian Cooperative Grants Program over 40 environmental NGO representa-
responses to worker’s complaints. funds programs in such areas as environ- tives in four countries.
The Food for Peace Program, supported enabled it to support other NGO pro-
by USAID and the Department of grams in 21 Ugandan districts. USAID
Agriculture, provides significant provides support for the International
resources to PVOs seeking to increase HIV/AIDS Alliance, which not only
agricultural production. The program builds the capacity of local NGOs and
also provides strengthening support to community-based organizations in
cooperating agencies such as Food every region of the developing world,
Assistance Management, a consortium but also documents and shares lessons
of PVOs offering a forum for sharing about mobilization and capacity build-
information and technical training for ing. USAID also supports NGO
its members. Networks for Health, a consortium of
five PVOs led by Save the Children,
Peace Corps volunteers also support that builds and strengthens the capaci-
economic development through NGOs. ties of PVO/NGO networks to deliver
In Panama, they work with numerous family planning, maternal health and
small business associations, while in child survival programs, and
Bolivia they build capacity in NGO HIV/AIDS prevention services.
artisan associations. The Peace Corps
Community Economic Development In education, USAID helps to involve
Project in Romania places volunteers in parents and community groups in
NGOs, chambers of commerce, public schooling through support for parent-
administration offices, and schools and teacher associations, school committees,
universities. and development teams. The Agency
also supports community schools that
Promoting Social are either established by local residents
Development with support from the government or
Much is being done at the country established by a local NGO and man-
level to strengthen NGOs working in aged by community members. In such
health. In Bangladesh, USAID provides schools, parents improve facilities,
technical assistance to expand and establish needed programs, monitor
improve the package of health services teacher performance, and sustain com-
available from NGOs, including assis- munity interest in education.
tance relating to behavior change com-
munications. The members of an NGO USAID agreed to support 70 new
health consortium in Bolivia that schools in rural areas of Egypt where
USAID helped to establish provide gender imbalances were greatest.
health services to lower income citizens. Individuals, villages, and the govern-
In Yemen, part of a larger health and ment donated the land. Community
education program will mobilize and education teams took responsibility for
train community women’s organiza- identifying sites, securing deeds, obtain-
tions to address women’s health issues ing the necessary permits, and helping
and mobilize and strengthen communi- coordinate school construction. These
ty participation and parental involve- volunteer teams were also responsible for
ment in basic education. helping enroll girls and making local
school management decisions. In one
Funding provided to TASO, the year, 10,600 children were enrolled in
Ugandan AIDS Support Organization, primary grades.
In an effort to rehabilitate and advance improve drinking water quality in
basic education, USAID/Ethiopia has Central America and eastern and
been working to increase community southern Africa. In response to the dev-
participation in schools. Under the astation caused by Hurricane Mitch in
Community Schools Grants Program, Central America, the agency joined
1,300 schools received grants that were forces with USAID and other U.S.
matched by local contributions. These Government agencies to aid the recon-
funds permit community groups to be struction of the region. The agency
involved in day-to-day management addressed improvements to drinking
decisions to improve school facilities water quality by helping to protect
and create girl-friendly school environ- source water and develop safe drinking
ments. Primary school enrollment rates water programs. Through a series of
have more than doubled, and girls’ par- train-the-trainer workshops, technical
ticipation has dramatically increased in assistance, and hands-on practical expe-
targeted schools. rience, NGOs, community members,
and water professionals learned how to
Some NGO/PVO strengthening activi- analyze water quality data and use
ties simultaneously support economic them in the decisionmaking process.
growth, social progress, and resource These strategies have been applied in
stewardship. Among these are agricul- Africa, where the agency addresses the
tural development projects that increase water and sanitation needs of the urban
production and reduce use of expensive
and environmentally damaging fertiliz-
ers and pesticides. Another example is a Natural Resource Management in Namibia
USAID initiative in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo that works,
In Namibia, USAID is sup-
with broad NGO and PVO involve- porting a community-based
ment and emphasis on civil society par- natural resource manage-
ticipation, to improve food security and ment program that is estab-
health and to protect biodiversity. lishing, managing, and sus-
taining conservancies. One
component of this support
Promoting Environmental
is technical assistance and
Stewardship training to NGOs, conser-
Often with the assistance of U.S. vancies, and the Ministry of
Government agencies, NGOs play Environment and Tourism.
important roles in resource steward- Since 1996, the government
ship. They help to mobilize the interest has registered 15 communal
area conservancies that
of local people in conservation, pro-
engage over 32,000 histori-
mote equitable access and good gover- cally disadvantaged
nance, and encourage alternatives to Namibians and encompass
resource exploitation. 4 million hectares of prime wildlife habi- Employment has also increased: over 500
tat. Income earned by these conservan- full- and part-time skilled jobs were creat-
cies—primarily through tourism—has ed, an estimated 300 people received
The Environmental Protection Agency’s
doubled since 2001 and is 230 percent income from the production and sale of
International Safe Drinking Water
over targets set in 1999. One conservancy handicrafts, and over 700 people took
Initiative, launched in 1999, is making is financially self-sufficient and three oth- advantage of seasonal, unskilled employ-
efforts to build capacities of local water ers should be within the next 12 months. ment opportunities.
professionals and communities to
poor, in partnership with Water for How Private
People, a U.S.-based NGO. Investments Support
Sustainable
In Jamaica, USAID’s program to Development
improve the quality of key natural In the last few decades, the role of pri-
resources provides a small grants pro- vate investment in developing and tran-
gram to local NGOs to implement sition countries has overshadowed offi-
community-based environmental proj- cial development assistance in terms of
ects in the Great River watershed. resource flows. In the 1960s, official
These involve such areas as water and development assistance accounted for
sanitation, disease resistant crops, bio- over 70 percent of total U.S. resource
logical soil conservation, and waste transfers, while in the 1990s, private
management. flows accounted for nearly 80 percent of
total U.S. transfers. Overall, developing
USAID is also financing the construc- countries earn $2.4 trillion per year from
tion of a water supply network for 23 trade and receive $180–200 billion a
villages in the southern West Bank that year in foreign investment (in addition
will result in potable water being avail- to a very large amount of domestic pri-
able for the first time in these villages. vate investment). This compares to total
Village councils are involved in deci- foreign aid of about $55 billion per year.
sions on how to pay for and maintain
the distribution system. Helping countries engage the private
sector for development and growth is
In Mexico, the Department of an integral part of U.S. efforts to assist
Agriculture’s Forest Service is helping developing and transition countries.
NGOs conduct watershed assessments The United States works with national
and design restoration programs in governments to develop policies that
order to improve the health, function- encourage the private sector and laws
ing, and products of watersheds serving that protect business owners and
critical natural and urban areas. In the investors. More directly, the United
State of Guanajuato, Forest Service States works with business associations,
experts helped assess the Rio Laja businesses, and individual entrepre-
watershed and train communities to neurs to prepare them for many of the
undertake restoration activities in tasks of sustainable economies. This
streambeds. In Queretaro, the Forest includes helping develop financial serv-
Service is supporting efforts of a local ices for micro and small enterprises to
group to conduct an inventory of forest assist in developing new generations of
and river ecosystems in the Sierra entrepreneurs. Training and technical
Gorda as a first step toward improving assistance is also provided to business
their management. people to increase efficiency, productiv-
ity, and competitiveness.
NGOs and PVOs play key roles in sus-
tainable development. The U.S. The U.S. Government forms partner-
Government has helped make this ships with multilateral and bilateral
impact even greater through its many donors as well as with the private sec-
programs to strengthen NGOs and tor to plan and implement these initia-
PVOs and support their efforts. tives. An important aspect of the initia-
tives is partnering between private sec- through a sealed bid auction that has
tor organizations to foster the transfer raised more than $15.4 million for
of knowledge and resources. Mongolia.
Private sector financing contributes to One of the most important engines

all three pillars of sustainable develop- of growth is markets that can expand
ment: social progress, economic through fairly run trade regimes.
growth, and environmental steward- However, a significant barrier to effi- “The evidence is that where nations
ship. Social progress is enhanced adopt sound policies, a dollar of foreign
cient trade in southeastern Europe is
aid attracts two dollars of private invest-
through a vibrant private sector that at the border of each country in the
ment.”
provides choices to individuals for customs house. Corruption, inconsis-
their employment and opportunities tently enforced regulations, and poor President George W. Bush
for training and education. customer service often impede the March 14, 2002
flow of goods. The result is that cus-

