P A P E R

GLOBAL CLIMATE RISK INDEX 2011

WHO SUFFERS MOST FROM EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS? WEATHER-RELATED LOSS EVENTS IN 2009 AND 1990 TO 2009
Sven Harmeling

B R I E F I N G

Summary
As in previous years, the Global Climate Risk Index 2011 analyses to what extent countries have been affected by the impacts of weather-related loss events (storms, floods, heat waves etc.). The most recent available data from 2009 as well as for the period 1990-2009 were taken into account. This years analysis underlines that less developed countries are generally more affected than industrialised countries, according to the Climate Risk Index (CRI). With regard to future climate change, the CRI can serve as a warning signal indicating past vulnerability which may further increase in regions where extreme events will become more frequent or more severe through climate change. While some vulnerable developing countries are frequently hit by extreme events, there are also some where such disasters are a rarity. In 2009, the latter was in particular the case for Saudi Arabia. Many developing countries have increased their efforts to prepare for disasters and to adapt to climate change. Numerous options for pro-active prevention exist, also risk transfer schemes such as regional or international insurance attract much higher attention, for those events where the impacts cannot be reduced in a cost effective way. The right design of insurance solutions can send a strong incentive signal for proactive adaptation. The provision of institutional and financial support for vulnerable countries should be increased in the near future, and the adoption of an ambitious Adaptation Framework for Implementation in Cancn at COP16 could be an important catalyst for that.

Imprint
Author: Sven Harmeling, with support from Maximilian Witting, Christoph Bals, Snke Kreft Germanwatch would like to thank Munich RE (in particular Petra Lw and Martin Klotz) for support, in particular for the provision of the core data which are the basis for the Global Climate Risk Index. Publisher: Germanwatch e.V. Office Bonn Dr. Werner-Schuster-Haus Kaiserstr. 201 D-53113 Bonn Phone +49 (0) 228 60492-0, Fax -19 Internet: www.germanwatch.org E-mail: info@germanwatch.org December 2010 Purchase order number: 11-2-03e ISBN 978-3-939846-74-1 This publication can be downloaded at: www.germanwatch.org/cri
Prepared with financial support from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).

Office Berlin Schiffbauerdamm 15 D-10117 Berlin Phone +49 (0) 30 2888 356-0

Comments welcome. For correspondence with the author: harmeling@germanwatch.org

Contents
How to read the Germanwatch Global Climate Risk Index ......................................... 4 1. Key results of the Global Climate Risk Index 2011 ................................................... 5 2. Impacts in Central America and the Caribbean region .......................................... 10 3. Ways forward: Disaster prevention and climate insurance .................................... 11 3.1 3.2 How are most affected countries taking action? ..................................................... 11 Climate Insurance: Complementing proactive adaptation on the regional level?... 12

4. Methodological Remarks............................................................................................ 14 Annex ............................................................................................................................... 17

Germanwatch

How to read the Germanwatch Global Climate Risk Index

The Germanwatch Global Climate Risk Index is an analysis based on the most reliable available data on the impacts of extreme weather events and associated socio-economic data. It represents one important piece in the overall, more comprehensive puzzle of climate-related impacts and associated vulnerabilities (for example, it does not take into account other important aspects such as sea-level rise, glacier melting or more acid and warmer seas). It is based on past data and should not be used for a linear projection of future climate impacts. Also, it is important to note that a single extreme event can because of methodological reasons - not be traced back solely to anthropogenic climate change. Nevertheless, climate change is an increasingly important factor for changing the odds of occurrence and intensity of these events. The Climate Risk Index thus indicates a level of exposure and vulnerability to extreme events which countries should see as a warning signal to prepare for more frequent or more severe events in the future. The limitations to the data availability, including the socio-economic data, means that the analysis does not encompass some very small countries such as certain small island states, since in particular in a longer-term comparison, sufficiently sound data is not always available. Furthermore the data only reflects the direct impacts (direct losses and fatalities) of extreme weather events, while heat waves for example often lead to much stronger indirect impacts (e.g. through droughts and food scarcity) which is often the case in African countries. Also, it does not include the total number of affected people (in addition to the fatal casualties), since the comparability of such data is very limited. For these reasons, African countries feature relatively low on the Climate Risk Index.

Global Climate Risk Index 2011

Key messages:

According to the Germanwatch Global Climate Risk Index, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Honduras were the countries most affected by extreme weather events from 1990 to 2009. All of the ten most affected countries (1990-2009) were developing countries in the low-income or lower-middle income country group. In total, more than 650,000 people died as a direct consequence from almost 14,000 extreme weather events, and losses of more than 2.1 trillion USD (in PPP) occurred from 1990 to 2009. In 2009, the ranking of the most affected countries was led by El Salvador, Chinese Taipeh, the Philippines, Viet Nam and Saudi Arabia. Anthropogenic climate change is expected to lead to further increases in precipitation extremes, in heavy precipitation and in drought. Many developing countries are already taking action to prepare for climaterelated disasters and to promote as well as implement adaptation. However, adequate financial and institutional support provided by developed countries is required to further increase disaster preparedness and resilience of poor countries. Regional insurance approaches can valuably complement proactive adaptation. If the current lack of ambition in emission mitigation will prevail, more and more countries will face the limits of adaptation in future decades and have to face increasing residual losses and damages in spite of adaptation efforts. Through the adoption of an ambitious Adaptation Framework for Implementation underpinned by reliable and adequate finance, COP16 can provide the prospect for scaled-up financial and institutional support to assist particularly vulnerable countries in their efforts to prepare for more severe extreme weather events.

1. Key results of the Global Climate Risk Index 2011

While the biggest climate summit ever in Copenhagen was categorised by limited results and frustration, one year later there is still no doubt that the urgency of climate science requires urgent action, on the political as well as on the implementation level. Since 1990, more than 650,000 people worldwide died from extreme weather events, and losses of more than US$ 2.1 trillion (ppp) occurred globally. At the same time there is broad agreement that enhanced disaster prevention is economically efficient, as one dollar invested into prevention is estimated to save between US$ 2.5 and 13 of disaster aid.1 While the number of large catastrophes and their impacts increased significantly, the same has been true for small and medium-sized disasters. This is especially challenging for humanitarian aid, since climate-related losses have grown rapidly, while low public attention to small- and medium-sized events results in limited funding.

DfID, 2005: Natural Disaster and Disaster Risk Reduction Measures. A Desk Review of Costs and Benefits. Draft Final Report. 8 December 2005.

