Mu'tah University Faculty of engineering Civil engineering department

Dr. Hassan Tantawi

Written by: Mohammed Al-dhabiany

Chapter 1 Introduction to concrete technology

1.1 concrete components The concrete components are: a) Aggregate: it forms more than 75% of the concrete components. b) Water: the water must be drinkable. c) Cement: there are different types of cement use in concrete depend on the condition that needs to use for: 1- Type 1 cements (ordinary Portland cement): used for ordinary condition. 2- Type 2 cements: used for moderate sulfate resistance 3- Type 3 cements: used for early gained strength or accelerate strength. 4- Type 4 cements: used for high sulfate resistance. 5- Type 5 cements: used as retarded cement for the bulk concrete. d) Additives: many additives are use for increase the workability of the concrete. There is more than one type of additives according to its work: 1-Plastisizer: used for improve the workability of the concrete. 2-Accelerated additives: Cacl2 is used as accelerated additive 3-Retarded additives: add to concrete to increase its workability and increase its strength. Practical remarks: The additives should be added as percentage of cement not more than 2% usually use additives between (1 - 2) %. In addition, note that more percentage of additives will be decrease the strength of the concrete. 1.2 hardened concrete The hardened concrete has several properties should be known

1- Compressive strength
Strength of hardened concrete means the compressive strength (f 'c) can be measured at 28 days by standard test using the standard cube (150 x150 x 150) mm or standard cylinder (150 x 300) mm of concrete, it seems that the strength of cylinder 80% of the strength of the cube. Moreover, there is anther test to find the compressive of concrete like hammer test and core test. From the practice, it appears that the: f 'c at 7 days 0.75 of the f 'c at 28 days. f 'c accelerated (0.2 0.25) of the f 'c at 28 days.

2-Tensile strength of concrete

The tensile strength of concrete is negligible in the designing of reinforced concrete but in some cases, we need it. ft = (6 7) f 'c where f 'c (psi) ft = (0.5 0.6) f 'c where f 'c (MPa)

3-Modulus of elasticity of concrete

Three type of modulus are found from the stress strain diagram of concrete: a) Initial tangent modulus E1 = tan1 b) Tangent to stress strain curve at = 0.5 ' where ( ' is maximum stress) E2 = tan2 c) Secant modulus E3 = tan3 where the 3 is the angle of secant to point on the stress strain curve at = 0.5 ' In general, the modulus of elasticity of concrete (Ec) is calculated from the following empirical formulas: Ec = 33x w 1.5 f 'c where: f 'c (in Psi) and w concrete density (150 Psi) Ec=0.043xw 1.5 f 'c where: f 'c (in MPa) and w concrete density (2400 kg/m3) Ec = 57000 f 'c where f 'c (Psi) Ec = 4700 f 'c where f 'c (MPa)

4- Modulus of rapture
Gives the maximum moment that the concrete can resist without fracture and it is measured from the empirical formula fr =7.5 f 'c where f 'c (Psi) For creep Ct = (t0.6 x Cu) (10 + t0.6) Where Ct is the creep stress and Cu = 2.35 and t (days)

5-Creep of concrete

6-shrinkage of concrete
For shrinkage sh = (t x shu) (35 x t) Where sh is the shrinkage strain and shu = 425 x 10-6 and t (days)

1.3 Reinforced steel

The reinforced steel is found in several types according to the percentage of carbon as: 1-mild steel (Fyeild (240 280) MPa) 2-medium steel (Fyeild (280 350) MPa) 3-high strength steel (Fyeild (350 600) MPa) As the percentage of carbon is increase, the strength will increase. Identification of reinforced steel Jordan (1220) means 12 bar 20mm diameter ACI (12#6) means 12 bar (6/8) in diameter British 12R20 or 12T20 where (R regular steel) and (T high strength steel) Practical remarks: 1-The reinforced steel must be free of the dust, rust, or oil because the oil is organic material and it will kill the strength of reinforced concrete. 2-We do not use the high strength steel in the steel of the stirrups because it is soft and cannot resist the bent so the first type of steel is the best type for stirrups.