Worldwide, the private sector has been toms procedures often account for a
the most efficient avenue for economic significant portion of the total costs
growth, as competition promotes effi- of moving goods through the region.
ciency and ingenuity. The private sec-
tor also encourages sustainable natural To address this problem, USAID has
resource management as companies developed an innovative partnership
pursue ways to increase their profits by under the Trade and Transport
using fewer resources such as energy, Facilitation in Southeast Europe
water, soil, and land. Program. The program aims to increase
the volume and value of trade in
Private Sector Finance
and Good Governance
Countries throughout Eastern Europe
Domestic Shelter and Municipal Services
and Asia are in the midst of a transi-
for the Poor in South Africa
tion from centrally planned to market
economies. In Mongolia, USAID pro-
vides technical assistance and training To bring together stakeholders that pro-
vide shelter and municipal services to the
in the privatization and commercial-
poor, the U.S. has used grant funds to
ization of publicly-owned companies.
provide technical assistance, training, and
A USAID-funded management con- grants to NGOs, combined with credit
tract introduced sound commercial guarantees. In South Africa, these guaran-
practices and brought about a tees have supported private financial insti-
dramatic turnaround in Mongolia’s tutions efforts to better serve lower- and
middle-income populations as well as
Agricultural Bank. Eighteen months of
increase private investment in critical
management and employee training
municipal services such as water, sanita- sanitation services. In exchange for access
helped render the bank solvent and tion, and electricity, particularly among to these funds, the domestic private sector
saved its vital network of 356 rural the country’s historically disadvantaged in South Africa has lent over $700 million
branch offices. populations. to individual households for shelter and
to local authorities for critical municipal
These efforts have yielded significant services. An estimated 1.2 million house-
The bank is now slated for privatiza-
results. Since 1994, $15 million in grant holds benefited from these services. A sur-
tion. Since 1998, USAID-funded advi-
funds have guaranteed nearly $230 mil- vey of beneficiaries under one program
sors have been instrumental in the sale lion in lending from private partners found that over one-third were female
of 47 government-owned enterprises for shelter and municipal water and heads of household.
southeast Europe by improving cus- How Private Sector Finance
toms infrastructure and efficiency and Increases Incomes and
increasing the capacity of second-tier Opportunities
transporters to move goods throughout In a number of countries, the United
the region. The World Bank has States is fostering the creation of enter-
approved $64 million in loans to prises, focusing both on the general
Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, economy and on creating opportunities
Macedonia, Albania, Croatia, and for the poor to increase their incomes.
Bosnia and Herzegovina to improve Jordan has taken a wide range of meas-
the physical infrastructure of customs ures to open markets, overcome struc-
stations. USAID, working with U.S. tural economic obstacles, and integrate
Customs, will improve the technical more fully into the global economy. For
capacity and efficiency of customs example, the Aqaba Special Economic
agencies by streamlining operations Zone is a model of streamlined invest-
and reducing paperwork. A grant to ment procedures. USAID played a crit-
the American College of Thessaloniki ical role in providing advisory services
is funding development of a distance- for this initiative and will continue to
learning program for second-tier provide assistance until the zone is fully
freight forwarders to increase their established and efforts are made to
knowledge of customs procedures and expand trade and attract new invest-
develop a standardized code of ethics ment. Already, the zone has attracted
and operations. $422 million in private investment, far
exceeding the target of $100 million.
In Croatia, USAID is assisting in the USAID also initiated the construction
long process of creating a full-service of a light industrial estate in Aqaba,
private sector. The Government of which is anticipated to generate over
Croatia’s portfolio of state-owned enter- 5,000 new light industrial jobs within
prises has been reduced from approxi- five years.
mately 1,900 at the outset of USAID
assistance to the present level of around In India, USAID’s economic growth
1,200. Croatia is now beginning to program focuses on improving the
modernize, restructure, and privatize its regulatory environment for the
energy sector. USAID advisors assisted private sector. USAID is working
the Ministry of the Economy and the with India’s Securities and Exchange
Energy Institute in the drafting of five Board, the Insurance Regulatory and
laws that provide the legal framework Development Authority, and the
for this process. Additionally, with the Ministry of Finance Pension Reform
support of the USAID-funded Croatian Task Force to strengthen capital market
Competitiveness Initiative, the chief regulation and oversight. One activity
executive officers of 14 of the largest is developing regulatory and perform-
businesses in Croatia have formed a ance standards for microfinance
business roundtable that meets regular- institutions and promoting linkages
ly. They are developing long-term between the microfinance subsector
strategic plans to increase Croatian and the mainstream financial sector.
competitiveness in cooperation with
key government officials, national labor Businesses need financial backing, but
leaders, and universities. micro and small businesses often do
not have access to the services of com- Supported by USAID’s leadership, the
mercial banks. Banks are often not microenterprise field is continuing to
well structured to cater to the micro receive substantial attention from
and small-scale market, and their costs donors, international organizations,
are often too high to make microlend- and NGOs. The Consultative Group
ing profitable. Through programs in a to Assist the Poorest (CGAP), a multi-
large number of countries, the U.S. donor effort founded by USAID, now
Government promotes the growth numbers 27 donors and has estab-
of micro and small businesses by lished a strong program of global
strengthening institutions servicing microenterprise development. USAID
microenterprises. In follow-up to the is now spearheading the creation of a
NGO-led Microcredit Summit, the CGAP working group on market
United States has strengthened its research and product development
programs to foster microenterprises. and is establishing donor coordination
Annual appropriations now total through CGAP to strengthen African
$155 million a year, of which half programs. USAID also played a
must be expended in programs aimed leadership role in promoting market-
at the poorest. driven business development services
for microenterprises, coordinating
In 1999, USAID’s Microenterprise this work through the Donors’
Initiative reached 4.5 million poor Committee on Small Enterprise
clients—2.5 million in Indonesia Development.
alone—with active loans from USAID-
supported institutions. The loans In Senegal, USAID provides institu-
totaled $1.5 billion. Of the 2 million tional support, technical training, and
clients outside of Indonesia, 69 percent equipment to seven microfinance insti-
were below the line designated by the tutions that have networks totaling 95
U.S. Congress for poverty lending. individual bank branches. The support
Worldwide, 70 percent of microfinance has helped the microfinance institu-
clients are women, and loan repayment tions open new branches in unserved
rates average 95 percent. Current plans areas, expand and strengthen their
for USAID microfinance activities existing branches, increase client confi-
emphasize expanding the number of dence, and increase their outreach. As a
sustainable intermediaries assisted, result, the number of clients, volume of
expanding their client base to include savings, and value of loans have
more and poorer clients, and broaden- increased sharply.
ing the range of services to include
insurance, savings, and transfers. As noted above, entrepreneurs often
USAID is also expanding its business need training in how to manage a com-
development services, such as technical petitive business. One local-level
and management skills training, mar- provider of such training is the Peace
keting services, and productivity- Corps. In 2001, the Peace Corps
enhancing technology. Priority inter- reported business development projects
ventions will strengthen private sector in 36 countries benefiting about 2,400
vendors of business development servic- communities. In the process it trained
es to better serve the needs of urban 6,700 service providers and strength-
and rural microenterprises. ened 3,700 groups.
USAID is partnering with the Nigeria to create two business informa-
Organization of Eastern Caribbean tion centers to promote private sector
States to help companies in the eastern enterprise and small business develop-
Caribbean strengthen their ability to ment through public–private partner-
compete in the international market- ships. The centers serve as one-stop
place. Technical assistance and training community-based business assistance
is provided to targeted small and medi- centers where small- and medium-scale
um-sized companies in areas such as entrepreneurs can receive technical assis-
product and quality assurance, comput- tance, gain computer access, explore
erization, productivity tooling, market- financial options, and link up with
ing information and research, and gain- other businesses. The project also pro-
ing access to new markets. Efforts are vides center managers with U.S.-based
also underway to help educational and in-country training.
institutions build human capacity in
areas such as information technology How Private Sector Finance
and business management. Promotes Environmental
Stewardship
The U.S. Small Business Administra- The private sector can help manage
tion is providing technical assistance to and conserve natural resources and
the environment by using environ-
mentally sound production methods.
Increased Environmental Management Capacity to Production that limits pollution, and
Support Sustainable Economic Growth in Russia conserves water, soil, land, and fuel,
protects natural resources for the
The forests of the Russian far east and future. Conservation techniques may
Siberia contain immense potential for
also increase current food yields by,
jobs, and for business opportunities in sec-
ondary wood processing, non-timber for- for example, conserving rich soils and
est products, and ecotourism. To help replenishing depleted soil. An inform-
Russia establish sustainable economic ative case on how this works in
growth, USAID initiated improved envi- forestry is found in Russia where, with
ronmental management activities in 2000, USAID assistance, forestry sustainabil-
which, upon completion in 2005, will
ity and the private sector are finding
have cost approximately $30 million.
common purpose.
USAID support has helped about 150
ecobusinesses in the Russian far east to The Nicaraguan agricultural sector,
grow and improve their environmental ly. USAID’s grantees have been helping slowly recovering from Hurricane
performance. New tourism facilities in Russian businesses become more profitable Mitch, has recently suffered further set-
protected areas have meant increasing by improving their energy efficiency and
backs from a series of droughts and a
opportunities for tourism and new busi- reducing pollution from their operations.
nesses and jobs for local residents, who USAID is helping Russian businesses com- decline in international coffee prices.
now have more stake in preserving the ply with the World Trade Organization’s USAID has formed partnerships with
environment. Reforested acreage has required international environmental stan- U.S. and Nicaraguan NGOs to help
increased in one major forest region, due dards for companies competing in the small farmers adopt environmentally
to USAID assistance in forest management global market. More than 100 businesses sustainable agricultural practices and use
for forestry administration and small are now pursuing certification. USAID
improved and certified seeds. Crop
businesses. support is also helping to widen invest-
ment opportunities and expand markets in diversification, improved soil and water
For economic reasons, businesses are also secondary wood processing, non-timber conservation, environmentally sound
taking environmental issues more serious- forest products, and ecotourism. cultivation practices, and improved
post-harvest storage can increase ■ national-level partnerships—of
incomes for farmers while protecting the developing country governments
environment. These methods are and local private enterprises,
improving the resilience of agricultural NGOs, or community-based
producers, teaching them how to best organizations—enhance the sus-
identify, use, and conserve their produc- tainability of economic growth,
tive resources. delivery of social services, and
management of natural resources
Public–Private
Partnerships In late 2001, the United States
The U.S. Government recognizes that announced the Global Development
sustainable development can be Alliance, a framework for leading, facil-
enhanced when public institutions itating, and integrating partnerships
collaborate with private for-profit and between government agencies and pri-
nonprofit institutions and organizations. vate universities, nonprofit NGOs, and
Such partnerships can greatly extend the for-profit domestic and multinational
impact of public programs with limited firms. USAID administers its incentive
operating budgets and trained staff. fund and staffs the Alliance secretariat.
Local private entities can engage local This facilitates U.S. Government out-
groups in solving their own problems reach to potential partners with signifi-
and can offer feedback that enhances the cant resources to devote to countries
effectiveness of public agencies. On an receiving U.S. Government develop-
international level, U.S. private sector ment assistance.
entities—PVOs, professional societies,
academic institutions, firms, and enter- Alliance partnerships are a new devel-
prises—can share ideas, technologies, opment assistance business model and
financial resources, and management one of the pillars of USAID’s reorgani-
approaches with developing-country zation and reform strategy. Govern-
governments and local NGOs. ments and multinational development
institutions are no longer the only assis-
These partnerships reflect a spectrum tance donors. Today, NGOs, PVOs,
of arrangements. The following hold cooperatives, foundations, colleges and
the most promise for fostering sustain- universities, corporations, and even
able development: individuals participate in development
■ networks of public and private assistance. The Global Development
organizations address global and Alliance’s role is to create a synergy
regional goals, such as improved between private philanthropy and
health and education, increased public assistance, thus increasing the
food production, and better stew- impact of each.
ardship of natural resources
■ bilateral partnerships—between Partnering for Sustainable
U.S. NGOs or private enterprises Economic Growth
and developing country govern- Public–private partnerships are at
ments or NGOs—transfer knowl- the heart of efforts to foster global eco-
edge and expertise to implement nomic growth through improved pro-
national sustainable development ductivity and trade. Some partnerships
programs address economic growth concerns
common to sustainable development: ships between experts at U.S. land
producing enough food to feed a grow- grant universities and their local coun-
ing global population, expanding terparts. The program offers a package
investment and competitive global of training, credit, and technical assis-
commerce, generating employment tance to ease adoption of market-ori-
and incomes from environmentally ented practices and helps farmers iden-
sustainable enterprises, and increasing tify opportunities for long-term market
supplies of energy and potable water to development in neighboring countries.
meet industrial and urban demand. In 2002, the program contributed
funds to build an agriculture education
The network of 14 International system for the next generation of agri-
Agriculture Research Centers provides cultural leaders. As an aspirant to
a prominent of example of a global pub- WTO membership, Armenia will bene-
lic–private partnership that advances fit from this assistance in meeting its
economic growth. Dedicated to research requirements.
that increases food crop productivity, the
centers are responsible for launching the The U.S. Government supports part-
“green revolution” of the last half-centu- nerships with U.S. environmental
ry. Their work today continues to boost NGOs and commercial firms to foster
crop yields and promote environmental- ecotourism in Kenya, Indonesia, and
ly sound cultivation practices. The cen- Madagascar. USAID has similarly
ters are responsible for the development teamed up with environmental NGOs
of crops more tolerant of pests, disease, in Latin America and the Caribbean to
and drought that do not need costly and demonstrate how environmental stew-
environmentally damaging agricultural ardship can generate jobs and income.
chemicals. Crop breeding that boosts In 2002, the U.S. Government will
yields on lands suitable for cultivation provide $12.5 million for an ongoing
means farmers can produce enough to Parks in Peril initiative in that region.
eat and sell without resorting to use of Implemented in part by the Nature
environmentally fragile marginal lands. Conservancy, a U.S. NGO, the initia-
The centers’ success rests on a partner- tive organizes and equips communities
ship between international agricultural in and around endangered protected
researchers, both from developed-coun- areas to develop income and employ-
try academic and commercial research ment alternatives to logging, hunting,
institutions and developing-country gov- and farming. In the 10 years of the
ernment agriculture programs. Some 40 program, the Nature Conservancy has
bilateral and multilateral donors and leveraged an additional $343 million in
some private foundations contribute to public and private sector funds for con-
this partnership at the centers, which servation programs in the region.
receive an annual contribution from the
U.S. Government that should reach $40 In Indonesia, a USAID-funded part-
million in 2002. nership between local communities and
U.S. NGOs manages fragile coastal
In Armenia, the Department of resources. With $10 million in U.S.
Agriculture supports a Marketing Government funding, the partnership
Assistance Program that builds partner- has begun replanting mangrove trees
and other coastal management activities schooling and health care to millions
that increase the abundance and variety of children who do not have access to
of native fish species on which local education and are exposed to deadly
communities depend. communicable diseases.
The U.S. Trade and Development The United States plays a lead role in
Agency fosters public–private partner- providing structure and support for two
ships through annual conferences and critical global health partnerships: the
meetings of U.S. Government and Global Polio Eradication Program and
developing-country government offi- the Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
cials with representatives from sector- Tuberculosis, and Malaria. The polio
specific private enterprises. In 2002, eradication program is the outgrowth
the Agency budgeted nearly $1 million of a 20-year commitment by the U.S.-
to fund meetings on clean water and based NGO, Rotary International.
more efficient transportation networks. With the HHS Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, WHO, and
In sub-Saharan Africa, USAID spon- UNICEF, Rotary International has
sored cooperative agreements between raised nearly $500 million and con-
developing-country utilities, the tributed to the certification of 150
Business Council for Sustainable countries as polio-free in 2000. The
Energy, and the U.S. Energy Global Polio Eradication Program has
Association. These agreements address built and strengthened surveillance sys-
power pooling and other ways to maxi- tems, established a global laboratory
mize efficiency of electric power gener- network, and trained epidemiologists.
ation; improvements in environmental In 2002, Rotary International and its
performance; commercial provision of partners budgeted more than $50 mil-
clean energy, and the expansion of its lion for immunizations in countries
delivery for rural and urban popula- where polio is endemic. The Global
tions. In 2002, USAID is budgeting Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and
$4 million for the program and expects Malaria is newer, but by the end of
to broker 11 partnerships with U.S. 2001, it had garnered more than $2
firms for investment in clean energy billion in pledges from 30 countries,
production and more efficient manage- including $500 million from the U.S.
ment of existing facilities. Government. Substantial pledges came
from more than 20 U.S. NGOs, inter-
Partnering for Sustainable national agencies, corporations, and
Social Development foundations, including $100 million
Public–private partnerships are central from the Bill and Melinda Gates
to effective delivery of health, educa- Foundation.
tion, and other social services, espe-
cially when public resources are limit- A partnership of international scientists
ed and social needs are expanding rap- contributes to the work of the Cholera
idly. International and local PVOs and Research Laboratory in Bangladesh, a
private commercial enterprises are health research and outreach facility
enhancing public capacity to meet that benefits from public and private
those needs, particularly by providing sector funding and a large grant from
the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. supported global partnership that brings
More than 30 years old, the laboratory together private industry (Morton Salt
developed oral rehydration therapies and Procter and Gamble), professional
that saved millions of children from groups (International Council for
death by diarrheal diseases. Control of Iodine Deficiency and the
The International Micronutrient Global Alliance for Improved
Malnutrition Prevention and Control Nutrition), U.S. Government agencies
Program is another U.S. Government- (HHS National Institutes for Health
and Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention), and international organiza-
tions (WHO, FAO, and UNICEF) to
The Lifesaving Use of Bednets
strengthen the capacity of partner coun-
tries to assess nutritional status and
Each year in Africa, about 2.5
establish surveillance systems. USAID
million people die of malaria
and malaria-related illnesses. Of contributes funding.
these deaths, 2.25 million are
children under 5. Research has In the survey, several examples of pub-
shown that use of bednets treat- lic–private partnerships in education
ed with insecticide could reduce emerged. Community-based partner-
by 20 percent all childhood
ships with education systems could be
deaths in Africa—not solely
those caused by malaria. seen in Africa. In Malawi, community
Bednets could reduce severe organizations monitor pupils’ classroom
malaria by about 45 percent, performance and pupil-teacher interac-
but there are not nearly enough tions. In Ethiopia, USAID helps local
available, even for the relatively community partners make after hours
few people who know about
use of classroom space in government-
these lifesaving devices.
designing subsidy programs and will work run schools for adult literacy and other
To reduce malaria deaths on a broad with the commercial sector to facilitate community-sponsored programs.
scale, USAID joined forces with six inter- introduction of improved products. By
national and African manufacturers of October 2004, the partners project the Another exciting initiative is the
nets and insecticide. This landmark part- sale of enough nets and insecticide partnership between the private U.S.
nership, NetMark, is making low-cost, retreatments to protect as many as 15
Children’s Television Workshop and
insecticide-treated nets commercially million African children.
available on a national scale in Ghana, the governments of Egypt and South
Nigeria, Senegal, and Zambia. NetMark Commercial companies, their local dis- Africa to develop local “Sesame Street”
uses public sector funds innovatively to tributors, and a $50-million investment equivalents for educational television.
reduce barriers to commercial investment. from USAID are funding the program. With funding from USAID, these
The partnership is creating public Commercial partners include global insec- ventures reach an estimated 60 percent
demand for treated bednets and promot- ticide and net-making manufacturers
of targeted children under age 8.
ing appropriate use; removing taxes, tar- (Aventis Environmental Science, BASF,
iffs, and other economic barriers; and and Bayer); makers of a long-lasting pre- In South Africa, a similar program
making strategic investments to build treated net (Vestergaard Frandsen); the reached 1.2 million children during its
local distribution capacity. world’s largest net manufacturer debut. Its projected audience is nearly
(Siamdutch Mosquito Netting Co, Ltd.); 6.5 million children under 6 who do
NetMark has been invited to consider and Africa’s largest net manufacturer (A to not have access to the equivalent of
starting programs in other African coun- Z Textiles). Other NetMark partners
kindergarten.
tries. If successful, the commercial part- include an African consumer promotion
ners will expand their distribution net- company (Group Africa) and Africa’s
works in sub-Saharan Africa. As NetMark largest advertising agency (FCB In El Salvador, USAID sponsors a gov-
expands, it will become more involved in Advertising). ernment and media partnership with
one of the nation’s major newspapers, Similar U.S.–African university part-
El Diario de Hoy, that produces a nerships include one in agribusiness
monthly color Sunday magazine section development between Ohio State
with environmental games, activities, University and Uganda’s Makerere
and messages for children. In Latin University and another in environ-
America, the Global Development mental management between Oregon
Alliance supports the regional State University and University of
Partnership for Education Botswana.
Revitalization in the Americas, which
grew out of the 1998 Summit of the Partnering for Sustainable
Americas. With a relatively small Environmental Stewardship
investment from USAID, the partner- The U.S. Government has turned to
ship pushes for education reform, public–private partnerships to manage
including community partnerships larger programs. For example, the
with school systems to build a National Science Foundation, NASA,
constituency for better instruction. public agencies, and private organiza-
tions from developed and developing
The U.S. Government supports a countries are tracking greenhouse gases
partnership between the University as part of the Global Emissions
of California–Davis and Samarkand Inventory Activity. The activity provides
State University in Uzbekistan to devel- a scientific foundation for policy initia-
op the capacity of scientists in the tives addressing climate change, stratos-
region to use geographic information pheric ozone depletion, and acid rain.
systems technology to measure and
monitor environmental change in the Through its Latin American and
Central Asian Highlands. Kazakhstan Caribbean Environmental Partnership
University researchers have partnered Program, USAID sponsors meetings of
with a consortium of U.S. university government and industry leaders on
researchers to build the country’s live- environmental trade constraints, the
stock and rangeland management benefits of clean production, and
capacity. national and international opportuni-
ties to market eco-certified products.
In Zambia, a higher education program USAID has committed approximately
has teamed up with Cleveland State $1 million a year over the past seven
University and Zambian Copperbelt years to promote clean production, cat-
University to train owners and employ- alyzing about $8 million for clean pro-
ees of small and medium-sized enter- duction activities from international
prises. After their own training, and bilateral donors.
Copperbelt University trainers will
provide employees with hands-on Public–private partnerships for environ-
factory floor skills and factory owners mental stewardship include the USAID-
with managerial skills. The U.S. and sponsored Mexico Renewable Energy
Zambian university partners will use Program, involving Sandia National
web-based training tools to help Laboratories, a private U.S. firm, and
Zambian businessmen and workers FIRCO, a Mexican federal agency. The
become more competitive in southern partnership has sponsored nearly 200
African markets. photovoltaic and wind energy projects
in eight Mexican states, supplying about large park ranger staffs. Community-
100,000 residents with energy to pump based organizations reap economic
water for human and agricultural use. rewards from tourism. Similar programs
In 2002, USAID provided $1.5 million operate in Indonesia, Nepal, the
to continue the program. Philippines, and Sri Lanka.
Working with the Center for In Russia, partnerships are emerging