Germanwatch

The Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) developed by Germanwatch analyses the quantified impacts of extreme weather events2 - both in terms of fatalities as well as economic losses that occurred - based on data from Munich Re NatCatSERVICE which is world wide one of the most reliable and complete data bases on this matter. The CRI looks both at absolute and relative impacts, and results in an average ranking of countries in four indicators, with a stronger weighting of the relative indicators. The countries ranking highest are the ones most impacted and should see the CRI as a warning signal that they are at risk either from frequent events or rare, but extraordinary catastrophes. The Climate Risk Index does not provide an all-encompassing analysis of the risks from anthropogenic climate change to countries, but should be seen as one analysis informing countries exposure and vulnerability to climate-related risks along with other analyses3, based on the most reliable quantified data. Countries most affected in the period of 1990-2009 Bangladesh, Myanmar and Honduras have been identified to be the most affected.4 They are followed by Nicaragua, Viet Nam, Haiti and the Philippines. Table 1 shows the ten most affected countries (Down 10) of the last decade, with their average, weighted ranking (CRI score) and the specific results in the four indicators analysed.
Table 1: The Long-Term Climate Risk Index (CRI): Results (annual averages) in specific indicators in the 10 countries most affected in 1990 to 2009.
CRI Country 19902009 1 Bangladesh 2 Myanmar 3 Honduras 4 Nicaragua 5 Vietnam 6 Haiti 7 Philippines 8 Dominican Republic 9 Mongolia 10 Tajikistan CRI score Death toll Deaths per 100,000 inhabitants 5.63 14.33 5.21 2.80 0.59 3.98 1.08 2.55 0.54 0,47 Total Losses losses in per unit million GDP in % US$ PPP 2,068.14 676.35 663.57 263.33 1,861.50 164.62 684.45 185.08 308.65 311,27 1.67 2.04 3.12 2.05 1.31 1.20 0.35 0.40 5.19 2,93 Number of Events

7.33 8.67 10.83 16.17 19.00 19.67 26.83 27.67 31.00 33,50

7849 7124 322 157 457 338 821 212 13 30

259 30 53 39 203 46 270 41 30 51

Among the ten countries most affected, there is not one developed or Annex-I country, among the first 20 there is only one developed country (Italy, primarily as a consequence of the extreme heat weave in 2003). Particularly in relative terms, poorer developing countries are hit much harder. These results underscore the particular vulnerability of

Meteorological events such as tropical storms, winter storms, severe weather, hail, tornado, local storms; hydrological events such as storm surges, river floods, flash floods, mass movement (landslide); climatological events such as freeze, wildland fires, droughts 3 See e.g. analyses of Columbia University: http://ciesin.columbia.edu/data/climate/, Maplecrofts Climate Change Vulnerability Index: http://www.maplecroft.com/about/news/ccvi.html 4 The full rankings can be found in the Annex.

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poor countries to climatic risks, despite the fact that the absolute monetary damages are much higher in richer countries. In addition, one has to acknowledge that affected developing countries are among the poorer developing countries, least responsible for causing climate change. Countries most affected in 2009 El Salvador, Chinese Taipeh (Taiwan) and the Philippines have been identified to be the most affected countries last year.5 They are followed by Viet Nam, Saudi Arabia and Australia.6 Table 1 shows the ten most affected countries (Down 10), with their average, weighted ranking (CRI score) and the specific results in the four indicators analysed.
Table 2: The Climate Risk Index for 2009: the 10 most affected countries
Ranking 2009 (2008) 1 (92) Deaths per 100,000 inhabitants 3.40 Absolute Losses losses (in per unit US$ PPP) GDP 1,827.00 4.27 Human Development Index7 90

Country El Salvador Chinese Taipeh Philippines Viet Nam Saudi Arabia Australia Cambodia Bangladesh Nepal Bhutan

CRI score 4.33

Death toll 198

2 (-) 3 (4) 4 (3) 5 (94) 6 (26) 7 (116) 8 (51) 9 (11) 10 (61)

6.67 9.50 10.83 12.50 13.17 16.50 18.33 18.83 20.33

544 1231 334 500 572 52 379 198 12

2.35 1.33 0.38 1.96 2.61 0.37 0.23 0.71 1.78

6,603.28 2,675.22 2,943.05 1,467.93 1,522.54 345.10 970.95 162.06 83.17

0.90 0.83 1.15 0.25 0.18 1.22 0.40 0.48 2.36

97 113 55 2 124 129 138 -

While the Philippines and Viet Nam usually appear high in the CRI (see the analysis for 1990 to 2009), El Salvador, Chinese Taipeh, Saudi Arabia and Australia have been hit extraordinarily hard in 2009. In the case of El Salvador, it was Hurricane Ida which struck the country in November 2009 and killed almost 200 people and caused significant losses. In the case of Chinese Taipeh (Taiwan) it was Typhoon Morakot which caused major losses and damages in August 2009. Also in November 2009, a flash flood in the west of Saudi Arabia killed 500 people and destroyed thousands of houses and other assets. In just four hours, the heaviest rainfall in Saudi Arabia in a decade produced twice the annual precipitation

5 6

The full rankings can be found in the Annexes. The full rankings can be found in the Annexes. 7 UNDP, 2010: Human Development Report, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/

Germanwatch

average.8 In Australia in particular heat waves caused the majority of the more than 570 victims from weather-related catastrophes and caused losses of more than US$ one billion. Exceptional catastrophes or continuous threats? The Global Climate Risk Index for 1990 to 2009 is based on average figures of twenty years. However, there are two groups of countries among the Down 10: those who are continuously affected by extreme events, and those that only rank high because of exceptional catastrophes. Two examples for the latter case are Myanmar, where more than 95% of the damages and fatalities occurred in 2008 through cyclone Nargis, and Honduras, where more than 80% in both categories were caused through Hurricane Mitch in 1998. The examples Chinese Taipeh and Saudi Arabia also fit into the second group in the year 2009. Similarly, the appearance of some European countries among the first 30 countries is almost exclusively because of the extraordinary number of fatalities due to the 2003 heat wave, in which more than 70,000 people died across Europe. Although some of them are often hit by extreme events, usually the losses and fatalities are relatively minor compared to the countries population and economic power. While in Bangladesh more than 80% of the deaths occurred in 1991, the country is continuously hit by extreme events and the fact that no further peak catastrophe caused so much hardship (140,000 people died in that of 1991) can be seen as a partial proof that it is possible to better prepare for climate risks and prevent larger-scale impacts from disasters.