Chapter 2 Introduction to Reinforced concrete design methods 2.1 Working stress design method (W.S.D)
This method is based on Load Resistance also based on the decreasing of the strength of the concrete but the loads still as it is. The compressive strength of the concrete and the Fyeild of the steel are taken as: fca = 0.45 f 'c (fca <3000 Psi or f 'ca <30 MPa) fsa = 0.5 Fyeild (fsa <24000 Psi or fsa <170 MPa) This method has drags points: 1-It does not consider the uncertainty in the live loads. 2-It decreases the strength by using the allowable stresses regardless of loads property. 3-limitation of stresses i.e. fsa < 170 MPa

2.2 Ultimate strength design method (U.S.D)

This method is based on the increasing of the loads but the strength still as it is The method condition is that the moment comes from the load must be less than or equal to the moment from the resistance of the concrete ML MR Type of loads: Dead load, live load, horizontal pressure, wind load and earthquake. Reduction factor 1-for moment = 0.9 2-for shear = 0.85 3-for axial load = 0.7 or = 0.75 4-for plane concrete = 0.65 We notice that the reduction factor for the shear is lesser than that for the moment because the shear works suddenly on the concrete and make the failure quickly.

Chapter 3 Analysis and design of rectangular concrete section Based on U.S.D method 3.1 Rectangular section with singly reinforcement
Singly reinforced section means that the section is subject to bending moment only. Many necessary terms must be known before the start of design: 1-The effective depth (d) is the difference between the over all depth and the distance from the concrete cover to the center of gravity of the reinforced steel as in figure 1 2-The main steel is the necessary steel to resist the tension according to the bending moment as shown in figure 1. 3-The concrete cover as in figure 1 is necessary to protect the main steel and it is taken according to codes depends on: a) Environment conditions. b) Size of main reinforced steel bars c) Type of structure. 4-The stress strain curve of the concrete and steel should be known and studied as shown in figure 2. 5-The strain of section is approximately linear across the section as in figure 3

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Practical remarks: 1-As main reinforced bar size increase the concrete cover should increase because the concrete interact to the steel and makes failure on the section. 2-The concrete resist the compression and the steel resist the tension. 3-The effective depth d is the distance use in the design of the section not the all over depth h. 4-From the practical we can use concrete cover depend on the type of structure as follows: a) Beam subject to moderate conditions, take cover 40 mm or 1.5 in. b) Foundation exposed to earth permanently, take cover 75 mm or 3 in. c) Slab exposed to earth permanently, take cover 20 mm or 0.75 in.

3.2 Analysis of singly reinforced concrete sections

For the analysis of the concrete section, we will use two methods for that 1- Parabolic stress curve method: As it is shown in the figure 4 the stress on the concrete is represented as parabolic has average value equal to k1k3f'c where k1 and k3 are constants. The compression on the concrete C is compute as the area under the stress curve. C = k1 k3 f'c x b The tension on the steel T is compute as the steel yielded T = As Fy Because the compression equal to the tension in the section so C=T k1 k3 f'c x b = As Fy X = [As Fy] [k1 k3 f'c b]

Figure 4

The nominal moment on the section is Mn = T or C x the arm between the C and T Mn = T x (d k2x) Mn = As Fy x [d (k2 As Fy (k1 k3 f'c b))] From the experimental work it was found that the constant value of k2 (k1 k3) =0.59 So the nominal moment will be Mn = As Fy x [d (0.59As Fy (f'c b))]

Example 3.1
a) Compute the maximum moment capacity that section can carry? if the section has the following properties h =20 in., b =12 in., f'c =3000 Psi, Fy =28000 Psi, As =2.37 in2.

Solution
d = 20 1.5-(3/8)-(1/2)=17.6in. Mn = As Fy x [d (0.59As Fy (f'c b))] Mn = 2.37x28000x[17.6-(0.59x2.37x28000) (12x3000)] = 1095765.1 Ib.in = 1095765.1 12000 = 91.31kip.ft b) Assume we need to keep the geometry of the section as it is and to increase the moment to 100-kip.ft compute area of steel need for that.