Energy Efficiency in Moscow, the to plant trees and restore forests that
Environmental Protection Agency is store or sequester free atmospheric car-
helping develop and introduce energy- bon dioxide in natural biomass. The
efficient building codes in 30 regions of U.S. Government and the University
Russia under a grant to the Natural of Moscow is tracking progress toward
Resources Defense Council. The codes building carbon stocks. The program
have already avoided carbon dioxide is similar to one in Guatemala, where
emissions by almost a million tons a a U.S. utility firm paid for tree plant-
year, significantly reduced conventional ing to offset carbon dioxide emitted
pollutants, and prompted development from its coal- and diesel-powered elec-
of new construction materials and new tricity generation.
building materials companies.
USAID has also fostered partnerships
In Asia, the U.S. Global Development with American pharmaceutical firms
Alliance is leveraging private sector to collect materials from tropical
resources to develop renewable energy forests that will produce new drugs to
in remote areas of the Philippines— treat disease. These bioprospecting
most notably conflict-prone Mindanao. agreements between U.S. firms and
USAID is helping electrify some 160 developing country governments have
villages; U.S. firms are helping local elevated awareness of the value of con-
communities install the alternative serving tropical forests rather than log-
production equipment and providing ging them.
maintenance training to lower
electricity rates and simulate How Science and
business investment. Technology Support
Sustainable
Economic incentives improve the Development
chances for responsible environmental Confronting new challenges and
stewardship. Economic benefits come achieving sustainable development
with the protection of endangered habi- demand new knowledge and tools
tats, and the U.S. Government sponsors based on scientific assessment, testing,
such integrated conservation and devel- and prediction. New science produces
opment efforts by promoting commu- new technologies. Technological
nity–national government partnerships. progress and capable labor are funda-
mental to sustained growth.
USAID is helping governments in
Kenya, Madagascar, Namibia, and Through technological developments
South Africa partner with community- and scientific insights, U.S.
based organizations to maintain wildlife Government agencies and their global
sanctuaries. Governments benefit partners are making strides understand-
because they need not hire and retain ing, assessing, and predicting natural
phenomena, monitoring and managing requires a comprehensive research
resources, improving environmental agenda, including the development of
quality, and building capacity. analytical tools that integrate social,
economic, and natural sciences. Part
Advances in science and technology of this effort involves harnessing infor-
underpin sustainable development. mation technologies to create new
Such advances empower people, expand products and services, and new ways to
intellectual capital, and make new tools communicate. This is needed, in part,
available. Technologies have improved to support policy formulation and
significantly in the past decade, provid- decisionmaking that prevents or miti-
ing new perspectives to observe and gates damage to social or ecological
understand the environment, and new systems. With significant improve-
options for sharing information. They ments in productivity and knowledge
include earth observation from satellites sharing, many scientific networks are
and buoys; global positioning systems using advances in data collection and
that provide accurate georeferences; geo- information management systems
graphic information systems to organize to address issues at global, national,
and display data; and information man- regional, and local levels. The United
agement and dissemination systems that States is supporting a number of
allow rapid, broad circulation of infor- these efforts.
mation. These and other advances offer
new ways of envisioning and planning The Geographic Information for
for economic growth, learning, and Sustainable Development initiative, a
understanding and managing human U.S.-led international alliance, aims to
and environmental resources. apply a new generation of earth obser-
vation data, state-of-the-art geographic
U.S.-funded research pioneered devel- information systems-linked technolo-
opment of many now-standard tools gies, and field-tested geographic
for monitoring, managing, and trans- knowledge to sustainable development
forming problems into sustainable problems. The alliance collaborates
solutions. Of the 400 U.S.-supported with many partners in Africa and
initiatives reported in the survey, developing countries, helping local,
almost half have science and technolo- national, and international agencies to
gy components. A few examples address long-term challenges, such as
described here address the following disaster mitigation, natural resource
challenges: identifying and applying management, trade competitiveness,
new approaches; understanding, and poverty reduction. In 2002,
assessing, and predicting natural sys- USAID and the State Department
tems; monitoring and managing contributed about $2 million to the
resources more effectively; improving initiative for training, capacity build-
environmental quality; and building ing, and technology transfer.
scientific capacities Contributions of in-kind services,
technical assistance, software, hard-
Identifying and Applying New ware, and an array of data products by
Approaches NGOs, U.S. Government agencies,
The challenges of sustainable develop- and the private sector more than
ment are enormously complex. tripled the value of the USAID and
Improving environmental quality State Department contributions.
The David and Lucile Packard large array of humanitarian and meteo-
Foundation, the Department of rological organizations. It is available to
Commerce’s National Oceanic and extension and meteorological agencies
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), as well as rural communities through
and regional contributors funded training and technological develop-
Harvard University’s International ment. Whenever possible, the program
Initiative on Science and Technology works with women and youth, impor-
for Sustainability, an open network of tant groups in the management of
people and institutions dedicated to community and household resources.
understanding the links between envi- The program was successful in Africa,
ronment and development. The initia- and is exploring needs and opportuni-
tive fosters the infusion of science and ties to expand the project.
technology in decisions about develop-
ment challenges, including food securi- The U.S. National Science Foundation
ty, human health, and poverty. supports the Inter-American Institute
for Global Change Research in São
The Climate Information Project is Paulo, Brazil, one of three institutes
developing another means of sharing that integrate multinational global
information. Managed by NOAA’s change research programs. In May
Office of Global Programs and 2002, the Institute had 18 full mem-
USAID’s Office of Foreign Disaster bers: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile,
Assistance, Radio and Internet for the Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the
Communication of Hydrometerological Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
and Climate Information makes cli- Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama,
mate and weather information available Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, the United
by means of radio and the Internet. States, and Venezuela. It advances sus-
The program was initiated with U.S. tainable development by promoting the
Government support, and is an inter- open exchange of environmental data
national collaboration supported by a produced in and by countries in the
Americas, strengthening cooperative
scientific research, and making available
Helping Set the Science and Technology Agenda to policymakers enriched information
for Sustainable Development about the impact of global change.
The International Initiative on Science Germany, Chile, and Canada to create The International Cooperative
and Technology for Sustainability aims to regional science and technology research Biodiversity Group seeks to improve
contribute knowledge to environmentally agendas. human health through drug discovery
sustainable development. The initiative
as well as create incentives for biodi-
aims to achieve significant progress by In FY 2002, it also set up a web-based
versity conservation. The program is
expanding the research and development Forum on Science and Technology for
agenda of science and technology for sus- Sustainability, and held a Synthesis creating new models for sustainable
tainability, strengthening infrastructure Workshop on Science and Technology development through research and
and capacity to apply science and technol- for Sustainable Development in Mexico capacity building in biodiversity-rich
ogy to sustainability, and connecting sci- City. That workshop made the case for developing countries. The program is
ence and policy more effectively in mak- the role of science and technology in sus-
funded and managed jointly by U.S.
ing the transition toward sustainability. tainability to decisionmakers, articulated
NGOs, public institutions, and devel-
a shared vision, proposed strategies for
The International Initiative convened achieving science and technology goals, oping-country institutions. U.S.
workshops in Nigeria, Thailand, and specified targets for 2005 and 2015. Government participation includes
HHS Fogarty International Center of The Famine Early Warning System
the National Institutes of Health and Network aims to strengthen the capabil-
other NIH institutes, the National ities of countries and regional organiza-
Science Foundation, and the U.S. tions to manage threats of food insecuri-
Department of Agriculture’s Foreign ty by providing timely, analytical infor-
Agricultural Service. The program is mation. The network is a collaboration
active in Argentina, Cameroon, Chile, among USAID, NASA, NOAA,
Laos, Madagascar, Mexico, Nigeria, the U.S. Geological Survey,
Panama, Suriname, and Vietnam. and regional partners, including the
Southern Africa Development
Understanding, Assessing, and Community. A private firm, Chemonics
Predicting Natural Systems International, provides technical sup-
How interactive physical, chemical, bio- port. USAID supported a core program
logical, and socioeconomic processes for 17 countries in sub-Saharan
regulate the earth’s systems and how this Africa with $6 million in FY 2002.
system responds to anthropogenic influ- Professionals in the United States and
ences is not yet clearly understood. With Africa monitor data and information—
the support of the U.S. Government, including remote sensing data and
the scientific community is rising to the ground-based meteorological, crop, and
challenge, developing international rangeland conditions—that offer early
research programs and tools to reduce indications of food security threats. The
such scientific uncertainties. program is also strengthening African
early warning and response networks by
The Climate and Societal Interactions forging networks of hydrological, meteo-
Division of the NOAA looks at the rological, and disaster professionals to
interface between scientific informa- prepare for and respond to food security
tion and environmental and societal problems. While there is serious concern
decisionmaking, particularly in relation about the food situation in southern
to climate. The division promotes the Africa, in recent years droughts have
study and use of new information tools not become widespread famines in the
to help society prepare for changing Sahel, southern Africa, and Ethiopia,
environmental conditions, cope with primarily because of a combination of
the challenges of multiple environmen- early warning and early public action.
tal and social stresses, and move Designed in the late 1980s for sub-
toward a more sustainable future. One Saharan Africa, the program is now
component is to foster dialogue expanding to other regions. For exam-
between scientists and decisionmakers ple, USAID provided $1 million to
on new ways of using science to monitor meteorological and crop condi-
enhance human welfare. A key pro- tions in Afghanistan in FY 2002.
gram element is the Applications
Research Program, dedicated to bring- The research capabilities of the
ing climate science and technology to Department of Agriculture are central
bear on increasingly complex develop- to the sustainability strategy of the
ment challenges. The program is United States. USDA’s Forest Service
implemented regionally in Africa, Asia, conducts some of the most extensive
Latin America and the Caribbean, and natural resource planning and
the Pacific Islands. assessment in the world. It uses
resource and economic modeling, envi- Disease Control and Prevention,
ronmental impact assessments, linear WHO, UNICEF, and other public
programming, geographic information and private partners have made
system applications, multiple-use plan- great strides in ending death and
ning, and public involvement in natu- disability from preventable child-
ral resource decisionmaking. In the hood diseases. The focus now is on
technical area of fire ecology and man- the 10 remaining countries with
agement, the Forest Service assesses the endemic polio: Afghanistan,
influence of fire on forest ecosystems, Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, India,
incorporating fire mitigation strategies Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Somalia,
into forest management systems. Other and Sudan.
cooperators include national forest ■ USDA’s Agricultural Research
agencies, NGOs, private industry, and Service is handling a large interna-
research institutions. tional portfolio. It embraces
numerous cooperative research
Numerous other projects increase projects with Mexican counter-
understanding of the earth’s processes. parts on topics such as safeguard-
For example, an international team of ing grain crop germplasm, seques-
researchers, the Nyanza Project Team, tering carbon dioxide, developing
is conducting research on environ- new molecular tools to assess
mental change and climate variability germplasm diversity, and increas-
through all of human history. The sci- ing food safety. Research funding
entists—from four African countries, was $400,000 for FY 2002.
Europe, and the United States—recov- ■ USAID pursues science and tech-
ered a 2,000-year-old record of atmos- nology-based solutions to increase
pheric circulation and dynamics from agricultural productivity. Through
sediments in Lake Tanganyika that alliances with universities, interna-
revealed El Niño-Southern Oscillation tional research centers, and
and solar cycles. NGOs, USAID helps bring sci-
ence to smallholder farmers and
Monitoring and Managing small rural businesses to improve
Resources More Effectively production and management.
U.S. scientists and partners around the ■ USAID supports vulnerability
world are applying new technologies assessments and mapping relating
and information to a wide range of to climate, seismic, and volcanic
pressing natural resource management activities. Such vulnerability maps
problems. Five examples follow. help reduce loss of lives and prop-
erty; they are used to develop
■ A priority for NOAA’s National national land use policies and
Ocean Service is supporting building codes for homes, roads,
coastal- and marine-protected area and bridges.
management and fostering inte-
grated management. The service is Improving Environmental
working with Antigua and Quality
Barbuda to develop and imple- Clean water, fresh air, and healthy food
ment a Special Area Management are critical for sustainable human devel-
Plan for Antigua’s northwest coast. opment. Degraded environments under-
■ USAID, the HHS Centers for mine important ecological systems for
human and economic growth. U.S. al capacity to respond to outbreaks, and
Government support for environmental train the region’s health authorities.
activities covers a wide spectrum—from
an initiative in one location to large The Department of Health and
bilateral agreements that involve many Human Services’ Safe Water System is a
institutions worldwide. water-quality intervention that uses
simple, inexpensive, and appropriate
USDA’s Forest Service helps national technologies. The objective is to make
governments assess their national forest water safe through disinfection and safe
inventory and develop monitoring sys- storage using local products, and edu-
tems. The service has integrated remote cation on hygiene and sanitation.
sensing and field technologies to moni- Public–private partnerships with strong
tor the health and status of forests for NGO involvement, community mobi-
application to specific management lization, and social marketing are typi-
issues to improve forest quality. Among cally involved. Projects are under way
current activities is work in Indonesia, in four countries in Latin America,
Brazil, Mexico, and Russia. seven in Africa, and three in Asia.
Applying appropriate technologies to At the request of the African Wildlife

improve environmental quality, Foundation, the USDA’s Forest Service
USAID supports borehole and well is helping the Foundation analyze
rehabilitation and maintenance to watershed erosion and degradation
increase availability of potable water in and develop priorities for improving
drought-prone countries such as deteriorating watersheds in project
Eritrea, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, areas of Kenya and Tanzania. ■
Pakistan, and Somalia. USAID also
supports rainwater harvesting by
building cisterns and ponds.
Working with Ducks Unlimited and

other partners, including the govern-
ments of Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay,
the Forest Service works to protect
migratory birds and waterfowl. The
project uses satellite technology and
site-gathered information to develop a
geographic information system database
and models to detect land use changes
in the Pantanal. Options for watershed
protection and conservation of biodi-
versity are being developed.
The Asia Pacific Economic

Cooperation strategy against disease,
led and supported by the United States,
includes a Network-of-Networks initia-
tive to improve disease surveillance and
monitoring in the region, boost nation-
Applying Partnerships to
Environmental Stewardship
Environmental stewardship conserves ship, either in whole (97 initiatives) or
the natural environment so it can sup- in part (91 initiatives). USAID alone
port life and provide current and future spends about $600 million annually on
generations with clean air and water, environmental programs. U.S. environ-
plentiful and nourishing food, and reli- mental stewardship initiatives address
able energy sources. Environmental agriculture and food security, biodiver-
“At its core, Johannesburg is about the
stewardship addresses basic human sity conservation, climate and global
relationship between human society
needs and conservation of the environ- change, education, energy, forests,
and the natural environment.”
ment, recognizing that the environ- freshwater, health, land degradation,
UN Secretary General ment supports all life and livelihood on and oceans/coastal areas, as shown in
Kofi Annan the planet and must be appropriately the figure below.
May 14, 2002
managed.
Many U.S. initiatives support multiple
U.S. Support for objectives, recognizing the inherently
Environmental integrated nature of the global environ-
Stewardship ment and its systems and products. For
The U.S. Government supports envi- instance, reducing biodiversity loss in
ronmental stewardship through initia- Brazil also decreases the threat of cli-
tives in 132 countries in all regions of mate change by limiting greenhouse gas
the world. Nearly half of all initiatives emissions in the forestry and energy
surveyed support sustainable develop- sectors. Initiatives that conserve fresh-
ment through environmental steward- water, ocean, and forest resources also
help protect biodiversity. A case study
in Honduras illustrates a multisectoral
approach.
Initiatives by Sectors and Subsectors
U.S. Government resource stewardship-

focused initiatives promote good gover-
nance, PVO and NGO institution
building, public–private partnerships,
private sector financing, and science
and technology.
Twelve U.S. Government agencies