See quotes in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Jeddah_floods

Figure 1: World Map of the Global Climate Risk Index 1990-2009

Source: Germanwatch and Munich Re NatCatSERVICE

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2. Impacts in Central America and the Caribbean region

Cancn as the host of COP16 is situated in a world region which is frequently hit by hurricanes. Table 3 lists the 10 countries from the region which rank highest in the Climate Risk Index for the period from 1990-2009. The figures for other countries from the region can be found in the Annex. While the relationship between climate change and its impacts on the frequency, intensity and pattern of tropical cyclones is complex and still subject to active research, recent publications indicate that greenhouse warming will cause the globally averaged intensity of tropical cyclones to shift towards stronger storms.9 In particular the higher-class hurricanes are those which bring about the most severe impacts and overwhelm poor countries capacity to adapt and respond, and in the worst cases can throw back countries for years in their development progress. This was the case in Honduras and Guatemala through Hurricane Mitch in 1998.

Table 3: Countries from Central America and the Caribbean in the CRI 1990-2009
Deaths per 100,000 inhabitants 5.21 2.80 3.98 Absolute Losses losses (in per unit US$ PPP) GDP 663.57 263.33 164.62 3.12 2.05 1.20

Ranking CRI

Country

CRI score 10.83 16.17 19.67

Death toll 322 157 338

Number of events 53 39 46

3 Honduras 4 Nicaragua 6 Haiti Dominican 8 Republic 14 Grenada 17 El Salvador 20 Guatemala 24 Belize Antigua and 28 Barbuda 38 The Bahamas

27.67 35.50 38.17 40.83 43.17

212 2 31 74 2

2.55 1.99 0.57 0.68 0.95

185.08 89.15 214.80 149.53 55.72

0.40 11.44 0.71 0.32 3.76

41 6 33 55 11

45.67 49.00

1 1

1.27 0.38

38.93 211.39

4.16 3.32

6 17

Knutson, T.R. J. L. McBride, J. Chan, K. Emanuel, G. Holland, C. Landsea, I. Held, J. P. Kossin, A. K. Srivastava & M. Sugi, 2010: Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nature Geoscience 3, 157 - 163 (2010). Published online: 21 February 2010. http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v3/n3/full/ngeo779.html

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3. Ways forward: Disaster prevention and climate insurance

3.1 How are most affected countries taking action?

Ranking high on the Climate Risk Index is not an exact expression of the physical severity of extreme events. A high vulnerability of a society can result in greater losses and fatalities with a meteorologically medium-impact event than a meteorologically highimpact event in a less vulnerable country. That is why it is important to also consider and learn from how certain countries have been taking action to better prepare for such disasters and adapt to climate change. One interesting qualitative approach used for judging progress on risk reduction is an assessment prepared in the context of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR). It has analysed in a qualitative manner the progress of the implementation of the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) which was adopted in 2005, and which maps out ways forward on risk reduction. For five out of the ten most affected countries in the period 1990 to 2009 such assessments are available and their results are given in table 4.10 With the highest available score being 5, and the table reveals that in particular the Dominican Republic has performed relatively weak, while Viet Nam is judged to be the most progressive out of these five highly impacted countries in this assessment.
Table 4: CRI Down 10 countries and their disaster risk reduction progress
Level of Progress HFA Priority 1 3.25 4.00 3.00 Level of Progress HFA Priority 2 3.25 3.25 2.50 Level of Progress HFA Priority 3 3.25 3.25 2.25 Level of Progress HFA Priority 4 2.67 3.33 2.00 Level of Progress HFA Priority 5 3.50 4.00 2.75

Ranking CRI

Country

1 Bangladesh 5 Viet Nam 7 Philippines Dominican 8 Republic 10 Tajikistan

2.75 3.00

1.50 3.75

1.25 2.75

1.00 3.17

2.50 3.50

HFA1: Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. HFA2: Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning. HFA3: Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. HFA4: Reduce the underlying risk factors. HFA5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels. Source: own compilation based on Hyogo Framework for Action Progress Reports, http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/progress/?pid:224&pil:1

See Hyogo Framework for Action Progress Reports, http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/progress/?pid:224&pil:1

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There is an increasing recognition that disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change can generate multiple benefits. Numerous options for action exist. The 2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR) outlined a 20-point plan to reduce risks, with measures proposed on different political levels.11

3.2

Climate Insurance: Complementing proactive adaptation on the regional level?

While putting as much efforts as possible into proactive disaster preparedness and adaptation to climate change, there is no doubt that damages and fatalities will continue to occur. Even those countries who are relatively progressive in terms of their preparedness policies always face the risk that one extraordinary extreme event can throw them back many years in their development. Guatemala and Honduras stand as examples for countries which have suffered severely from one single event, Hurricane Mitch. One approach to share risks is to transfer risks from climate-related extremes. In this regard, the Caribbean Climate Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) provides a very interesting example. It is a not-for-profit insurance vehicle, owned by a Trust benefiting the 16 CARICOM governments participating in the pooling scheme. The aim of the pool is to provide liquidity to countries after an event, so that governmental services can stay intact and spearhead reconstruction efforts. Other key characteristics are12: To trigger an insurance payout, CCRIF uses a catastrophe model to estimate the loss for any actual events, with the same model, calibrated against real historical events and losses, used to evaluate the risk and price the insurance contract; this design creates an incentive for enhanced adaptation activities in the region. By pooling the risks of its members, CCRIF serves as a risk aggregator and can thus provide insurance coverage at a comparatively low premium. CCRIF member countries can decide on the level of coverage for each peril insured. While the Facility is governed by a Board of Directors, the operational and risk management functions of the pool are carried out by a private risk management company. Its main tasks include risk and financial modelling, calculation of the parametric loss in case of an event, and settlement and adjudication in case of a payout, policy sales and premium collection and others. Only recently, the CCRIF completed insurance payments to Barbados, St. Lucia and St. Vincent & the Grenadines following the passage of the Tropical Cyclone Tomas on 30 and 31 October 2010.13 First payments could be made only 7 days after the disaster,

See http://www.preventionweb.net/files/9414_GARsummary.pdf for a summary; the 2011 Global Assessment Report is in preparation. 12 See Warner, K. et al., 2010: Solutions for Vulnerable Countries and People. Designing and Implementing Disaster Risk Reduction & Insurance for Adaptation. MCII Policy Brief. July 2010. 13 http://www.ccrif.org/news/caribbean-governments-receive-us128m-insurance-payout-ccrif-followingpassage-tomas