Solution
As(new) = As(old)x[Mnew / Mold] = 2.37x[100/91.3] = 2.6 in2

2-whitney stress block method This is the method that we will use it in the analysis and the design of the singly reinforced sections so we will start to explain it. As shown in figure 5 the stress in concrete is represented as rectangular block has average value of 0.85 f'c. The compression on the concrete is compute as the area under the stress strain curve where C = 0.85f'c a b The tension on the steel is computed as steel yielded T = As Fy Because the compression equal to the tension in the section so C=T 0.85f'c a b = As Fy a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) The nominal moment on the section is Mn = T or C x the arm between the C and T Mn = T x (d (a/2)) Mn = As Fy x [d (As Fy (2x0.85 f'c b))] a=x Where = 0.85 for f'c 4000 Psi is reduced by 0.05 for extra 1000 Psi > 0.65

Figure 5

Example 3.2(repeated)
a) Compute the maximum moment capacity that the section can carry? if the section has the following properties h =20 in., b =12 in., f'c =3000 Psi, Fy =280000 Psi, As =2.37 in2.

Solution
d = 20 1.5-(3/8)-(1/2)=17.6in. a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) = (2.37x28000) (0.85x3000x12) = 66360 30600 = 2.2 in. Mn = As Fy x [d (a/2)] Mn = 2.37x28000x[17.6-(2.2 2)] = 1095765.1 Ib.in = 1095765.1 12000 = 91.31kip.ft b) Assume we need to keep the geometry of the section as it is and to increase the moment to 100-kip.ft compute area of steel need for that.

Solution
As(new) = As(old)x[Mnew / Mold] = 2.37x[100/91.3] = 2.6 in2

3.3 Limits of reinforcement ratio

1- Balanced condition (b) Ideal condition as when the stress in the steel reaches Fy and stress in concrete reaches max strength at the same time which called balance condition From figure 6 we get: c (c + y) = xb d xb = (dxc) (c + y) Since C = T 0.85f'c a b = As Fy As Fy = 0.85f'c b xb As Fy = 0.85f'c b [(dxc) (c + y)] y = fy / Es = fy /29000000 c = 0.003 As Fy = 0.85f'c b d [87000 (87000 + Fy)] Divide the two side of equation above by Fy bd, we will get: (As / bd) = 0.85 [f'c/ Fy] [87000 (87000 + Fy)] b = 0.85 [f'c/ Fy] [87000 (87000 + Fy)] Where f'c and Fy are in Psi b = 0.85 [f'c/ Fy] [600 (600 + Fy)] Where f'c and Fy are in MPa
Figure 6

2- Maximum reinforcement ratio (max) To make sure that the actual reinforcement ratio (act) b then the codes limit the reinforcement ratio by maximum ratio of reinforcement (max) = 0.75 b. If the act > max it leads to sudden failure and the section is called over reinforced section. 3- Minimum reinforcement ratio (min) To make sure that the cracks will not appear on the building you must take the reinforcement ratio not less than the minimum value that is: a) min = 200/ Fy where Fy in Psi for rectangular section.

min = 1.4/ Fy where Fy in MPa for rectangular section. b) min = [3 f'c / Fy] 200/ Fy where f'c and Fy in Psi or min = [(3/12) f'c / Fy] 1.4/ Fy where f'c and Fy in MPa for T-section with flange in compression. c) min = [6 f'c / Fy] 200/ Fy where f'c and Fy in Psi or min = [(6/12) f'c / Fy] 1.4/ Fy where f'c and Fy in MPa for T-section with flange in tension. Practical remarks: In the huge foundation with irregular thickness, if we calculate the act and it was less than min then it is ok to use the act and add 30% to it i.e. = act + 0.3x act 4- Actual reinforcement ratio (act) To make sure that you have reasonable absorption strain energy by the reinforced building then start your design by considering act = 0.5 max.

Example 3.3
Rectangular section has h = 30in. and b =14in if f'c = 4000Psi and Fy = 60000Psi. for the ultimate moment Mu = 120kip.ft check if the section can carry this moment?

Solution
d = 30 1.5-(3/8)-(1/2)=27.6in. a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) = (3.95x60000) (0.85x4000x14) = 237000 47600 = 4.98 in. Mn = As Fy x [d (a/2)] Mn = 3.95x60000x[27.6-(4.98 / 2)]x[1/12000] = 495.9kip.ft Mu = 0.9x495.9 = 446.3>120 so it is ok.