implement and support international
resource stewardship initiatives through
partnerships with various donors and
development partners, including
indigenous and local-level NGOs and in the world, support family plan-
community groups, and with numer- ning and help stabilize world pop-
ous government partners and enterpris- ulation and thus decreasing pres-
es. Partnerships are a cornerstone to the sure on the environment.
efforts supporting resource stewardship. ■ Linking capacity building and local
empowerment enables communi-
Strategies used by the United States to ties to sustainably manage their
promote natural resource stewardship own resources and provide for
include the following: themselves. The U.S. Government
■ Fostering equitable economic builds individual and institutional
growth along with resource con- natural resource management
servation provides economic capacity overseas. For instance,
incentives to safeguard resources
and reduces losses resulting from
the over-exploitation of resources. Improving Management of Watersheds, Forests, and
Well-managed private sector ini- Protected Areas in Honduras
tiatives can foster development
while creating economic incen- In Honduras, USAID’s natural resource improve health in participating commu-
tives for forest conservation, as management initiatives, which historical- nities, increase income by using water for
shown by forestry programs in ly targeted the individual family or energy and irrigation, provide more
Bolivia. The Department of farmer, have brought 32,000 hectares of equitable access to water for domestic
Interior’s Sustainable, Bird- forestland under sustainable manage- and productive use, and reduce damage
ment, 6,500 hectares of farmland into and loss of property and life from flood-
Friendly Coffee initiative
cultivation using land and soil conserving and drought. Water-related efforts
enhances coffee quality, improves ing technologies, and 118,000 hectares are complemented by activities that sup-
environmental management prac- of protected port sustain-
tices, and promotes sales of higher areas under able forestry
value sustainable coffees by farm- effective man- and watershed
ers in Central and South America, agement. The management,
current pro- implemented
the Caribbean, East Africa, and
gram is shift- through the
Southeast Asia. Ecotourism, ing the focus National
which the U.S. Government sup- from the fami- Forestry
ports around the world, also sup- ly and farm to School and
ports business and conservation community, grants to local
interests simultaneously. municipal, environmen-
and regional tal organiza-
■ Promoting social development and
management tions to man-
resource stewardship simultaneous- organizations. age environ-
ly can promote good health, which USAID assis- mentally sen-
helps conserve the environment. In tance has sitive protect-
India, a partnership between a enabled 17 ed areas. The
U.S. electric motor firm and the NGOs to become capable of managing activities concentrate on watersheds that
protected areas effectively. are critical to drinking water supplies.
country’s largest automobile manu-
Training includes collection and manage-
facturer helped reduce lead and USAID is providing training, technical ment of basic hydrological and land use
other air pollutants emitted in assistance, and supplies to local govern- data, analysis of water resource con-
urban areas. Protecting the supply ments and NGOs to improve their abili- straints and opportunities, water use
and quality of freshwater protects ty to develop and manage critical water planning, and organization and adminis-
human health as well. U.S. supplies and services. The initiatives tration of inter-municipal water districts.
Government initiatives, the largest
the Peace Corps agriculture and biodiversity conservation, water
environment programs build resource management, energy, and
capacity as volunteers work with solid waste management, using
community members, farmers, and research-based methods and com-
school children; provide training munication, education, participa-
for service providers such as teach- tory, and behavioral approaches to
ers; and offer assistance to local encourage people to live more sus-
institutions, NGOs, and commu- tainably with their environment.
nities. Community-based The Peace Corps currently has
approaches that include historically about 1,800 volunteers working in
disadvantaged groups (such as 62 agriculture and environment
women) are becoming the norm projects worldwide. The goal of
in environmental stewardship, these projects is to strengthen
because local communities are communities’ ability to under-
often the best stewards of their stand, conserve, and use natural
environment. U.S.-supported work resources in a sustainable manner.
in Namibia, for instance, involves Strategies include environmental
numerous communities and NGOs education and training for exten-
in wildlife conservation and local sion agents, teachers, farm leaders,
economic development. U.S.-sup- and other service providers.
ported initiatives strive to be inclu- ■ Creative financing helps garner
sive, addressing everyone affected additional resources for resource
by resource use and allocation. stewardship. For instance, the
■ Undertaking information, educa- United States has provided $25
tion, and communications cam- million in debt reduction to
paigns increasingly provide knowl- Bangladesh, El Salvador, Peru, and
edge that enables individuals and Belize under the 1998 U.S.
communities to better conserve Tropical Forest Conservation Act,
their natural resources. Since which provides for relief of official
1993, USAID’s Environmental U.S. debt in return for forest con-
Education and Communication servation measures. Several other
program has worked in more than bilateral agreements are under dis-
40 countries to promote sustain- cussion. As well, the United States
able activities by helping to change has canceled $875 million in offi-
human behavior related to the cial debt owed by Argentina,
environment. Technical assistance Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, El
implemented through the Salvador, Jamaica, and Uruguay.
USAID’s GreenCOM program Peru bought back debt to the
aims to improve the capacity of United States valued at $177 mil-
host-country agencies, institutions, lion. Local currency generated over
and NGOs; build public support the life of the agreements is being
for environmental policies; expose directed to support environmental
target audiences to environmental and conservation programs and, in
issues; and disseminate relevant some cases, child development ini-
materials and information. tiatives. Since 1986, USAID has
GreenCOM provides expertise in provided $16 million for 17
such areas as environmental policy, debt-for-nature swaps in Bolivia,
Cameroon, Chile, Côte d’Ivoire, States is working aggressively to
Ghana, Madagascar, and the advance the science of climate and
Philippines, retiring nearly $100 global change. The U.S. Global
million in commercial bank debt Change Research Program coordinates
and generating significant local most U.S. research programs.
currency for in-country forest con- Participants include the Departments
servation programs, often involv- of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense,
ing NGOs. Energy, Health and Human Services,
Interior, and Transportation; the
Many of the sustainable development Environmental Protection Agency; the
initiatives that the United States sup- National Aeronautics and Space The U.S. leads the world in research on
climate and other global environmental
ports are closely interconnected and Administration; the National Science
changes, spending approximately $1.7
mutually supportive. For example, sup- Foundation; and the Smithsonian
billion annually since FY 2000 on its
port for more affordable and efficient Institution. The Office of Science and
focused climate change research pro-
energy in many countries means less Technology Policy and the Office of grams—roughly half the world’s focused
pressure on forests as alternative sources Management and Budget provide over- climate change research expenditures
of fuel as well as lower energy costs in sight on behalf of the Executive Office and three times more than the next
production that contribute to greater of the President. U.S. programs build largest spender.
competitiveness, employment, and con- on research undertaken over previous
sumer welfare. Combined, sustainable decades by independent programs and
development efforts offer benefits that researchers; many are coordinated
extend beyond each individual effort. internationally.
When the range of talents and
resources that public and private part- The Program concentrates its activities
nerships bring to responsible resource in six major areas:
stewardship is added to the inherent ■ climate variability and change pro-
interrelatedness of the sustainable grams (FY 2001 funding of $533
development process, the potential to million) look at climate change
make a difference, despite the enormity related to viability of agriculture,
of the need and the finite nature of distribution and productivity of
available funding, offers real promise forests and rangelands, diversity of
for progress in the decades ahead. All of flora and fauna, availability of
the UN sustainable development goals water, spread of insects and
are attainable once this interconnected- rodents that carry human disease
ness is recognized and cultivated. organisms, and the intensity and
frequency of floods and severe
Recognizing the weather events
Critical Nature of ■ atmospheric composition research and
Global Climate Change observations (FY 2001 funding of
The United States supports many $345.6 million) improve under-
programs addressing the challenges standing of ongoing changes in the
of global climate change. atmosphere
■ global carbon cycle activities (FY
Climate Variability and 2001 funding of $214 million)
Change Research recognize that carbon is the basis
Ensuring that its policies are informed for the food and fiber that sustains
by the best information, the United human populations, the primary
energy source, and a major con- ■ changes in ecosystems research and
tributor to the planetary green- assessment efforts (FY 2001 funding
house effect with potential for cli- of $204.9 million) contribute to
mate change knowledge of effects of global
■ global water cycle research activities change on ecosystems and effec-
(FY 2001 funding of $312.6 mil- tive ecosystem management and
lion) are directed toward enhanc- conservation
ing capabilities to quantify and ■ human dimensions of global change
predict trends in the global water programs (FY 2001 funding of
cycle and the regional availability $99.5 million) study the impact of
of freshwater sources studies human activities on the natural
environment on local, regional,
and global scales
The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
In June 2001, President Bush
Climate variability and change, announced the U.S. Climate Change
and more recently, notable increas-
Research Initiative aimed at reducing
es in ultraviolet radiation, have
key areas of uncertainty in climate
become important issues in the
Arctic over the past few decades. change science, identifying priority areas
It is now imperative to examine for additional investment in climate
possible future impacts on the change science, and improving the inte-
environment and its living gration of scientific knowledge into
resources, human health, and
effective decision support systems. The
relevant economic sectors.
President’s FY 2003 budget includes
Evaluating and synthesizing $40 million for the initiative.
knowledge on climate variability, climate Three major volumes will be completed
change, and consequences of increased by 2004: a peer-reviewed scientific vol- Place-based research on climate change
ultraviolet radiation is the task of the ume, a synthesis document summarizing and its effects provides a focus for
Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, a results, and a policy document providing
increased understanding of the climate
project of the Arctic Council. During recommendations for coping and adapta-
and generating information for effec-
2000 to 2004, it is gathering traditional tion measures.
knowledge, along with scientific and tive decision making. The importance
socioeconomic information. Its assess- All eight Arctic-rim member states of the of place-based research is illustrated by
ment is expected to lead to the develop- Arctic Council are contributing to the studies in the Arctic, where the most
ment of useful, reliable information for assessment, as are additional European severe environmental stresses are cli-
the nations of the Arctic region, helping governments with long-standing interest
mate related.
them identify policy options that address in Arctic research.
these environmental changes.
The United States is providing $600,000 To reduce the challenges posed by cli-
The assessment process is open and trans- in financial as well as in-kind support— mate change in developing and transi-
parent, with broad participation of experts through the National Science Foundation, tion countries, USAID launched a
from many disciplines and countries as National Oceanic and Atmospheric five-year, $1 billion Climate Change
well as representation from Arctic indige- Administration, and the University of
Initiative in 1998. The initiative pro-
nous peoples. The traditional knowledge Alaska—to establish a Secretariat at the
vides assistance to developing and tran-
being collected includes the changes University of Alaska in Fairbanks.
observed by different Arctic indigenous sition countries to help strengthen their
communities due to climate change and Each country is also supporting the participation in the UN Framework
variability, their observations of climate involvement of its citizens in the assess- Convention on Climate Change. The
impacts, and the effects of such changes ments and through in-kind contributions initiative promotes sustainable develop-
on their way of life, land and water use, such as the hosting of meetings and
ment that limits the growth of green-
diet, and social and cultural activities. workshops.
house gas emissions. Programs improve supporting policy reform, training,
energy efficiency and increase the use of demonstration projects, emissions
renewable energy sources, promote sus- inventorying, setting local emissions
tainable agriculture, improve urban reduction goals, and public–private
services and transportation planning, partnerships.
protect forest resources, and implement
forestry and farming techniques that The United States also engages the
preserve carbon stocks. The initiative private sector to promote sustainable
supports technology transfer and pub- development and address climate
lic–private partnerships. USAID pro- change in developing and transition
vides technical leadership and assistance countries. USAID promotes programs
to more than 40 countries and regions that facilitate dialogue, build partner-
around the world. ships, and support direct investment in
energy-efficient and other sustainable
As a part of USAID’s five-year, $1
billion effort, the Ukraine Climate
El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Prediction Capability
Change Initiative promotes integration
of environmental and economic devel-
Record losses were associated with a partic-
opment policies. The Ukraine ularly strong El Niño and the Southern
Initiative’s climate change information Oscillation (ENSO) pattern during 1998
center and project management office and 1999. These included, in 1998, losses
in Kiev provides links to international estimated at $90 billion from storms,
climate change programs and organiza- floods, droughts, and fires, and, in 1999,
another $67 billion in similar losses.
tions and maintains a database of all
U.S.-funded efforts are playing an impor-
climate change activities in Ukraine. tant role in linking predictions of climate
The center’s staff provides technical The ability to forecast, predict, and dis- variability with applications of that infor-
assistance to government, industry, and seminate information about El Niño and mation in ways that are helpful to users
NGOs to identify viable investment the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) of climate forecasts.
projects and develop ecologically events—which frequently cause economic
and social damage in parts of the Short-term El Niño forecasts have proved
responsible business plans, and helped
Americas, Africa, Asia, and the South their value in Peru. There, warm (El
Ukraine conduct a national greenhouse Pacific—is improving dramatically thanks Niño) years tend to be unfavorable for
gas emissions inventory. to U.S.-funded group research efforts. fishing; some have been marked by
floods. Cold (La Niña) years are wel-
The centerpiece of USAID’s global NOAA operates oceanic buoys, develops comed by fishermen but not by farmers,
strategy to address the nexus between models, and makes forecasts. The Inter- as they are frequently marked by drought
American Institute for Global Change and crop failures.
climate change and sustainable urban
Research coordinates efforts to docu-
development is Cities for Climate ment climate variability in the Americas Once an ENSO forecast is issued, farm-
Protection. The program assists munici- and its links to changes in natural sys- ers’ representatives and government offi-
palities to meet prevailing social and tems and societal impacts. ENSO fore- cials meet to decide on the appropriate
economic development challenges casts can play a key role in mitigating combination of crops to maximize overall
through approaches that reduce the the impacts of the floods or drought yield. A forecast of El Niño weather
that can lead to famine. Famine, like might induce farmers to sow more rice
urban contribution to climate change.
drought, is a slow-onset disaster, so fore- (to take advantage of greater precipita-
In partnership with the International warning— through an Institute effort or tion) and less cotton (which can handle
Council on Local Environmental a system like the Famine Early Warning drier conditions). ENSO forecasts have
Initiatives, USAID has worked with System—may enable countries to reduce also helped farmers in Australia, Brazil,
cities in Mexico, the Philippines, or eliminate its worst impacts. India, and various African nations.
Indonesia, India, and South Africa,
development projects. The Eurasian- journal editions. Funding for the
American Partnership for Environmen- Country Studies Program was $9.4
tally Sustainable Economics (EcoLinks) million from 1997 to 2000.
is an example of a project where a large
percentage of its technology transfer is Improving climate change technology
climate-related. USAID launched the research and development is a major
EcoLinks initiative in 1998 to help U.S. commitment. Programs enhancing
solve urban and industrial environmen- basic research, strengthening applied
tal problems by improving access to research through public–private part-
financial resources, trade and invest- nerships, developing improved tech-
ment, and information technologies. nologies for measuring and monitoring
gross and net greenhouse gas emissions,
Building Capacity to Address and supporting projects for new tech-
Climate Change nologies include the National Climate
Building capacity to address regional Change Technology Initiative and the
implications of climate changes and to Nature Conservancy project.
undertake regional research projects is a
key U.S. Government effort. The U.S. The Nature Conservancy project uses
National Science Foundation and inter- newly developed aerial and satellite-
national partners support the SysTem based technology to study forests in
for Analysis, Research, and Training Brazil and Belize to determine their
program to develop regional networks carbon sequestration potential. The
of collaborating scientists and institu- research partnership, composed of the
tions to enhance global change science Department of Energy, the Nature
capacity in developing countries, train Conservancy (an NGO), and compa-
global climate change scientists, and nies such as General Motors and
provide access to data, communication American Electric Power, is studying
technology, and global climate change how carbon dioxide can be stored more
research results. effectively by changing land-use prac-
tices and investing in forestry projects.
Building human and institutional The United States will provide $1.7
capacities was also the task of the U.S. million of the $2 million cost of the
Country Studies Program, which pro- three-year project.
vided technical and financial support to
56 developing countries to help them Meeting Energy
develop a country inventory of green- Challenges
house gas emissions, assess vulnerability Energy is central to many aspects of
to climate change, and evaluate strate- life—food production, health, heating
gies necessary for mitigating and adapt- and cooling, lighting, communications,
ing to climate change. Drawing on education, industrial production, and
technical experts from nine U.S. transportation. In development terms,
Government departments and agencies energy is a tool to achieve broader
and led by the Department of State, development goals in health, education,
the program helped countries and environmental protection, and eco-
international institutions produce more nomic growth. Unfortunately, more
than 160 major country reports, 10 than 2 billion people around the world
guidance documents, 60 workshop and do not have access to modern energy
conference proceedings, and 16 special services and technologies. In Africa, for
example, many women spend up to six portfolio includes promoting energy
hours a day manually milling grain that sector reform that supports free-market
could be milled electrically in a fraction policies and sound energy pricing;
of the time. encouraging energy conservation;
increasing use of renewable energy
Clean, efficient production and use of sources and clean-energy technologies;
energy reduces consumption of natural increasing equitable and efficient access
resources. Developing countries are to energy, particularly by poor and
well positioned to make use of sustain- remote populations; building capacity
able technologies to expand their ener- in public and private energy institu-
gy infrastructure and increase energy tions; and instituting improved energy
supplies without degrading the envi- standards.
ronment. To achieve and maintain
social and economic progress, develop- Most U.S. Government energy initia-
ing countries and economies in transi- tives address two or more sustainable
tion need to expand their access to development areas, such as climate
clean, affordable energy supplies, while change, health, economic growth,
minimizing pollution and waste. trade, and transportation. An initiative
U.S. Initiatives Help Address Europe and Eurasia Power Sector Reform
Energy Challenges
The United States helps countries
In 17 countries in Central and Eastern
address their energy challenges, includ- Europe and Eurasia, USAID has supported
ing supporting use of more efficient, systemic power sector reform—developing
less polluting power sources like natural legal and regulatory frameworks,
gas and renewable energy. Renewable unbundling monopoly systems, creating
modern electricity markets, and opening
energy, energy efficiency, and clean-
up to private sector investors. Its program
energy technologies are decreasing in
has supported creation of autonomous
cost, making them viable options for energy regulatory bodies with authority for
the developing world’s growing energy pricing and reforms. USAID supported the
needs. The U.S. Government also national regulatory bodies’ creation of a
works to improve the quality of energy professional regional energy regulatory net-
work—the Energy Regulators Regional
services by promoting private sector
Association, based in Budapest. USAID countries. After initial success in that area,
involvement in energy generation and
has also supported reform by implement- USAID is helping set up the Municipal
distribution, working with local, ing 45 public–private partnerships between Network for Energy Efficiency to improve
provincial, and national energy agencies energy companies in the region and U.S. energy efficiency policies and disseminate
to increase their capacity to provide safe utilities and energy companies. best practices. This has provided the basis
and affordable energy equitably. for innovative credit arrangements, such as
USAID helped countries in the region Bulgaria’s Development Credit Authority
engage their national systems in regional that guarantees bank loans for energy effi-
USAID and the Department of Energy
networks and markets to improve access to ciency projects to small private and munic-
lead U.S. Government efforts to sup- electricity supplies, and their reliability and ipal borrowers. In 2001, Bulgaria’s munici-
port sustainable development through cost effectiveness. USAID promoted insti- pal energy efficiency component grew sig-
energy-related initiatives. The Trade tutional development of private energy nificantly, as lending reached nearly $1
and Development Agency, the Export- efficiency engineering firms in Armenia, million to private and municipal borrowers
Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and with a pipeline of almost $5 million.
Import Bank, the Overseas Private
Ukraine. With the U.S. Department of Similar programs are now being imple-
Investment Corporation, and the
Energy, USAID helped form nongovern- mented in other southeastern European
Environmental Protection Agency also mental energy efficiency centers in several countries.
play a role. The U.S. Government’s
might, for example, reinforce how local southern Africa and Asia to phase out
access to a reliable energy source can use of leaded gasoline. In Panama,
contribute to community empower- USAID was successful in helping the
ment and good governance. As in other newly established Environmental
sectors, the U.S. Government uses a Authority develop a policy that pro-
variety of means in its energy initiatives motes investments in cleaner produc-
to reach the common goal of clean, tion technologies for industry.
efficient energy systems throughout
the developing world. Under the Collaborative Labeling and
Appliance Standards activity, 10 coun-
Assisting National Energy tries are creating national labeling stan-
Agencies dards for energy efficiency. For example,
USAID’s work assists national energy Ghana established standards for air con-
agencies and encourages private invest- ditioners and is now pursuing standards
ment in clean, efficient energy systems. for refrigeration. The Department of
These efforts have produced signifi- Energy works in the Baltic countries,
cant, sustainable results in more than China, Central Europe, Mexico, and
65 countries. In Europe and Eurasia, Ukraine, and with a variety of multilat-
USAID is helping in substantial ways eral donors, government, and private
to reform national systems and encour- sector partners to develop energy-effi-
age industries to develop more efficient cient labels and standards for building
systems. appliances and equipment. In Ecuador,
USAID worked with selected industries
The USAID Energy Efficiency program to save over $5 million annually
collaborated with the Environmental through implementation of pollution-
Protection Agency and countries in prevention and energy-efficiency prac-
tices and investments in cleaner produc-
Working Toward Clean, Efficient, Safe Transport Services tion technologies.
The U.S. Federal Highway Administration USAID is working with various coun-
implements programs to achieve safer, tries in Africa to promote cross-border
more efficient, and cleaner transportation energy training to reduce the cost of
services in a number of countries. The pro- electricity. For example, USAID, in
gram builds on national and international
partnership with other bilateral and
programs that promote appropriate tech-
nology transfer to increase opportunities to multilateral donors, supports the
leverage funding. It is improving access to Southern Africa Power Pool, an interna-
transportation technology and information tional power pool that coordinates
through a network of centers that facilitate transborder energy trading and harmo-
foreign investment and international trade nizes regional energy policies to recover
in Botswana, Czech Republic, Hungary,
costs fully and share benefits equitably.
Malawi, Namibia, Russia, Slovakia, South
Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Pool covers 12 countries, 9 million
The activities of the program include the ■ promoting public–private sector square kilometers, and 200 million peo-
following: business linkages between the United ple. It is the first international pool in
■ helping establish technology States and partner countries the developing world. USAID’s pro-
exchange centers ■ fostering technology and knowledge
gram with the Pool was instrumental
■ facilitating twinning relationships sharing between the United States
in accelerating a recent $150 million
between state departments of tran- and partner countries to stimulate
portation and their counterparts economic growth and trade World Bank-funded transmission inter-
connection project.
Transportation services in much of the tunity to tap Mexico’s abundant solar
developing world offer ample scope for and wind resources, USAID started the
the clean and efficient use of energy. Mexico Renewable Energy Program, a
The U.S. Federal Highway Administra- partnership of USAID, Sandia National
tion is instrumental in implementing Laboratories, and FIRCO, a federal
programs aimed at achieving safer, more
efficient, and cleaner transportation
services in countries around the world. Transferring Power Technology Aids India
Most power in India is produced by