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which facilitated urgent restoration of services and clearing of the affected areas. In total, US$ 12.8 million were released to the three countries. The disastrous floodings in Pakistan earlier this year, to the contrary, showcased an example where relatively long time passed by until external emergency aid reached the country, due to donors hesitance to what extent Pakistan should be helped. An insurance scheme such as that under the CCRIF could have resulted in relatively rapid payouts, based on an objective system relying on specific indicators and data.14 Of course, such regional insurance schemes have to be designed in a way that they combine the insurance function with incentives for pro-active action and avoid moral hazard which makes countries neglect effective risk prevention. Promoting and fostering such regional insurance schemes as a complement to pro-active adaptation should be pursued and incentivised also through an ambitious Adaptation Framework for Implementation under the UNFCCC which is on the Cancn agenda , possibly as part of an international mechanism to address loss and damages from inter alia extreme weather events.15 Piloting such approaches through fast start finance for particularly vulnerable developing countries which express their interest could help generating important lessons learnt on how to design such schemes in a cost-effective manner. Such catastrophe pools were also proposed in the GAR 20-point plan to reduce risk. Nevertheless, they should be adequately supported by developed countries in the future as part of their responsibility for possibly increasing threats as a consequence of climate change. It would not be fair to let poor countries pay the likely increasing insurance premiums in the future, when climate change impacts become more and more severe.

http://www.climate-insurance.org/upload/pdf/201010_How_A_Global_Insurance_Scheme_ Could_Have_Helped_Flood-Hit_Pakistan.pdf 15 See Harmeling, S. et al., 2010: International Action on adaptation and climate change: What roads from Copenhagen to Cancn? http://www.germanwatch.org/klima/ad-cph-canc.pdf

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4. Methodological Remarks
The presented analyses are based on the data collection and analysis, acknowledged worldwide, provided by Munich Re NatCatSERVICE. They comprise "all elementary loss events which have caused substantial damage to property or persons". For the countries of the world, Munich Re collects the number of total losses caused by weather events, the number of deaths, the insured damages and total economic damages. The last two indicators are stated in million US$ (original values, inflation adjusted). In the present analysis, only weather related events - storms, floods, as well as temperature extremes and mass movements (heat and cold waves etc.) - are incorporated. Geological factors like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or tsunamis, for which data is also available, do not play a role in this context because they do not depend on the weather and therefore are definitely not related to climate change. To enhance the manageability of the large amount of data, the different categories within the weather related events were combined. For single case studies on particularly devastating events it is stated whether they concern floods, storms, or another type of event. It is important to note that this event-related examination does not allow for an assessment of continuous changes of important climate parameters. A long-term decline in precipitation that was shown for some African countries as a consequence of climate change cannot be displayed by the CRI. Such parameters nevertheless often substantially influence important development factors like agricultural outputs and the availability of drinking water. Although certainly an interesting area for analysis, the present data does also not allow for conclusions about the distribution of damages below the national level, although this would be interesting. However, the data quality would only be sufficient for a limited number of countries. Analysed indicators For this examination the following indicators were analysed in this paper: 1. Number of deaths, 2. Number of deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, 3. Sum of losses in US$ in purchasing power parity (PPP) as well as 4. Losses per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). For the indicators 2. to 4., economic and population data primarily by the International Monetary Fund was taken into account. However, it has to be added that especially for small (e.g. Pacific small island states) or politically extremely instable countries (e.g. Somalia), the required data is not always available in sufficient quality for the whole observed time period. Those countries have to be left out of the analyses.

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The Climate Risk Index 2011 is based on the loss-figures from 2009 and 1990-2009, but only takes into account countries which are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (with the exception of Chinese Taipeh which is addressed because of its population and economic power). This ranking represents the most affected countries. Each countrys index score has been derived from a country's average ranking in all four analyses, according to the following weighting: death toll 1/6, deaths per inhabitants 1/3, absolute losses 1/6, losses per GDP 1/3. Therefore, an analysis of the already observable changes in climate conditions in different regions sends a warning signal to those most affected countries to better prepare for the future. Although looking at socio-economic variables in comparison to damages and deaths caused by weather extremes as was done in the present analysis - does not allow for an exact measurement of the vulnerability, it can be seen as at least an indication or pattern of vulnerability. In most cases, already afflicted countries will probably also be especially endangered by possible future changes in climate conditions. Despite the historic analysis, a deterministic projecting of the past to the future is not appropriate. On the one hand, the likelihood for past trends in extreme weather events to continue unchanged is very low especially in a world of global climate change. On the other hand, new phenomena can occur in states or regions. In the year 2004, for example, a hurricane was registered in the South Atlantic, off Brazil's coast, for the first time ever. The cyclone that hit Oman in 2007 or the one which hit Saudi Arabia in 2009 are of similar significance. So the appearance in the Climate Risk Index is an alarm bell for these countries. But the analyses of the Climate Risk Index should not be seen as the only evidence for which countries are already afflicted or will be affected by global climate change. After all, people can in principle fall back on different adaptation measures. However, to which extent these can be implemented effectively depends on several factors which altogether determine the degree of vulnerability. The relative consequences also depend on economic and population growth Identifying relative values in this index represents an important complement to the otherwise often dominating absolute values because it allows for analysing country specific data on damages in relation to real conditions in those countries. It is obvious, for example, that one billion US$ for a rich country like the USA entail much less economic consequences than for one of the worlds poorest countries. This is being backed up by the relative analysis. It should be noted that values and therefore the rankings of countries regarding the respective indicators do not only change due to the absolute impacts of extreme weather events, but also due to economic and population growth. If, for example, population increases, which is the case in most of the countries, the same absolute number of deaths leads to a relatively lower assessment in the following year. The same applies to economic growth. However, this does not affect the significance of the relative approach. The ability of society to cope with damages, through precaution, mitigation and disaster preparedness, insurances or the improved availability of means for emergency aid, generally rises along with increasing economic strength. Nevertheless, an improved

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ability does not necessarily imply enhanced implementation of effective preparation and response measures. While absolute numbers tend to overestimate populous or economically capable countries, relative values place stronger weight on smaller and poorer countries. To give consideration to both effects, the analysis of the Climate Risk Index is based on absolute and on relative scores, with a weighting that gives the relative losses a higher importance than the absolute losses. The indicator "losses in purchasing power parity" allows for a more comprehensive estimation of how different societies are actually affected The indicator absolute losses in US$ is being identified through purchasing power parity (PPP), because using this figure better expresses how people are actually affected by the loss of one US$ than using nominal exchange rates. Purchasing power parity are currency exchange rates which permit a comparison of e.g. national GDP, by incorporating price differences between countries. Simplified, this means that a farmer in India can buy more crop with US$ 1 than a farmer in the USA with US$ 1. Therefore, the real consequences of the same nominal damage are much higher in India. For most of the countries, US$ values according to exchange rates must therefore be multiplied by a factor bigger than one.