Helping Provide Access to
burning high-ash coal, which contributes
Electricity to making the county the second fastest-
Providing access to electricity is an growing generator of greenhouse gases
important program focus. A USAID (after China), and the sixth largest gener-
and U.S. Department of Energy Village ator in the world. With the majority of 1
Power project provides electricity for billion Indians still dependent on agricul-
ture for their livelihoods and hundreds of
the first time to rural communities in
millions vulnerable to drought and flood,
more than 30 countries. Relying on
India is taking a hard look at global cli-
renewable forms of energy, the project mate change. Important in this equation Collaboration with the center represents
reduces greenhouse gas emissions and is the National Thermal Power one of the most effective partnerships in
helps reduce pressure on finite fossil Corporation, India’s largest single genera- mitigating greenhouse gases and has
fuels. It helps improve quality of life, tor of electricity. resulted in avoidance of over 7.4 million
tons of carbon dioxide equivalents cumu-
alleviate poverty, and slow migration
The Center for Power Efficiency and latively since 1997. This work, coupled
urban areas. A USAID initiative in
Environmental Protection is a model for with other important USAID contribu-
South Africa promotes energy equity, technology transfer and cooperation tions in demand-side management, ener-
energy-efficient housing, and, recently, between USAID and India. The demand gy efficiency, and renewable energy, has
energy efficiency in municipal services. for the center’s services and the impres- helped avoid another 2.1 million tons of
By leveraging private sector finance and sive results of their generation-side effi- carbon dioxide.
ciency improvements have prompted its
investment, more than 70,000 histori-
expansion beyond the original center USAID and National Thermal Power
cally disadvantaged households have
on the outskirts of New Delhi to the Corporation have also partnered to pro-
electricity. The initiative has also helped regional capitals of Lucknow and Patna. mote water conservation and recycling in
build alliances that improve equitable USAID has been working in close coal washing and utilization of fly ash as a
access to electricity and increase energy collaboration with the U.S. National construction material; the goal is to
efficiency in South Africa. Energy Technology Laboratory and the reduce the environmental hazards, partic-
Tennessee Valley Authority to provide ularly contamination of scarce ground
support to the new regional offices by water, posed by current practices. USAID
A loan from the U.S. Overseas Private
procuring cutting-edge testing and diag- is also funding a feasibility study for an
Investment Corporation also made a nostic equipment and training staff in its Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
difference to a Sri Lankan electricity use. The $700,000 in USAID assistance power plant—the cleanest technology
project. This financing enabled a U.S. for equipment purchase has prompted available to produce power from coal.
business to supply small solar power the National Thermal Power Corporation The center’s efforts, along with demand-
to invest $1.25 million of its own funds side contributions in management, energy
systems to homes and businesses that
to procure additional testing equipment. efficiency, and renewable energy, have
had never been electrified.
averted more than 9.5 million tons of car-
India currently produces 100,000 bon dioxide and equivalents since 1997.
In Mexico, more than 5 million people megawatts, and the government plans to The passage of India’s Energy
lack access to grid electricity. More than double generation capacity in the near Conservation Act and formation of the
100,000 rural communities need future. USAID has collaborated for a government’s new Bureau for Energy
number of years with a range of partners Efficiency have given concrete expression
potable water. More than 600,000
from India and the United States on to policy achievements in energy produc-
farmers and ranchers need water for
greenhouse gas mitigation activities. tion and use.
livestock and crops. Seizing the oppor-
agency under the Mexican Secretary Project seeks to reduce greenhouse gas
of Agriculture. Under this program, emissions and lead, particulates, and
Mexican farmers and ranchers have smog-forming emissions from motor
installed more than 200 water pumps vehicles in the region. Under the proj-
powered by solar, wind, and diesel for ect, USAID promoted clean-burning
livestock, crop irrigation, community compressed natural gas use in the trans-
wells, and other uses that support eco- portation sector; in FY 2000, sales
nomic growth. In 2000 this project exceeded expectations, rising from 20.2
culminated in a $31 million World million to 28.8 million gasoline gallon
Bank loan that will support installation equivalents. Under the Egyptian
of 1,255 solar- or wind-powered agri- Environmental Policy Program, USAID
cultural pumping systems by 2005. provides assistance to the Energy
Efficiency Council, a consortium of
Fostering Pollution Abatement leading public and private sector organ-
Pollution abatement is an important izations that recently completed a
dimension of U.S. Government-sup- National Energy Efficiency Strategy
ported energy programs. An initiative Framework for Egypt. The effort
led by the U.S. Environmental involves numerous stakeholders and
Protection Agency seeks to improve air calls for the adoption and implementa-
quality in developing countries by tion of policy reforms and market ini-
working to build and strengthen air tiatives to help achieve the national
quality management capacity at region- objectives of economic development, a
al, national, and local levels. The key sustainable national energy supply, and
emphases for this initiative are: environmental protection. Energy
■ air quality management training efficiency service companies increased
through development of the Clean from 9 to 13 in 2000 and should total
Air Training Network for Asia, a 21 in 2003.
new training center
■ liaison with the World Bank’s Clean The U.S. Department of Energy has a
Air Initiatives for Latin America, long history of working with U.S. cities
Asia, Africa, and Eastern Europe to promote use of clean transportation
■ the development of tools, informa- fuels. The Department shares its Clean
tion, and approaches to combat air Cities model with cities in Mexico,
pollution, particularly air emissions Chile, India, Peru, Philippines, Brazil,
from vehicles that are the leading Costa Rica, Guatemala, Trinidad and
cause of air pollution in most Tobago, Bangladesh, and Nepal to
developing cities, with a focus on facilitate deployment of alternative fuel
phasing out use of leaded gasoline vehicles and quantify their local and
and reducing sulfur in diesel and global emission benefits. This program
gasoline fuels works with multilateral donors, nation-
■ technical assistance and capacity- al and local government counterparts,
building activities in priority coun- and the private sector.
tries and areas, including India,
Russia, Central America, China, Sharing Energy Technologies
Mexico, southeast Asia, and Africa The U.S. Government supports sharing
scientific technologies in the energy
In Egypt, USAID has two energy pro- area. For instance, USAID has a long
grams. The Cairo Air Improvement history of providing technical assistance
and training to Indian energy agencies ■ Fundamental ecosystem services
and municipal governments. The such as pollination, water purifica-
Center for Power Efficiency and tion and supply, soil formation,
Environmental Protection is a model flood and storm protection have
for technology transfer and cooperation been valued at $33 billion a year.
between USAID and India. Center ■ Fifty-seven percent of the 150
engineers received much of their train- most prescribed drugs have their
ing to improve supply-side energy origins in nature. Despite such
efficiency from U.S. private and widespread use, only 2 percent
public sector institutions, such as the of the 250,000 described species
Southern Research Institute, Electric of vascular plants have been “Biodiversity is declining at an unprece-
Power Research Institution, Tennessee screened for their chemical dented rate—as much as a thousand
Valley Authority, and the U.S. compounds. times what it would be without the
Department of Energy’s National ■ Traditional medicine, which relies impact of human activity. Half of the
Energy Technology Laboratory. on species of wild and cultivated tropical rainforests have already been
plants, forms the basis of primary lost. About 75 percent of marine fish-
Maintaining health care for about 80 percent eries have been fished to capacity.
Biodiversity and of all people living in developing Seventy percent of coral reefs are
Conserving Critical countries. endangered.”
Ecosystems ■ Farmers around the world spend UN Secretary General

Biodiversity is being lost more quickly about $25 billion annually on Kofi Annan
today than at any time since the extinc- pesticides; natural parasites and May 14, 2002
tion of the dinosaurs. Extinction rates predators in the world’s ecosystems

are currently 100 to 1000 times faster provide an estimated 5 to 10 times
than historical rates, with 10,000– this amount of free pest control.
25,000 species lost each year. Twenty ■ Wild species are the gene bank
percent of the world’s species will be used to maintain the vigor of our
extinct within the next 30 years. crops and livestock.
Extinction is not only occurring in
temperate and tropical terrestrial Conservation of biodiversity is thus
ecosystems, but also throughout marine essential to environmental and econom-
and coastal ecosystems. Human activi- ic sustainability. Biodiversity underpins
ties are driving species to extinction ecosystem integrity and functions while
through conversion of natural habitats influencing resilience and resistance to
around the world, over-exploitation environmental change. The diversity of
of living resources, and pollution. life constitutes a unique resource for
this and future generations. It is clear,
When we lose biodiversity, we lose the however, that the battle to keep the
very foundation of Earth’s essential earth’s biological diversity, as currently
goods and services. For example: fought, is being lost.
■ A third of all food is prepared
from plants pollinated by insects Many developing countries have
and wild animals. The FAO ecosystems with a trove of biological
estimated the 1995 contribution resources and still-undiscovered plant
from pollination to the worldwide and animal species. Through U.S.
production of just 30 of the major Government funding, often with
fruit, vegetable, and tree crops to USAID and U.S.-based NGOs, the
be about $54 billion per year. United States is helping countries link
their economic and social development USAID pioneered and now supports
with the conservation and sustainable one of the most comprehensive biodi-
use of natural resources. An interesting versity conservation programs of any
example is the case of the Meso- bilateral donor. It has supported sus-
American Biological Corridor. tainable natural resources management
and biodiversity conservation in more
than 60 countries over the last nine
Improving Environmental Management in years. Activities include establishing
the Meso-American Biological Corridor and managing protected areas; assisting
in formulating policy, legislation, and
The Meso-American Biological regulations supporting biodiversity con-
Corridor, a network of rainforests servation; and supporting international
and other pristine ecosystems rich multilateral environmental agreements.
in diverse plant and animal life, is
home to one of the largest and
Several initiatives illustrate the range of
most unique conservation efforts
currently underway in the world.
U.S.-supported activities to preserve
The corridor includes not only biodiversity.
pristine ecosystems but also a ■ The Smithsonian Institution’s
myriad of land uses. Spanning Monitoring and Assessment of
from Mexico to Panama, the cor- Biodiversity Program is an interna-
ridor is home to a wealth of rare
tional leadership program to pro-
fauna and flora as well as many
indigenous communities.
vide support and training to biodi-
Although Central America versity monitoring and assessment
accounts for less than 1 percent facilitated the establishment of the Meso- projects in developing countries.
of the world’s total land surface, it con- American Alliance for Ecotourism Begun in 1986 as a joint agree-
tains an estimated 7 percent of the planet’s Development. There are also efforts ment between the Smithsonian
known biodiversity. underway to widen market access for
and UNESCO, the program’s
environmentally sound products and
Over the course of a six-year, $37.5 mil- services, and to develop marketing strate-
mission is to better understand
lion activity, USAID is working alongside gies for “green” products, such as biodi- the world’s forest biological diversi-
a host of partners, including EPA, the versity-friendly agriculture, organic ty and its trends, and to make the
Central American Commission on goods, and ecotourism. In conjunction resulting information available for
Environment and Development, the with the commission, USAID is support- a wide range of users. This research
Global Environment Facility, UNDP, the ing the balancing of regional environ-
is accomplished through a network
Inter-American Development Bank, the mental standards and the implementation
German aid agency, several national gov- of international environmental agree-
of sites under different degrees of
ernments, and U.S. and local NGOs. The ments and conventions. USAID is also management and utilization. In
focus is on providing technical assistance supporting an assessment of opportuni- cooperation with agencies,
and financial support for improved pro- ties for addressing pollution problems researchers, and program counter-
tected areas management, promotion of and potential financing options for parts, a protocol for establishing
environmentally-friendly products and pollution reduction projects.
and monitoring biodiversity plots
services, harmonization of environmental
regulations, and increased adoption of less- This program encourages productive and
has been developed and imple-
polluting technologies and practices. sustainable use of natural resources by mented in nearly 62 sites.
developing viable economic activities by ■ NOAA and the National Marine
Sustainable tourism practices are being which people can earn their livelihoods. In Fisheries Service are supporting the
promoted through alliances, capacity this way, the initiative uses environmental Turtle Excluder Devices program.
building, accreditation, and mapping of conservation as a catalyst to alleviate
Started in Mexico, the program
tourism operations in targeted sites. poverty and improve quality of life, foster
Tourism certification in Mexico, Belize, regional cooperation, and preserve the
has been extended to 40 countries,
Guatemala, and Honduras has already region’s rich cultural heritage. providing training to officials
responsible for the protection of
sea turtles and commercial fishing assisting groups to gain control
operations. The turtle excluder over land and devise sustainable
device, which is used with com- resource management strategies.
mercial shrimping operations, Forest user communities have an
excludes 97 percent of the turtles incentive to mitigate threats to bio-
encountered with minimal loss of diversity, because the health of the
shrimp. This is an example of bal- resource base is critical to the suc-
ancing commercial needs with the cess of the enterprise. The project
need to protect biological also provides business development
resources. services to the groups for enterpris-
■ The U.S. Department of the es in essential oils, papermaking,
Interior, with USAID funding, is and other natural products.
providing technical assistance on ■ USAID is supporting the Wildlife
environmental education, biodiver- Conservation Society in the
sity monitoring, protected area Republic of Congo to conserve the
management, and income genera- region’s unique and extraordinary
tion in four of Ecuador’s high wildlife, which is threatened by
Andean protected areas. The tech- logging and the export of bush-
nical assistance involves a wide meat that follows in its wake.
range of training in law enforce- The Society works closely with
ment and biological monitoring, as the Congo Ministry of Forest
well as promoting sustainable Economy and the managers of log-
development projects in buffer ging companies that work around
zones around selected protected the reserves in northern Congo to
areas. Additional components also design and establish systems of
include forestry management, agri- wildlife conservation and manage-
culture, ecotourism, and small ment on forestry concession lands.
business development. This includes methods to reduce
■ In Nepal, USAID is supporting the ecological impact of logging
EnterpriseWorks Worldwide and operations and prohibit the hunt-
the Asia Network for Sustainable ing of endangered species and the
Agriculture and Bioresources to export of any bushmeat from the
implement a program to conserve concession. Several logging compa-
the globally significant mountain nies in Congo are now focusing on
biodiversity of western Nepal the impact of logging-based demo-
through community forest manage- graphic growth, establishing
ment linked to enterprise develop- wildlife management systems for
ment. The program promotes local sustainable subsistence use by
capacity building, long-term sus- communities, and developing
tainability, local level coordination, alternative sources of protein for
and smooth implementation of community consumption.
project activities. This enterprise- ■ USAID, by improving field-level
based biodiversity conservation impacts and community forest
project focuses on creating sustain- management techniques, is helping
able economic activities for com- Madagascar reduce forest cover
munities dependent on natural change, a significant biodiversity
resources. Through the community conservation indicator. Forest
forestry legislation, the network is cover monitoring for the
1993–2001 period puts forest loss regular contact and cooperation
rates at 2.6 percent and 3.5 per- with local and national-level gov-
cent in USAID intervention zones. ernment personnel, a new marine
Forest loss in comparable non- zone for Nalychevo Nature Park
intervention zones was 6.7 percent. on the east coast of Kamchatka
■ A USAID-supported indigenous has been created. The area will
governing organization in Bolivia cover 76 square miles of marine
successfully protected 4.6 million and coastal habitat, protecting
hectares of tropical forest in the seal and seabird rookeries in the
Kaa Iya protected area from petro- western Bering Sea.
chemical development.
■ USAID’s partnership with the Water—Taking an
Nature Conservancy in Paraguay Integrated and
has supported priority conserva- Sustainable Approach
tion initiatives, developing a broad Successful management of water
conservation vision for the Chaco resources is one of the most critical
and Pantanal ecoregions. The goal issues facing humanity. Clean, safe fresh
of the cross-border project is to water is vital for the life and health of
strengthen the capacity of people and ecosystems; it is also a cen-
Paraguayan public and private tral resource for economic and social
organizations to conserve biodiver- development. Water security is indis-
sity within these globally impor- pensable to sustainable development.
tant ecoregions by developing pub-
lic and private sector conservation The U.S. Government shares in the
initiatives in coordination with global consensus that achieving a water-
neighboring countries that share secure future for all the earth’s human
the same habitat types and riverine residents and natural systems will
systems. The results will lay the require a much different way of manag-
foundation for complementary ini- ing our shared water resources.
tiatives, further upgrading Historically, water management has
Paraguay’s biodiversity conserva- tended to compartmentalize the human
tion portfolio. relationship to water resources by con-
■ USAID is working with the World sidering each activity and use separately.
Wildlife Fund to conserve the Water for drinking, to manage waste,
globally significant biodiversity of for irrigation, for industrial activity, for
the Bering Sea by protecting key navigation, to produce energy, to sup-
sites and wildlife populations, as port productive estuaries and fisheries,
well as shaping development poli- and for environmental health have each
cies for improved stewardship in been treated as distinct political, eco-
collaboration with local communi- nomic, or management issues, without
ties, the private sector, and the a deep appreciation of the fundamental
U.S. and Russian governments. linkages among them or the enormous
USAID funding has allowed the ripple effects that can occur upstream
World Wild Life Fund to obtain and downstream.
new support, thereby expanding
conservation efforts in the region. Water security is essential for sustain-
Through extensive education pro- able development. Underpinning water
grams, ecosystem monitoring, and security are important concepts:
1) water should be appropriately valued; U.S. Government agencies and their
2) sustainable water resources ensure the partners support programs that help
integrity of ecosystems; 3) all people countries protect and deliver clean water
should have access to safe and sufficient to their people. The programs address
water and sanitation systems, 4) equi- many water security issues, including
table allocation of water means having water supply, sanitation, and wastewater
water sufficient to produce food for the management; natural resource manage-
world’s population, 5) peaceful coopera- ment; economic development and food
tion should characterize use of shared security; and disaster preparedness and
water resources; and 6) people should avoidance. Many foster participatory
be safe from water-related hazards such planning and implementation, based on
as floods, droughts, and pollution. sound science that brings stakeholders
together to determine how to meet
The growing consensus on how to long-term needs for water while sup-
achieve water security is through porting essential ecological services and
an Integrated Water Resources economic benefits. As the lead U.S.
Management approach. This approach Government agency working in interna-
sets out a participatory planning and tional water issues, USAID has directed
implementation process, based on substantial resources to various aspects
sound science, which brings together of water resources management, water
stakeholders to determine how to meet
society’s long-term needs for water and
coastal resources while maintaining
Increased Conservation and Sustainable Use of Water Resources
essential ecological services and
economic benefits.
USAID has a five-year (1999–2004), basins, aquifers, or water basins, and
$100 million commitment to promote involves stakeholders in participatory,
The integrated approach provides for
integrated water resource management, transparent planning and implementation.
planning and management of freshwa- improve ecosystem and water resources Stakeholders determine how to meet soci-
ter, land (especially watershed), and management, and contribute to improved ety’s long-term needs for water and coastal
marine resources, taking into account environmental management and econom- resources and short-term needs for ecolog-
social, economic, and environmental ic growth in ical services and
numerous coun- economic bene-
factors. Consideration is given to inte-
tries. For exam- fits. Under this
grating surface water, groundwater,
ple, the program approach, local
and related ecosystems; water quality; promoted decen- communities are
and equity for individuals and regions. tralized freshwa- becoming more
Integrated water resources manage- ter resources effective natural
ment relies on collaboration and part- management in resources man-
Morocco and El agers. With
nerships at all levels, from individuals
Salvador, helped institutional
to international organizations. The
the Central strengthening,
United States promotes integrated Asian Republics NGOs are effec-
water resource management by imple- improve policy tively imple-
menting innovative projects in coun- for sustainable freshwater resources man- menting integrated programs programs.
tries throughout the world, leading agement, and supported Jordan’s imple- Host-country governments are promoting
mentation of improved freshwater policies effective natural resource policies and pro-
international discussions and strategic
to manage its chronic water deficit. grams, and developing countries are bene-
planning exercises, coordinating poli-
fiting economically as freshwater and
cies among donors and lenders, and Integrated water and coastal resources coastal resources are used sustainably and
participating in international forums management focuses on entire river conserved.
and UN committee sessions.
availability, sustainable use, and gover- smaller, underserved locations. The
nance, totalling at least $11 billion over United States has also emphasized
the last 30 years, and well over $400 the institutional development
million annually in recent years. (including improved regulations
and cost recovery) of local utilities
Water Supply, Sanitation, and to develop sustainable services. The
Wastewater Management year 2002 will see construction
It is increasingly important for initiated on three large-scale
developing countries to use existing water/wastewater facilities. As the
resources more efficiently and improve infrastructure construction program
municipal governance and infrastruc- winds down, U.S. emphasis will
ture services. USAID is on the cutting shift to reform of regulatory struc-
edge of efforts in water, sanitation, and tures and policy issues in the water
solid waste management projects, sup- sector. This includes improving
porting programs worldwide. operating efficiency, strengthening
commercial practices, and promot-
■ In late 2001, USAID and the ing private sector investment.
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation ■ In Jordan, USAID-funded activi-
initiated the Water for the Poor: ties focus on three issues affecting
The West Africa Water Initiative, water scarcity, which remains the
a partnership to maximize the single most critical factor affecting
impact of development invest- Jordan’s chances for sustainable
ments by both the U.S. govern- economic growth. First, USAID
ment and the private sector. The promotes more effective water
initiative seeks to invest in potable management by improving data
water supply activities based on collection, institutions, and the
an integrated approach to policy framework. Second, the
water resources management. agency supports more efficient
Collaboration with other organiza- water use by rehabilitating water
tions will create programmatic systems and introducing modern
synergy and draw on the comple- water-use technologies. USAID
mentary strengths of affiliated rehabilitated 10 springs and wells
partners. The budget is provision- and modified the Zai Water
ally estimated at $5–$10 million Treatment Plant. Third, USAID
per year. supports improving and expanding
■ In the Middle East, more than half wastewater treatment capacity.
of U.S. support for water security USAID funded construction of the
goes to its very arid regions. For new wastewater treatment facility
example, since the start of at Wadi Mousa, near Petra; expan-
American aid to Egypt, the U.S. sion of the wastewater treatment
has spent more than $2.8 billion to plant in Aqaba; and the new build-
improve Egypt’s urban water and operate-transfer wastewater treat-
wastewater infrastructure and ment plant at As-Samra outside
increase service to more than 22 Amman. Improvements in waste-
million people. In the 1980s and water treatment and reuse are
early 1990s, programs concentrated focusing on increasing the amount
on Cairo and Alexandria. Since of water available for agricultural
then, the program has shifted to use in Jordan.
■ In Africa, EPA’s ongoing efforts ing water programs. Through
to improve drinking water focus train-the-trainer workshops, tech-
on building the capacity of local nical assistance, and hands-on
water professionals and communi- practical experience, water profes-
ties to provide safe drinking water. sionals, decisionmakers, laboratory
These efforts were a result of EPA’s personnel, NGOs, and community
International Safe Drinking Water members learned how to analyze
Initiative launched in 1999. EPA’s water quality data and use them to
Africa program involves a partner- make decisions.
ship with Water For People, a ■ In El Salvador, USAID is helping
U.S.-based NGO, to address the increase access by rural households
water and sanitation needs of the to clean water through local gover-
urban poor. Working in Kenya, nance programs, resulting in 24
Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, and decentralized water systems now
Zambia, the partnership is sup- serving more than 11,000 rural
porting innovative approaches, families. The project helps ensure
fostering water sector reform, that water resources management
strengthening local water associa- and regulation and water services
tions as agents of change, and provision are strengthened and
sharing lessons. The key to the supported at the local level.
sustainability of EPA’s Africa pro- The focus is on entrepreneurial
gram—and its similar program in approaches to operations and
Central America—is in the part- management that involve active
nerships developed and nurtured participation by local NGOs and
with stakeholders in each country, utility companies. Key compo-
particularly the national municipal nents that have helped attract pri-
institutions, NGOs, community vate financing include strength-
leaders, and decisionmakers. EPA ened local management that facili-
has worked closely with these tates public participation in the
groups to assess the needs, identify local control of water systems,
the local experts, develop action management of water resources at
plans, and bring the appropriate the watershed level, cooperation
stakeholders to the table. EPA between and within watersheds,
continues to strengthen these pro- more equitable access to water,
grams to provide the tools and land-use control through zoning,
knowledge needed to improve and regulating the use and abuse
local and regional drinking water of water resources.
quality and meet sanitation needs. ■ In the southern Caucasus, with
■ In Central America, in response to USAID assistance, a three-year inte-
the devastation of Hurricane grated water management project
Mitch, USAID joined forces with in the Araks/Kura Basin is building
other U.S. Government agencies to capacity for sustainable water
help rebuild the region. Several resource management in Armenia,
programs sought to improve drink- Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The proj-
ing water quality by strengthening ect focuses on national level systems
laboratories, optimizing treatment and local level approaches to moni-
plant operations, protecting water toring water quantity and quality to
sources, and developing safe drink- address environmental degradation.
USAID expects to support the
Resource Stewardship in the Panama Canal Watershed
establishment and strengthening of
water-sector institutions, improve
Since 1998, USAID’s GreenCOM pro- water quantity and quality indica-
gram has been working in Panama to tors, promote legal and policy
enable students, the media, and commu-
reform.
nities to take greater care of their
resources through public information and
■ In Africa and Asia, the Trade and
communications campaigns. The Development Agency allocated $4
GreenCOM project offers technical assis- million in FY 2002 for water activ-
tance in environmental education and in ities. Ekiti State, Nigeria, recently
strategic communication to institutions received a $360,000 agency grant
responsible for sustainable management
to study the technical, financial,
of the Panama Canal watershed, which is
vital to safeguarding freshwater resources.
economic, and environmental
The program is to continue through early aspects of expanding the state’s
2006 and cost $6.1 million. It aims to potable water infrastructure.
increase public awareness, reinforce Improving Nigeria’s water safety
municipalities’ capacity to deal with local should decrease the number of
environmental issues, protect the national
waterborne illnesses. The Agency
parks and protected areas, and reinforce
the capabilities of NGOs and national
also sponsored a regional Asian
institutions to implement environmental meeting, Partnering for Clean
laws and regulations. Water, and plans to offer grants to
With technical assistance from selected municipalities and special
A highly successful television, radio, and GreenCOM, Panama adopted an Inter- purpose corporations with priori-
print media campaign heightened aware- Institutional Commission for the Canal
ty water projects.
ness of the benefits of the watershed. For Watershed that developed its first action
students in 26 selected primary schools of plan, initiated interagency agreements,
■ In the Souss-Massa region of
the watershed, GreenCOM created, and began developing its financial planning southern Morocco, USAID’s pro-
for the first year managed, the youth pro- capacity, and took steps to establish a data gram to improve water resources
gram Guardians of the Watershed. The center. The Canal Watershed Monitoring management includes technical
program combines adventure and fun with Program, spearheaded by USAID with assistance to develop policies that
environmental education and commitment technical support from the Smithsonian
encourage efficient water use; tech-
to protect the watershed. The Panama Tropical Research Institute, has been
Canal Authority considered it so successful incorporated into Panamanian institutions.
nical assistance and training to
that it adopted the program. With support improve planning and decision-
of the Ministry of Education, the National Businesses are preparing to comply with making; pilot projects to demon-
Administration for the Environment, and the new laws and regulations on water strate water management technolo-
USAID, the program is to be extended to pollution and watershed protection. The gies for agriculture that reduce ero-
all 300 primary schools in the watershed. private sector is also working to protect
sion within the watershed, and for
Another program developed with USAID the watershed by increasing ecotourism.
support involves students in monitoring This growing sector is a sustainable eco-
industry and homes; and technical
water quality. nomic alternative to traditional resource assistance and training to increase
uses. In the last three years, local NGOs decentralization and private-sector
GreenCOM helped three targeted munici- and agencies have dramatically increased involvement in water management.
palities in the watershed develop strategic, ecotourism offerings into the national ■ In India, USAID has promoted
environmental, and financial plans to parks and the watershed. One successful
development of domestic capital
improve land management in the water- program offers day-long excursions into
shed. Because NGOs are central to civil the indigenous Embera community in
markets through the Indo-USAID
society participation in watershed protec- Chagres National Park. Tourists receive Financial Institutions Reform
tion, GreenCOM supported a federation polished educational materials in English Expansion project. Using several
of 21 NGOs and is providing training and Spanish to sensitize them to environ- different approaches, the project
and technical assistance to 10 of them. mental protection issues in these areas. helped by: 1) supporting the
Housing and Urban Development
Corporation of India’s borrowing nity education, and environmental
of $10 million in the U.S. capital management policy change work.
market. It did so under the
USAID-backed Urban and The U.S. Department of State has
Environmental credit program to funded UNDP’s Transboundary River
fund water and sanitation projects Basin Initiative to support regional
in the cities of Surat and Nagpur, efforts to manage shared waters. Work
benefiting nearly 1 million urban is underway in several basins, including
poor; 2) assisting the city of teh Mekong, Nile, Okavango, Rio Frio,
Ahmedabad’s direct issuance of 25 and Sengal. Activities are carried out in
million rupees in municipal bonds concert with other local, national, and
without any Indian government global institutions, including the World
guarantee to secure financing from Bank, the African Development Bank,
local investors for water and sani- the UN, and the large bilateral aid
tation improvements benefiting donors.
more than 3.2 million people; and
3) working with the city of In Guatemala, USAID support of $3.7
Tiruppur in developing the first million in FY 2002 helped create the
public–private partnership to 1.6 million hectare Maya Biosphere
build, operate, and turn over water Reserve. The reserve protects Central
supply, distribution, and sanitary America’s largest freshwater wetland
treatment facilities. and contains most of the Maya Forest,
which extends into Belize and Mexico.
Natural Resource Management This USAID–Bank of Guatemala debt-
Natural resource management, center- for-nature exchange balances conserva-
ing on freshwater, is often carried out tion with the economic needs of local
with an integrated approach utilizing communities. It promotes alternative
partnerships. An interesting case is the income generation—such as eco-
GreenCOM program in Panama, tourism and harvesting non-timber for-
where the use of public information est products—and involves communi-
and communications campaigns are ties in developing laws and policies that
enabling students, the media, and com- increase incentives for sustainable land
munities to take greater care of their use and biological diversity conserva-
unique resource endowment. tion. The program has increased the
number of people using sustainable
USAID and numerous public and pri- agricultural practices in the reserve’s
vate partners are providing funds and multiple-use zone. Local and national
expertise to improve watershed and stakeholders, decisionmakers, and gov-
hillside management in Jamaica. ernment entities are safeguarding bio-
Technical assistance helps local NGOs logical resources in the reserve, accord-
with community-based projects in ing to environmental policy assessments
water and sanitation, soil conservation, that show increased environmental
and waste management in the Great awareness.
River Watershed. Private-sector entities,
NGOs, and community-based organi- Economic Development and
zations are being trained to sample and Food Security
monitor water quality. The project also The ability to feed the world’s growing
includes environmental audits, commu- population will be severely challenged
in coming decades by competition over ens the ability of natural systems to
increasingly limited water resources. mitigate weather-related events. That
To achieve global food security, water puts more people at increased risk and
shortages must not turn into food makes ecosystems and water resources
shortages for the world’s poor. This will more vulnerable. The dual forces of cli-
require effective water resources man- mate variability and poor management
agement, food policy reform, and choices about land and water resources
development of cultivars and manage- cause natural disasters. Poor planning
ment techniques that provide the and preparation exacerbate damage.
most “crop per drop.” Because prevention of complex emer-
gencies is far better than helping vic-
Collaborative Research Support tims afterwards, the U.S. Government
Programs, operated by U.S. land grant funds programs to teach prevention,
universities with USAID support, increase local skills to respond when
complement international research by disaster strikes, and improve partner
engaging U.S. and developing-country nations’ capacity to prepare and plan to
scientists in research that benefits mitigate the effect of water-related and
countries facing environmental chal- other disasters.
lenges, including food security and
water resources. These programs pro- USAID’s 2000–2004 assistance strategy
mote erosion and nutrient control and to the Caribbean is reflected both in
water quality monitoring to safeguard its five-year $30 million Caribbean
aquatic environments and groundwater Regional Program and in its $8.6 mil-
from nutrients and pesticides. The pro- lion assistance program for infrastructure
grams include research on high-value damage following Hurricanes George
food products (such as livestock, fish, and Lenny. The Caribbean initiative was
and crops) in developing countries, developed with regional institutions,
and implementation of best manage- NGOs, and the private sector to support
ment practices to ensure sustainable broad-based sustainable growth. USAID
production with minimal damage to provides technical and financial assis-
the environment. Of the nearly $26 tance to improve disaster preparedness
million obligated to collaborative in this hurricane-prone region. The pro-
research projects in FY 2000, $2.6 gram centers on objectives meeting the
million went to fisheries and aquacul- critical needs of vulnerable groups in
tures. Some $3 million went to water- emergencies and help at-risk countries
shed management and integrated water adopt mitigation measures.
resource management, of which $2.25
million funded sustainable agriculture USAID and NOAA are providing
and natural resource management. snow-monitoring and river-forecasting
The Collaborative Research Support assistance to Central Asian Hydro-
Programs obligation for FY 2002 is meteorological Services, known as
$55 million. Glavgidromets. A high-resolution pic-
ture terminal will track NOAA polar-
Disaster Preparedness orbiting satellites and download
USAID funds emergency relief and imagery collected over Central Asia.
transition efforts in response to man-
made and natural disasters. Human The Glavgidromets will use this
exploitation of natural resources weak- imagery to monitor the snow pack in
the Himalayan Mountains, the source coastal waters and estuarine habitats.
of most of the water that flows Estuaries, coastal wetlands (marshes
through the Amu Darya and Syr Darya and mangroves), and near-shore envi-
Rivers. NOAA is also working with ronments are very productive ecosys-
Glavgidromets to determine whether tems strongly linked to productive
there are sufficient historical and real- fisheries. They are important nurseries
time hydrometeorological data to and habitats to many commercially
undertake river forecasting in the high- important fish and shellfish. The land
altitude sub-basins for which the snow and coastal environments are connect-
pack is the principal source of river ed with the open oceans, which are
discharge. linked to the world’s climate. Science
and technology have opened new win-
Training in integrated water resources dows into the functioning of earth’s
management and developing the tech- systems, through understanding of
nical capacity of the Glavgidromets are the deep oceans.
important parts of this program.
Planning for this project began in FY The U.S. Government supports efforts
2000; money was first obligated in to integrate coastal and freshwater
FY 2001 to the republics of resources management, preserve aquatic
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, biodiversity, and reduce pollution from
Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. land activities. U.S. programs support
sustainable management of coral reefs,
Protecting Oceans and mangrove forests, seagrass meadows
Coastal Resources and fisheries, and develop and dissemi-
Marine and coastal ecosystems and the nate information on the protection of
diversity of species they support provide oceans and coastal regions. Among the
essential benefits in the form of food, many activities are development of
livelihood, medicine, clean air, aesthetic socioeconomic and environmental indi-
enjoyment, and other economic, envi- cators, systematic observation systems,
ronmental, and cultural values. watch programs, and clearinghouses, as
well as capacity building and training.
An estimated 60 percent—about 3.4 U.S. Government agencies, especially
billion people—of the global popula- NOAA, maintain several comprehen-
tion lives within 100 kilometers of a sive databases available to researchers
shore and relies heavily on marine and governments around the globe.
habitats and resources for food, build-
ing materials, and agricultural and Protecting the Near Coastal
recreational areas. They also use coastal Environment Through
areas as a dumping ground for sewage, Integrated Management
garbage, and toxic wastes, undermining During the past three decades, integrat-
future development options. ed coastal management has gained con-
siderable global momentum as the pre-
Much of the remaining non-coastal ferred approach for sound governance
population lives along rivers and other to deal with issues of sustainable devel-
waterways. Pollution and poor land opment in coastal areas. As the field has
use in these watersheds can affect matured, integrated coastal manage-
downstream marine habitats when sed- ment has provided leadership and
iments and pollutants are washed into developed successful approaches
addressing key development and promote integrated coastal manage-
resource management challenges across ment since 1986. Since the launch of
sectors and levels of government. the Coastal Resources Management
Diligent attention to the appropriate Project, USAID has worked with the
policy framework, laws, institutions, governments of Indonesia, Kenya,
and decisionmaking processes is neces- Mexico, the Philippines, Sri Lanka,
sary for successful programs. Tanzania, and Thailand to address
coastal governance and environmental
USAID, in partnership with the problems threatening future economic
University of Rhode Island’s Coastal development. Coastal management is
Resources Center, has been working to essentially an effort in governance,
developing processes in participatory
planning and environmental steward-
Indonesia: A Model of Success in ship at national and community levels.
a Coastal Zone Management Program U.S. programs work at the national
and local levels with strong linkages
When USAID and the between them. These integrated coastal
Government of Indonesia management programs are also playing
first agreed to include critical roles in the decentralization
East Kalimantan’s
process—as in the Philippines,
Balikpapan Bay and its
watershed within a coastal Indonesia, and Tanzania—by helping
resources management to establish a sound governance process
project, it was the first for management and empowering rural
initiative in Indonesia to communities. Local stakeholders, such
link coastal land and as women and other marginalized
water management using
groups, are also mobilized to partici-
a bay-centered approach.
Through its focus on pate in conservation efforts.
multisectoral interests and
interconnections with the thetic values of the Bay, home to some 56 In the Pacific, the Peace Corps is active
natural environment, as well as implica- rivers and creeks and 17,000 hectares of in regional, national, and community-
tions for future development in the area, mangroves that provide a vital habitat to based efforts that help protect fragile
the project now serves as a model for fish and birds.
and biologically sensitive areas, pro-
achieving sustainable coastal zone man-
agement in other USAID projects within Building on the residents’ interest in promote environmental education and
Indonesia and globally. tecting the coastal environment in awareness, generate alternative sources
Balikpapan, USAID is helping guide of income through integrated conserva-
The coastal city of Balikpapan hosts a them through a process of governance tion and development activities, and
population of about 450,000 and is grow- reform whereby communities can engage build capacity to monitor the health of
ing rapidly at an above-average annual in equitable and inclusive approaches to
native species and ecosystems. Because
rate of 3 percent. Land use near the city development planning. Local govern-
and within the Bay watershed is also ments are also seizing the opportunity to of the extraordinary cultural diversity,
changing dramatically. Sixty percent of devise more responsive development pro- remote population centers, and unique
the original primary forests have been grams funded with an increased share of land-tenure system throughout the
cleared (and the remainder is regularly revenues retained locally under new Pacific, a grassroots and culturally
burned), large-scale oil palm and rubber decentralization laws. This is the begin- appropriate approach to environmental
plantations established, shrimp and fish ning of a governance reform that pre-
conservation is essential. Peace Corps
ponds developed, and new settlements sumes increasingly localized management
built to accommodate rural development. of resources will result in improved social, volunteers work and live in communi-
Most of this development has occurred economic, and ecological outcomes for ties on some of the most remote outer
without regard to the ecological or aes- local communities. islands and in urban and regional cen-
ters. They work with local and national
government ministries and NGOs to the long-term, sustainable use of
improve management and planning coastal resources. U.S. programs seek
skills. Volunteers thus play important to stimulate a more integrated
roles in strengthening and sustaining approach to coastal and water resource
national and local institutions. Peace management, especially with increasing
Corps programs in the Pacific draw on population pressures on coastal lands
the expertise of its regional institutional and watersheds.
partners. The Peace Corps is uniquely
positioned to effect broad and lasting The link between activities in upland
change at levels where it will make the watersheds and the quality of coastal
most difference. Currently, there are waters is the basis of USAID’s Ridge
nearly 500 volunteers serving through- to Reef environmental management
out the Pacific, including the program to protect Jamaica’s prized
Philippines, with many living in and coastal environment. The goal is to
working with coastal communities. reverse environmental degradation by
improving local governance and pro-
Coastal resources management promoting environmentally sound prac-
grams promote a system of checks and tices and policies that will establish
balances and collaborative action with- sustainable management of the natural
in central government—key elements resource base. Key beneficiaries are
of successful participatory democracy. 300,000 Jamaicans—including
These programs have typically created 28,000 whose livelihoods depend on
interministerial commissions, usually at tourism—who live in the towns and
the presidential or prime minister-level, watersheds near targeted tourism areas
that come together to analyze signifi- where USAID and local partners are
cant coastal management issues or providing assistance.
negotiate a common agenda, thereby
setting national policy. At the local The Ridge to Reef program has con-
level, coastal resources management tributed to improving coastal water
programs promote participatory quality around Negril and strengthen-
democracy in a tangible way by holding ing more successful NGO environmen-
public meetings, openly negotiating tal programs. U.S. and Jamaican
development priorities, and teaching NGOs and smaller CBOs across
conflict mediation techniques. Jamaica, especially in the areas of
Consensual user agreements that hold Negril, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, and
stakeholders responsible for manage- Portland, are working in solid waste
ment of coastal resources are the foun- management, environmental education,
dation for effective, participatory gover- public awareness, water quality moni-
nance that creates stewardship and local toring, community sanitation, inter-
accountability for maintaining ecosys- agency collaboration, environmentally
tem qualities. sound agricultural production, and
recycling. The Jamaican Government is
The timing, volume, and quality of developing new policies on ocean and
freshwater inflow into coastal environ- coastal zone management, watershed
ments are additional factors in coastal management, environmental manage-
productivity that are often undervalued ment systems, and wastewater connec-
or overlooked. Successful management tion and management. USAID con-
of water resources is clearly central to tributed $3 million to this project for
FY 2002. A “ridge to reef ” approach ect and is also supporting over 10
has been incorporated in many USAID marine protected areas of international
programs throughout the Caribbean. or national significance.
The long-term success of marine pro-
The EPA is helping implement a tected areas depends on establishing
Caribbean response to land-based run- evidence that they are a useful conser-
off affecting the coastal environment— vation tool. NOAA’s National Ocean
the Protocol Concerning Pollution Service, World Commission on
from Land-Based Sources and Activities Protected Areas, and World Wildlife
(Aruba, 1999) to the Convention for Fund International have launched an
the Protection and Development of the initiative to design an internationally-
Marine Environment of the Wider recognized methodology for assessing
Caribbean Region (Cartagena, 1983). the effectiveness of marine protected
The Land-Based Sources Protocol areas. The initiative seeks to improve
includes obligations to work to prevent, area management by giving managers,
reduce, and control pollution of the planners, and other decisionmakers
wider Caribbean area. There are methods to assess the effectiveness of
specific and general obligations for sites and of national marine protected
sewage and agricultural runoff. area systems.
Other U.S. Government efforts support NOAA is also involved in developing