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Annex
CRI = Climate Risk Index; GDP = gross domestic product; PPP = purchasing power parity; n/a = no data available

Table 5: Climate Risk Index for 1990-2009

Rank CRI 19902009 n/a 134 89 119 30 92 136 44 50 126 116 1 155 144 62 24 157 79 32 n/a 112 99 164 90 104 87 31 147 107 118 161 111 95 15 46 94 169 61 151 35 99 64 148 Deaths per 100,000 Losses in milLosses per Overall Death toll inhabitants lion US$ PPP GDP in % CRI score Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank n/a 339 14 1.61 13 0,00 n/a n/a n/a 116.33 2 127 0.06 113 12,08 121 0,07 112 86.33 73 38 0.24 61 41,46 86 0,03 136 110.50 14 73 0.10 91 10,99 122 0,02 143 45.67 87.17 117.00 52.83 56.33 114.17 107.17 7.33 147.17 123.17 69.50 43.17 149.33 78.17 46.33 n/a 103.67 91.83 155.83 87.00 94.33 84.83 45.83 130.33 97.33 110.17 152.50 102.00 88.50 35.67 54.83 88.33 165.67 69.17 142.83 47.50 91.83 70.67 135.17 1 26 0 45 30 2 4 7849 0 4 86 2 1 2 34 0 2 102 0 5 5 7 38 6 12 0 1 4 16 2020 73 87 0 9 4 35 4 8 14 140 66 150 48 62 120 109 1 168 104 33 120 135 123 56 158 131 27 164 100 102 89 54 95 76 160 146 114 70 4 39 32 170 84 107 55 109 86 71 1.27 0.07 0.01 0.23 0.38 0.03 0.54 5.63 0.02 0.04 0.84 0.95 0.02 0.40 0.41 0.01 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.31 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.16 0.33 0.22 0.00 0.23 0.02 0.78 0.52 0.07 0.03 17 107 156 62 48 139 33 3 148 131 22 21 148 45 44 156 95 113 139 113 131 91 53 131 131 139 38,93 349,90 32,99 1291,68 400,62 55,72 0,79 2068,14 1,57 29,46 89,03 55,72 1,06 4,84 126,06 88 33 98 15 28 81 160 7 153 101 68 81 157 144 58 4,16 0,09 0,20 0,23 0,17 0,10 0,01 1,67 0,04 0,03 0,03 3,76 0,01 0,28 0,46 0,38 0,12 0,03 0,00 0,19 0,31 0,32 0,77 0,02 0,07 0,41 0,01 0,19 0,08 0,73 0,15 0,02 0,00 0,23 0,01 0,24 0,06 0,33 0,01 6 105 71 65 76 103 154 15 133 136 136 8 154 56 38 44 94 136 165 73 54 51 27 143 112 39 154 73 110 29 81 143 165 65 154 63 119 50 154

Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Chinese Taipeh Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of

0,00 n/a 17,81 113 472,71 26 0,32 181,22 34,36 7,54 106,78 6,70 642,48 3,81 163 50 94 136 61 139 22 145 165 110 59 2 22 84 170 77 146 56 132 24 154

148 0,27 121 19,50 91 124,36 75 28266,79 53 64 162 62 148 24 36 107 139 651,07 51,32 0,00 65,53 3,15 142,82 9,30 605,90 1,12

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Rank CRI 19902009 Country Congo Democratic Republic of 166 Timor-Leste 120 Denmark 39 Djibouti 56 Dominica Dominican 8 Republic 18 Ecuador 130 Egypt 17 El Salvador Equatorial 169 Guinea 115 Eritrea 141 Estonia 90 Ethiopia 36 Fiji 162 Finland Former Yugoslav Republic of 99 Macedonia 22 France 168 Gabon Georgia n/a 28 Germany 128 Ghana 67 Greece 14 Grenada 20 Guatemala 156 Guinea Guinea132 Bissau 96 Guyana 6 Haiti 3 Honduras Hong Kong 169 SAR 60 Hungary 117 Iceland 12 India 41 Indonesia 26 Iran Iraq n/a 124 Ireland 121 Israel 18 Italy 55 Jamaica 85 Japan 139 Jordan 123 Kazakhstan 70 Kenya 113 Kiribati Korea, Re48 public 158 Kuwait Kyrgyz Re63 public

Overall CRI score

Deaths per 100,000 Losses in milLosses per Death toll inhabitants lion US$ PPP GDP in % Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank

162.33 110.83 49.83 59.33 27.67 39.00 115.00 38.17 165.67 106.17 122.17 87.00 48.00 154.50

0 1 9 0 212 63 40 31 0 0 0 91 6 0

164 145 83 155 19 40 50 61 170 160 150 30 94 160

0.01 0.02 1.33 0.35 2.55 0.51 0.06 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.14 0.74 0.00

156 148 16 50 8 38 113 32 162 162 139 82 25 162

0,07 199,68 10,11 34,89 185,08 292,19 25,19 214,80 0,00 28,23 22,71 26,13 29,91 7,55

168 46 128 93 49 36 106 44 170 103 109 104 100 135

0,00 0,13 0,76 6,73 0,40 0,40 0,01 0,71 0,00 0,89 0,11 0,07 1,05 0,01

165 89 28 4 41 41 154 30 165 25 98 112 22 154

91.83 42.33 165.50 n/a 45.50 114.50 72.67 35.50 40.83 148.33 116.00 89.50 19.67 10.83 165.67 66.83 108.00 34.33 50.67 45.17 n/a 113.00 111.50 39.00 59.00 82.50 121.00 111.67 74.67 104.17 55.67 150.33 70.17

1 964 0 4 477 11 14 2 74 2 0 0 338 322 0 34 2 3244 293 87 1 2 3 1006 4 71 3 10 46 0 102 1 19

143 7 170 112 10 78 72 126 37 127 170 152 15 16 170 57 129 3 17 31 141 125 118 6 105 39 119 80 47 170 28 143 69

0.04 1.63 0.00 0.08 0.58 0.06 0.13 1.99 0.68 0.02 0.00 0.04 3.98 5.21 0.00 0.33 0.63 0.31 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.05 0.05 1.75 0.16 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.15 0.00 0.22 0.04 0.39

131 12 162 103 31 113 85 9 26 148 162 131 5 4 162 52 28 53 82 82 162 121 121 10 75 113 121 107 80 162 64 131 47