coastal and marine protected area man- and executing eight cooperative Global
agement programs. NOAA’s National Environment Facility-financed large
Ocean Service and South Africa’s marine ecosystem projects. There are
Marine and Coastal Management large marine ecosystem projects under
Directorate of the Department of way in 60 developing countries and
Environmental Affairs and Tourism are eight more projects are under develop-
developing a framework for technical ment. NOAA has developed a five-
assistance and collaboration, seeking to pronged approach to these projects
exchange and develop ideas, informa- including productivity, fisheries, pollu-
tion, skills, research, and techniques in tion and ecosystem health, socioeco-
marine protected area management, nomics, and governance.
and to develop guidelines for such areas
in South Africa. The first phase of this Protecting Coral Reefs
exchange program introduced South Coral reefs play a major role in the
African area managers and administra- environment and economies of many
tors to the well-developed and coordi- countries and island states. Coral reefs
nated National Marine Sanctuary are valuable for fisheries, recreation,
Program in the United States. On-site tourism, and coastal protection. Over
training visits focused on developing one billion people in Asia depend upon
and implementing management, moni- coral reef habitat for their primary
toring, enforcement, and education and source of protein. In addition, reefs are
outreach programs. The program also one of the largest global storehouses of
includes advice on forming advisory marine biodiversity with significant
councils and promoting citizen partici- untapped genetic resources. Some esti-
pation, fundraising strategies, and con- mates of the global cost of losing coral
ducting workshops on site. USAID reefs run in the hundreds of billions of
contributed $145,000 toward this proj- dollars each year. The last few years
have seen unprecedented decline in the in the eastern Caribbean. This is being
health of coral reefs and tropical coasts. accomplished by identifying data sets
Half of the world’s coastal wetlands and for coral reefs in the region to develop
25 percent of coral reefs have now per- an information database; training
ished. Unsustainable management of regional personnel in data collection,
coral reefs is undermining economic data management, and global informa-
options and decreasing food security. tion system techniques; assessing com-
munities dependent on reef habitats at
A partnership among the United States, existing and candidate fishery reserve
other national governments, and NGOs sites; and developing pilot projects
established the International Coral Reef to demonstrate the effectiveness of this
Initiative in 1995. The initiative mobi- scientifically quantitative approach
lizes governments and stakeholders to for establishing marine fisheries
improve management practices and reserves to best benefit the eastern
share information on the threats to and Caribbean region.
health of coral reef ecosystems. USAID
is working on coral reef and mangrove Supporting Sustainable
forest projects in 30 countries. Fisheries
The United States cooperates in imple-
The U.S. Department of State also has menting fisheries agreements, including
coral reef protection programs. For the four International Plans of Action
example, it provides funding for techni- adopted under FAO auspices in 1999
cal support for the Palau International and 2001 to address fishing capacity,
Coral Reef Center, and assists efforts to sharks, seabird by-catch and illegal,
strengthen marine reserves and promote unregulated, and unreported fishing.
and protect sustainable fisheries and The U.S. Government also supports
marine biodiversity. efforts to protect and conserve endan-
gered species of sea turtles, as a party
NOAA supports the Center for Coastal to the Inter-American Sea Turtle
Monitoring and Assessment, which Convention and as a signatory to the
conducts research monitoring, surveys, Memorandum of Understanding on
and assessments of coastal environmen- the Conservation and Management of
tal quality. Using satellite data, the Marine Turtles and their Habitats of
assessment’s coral reef team is develop- the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.
ing techniques to assess environmental
change and determine water quality The State Department is also support-
patterns and broad trends in the condi- ing sustainable fisheries (nearly $1 mil-
tion of coral reef habitats. The teams lion for FY 2002) through demonstra-
are improving methods for merging tion projects of national programs to
satellite and aircraft data. They are protect the marine environment from
working with NASA to develop a glob- land-based activities and implementa-
al map of shallow water environments tion of the international plan to pre-
in the tropical ocean. vent, deter, and eliminate illegal, unre-
ported, and unregulated fishing. It also
NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries supports the Asia Pacific Economic
Service is promoting long-term sus- Cooperation’s Fisheries Leadership
tainable use and conservation of Initiative, and an East Africa fisheries
marine resources, including coral reefs enforcement workshop.
The Peace Corps has been actively Making oceanographic data available
assisting Zambia’s Department of internationally is an important role of
Fisheries to achieve its goal of improv- NOAA data centers, such as the
ing the quality and quantity of fish-cul- National Oceanographic Data Center, a
ture activities, increase the capacity of national repository and dissemination
farmers and Department of Fisheries to facility for global environmental data.
manage integrated pond systems and The data archives are a record of the
provide quality extension services so earth’s changing environment and sup-
that there will be continued increases in port numerous research and operational
the production, yield, and profitability applications. The centers provide data
of fish culture. products and services to scientists, engi-
neers, resource managers, policymakers,
Through the Sustainable Fisheries and others around the world. A large
Initiative, NOAA’s National Ocean percentage of the center’s oceanograph-
Service, with Department of State ic data is of foreign origin, acquired
funding, is linking marine protected through direct bilateral exchanges with
areas and fisheries programs in regional other countries and through the World
networks focused on “no-take” marine Data Center for Oceanography, operat-
reserves. In FY 2002, regional worked by the center under the auspices of
shops are being held in the Caribbean the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
and Southeast Asia to develop regional
marine protected area networks based The center also provides data manage-
on partnerships with regional and ment support for major ocean science
national experts, and to develop projects such as World Ocean
regional action plans. Circulation Experiment and the Tropical
Ocean-Global Atmosphere project.
Observing the Open Ocean
Open ocean marine environments not International oceanographic research
only offer resources and benefits, they and observation systems are furthered
are intrinsically linked to the entire by U.S. Government programs. For
earth system in heat distribution, car- instance, even with the field component
bon storage, atmospheric gas regula- complete, NSF, NASA, NOAA, the
tion, and nutrient cycling. Learning Office of Naval Research, and the
about those connections and interac- Department of Energy are supporting
tions through science and technology, U.S. participation in the World Ocean
data gathering, management, and infor- Circulation Experiment. The experi-
mation sharing provides insights into ment is a key element of the U.S. effort
understanding and predicting natural in global climate change research
and human-induced variabilities. and of the World Climate Research
Because ocean processes know no Programme (with more than 175 par-
national boundaries and many of the ticipating countries). The experiment’s
problems are ubiquitous, it is often goals are to understand the general cir-
prudent to coordinate local and region- culation of the ocean well enough to be
al operational or research programs and able to model its present state and pre-
run them cooperatively. Many of the dict its evolution in relation to long-
ocean programs the U.S. supports are term changes in the atmosphere. Global
coordinated with and support interna- climate system models will require such
tional initiatives. an oceanographic component.
Although the Tropical Ocean and ment; 2) generation and dissemination
Global Atmosphere Program is com- of climate forecasts, monitoring, and
pleted, data from the program’s buoys interpretive products as well as a net
continue to provide data daily to scien- assessment in collaboration with fore-
tists, decisionmakers, and the public. casters at several institutions; 3) appli-
The data comes from some 70 buoys cations research and development; and
moored in the tropical Pacific Ocean, 4) training and capacity building. The
telemetering oceanographic and meteo- institute is located at Columbia
rological data to shore in real-time via University’s Lamont Doherty Earth
the Argos satellite system. The program Observatory in New York, but has an
established the basis for prediction of international mandate realized through
the onset of El Niño and the associated partnerships with international, region-
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). al, national, state, and local organiza-
The ENSO phenomenon originates in tions throughout the world.
the tropical Pacific but has global rami-
fications into the mid-latitudes. The Stemming Agricultural
buoys are a major component of the and Land Degradation
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Land degradation takes a number of
Observing System. Support is provided forms—depletion of soil nutrients,
primarily by the United States, Japan, salinization, agrochemical pollution,
and France. soil erosion, vegetative degradation
from overgrazing, and forest cutting
The United States plays a significant for farmland. All these reduce the
role in many marine-related interna- productive capacity of land. According
tional organizations, including the to scientists at the International Food
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Policy Research Institute, nearly 40
Commission, World Weather Watch, percent of the world’s agricultural land
Earth Watch, International Mussel is seriously degraded: almost 75 per-
Watch, International Council for the cent of cropland in Central America,
Exploration of the Sea, and the North 20 percent in Africa (mostly pasture),
Pacific Marine Science Organization. and 11 percent in Asia. The economic
and social effects of this degradation
The United States has helped launch are much more significant in develop-
multinational initiatives, including the ing countries than in industrialized
International Research Institute for countries.
Climate Prediction. The institute is an
innovative entity working to help soci- Promoting Sustainable Land
eties adapt to climate fluctuations Use
through the use of scientific informa- The United States is committed to pro-
tion and tools, including global fore- moting sustainable land use by address-
casts for precipitation and temperature. ing land degradation through its inter-
Forecasts are prepared monthly for national sustainable development initia-
Asia, Africa, Europe, and now for tives. It provides assistance to develop-
Afghanistan and surrounding countries. ing countries to help them implement
The institute facilitates a global net- activities in support of the National
work of collaborative projects and Action Plans for the UN Convention to
activities that include 1) research on Combat Desertification, which entered
climate prediction and model develop- into force in early 2001 and was signed
by the United States in 1994. While U.S. Geological Survey with input
just 3 percent of the initiatives surveyed from international and local
focus primarily on land degradation, African agribusiness firms, interna-
nearly a quarter of them have compo- tional industry and trade groups,
nents that address the problem. associations, and other U.S. agen-
cies and donors. It builds capacity
NASA contracted with the Earth to increase tree productivity and
Satellite Corporation to produce the quality, enhance environmental
first high-resolution global data sets of quality, and improve socioeconom-
the Earth. Higher resolution data ic return for small landholders.
allow users in disciplines ranging from Tools provided help producers
biodiversity studies to urban planning improve degraded land, product
to see and understand land cover and quality, and market efficiency;
changes in land cover at scales far enhance and protect biodiversity;
more relevant to land managers. and conserve resources. This proj-
Combined with NASA-contracted ect focuses on cocoa and cashew
global data sets of images from the last crops in West Africa (Cameroon,
30 years, the U.S. Geological Survey Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, and
Landsat imagery will provide critical Nigeria), and on coffee in East
baseline information about land cover Africa (Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya,
around the world and allow for detec- Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda).
tion of land cover changes. ■ The U.S.–South African
Binational Commission has
The United States participates in the included cooperation on land
international exchange of scientific per- degradation issues since 1994.
sonnel for education, training, and The United States participates
cooperative efforts in sustainable agri- through its Natural Resources
cultural and forestry in developing Conservation Service. Since 1995,
countries. It also provides international the service has hosted government
scientific, technical, and educational leaders and technical experts from
assistance on a wide array of issues. South Africa, giving them expo-
USAID has supported sustainable sure to the service’s planning
practices through the International process, policy development, orga-
Agriculture Research Centers, which nizational structure, partnerships,
receive funding through the Consulta- technology and technology sup-
tive Group on International Agriculture port infrastructure, and technical
Research. The United States also has assistance to land users and own-
worked with the FAO on programs ers. The Conservation Service is
that promote sustainable agricultural also sending scientists to South
and forestry. USAID is committed to Africa to assess conservation
increase its assistance in agriculture in information needs for under-
FY 2003 by 25 percent over FY 2002. served populations. They will
help South Africa develop a
U.S. Government initiatives promoting Sustainable Use of Resources
sustainable land use practice include Technical Guide, study land
the following: support needs, and make recom-
■ The African Sustainable Tree mendations for action.
Crops Project is supported by the ■ The Guinean government’s agri-
cultural development plan, com- ecosystems while generating funds for
bining control of land degradation, rebel and illicit activities. Logging and
income production, and forest mining roads lead the way to open up
conservation, was supported by a intact forests to settlement and
USAID natural resource manage- increased hunting, poaching, fires, and
ment initiative. exposure of flora and fauna to pest
outbreaks and invasive species. Forest
Preserving Forests destruction can result in the loss of
Forests are critical to sustainable devel-
opment because of the renewable
Sustainable Natural Resource Management Practices in Guinea
resources they contain and the envi-
ronmental services they provide. Forest
ecosystems provide food, medicine, In 1998, the Guinean gov-
ernment began a seven-year
timber, fuelwood, drinking and irriga-
agricultural development
tion water, fodder, non-timber prod- plan to ensure food securi-
ucts, and genetic resources. They ty, improve farm produc-
remove air pollutants and emit oxy- tivity, promote natural
gen, cycle nutrients, provide human resource management, and
and wildlife habitat, maintain water- reduce poverty. USAID
launched a natural resource
shed functions and biodiversity,
management initiative the
sequester atmospheric carbon, provide same year, integrating local
employment, regulate climate, and capacity building, sustain-
help build and protect soil against able agricultural produc-
erosion. Notwithstanding, the World tion, and off-farm income
Resources Institute estimates that generation.
more than 130,000 square kilometers
With USAID’s assistance
of tropical forests are cut down each ($14 million in FY 2002),
year, and that in developing countries, the Government of Guinea
forest area has declined by almost 10 transferred control of three
percent since 1980. Globally, the net state-owned forests totaling
forest area continues to decline by 9.4 over 50,000 hectares. Local communities cash crops through sustainable agricul-
and the government’s Forest Service co- ture, and offers training and technical
million hectares per year.
manage the forests, according to agreed assistance in expanding off-farm small
management plans that are based on accu- enterprise. Building these opportunities
More than 1.6 billion people depend rate maps and forest inventories. Villagers reduces the demand for farmland, relieves
on forests for their livelihood, and are restoring forest cover, protecting water- pressure on the fragile natural resource
many developing countries rely on sheds, rehabilitating degraded areas, insti- base, and provides additional income. For
timber and other forest products for tuting agroforestry, and implementing fire example, protection of chimpanzee popu-
control measures. The Peace Corps part- lations and habitats is also a means of
export earnings. Loss of forests
ners with USAID to assist communities promoting nature tourism and generating
through land conversion, fragmenta-
with agroforestry and environmental edu- income. USAID also provides policy-level
tion, and degradation undermines cation. Beneficiaries include small-scale support to legally empower communities
investments in social and economic farmers, micro and small entrepreneurs, to manage their natural resources and
development. Loss of upland forests and traders. The initiative contains a make the long-term investments neces-
can result in flash flooding and strong emphasis on women, owing to their sary to conserve natural resources for
destruction of downstream infrastruc- key role in the rural economy and house- future generations. Small landholders,
hold food security. small and microentrepreneurs (70 percent
ture, decline in surface and groundwa-
women), and, to a lesser extent, refugees
ter quality, and topsoil and nutrient USAID helps farmers increase the pro- from Sierra Leone and Liberia, are the
loss that can limit agricultural produc- ductivity of food, tree crops, and other program’s ultimate beneficiaries.
tion. Illegal logging degrades forest
commercially marketed forest products and U.S.-based NGOs, national and
and can also increase pressure on international research institutions, and
scarce forest resources to meet increas- host-country agencies. They support a
ing human demands. Local conflicts range of activities in forest protection,
can arise from competition over scarce policy formulation, training and insti-
resources because of inequitable distri- tution building, watershed and related
bution or a lack of access. For many, land-use management, natural forest
forests also have important religious and management, park and wildlife man-
spiritual significance. agement, forest regeneration, produc-
tion of fuel wood, fire prevention, and
The U.S. Government is working species inventory and research.
toward a sustainable future by helping
find common solutions to the environ- U.S. Government agencies support or
mental, social, and economic challenges implement forest-related initiatives in
of deforestation. It is moving to engage 47 countries worldwide, working in
the private sector more, accentuating various ways to promote conservation
forest certification, and promoting more and sustainable management of the
environmentally sound logging prac- world’s forests.
tices, such as reduced impact harvesting.
Promoting Collaborative
The United States is active in a wide Research, Scientific Exchange,
variety of intergovernmental agree- and Training
ments, organizations, and initiatives Collaborative research, scientific
that undertake forest work and policy exchange, and training play an impor-
discussions. Key among them is the tant role in U.S. forest conservation
UN Forum on Forests, established in programs. For instance, NASA works
2000, which builds on the work of the with other space agencies to improve
Intergovernmental Forum on Forests remote sensing for forest inventory,
and the Intergovernmental Panel on assessment and monitoring in general,
Forests, and is intended to facilitate and for fire detection, management,
coordinated international action on and suppression. NASA supports the
forests. international Global Observation of
Forest Cover program by funding forest
With an annual program portfolio of mapping and monitoring as well as
approximately $85 million in forests studies on carbon dynamics in forest
and related program areas, including systems. It also supports research
biodiversity, the U.S. Government pro- with Brazil’s Large Scale Biosphere-
vides substantial bilateral technical and Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia,
financial assistance on forest-related led by the Ministry of Science and
development. U.S. legislation mandates Technology and its National Institute
that USAID include tropical forests for Space Research.
and conservation of biological diversity
as priority development goals. For more In the Amazon, USDA’s Forest Service
than a decade, USAID and USDA’s links field research, training, and techni-
Forest Service have worked closely to cal assistance to sustainable forestry
promote sustainable forest management practices, particularly reduced-impact
and conservation. These projects are timber harvesting. A strong partnership
undertaken in partnership with local with the Tropical Forest Foundation
focused on training forest practitioners,
Bolivia Sustainable Forestry Management Project and the
managers, and decisionmakers in sus-
Amazonian Center for Sustainable Forest Enterprise
tainable forestry practices, strengthens
the Foundation to undertake tropical
silviculture and other conservation stud- With nearly a million hectares of natural model. At the municipal level, the proj-
ies. Implemented by the Forest Service’s forests independently certified as econom- ect has directly supported municipal
International Institute of Tropical ically, ecologically, and socially well man- governments in their efforts to create
aged, and with more than 6 million forestry reserves and manage them
Forestry, another collaborative research
hectares of forest under approved forest through local community groups. In
project in the Tapajos National Forest management plans, Bolivia is the global 2001, the first 12 local community
focuses on generating new knowledge leader in sustainable tropical forestry. Yet groups were officially presented with for-
on the effects of selective timber har- this economically poor, resource-rich est concessions. With the project’s assis-
vesting in tropical forests and dissemi- country has been plagued by extensive tance, four such groups have entered into
nating and using this knowledge to pro- and largely uncontrolled deforestation by strategic alliances with the forestry indus-
private companies that harvest only a few try to sell their products.
mote sustainable forest management for
timber across the Amazon. USAID cap-
italizes on a growing demand for certi-
fied forests by supporting creation of a
permanent forest-management training
center that will manage an estimated 2
million hectares of certified forests in
the Brazilian Amazon by 2003. USAID
training and reduced-impact manage-
ment models helped four Amazon
timber producers respond to market
demand by having 280,000 hectares of
forest holdings independently certified.
USDA’s Forest Service helped organize