70,79 76 0,52 1454,74 13 0,09 0,01 169 0,00 0,00 n/a 0,38 2275,24 5 0,11 9,16 133 0,05 353,92 32 0,15 89,15 67 11,44 149,53 54 0,32 0,87 159 0,01 7,34 41,86 164,62 663,57 136 85 53 21 0,55 1,25 1,20 3,12 0,00 0,12 0,01 0,35 0,28 0,47 n/a 0,06 0,06 0,11 0,91 0,07 0,06 0,02 0,15 4,15 0,15 0,00 0,20

35 105 165 44 98 125 81 1 51 154 33 19 20 10 165 94 154 47 56 36 n/a 119 119 98 24 112 119 143 81 7 81 165 71

0,00 170 167,26 52 1,09 155 6313,38 3 1694,02 11 2377,57 4 0,00 n/a 75,47 73 80,32 71 1579,16 12 175,51 51 2154,02 6 10,14 127 36,58 90 63,96 79 17,34 117 1220,45 0,08 17,40 16 167 116

Global Climate Risk Index 2011

19

Rank CRI 19902009 Country Lao People's Democratic 68 Republic 71 Latvia 135 Lebanon 88 Lesotho Liberia n/a 165 Libya 121 Lithuania 73 Luxembourg 21 Madagascar 49 Malawi 77 Malaysia 145 Maldives 125 Mali 159 Malta 98 Mauritania 106 Mauritius 45 Mexico 40 Moldova 9 Mongolia 85 Morocco 16 Mozambique 2 Myanmar 80 Namibia 11 Nepal 59 Netherlands 74 New Zealand 4 Nicaragua 83 Niger 137 Nigeria Niue n/a 145 Norway 42 Oman 37 Pakistan 105 Panama Papua New 43 Guinea 92 Paraguay 47 Peru 7 Philippines 65 Poland 27 Portugal 169 Qatar Republic of 131 Congo Republic of 53 Yemen 28 Romania 66 Russia 114 Rwanda 33 Samoa Sao Tome 169 and Principe 102 Saudi Arabia 142 Senegal Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo n/a

Overall CRI score

Deaths per 100,000 Losses in milLosses per Death toll inhabitants lion US$ PPP GDP in % Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank

73.83 75.00 116.67 86.00 n/a 157.00 111.50 76.00 42.00 56.00 77.67 127.83 113.50 151.17 90.50 95.50 54.83 50.50 31.00 82.50 37.33 8.67 79.00 34.00 65.17 76.83 16.17 81.67 118.67 n/a 127.83 51.67 48.33 95.33 52.17 87.17 55.50 26.83 71.00 45.33 165.67 115.83 58.00 45.50 72.17 105.83 46.83 165.67 93.33 122.33

3 4 2 1 0 0 2 7 79 30 42 0 3 0 3 1 154 7 13 25 86 7124 7 268 86 4 157 7 40 0 1 5 470 9 34 6 102 821 39 140 0 8 50 57 124 7 1 0 32 5

115 0.07 105 0.17 124 0.07 135 0.05 155 0.01 170 0.00 120 0.07 93 1.49 36 0.49 63 0.26 49 0.18 170 0.00 116 0.03 170 0.00 117 0.12 148 0.05 21 0.16 91 0.17 75 0.54 67 0.09 34 0.49 2 14.33 87 0.42 18 1.12 34 0.54 112 0.09 20 2.80 90 0.06 52 0.03 168 n/a 134 0.03 99 0.22 11 0.35 82 0.30 58 96 28 8 53 22 170 85 46 43 24 91 139 170 59 101 0.67 0.11 0.40 1.08 0.10 1.37 0.00 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.09 0.08 0.61 0.00 0.16 0.05

107 70 107 121 156 162 107 14 39 59 69 162 139 162 89 121 75 70 33 95 39 1 43 19 33 95 6 113 139 n/a 139 64 50 55 27 90 45 20 91 15 162 58 57 59 95 103 29 162 75 121

78,10 72 73,75 75 18,72 112 25,21 105 0,00 n/a 6,57 140 33,12 97 18,78 111 75,18 74 38,54 89 149,03 55 2,25 151 12,75 119 3,08 147 10,40 126 35,53 91 1891,47 8 188,99 48 308,65 35 111,43 60 90,85 66 676,35 20 10,98 123 81,86 70 237,60 41 219,97 43 263,33 39 29,36 102 33,21 96 n/a 51,78 83 374,11 31 437,51 27 9,74 130 30,14 34,02 197,90 684,45 634,93 235,77 0,00 0,29 100,82 766,22 1888,35 6,30 57,31 0,00 91,10 6,45 99 95 47 19 23 42 170 164 62 18 9 142 80 170 65 141

1,07 0,23 0,05 1,31 n/a 0,01 0,06 0,07 0,58 0,55 0,07 0,25 0,14 0,04 0,25 0,37 0,18 2,12 5,19 0,13 0,97 2,04 0,13 0,41 0,05 0,27 2,05 0,47 0,02 n/a 0,03 0,86 0,17 0,05 0,32 0,17 0,14 0,35 0,14 0,13 0,00 0,00 0,24 0,35 0,09 0,11 8,09 0,00 0,02 0,05

21 65 125 17 n/a 154 119 112 32 33 112 61 84 133 61 46 75 12 5 89 23 14 89 39 125 58 13 36 143 n/a 136 26 76 125 51 76 84 47 84 89 165 165 63 47 105 98 2 165 143 125

n/a

152

n/a

n/a

0,00 n/a

n/a

n/a

20

Germanwatch

Rank CRI 19902009 163 126 167 102 49 57 n/a 75 22 77 51 82

72 75 160 108 143 25 150 10 110 54 38 81 152 52 149 133 97 154 n/a 109 69 153 58 34 84 139 129 13 5 138 n/a

Country Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Bahamas The Gambia Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Viet Nam Zambia Zimbabwe

Deaths per 100,000 Overall Losses in milLosses per Death toll inhabitants lion US$ PPP CRI scoGDP in % re Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank 154.67 0 170 0.00 162 0,35 162 0,03 136 114.17 7 88 0.16 75 0,62 161 0,02 143 162.67 0 164 0.00 162 0,91 158 0,00 165 93.33 56.00 59.50 n/a 77.17 42.33 77.67 56.67 80.67 4 12 11 118 55 705 31 0 0 103 77 79 25 45 9 60 158 152 0.08 0.59 2.56 n/a 0.13 1.72 0.17 0.44 0.19 103 30 7 n/a 85 11 70 42 68 96,71 85,90 2,86 278,82 975,00 64,28 35,42 8,00 63 69 148 n/a 38 17 78 92 134 0,12 0,23 0,27 n/a 0,09 0,10 0,12 7,12 0,64 94 65 58 n/a 105 103 94 3 31