a conference and publish proceedings
on the ecology and management of highly valuable tree species—especially Despite these achievements, Bolivia con-
Korean pine forests, the most valuable mahogany and cedar—almost driving the tinues to experience competitive problems
species to commercial extinction. in producing and selling environmentally
tree species in the Russian Far East.
friendly or certified wood products inter-
More than 150 Russian foresters In 1993, the governments of Bolivia and nationally. In response, in 2000 USAID
attended sessions by American scientists the United States established the Bolivia and the Bolivian Chamber of Forest
and forest regeneration specialists. The Sustainable Forest Management Project. Industries created the Amazonian Center
Forest Service collaborates with the To date, USAID has invested over $20 for Sustainable Forest Enterprise in part-
Zvenigorod Moscow State University million. By working closely with govern- nership with the World Wildlife Fund
ment, the private sector, universities, and and USDA’s Forest Service. The center
Biological Station in studying weather
civil society, the Bolivian project has cat- works to support communities and the
variability influences on sub-boreal alyzed dramatic improvements in forest private sector with production processes,
forest plants. The service also supports management. With its support, in 1996 product development, and market pro-
long-term research on the effects of for- the Ministry of Sustainable Development motion by linking buyers and sellers of
est fires on carbon cycling, emissions, established a new Bolivian forestry law certified wood and providing business
and forest sustainability. Partners based on greater transparency, more tech- development assistance to private compa-
nically and financially independent gov- nies. Since the program began, the value
include the Canadian Forest Service,
ernment institutions, greater civil society of certified forest products exported from
the Siberian Branch of the Russian and municipal government participation, Bolivia rose from $8.5 million (10 per-
Academy of Science in Novosibirsk, and a voluntary certification program cent of exports) in 2000 to $13 million
and the Sukachev Institute of Forests in based on the Forest Stewardship Council (25 percent of exports) in 2001.
Krasnoyarsk. NASA funds this research,
with added financial and technical book case of moving from sound law to
support from the Forest Service. sound implementation.
Reforming Policies and Improving Forest Management

Strengthening Regulatory Practices
Structures The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service sup-
Policy, regulatory, and legislative issues ports forest habitat and species manage-
set the stage for development of sus- ment programs in Latin America and
tainable forestry. Bolivia’s leadership in the Caribbean. It operates training pro-
this area is notable. Supported by U.S. grams for managers of protected areas
initiatives, Bolivia’s programs are a text under the Reserve Manager Training
Program, as well as graduate-level train-
ing, regional outreach institutes, and
Central African Regional Program for the Environment clearinghouses for information on biodi-
versity and habitat management in Latin
Launched in 1995, the America. The National Park Service
Central African Regional trains park managers in several countries.
Program for the
Environment promotes In southern Africa, protected area man-
conservation and sustain-
agement and transboundary conserva-
able management of the
Congo Basin rainforest— tion have become priorities for environ-
the second largest remain- mental and political reasons. Politicians
ing tract of tropical rainfor- are turning to these approaches to bring
est in the world. A USAID peace to the region, while environmen-
initiative, the program talists want to protect large ecosystems
includes a host of U.S.
and watersheds that cross political
Government agencies, U.S.
and international NGOs, boundaries from further degradation.
and academic institutions. USDA’s Forest Service is working with
the University of Natal in South Africa
These groups collaborate with a range of USAID has provided more than $25 mil- and the University of Montana to
partners—including African NGO con- lion and the Department of State recently
develop a protected area management
servation organizations, private logging allocated $1 million to the program. The
program has invested in information- program that will cover management
companies, government wildlife and
forestry representatives, research and gathering on protected areas and has skills and approaches. The partners are
educational organizations—to evaluate made a significant contribution to manag- developing short technical courses for
threats to the forests and identify oppor- ing protected areas. The partners have protected area managers, complement-
tunities to sustainably manage them. been particularly successful in gathering ing the academic program by promot-
Participating countries are Burundi, information on forest exploitation in
ing capacity-building opportunities
Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Cameroon and Gabon. The program
reviewed environmental and forest-sector for the practitioner.
the Democratic Republic of Congo,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic legislation and held a high-level confer-
of Congo, Rwanda, and São Tome and ence on conservation after the war in the Central Africa, with its warfare and
Principe. The program addresses national Democratic Republic of Congo. The pro- intertribal conflict, is politically more
policy, logging concessions, development gram also worked closely with logging difficult. But the countries of the
of minor forest products, wildlife habitat companies there to engender responsible
region face the common challenge of
monitoring, and restoration. U.S. techni- approaches to biodiversity conservation.
The program has also monitored defor- better managing the region’s rich forest
cal expertise offers strategies for improv-
ing forest management, such as reduced- estation by remote sensing and offered resources. There, the United States is
impact logging, forest planning, and training in biodiversity inventory to meas- leading a major effort to better manage
monitoring techniques. ure deforestation and biodiversity loss. one of the world’s great tropical
forestry endowments.
In Madagascar, USAID worked with Park. A formal decree awarded indige-
USDA’s Forest Service to develop a nous people the right to remain and
long-term forest strategy. Forest Service control their traditional lands in the
professionals spent time in-country with park. They have been effective in
USAID partners to prepare a manage- keeping out illegal loggers and
ment planning process for natural forest poachers.
stands, develop a plan for forest cultiva-
tion and care, and an economic analysis Seeking Alternatives to Forest
tool for plantation management. Extraction
Ecotourism can provide alternative
Supporting Good Governance income for countries and people
and Reinforcing the Rights of dependent on forested areas for their
Communities livelihoods. USDA’s Forest Service
Several natural resource management helped the Chinese State Forestry
programs—in Egypt, Indonesia, Nepal, Administration plan ecotourism in
the Philippines, and elsewhere—have southwestern China as an alternative to
developed model community-based commercial logging, banned in 1998.
approaches to forest management and The Forest Service also helped develop
biodiversity conservation that have halt- an ecotourism brochure for the north-
ed deforestation while contributing to west region of Yunnan and a workshop
local livelihoods. on regional ecotourism planning in
Sichuan Province.
The Peace Corps, with USAID sup-
port, has more than 900 volunteers In Albania, the Forest Service provided
in 40 countries dedicated to natural training in marketing for nontimber
resource projects, including community forest products. In 1999, it led a
reforestation, nursery development, three-week training program for
agroforestry, park management, and Albanian business owners working
environmental education. with botanical and medicinal plants
and wild mushrooms. The goal was
In Indonesia, USAID has been partner- to improve the economic and environ-
ing with NGOs to support communi- mental sustainability of nontimber
ty-based forest management. USAID enterprises.
offered NGOs training in oversight,
management, human resources, and Training addressed effective marketing,
finances. USAID’s NGO partners have developing products and markets, and
been very successful in achieving local business management, including using
recognition for community forests the Internet for marketing and market
through such tools as community map- research. It exposed participants to mar-
ping. In West Kalimantan, the local keting concepts, environmental sustain-
government recognized the communi- ability, and marketing practices of small
ties’ rights to forests after community U.S. firms and organizations. The train-
mapping. The communities then pro- ing also provided opportunities to make
tected their forests from fires while an contacts with U.S. firms, resulting in
adjacent timber concession burned. two budding partnerships. The Forest
Community mapping has also facili- Service is continuing to work with
tated adoption of community-man- Albanian counterparts on sustainability
aged zones in Lore Lindu National of nontimber forest products. ■
Concluding Note
This overview of sustainable develop- The World Summit on Sustainable

ment initiatives assisted by the U.S. Development is an opportunity to
Government represents an extraordi- reinforce consensus on what needs to
nary range and depth of commitment. be done to achieve a more sustainable
The great majority of programs and world. The United States intends to
projects are part of longer term initia- continue its programs and partnerships
tives and strategies in critically impor- that mobilize the talent and financial
tant areas such as building human resources to achieve this aim. U.S. pro-
capital, understanding and managing grams, like the summit itself, will strive
climate change, and preserving biodi- to promote social and economic
versity. This survey is the first such growth that can be sustained over the
compilation for the U.S. Government. long term. Good sense and morality
While not a complete inventory, it is unite to motivate this strategy. Thus,
nevertheless a significant sampling of the test of the Johannesburg World
initiatives totaling billions of dollars of Summit for Sustainable Development
annual governmental and partner is whether momentum can be main-
commitments. tained, and even accelerated. ■
Attachments
Survey Methodology resource stewardship, and science and technology—and 12

sectors—agriculture and food security, biodiversity, climate,
At the request of President Bush, USAID conducted a survey education, energy, forests, freshwater, health, labor, land
of U.S. Government departments and agencies, requesting degradation, oceans (coastal), and transportation. From these
information on sustainable development activities receiving options, they selected one primary theme and, for most
current (FY 2002) financial support. Survey responses were initiatives, one primary sector for each initiative. In many
then sorted in many different ways. USAID selected 400 cases, agencies also selected multiple secondary themes and
cases to analyze as a major sampling of U.S. activities. The sectors that indicated components of their initiatives.
survey is not a complete inventory—many more activities are
underway in some sectors than were recorded through the Participating U.S. Departments and
survey. In many instances, a single activity (counted just Agencies
once) consists of separate commitments to a great many
countries. The research team that compiled this report relied Department of Agriculture
quite considerably on the survey data. The team also gath- Department of Commerce
ered information from published reports and discussions. Department of Education
Many agencies and departments filled in data gaps not cov- Department of Energy
ered in the survey results. Despite shortcomings in collection Department of Health and Human Services
and comprehensiveness, the information from the survey is Department of Interior
considered generally representative of the main sectors and Department of Justice
activities of sustainable development receiving U.S. Department of Labor
Government support. The survey results are presented in full Department of State
on the CD-ROM accompanying the summary report so Department of Transportation
readers can learn more about individual initiatives. Department of Treasury
The survey statistics appearing throughout this report are Agency for International Development
derived from information reported in the approximately 400 Environmental Protection Agency
surveys submitted by June 30, 2002. Any surveys submitted Export-Import Bank
after this date appear in the database but were not used in Federal Trade Commission
the tabulations for the report. One survey equals one U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Government initiative, although, as noted above, in many National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
cases one initiative is composed of numerous activities and National Science Foundation
programs. The survey asked U.S. Government agencies to Overseas Private Investment Corporation
indicate the major themes and sector areas of their initiatives. Peace Corps
Agencies were offered choices between six themes—good Small Business Administration
domestic governance, private sector financing, public–private The Smithonian Institution
partnerships, PVO/NGO institution building/strengthening, Trade and Development Agency
Photo Credits
The editors thank the many individuals, departments, and agencies who contributed photographs and artwork.
Captions and credits appear after page numbers.
7 A solar energy project in Mexico produced by a partnership. Sandia National Laboratories, Department of Energy
9 Reef cleanup in Indonesia. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island
10 Irrigating with Nile water. World Bank Photo Library: Francis Dobbs
11 Child labor in different parts of the world. UN/DPI; ILO Photo Library: D. Browne, J. Maillard
12 Voting in Indonesia. International Foundation for Election Systems
13 A classroom in India. World Bank Photo Library: Curt Carnemark
17 A billboard contributes to the HIV/AIDS campaign in Uganda. USAID
19 Infant being immunized in Morocco. M/MC Photoshare: Lauren Goodsmith
21 The Caspian Sea. Reza/Webistan
23 Outlining community forest management in Namibia. USAID
25 Domestic shelter and municipal water in South Africa. USAID
28 Russian non-timber forest products at a trade show in Hong Kong. USAID
32 An insecticide-treated bednet. USAID: S. Colvey
39 Potable water in Zimbabwe. World Bank Photo Library: Curt Carnemark
41 A protected forest in Honduras. USAID: Jerry Bauer
44 A hunter in Barrow, Alaska. Don Schell
45 Tracking El Niño. NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle: M. Neimer
47 Power plant compressor. Department of Energy
48 Traffic congestion. World Bank Photo Library: Curt Carnemark
49 Electricity supply towers. USAID
52 “Green” products in the Meso-American Biological Corridor. USAID
55 Freshwater in El Salvador. World Bank Photo Library: Jaime Martin
58 Sign in a national park in the Panama Canal Watershed. Academy for Educational Development/GreenCOM/Panama
62 Volunteer monitoring in the Blongko Marine Sanctuary. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island
69 Young people committed to reforestation and fire prevention in Guinea. USAID/Guinea: Laura Lartigue
71 Certified forests in Bolivia. USAID
72 The Congo Basin rainforest. USAID
74 Port Honduras Marine Reserve in southern Belize. USAID: Scott Lampman
Cover USAID; World Bank Photolibrary:Curt Carnemark, Yosef Hadar
For more information, contact
U.S. Agency for International Development
Washington, D.C. 20523-1000
Telephone: 202-712-4810
Internet: www.usaid.gov
P N - AC Q - 0 0 1
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Working For A Sustainable World

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Working For A Sustainable World

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Working for a Sustainable World

My administration will adopt a new spirit of respect and coopera-

President George W. Bush

“We live in a century of promise. Our responsibility now is to

Sustainable development is a marathon, not a sprint. It does not

Secretary of State Colin L. Powell

Good Domestic Governance 8

Background well as innovative approaches to mobi-

Development 25 percent in FY 2003 over

At the World Trade Organization’s con- Participants at Monterrey agreed that

The crosscutting theme in this report

Why Good Domestic allows citizens to influence the alloca-

The U.S. Government provides signifi- Between FY 1995 and FY 2001,

A new tool in the effort to prevent and

Human development is an essential In June 2002, President Bush

Other U.S. agencies, including the

Many agencies lend their expertise and

For nearly 20 years, the HHS Centers

Why Partnerships Are play vital roles in sustainable develop-

Over the past 40 years, progress in

Private sector financing contributes to One of the most important engines

flow of goods. The result is that cus-

Working with the Center for In Russia, partnerships are emerging

Applying appropriate technologies to At the request of the African Wildlife

Working with Ducks Unlimited and

The Asia Pacific Economic

U.S. Government resource stewardship-

Twelve U.S. Government agencies

Most power in India is produced by

Ecosystems ■ Farmers around the world spend UN Secretary General

tion of the dinosaurs. Extinction rates predators in the world’s ecosystems

Other U.S. Government efforts support NOAA is also involved in developing

USDA’s Forest Service helped organize

Reforming Policies and Improving Forest Management

This overview of sustainable develop- The World Summit on Sustainable

Survey Methodology resource stewardship, and science and technology—and 12

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