75.17 77.17 152.00 98.67 122.50 44.83 141.00 33.50 101.33 58.50 49.00 79.83 143.17 57.17 137.50 116.17 89.67 144.83 n/a 100.33 74.00 144.50 63.50 47.00 82.00 121.00 114.67 34.50 19.00 120.00 n/a

1 40 0 1 1 60 2 30 30 105 1 4 1 1 1 6 55 0 0 23 62 0 124 426 6 14 0 1516 457 4 9

148 51 160 141 132 42 130 63 65 26 135 108 135 133 147 97 44 170 170 68 41 155 23 13 97 74 164 5 12 109 81

0.52 0.13 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.83 0.01 0.47 0.09 0.17 0.38 0.29 0.02 1.20 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.00 n/a 0.09 0.13 0.01 0.21 0.15 0.17 0.05 0.05 6.34 0.59 0.04 0.08

36 85 139 95 148 23 156 41 95 70 48 56 148 18 121 113 95 162 n/a 95 85 156

2,67 94,00 0,17 9,31 130,76 399,13 15,43 311,27 17,53 547,98 211,39 4,93 1,08 6,90 2,36 23,08 254,97 10,54 n/a 12,60 291,94 17,58

149 64 166 131 57 29 118 34 115 25 45 143 156 138 150 108 40 125 n/a 120 37 114 14 1 87 124 152 30 10 129 107

0,40 0,13 0,01 0,23 0,05 0,17 0,02 2,93 0,06 0,16 3,32 0,27 0,03 1,27 0,02 0,04 0,04 0,05 n/a 0,07 0,11 0,02 0,09 0,31 0,14 0,02 0,23 0,14 1,31 0,08 n/a

41 89 154 65 125 76 143 11 119 80 9 58 136 18 143 133 132 125 n/a 112 98 143 105 54 84 143 65 84 16 110 n/a

67 1434,84 80 30237,58 70 40,88 121 10,84 121 1,70 2 375,09 30 1861,50 131 9,95 103 23,31

Global Climate Risk Index 2011

21

Table 6: Climate Risk Index 2009

Rank CRI 2009 Death toll Deaths per 100,000 inhabitants Losses in million USD per unit GDP (in %)

15 56 77 42 6 16 114 8 77 79 10 59

Country Afghanistan Algeria Angola Argentina Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Barbados Benin Bhutan Bolivia

Overall CRI score Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank 26.67 175 14 0.66 14 37,53 50 0,14 34 56.00 39 29 0.07 41 6,20 65 0,00 80 63.50 24 41 0.04 38 0,72 104 0,00 80 49.83 34 32 0.07 46 60,03 43 0,01 66 13.17 572 3 4.34 3 1522,54 10 0,18 30 28.17 21 45 0.07 24 643,14 20 0,20 28 89.17 0 94 0.00 94 0,99 93 0,00 80 18.33 379 7 2.07 25 970,95 13 0,40 20 63.50 0 94 0.00 94 23,68 57 0,39 21 66.00 7 73 0.01 50 1,06 91 0,01 66 20.33 12 59 0.06 8 83,17 41 2,36 3 56.67 0 94 0.00 94 314,10 28 0,69 15 92.00 93.50 36.83 61.83 36.33 72.17 16.50 76.50 54.00 54.50 76.33 81.67 90.50 36.33 6.67 78.83 87.50 58.00 94.00 32.33 78.83 69.17 41.67 4.33 21.00 49.00 91.83 60.50 35.33 0 0 135 2 8 0 52 11 9 3 0 0 2 551 544 6 1 38 0 22 18 7 10 198 13 15 0 18 40 94 94 15 84 70 94 22 60 67 82 94 94 84 4 5 77 91 30 94 44 49 73 63 12 58 56 94 49 27 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.32 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.52 8.16 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.02 4.57 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.11 94 94 50 16 57 94 18 57 76 15 0,37 0,11 956,76 0,94 346,30 3,66 345,10 0,04 866,92 0,56 110 119 14 95 24 69 25 125 15 107 84 76 123 2 3 60 114 98 122 26 113 82 33 8 42 6 109 23 47 0,00 0,00 0,05 0,00 1,85 0,11 1,22 0,00 0,07 0,03 0,05 0,01 0,00 0,16 0,90 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,13 0,00 0,00 0,22 4,27 2,14 0,13 0,00 0,01 0,13 80 80 46 80 5 41 8 80 45 54 46 66 80 31 12 80 80 80 80 36 80 80 27 1 4 36 80 66 36

Losses in million US$ (PPP)

Bosnia and Her122 zegovina 125 Botswana 26 Brazil Brunei Darussa73 lam 23 Burkina Faso 91 Burundi 7 Cambodia 96 Cameroon 46 Canada 48 Cape Verde 95 104 118 23 2 100 111 62 126 20 Central African Republic Chad Chile China Chinese Taipeh Colombia Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Cyprus Czech Republic

94 1,66 94 2,34 88 0,09 75 14828,46 4 6603,28 88 10,61 80 0,18 30 0,87 94 0,10 26 332,36 76 50 50 2 9 80 94 80 33 0,19 1,89 237,77 1827,00 82,43 2791,41 0,39 363,42 47,08

Democratic Re100 public of Congo Dominican Re83 public 30 Ecuador 1 El Salvador 11 Fiji 41 France 121 Georgia 68 Germany 21 Ghana

22

Germanwatch

Rank CRI 2009 Death toll

42 57 53 108 97 55 65 73 13 29 123 63 102 53 76 40 116 39 105 127 71

Country Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Islamic Republic of Iran Italy Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Republic Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao People's Democratic Republic Lebanon Liberia Madagascar Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama

Overall CRI score Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank Total Rank 49.83 10 63 0.02 44 101,13 40 0,03 54 56.50 0 94 0.00 94 26,88 53 2,44 2 55.17 38 30 0.07 22 0,93 97 0,00 80 84.00 0 94 0.00 94 1,15 90 0,01 66 77.00 0 94 0.00 94 1,99 80 0,04 50 55.83 17 52 0.03 33 1,46 85 0,01 66 58.67 0 94 0.00 94 182,04 34 0,56 18 61.83 10 63 0.02 42 7,17 64 0,00 80 23.83 2434 1 10.21 28 4107,43 4 0,11 41 41.33 238 10 0.58 42 162,61 36 0,02 59 92.33 0 94 0.00 94 0,34 112 0,00 80 58.33 0 94 0.00 94 442,78 22 0,26 23 79.50 55.17 62.67 48.00 90.17 46.83 81.83 94.33 61.67 9 45 0 63 0 63 8 0 16 67 24 94 19 94 19 70 94 55 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.03 88 46 94 67 94 30 80 94 19 2,61 25,86 56,39 825,42 0,84 3,52 0,83 0,07 0,13 74 55 44 17 99 70 101 124 117 0,00 0,00 0,24 0,02 0,00 0,01 0,00 0,00 0,00 80 80 25 59 80 66 80 80 80

Deaths per 100,000 inhabitants

Losses in million US$ (PPP)

Losses in million USD per unit GDP (in %)

12 66 99 35 106 18 82 59 103 27 51 50 92 31 9 108 80 57 36 87 120 88 68 111

23.00 59.00 78.17 44.17 83.17 31.33 68.00 56.67 80.50 37.50 55.00 54.83 73.17 42.50 18.83 84.00 66.50 56.50 44.33 70.33 91.33 70.50 60.50 87.50

17 11 2 18 2 25 2 28 2 34 42 25 30 85 198 0 1 0 7 33 0 0 112 0

52 60 84 49 84 39 84 38 84 32 26 39 37 18 12 94 91 94 73 34 94 94 16 94

0.07 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.20 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00

22 20 67 44 88 30 57 76 57 11 39 40 67 1 13 94 80 94 67 80 94 94 50 94

258,07 0,96 0,11 25,12 2,08 53,97 1,04 242,32 0,04 3,36 6,13 2,21 0,54 0,74 162,06 8,28 46,36 175,60 115,15 4,54 0,66 40,06 1,38 1,72

30 94 119 56 79 45 92 32 125 71 66 78 108 103 37 62 48 35 39 68 106 49 87 83

1,79 0,00 0,01 0,13 0,00 0,34 0,02 0,02 0,00 0,04 0,00 0,01 0,00 0,01 0,48 0,00 0,04 1,06 1,14 0,00 0,00 0,05 0,00 0,00

6 80 66 36 80 22 59 59 80 50 80 66 80 66 19 80 50 11 10 80 80 46 80 80

Global Climate Risk Index 2011

23

Rank CRI 2009 Overall CRI score Total 57.83 51.33 55.00 9.50 25.33 73.33 69.50 50.33 62.00 74.50 12.50 54.00 90.17 37.50 92.83 36.33 54.67 42.83 83.50 58.33 59.83 95.00 43.83 89.50 46.33 71.83 44.00 87.50 86.33 71.33 67.50 35.83 77.33 61.67 69.83 44.83 30.00 31.33 70.00 10.83 91.00 61.00 Death toll

Deaths per 100,000 inhabitants

Losses in million US$ (PPP)

Losses in million USD per unit GDP (in %) Rank 66 13 80 14 46 80 80 80 54 80 24 31 80 54 80 33 66 36 80 7 59 80 26 80 59 80 28 66 59 44 80 43 66 80 80 54 34 17 50 9 80 16

61 45 51 3 14 93 84 44 75 94 5 46 116 27 124 25 49 32 107 63 67 128 33 115 38 90 34 111 110 89 81 22 98 71 85 37 17 18 86 4 119 70

Country Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Republic of Yemen Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Lucia Sudan Suriname Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Viet Nam Zambia Zimbabwe

Rank Total Rank Total 60 0.02 91 0.00 23 0.09 2 12.96 9 1.13 79 0.01 57 25 67 70 6 77 94 17 94 63 36 42 79 94 48 94 79 94 45 42 45 94 94 94 52 21 84 35 82 27 11 73 94 8 94 94 0.02 0.09 0.01 0.01 4.00 0.01 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.16 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.09 0.74 0.02 0.00 3.08 0.00 0.00 33 80 33 10 12 67 57 28 88 46 5 67 94 6 94 6 57 67 80 94 67 94 57 94 21 57 76 94 94 94 37 46 88 50 1,30 243,81 1,92 2675,22 327,48 5,30 1,43 8,80 553,66 0,04 1467,93 35,49 0,84 1,32 0,14 2,31 53,91 1813,05 0,80 26,87 17,02 0,02 721,66 0,94 2,74 0,14 1062,82 0,36 0,12 19,88 0,11 859,78 3,21 2,49

Rank Total 89 31 81 7 27 67 86 61 21 125 11 51 99 88 115 77 46 9 102 54 59 128 18 95 73 115 12 111 118 58 119 16 72 75 63 19 1 29 38 5 104 52 0,01 0,85 0,00 0,83 0,05 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,03 0,00 0,25 0,16 0,00 0,03 0,00 0,15 0,01 0,13 0,00 1,54 0,02 0,00 0,23 0,00 0,02 0,00 0,20 0,01 0,02 0,08 0,00 0,10 0,01 0,00 0,00 0,03 0,14 0,64 0,04 1,15 0,00 0,65

11 1 49 1231 286 5 14 44 9 8 500 6 0 110 0 10 31 23 5 0 20 0 5 0 21 23 21 0 0 0 17 59 2 32 3 40 223 7 0 334 0 0

57 8,12 57 647,78 50 19198,31 26 279,37 94 128,44 17 2943,05 94 0,72 94 28,27

Germanwatch
Following the motto "Observing, Analysing, Acting", Germanwatch has been actively promoting North-South equity and the preservation of livelihoods since 1991. In doing so, we focus on the politics and economics of the North with their worldwide consequences. The situation of marginalised people in the South is the starting point of our work. Together with our members and supporters as well as with other actors in civil society we intend to represent a strong lobby for sustainable development. We endeavour to approach our aims by advocating fair trade relations, responsible financial markets, compliance with human rights, and the prevention of dangerous climate change. Germanwatch is funded by membership fees, donations, grants from the "Stiftung Zukunftsfhigkeit" (Foundation for Sustainability), and by grants from a number of other public and private donors. You can also help to achieve the goals of Germanwatch and become a member or support our work with your donation: Bank fuer Sozialwirtschaft AG BIC/Swift: BFSWDE33BER IBAN: DE33 1002 0500 0003 212300 For further information, please contact one of our offices Germanwatch - Berlin Office Schiffbauerdamm 15 10117 Berlin, Germany Ph.: +49 (0) 30 - 28 88 356-0 Fax: +49 (0) 30 - 28 88 356-1 Germanwatch - Bonn Office Dr. Werner-Schuster-Haus Kaiserstrae 201 53113 Bonn, Germany Ph.: +49 (0) 228 - 60492-0 Fax: +49 (0) 228 - 60492-19 E-mail: info@germanwatch.org or visit our website: www.germanwatch.org