3.4 Design of singly reinforced rectangular section

1- Design using the quick design method Steps of design: 1- The given information will be D.L, L.L, span length, f'c and Fy 2- Find the minimum thickness h as followed:
Solid one way slab Beams or ribbed one way slabs Simply supported l/20 l/16 One end cont. l/24 l/18.5 Two end cont. l/28 l/21 Cantilever l/10 l/8

Table 3.1(The minimum thickness) 3- Find d where d = h cover stirrup diameter -0.5 main reinforcement diameter or d = h 2.5in. 4- Find b where d / b 1.5 to 2 5- Find Wu where Wu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L 6- Find Mu as followed:
Case At end span with discontinuous unrestrained end At end span with discontinuous integral with support end At interior span Case At exterior face of first interior support for two spans At exterior face of first interior support for more than two spans At other faces of interior support Positive moment Wu l2/11 Wu l2/14 Wu l2/16 Negative moment Wu l2/9 Wu l2/10 Wu l2/11

Table 3.2 7- Fine MnL = Mu / 0.9 8- Calculate the required reinforcement steel As = MnL (Fy x0.9xd) 9- Choose bar size from the table of reinforcing steel bars and find As. 10- Check the moment capacity of the section MnR. a) Find a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) b) Find MnR = As Fy x [d (a/2)] 11- If MnR MnL so it is ok. 12- Check max, min . 13- If MnR < MnL so As(new) = As(old)x [MnL / MnR] 14- Find MnR = As(new) Fy x [d (a/2)] 15- If MnR MnL so it is ok. 16- If MnR < MnL so repeat step 13.

2-Design using the exact design method At the beginning we must derive a relationship between Mn and bd2 to simplified the method of design so consider the section in the figure 7 a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) Mn = As Fy x [d (a/2)] = As Fy x [d (As Fy (2x0.85 f'c b))] Let m = Fy / (0.85 f'c) Mn = As Fy x [d ((Asm) (2b))] Mn = As Fy x [d ((As/bd) x (md/2))] Mn = As Fy d [1 (m /2)] where = As /bd Mn = (As/bd)x Fyx bd2 x [1 (m /2)] Mn = Fy x [1 - (m /2)] x (bd2) Mn = Rn x bd2 where Rn = Fy x [1-(m /2)] is the coefficient of strength in Psi or MPa Rn = Mn / bd2 # Ok. #
Figure 7

Design using the exact design method (cont.) Step of design: 1- The given information will be D.L, L.L, span length, f'c and Fy 2- Find h from table 3.1 3- Find d where d = h cover stirrup diameter -0.5 main reinforcement diameter or d = h 2.5in. 4- Find b where d / b 1.5 to 2 5- Find Wu where Wu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L 6- Find Mu from table 3.2 7- Fine MnL = Mu / 0.9 8- Find Rn = MnL / bd2 9- Find m = Fy / (0.85 f'c) 10- Find act = (1 / m) x [1 - [1-(2m Rn /Fy)]] 11- Find As = act x bd and choose bar size from the reinforcing steel table 13- Check max, min . 14- Check the moment capacity of the section MnR = As Fy x [d (a/2)] 15- If MnR MnL so it is Ok.

Example 3.4
Beam has simply support span length of 8m and a rectangular cross section Design a suitable section with singly reinforcement to resist the following load Wu = 10 KN/m. not include the section self weight? Use f'c = 25 MPa and Fy = 350 MPa. Note a) Use quick design. b) Use exact design.

Solution
For simply support and to control deflection use h = L /16 = 8/16 = 0.5m d = h 6 = 50 6 = 44 cm. d / b 1.5 to 2 44 / b 1.5 b 29.3 say b = 30 cm. Self-weight = 0.5 x 0.3 x 24 = 3.6 KN/m. Mself-wight = 1.4 x (3.6 x 82 / 8) = 40.32 KN.m. Mu = (10 x 82 / 8) = 80 KN.m. Mu(Total) = 40.32 + 80 = 120.32 KN.m. a) Use quick design MnL = Mu(Total) / 0.9 = 120.32 / 0.9 = 133.69 KN.m. As = MnL (Fy x0.9xd) = (133.69 x 106) (350 x 0.9 x 440) = 964.57 mm2 Choose 5 16 As = 5 x 200 = 1000 mm2 act = As / bd = 1000 / (300 x 440) =0.0076 a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) = (1000 x 350) (0.85 x 25 x 300) = 54.9 mm.

Solution of example 3.4 (cont.)

MnR = As Fy x [d (a/2)] = 1000 x 350 x [440 (54.9/2)]x10-6 = 144.39KN.m. So because 144.39 > 133.69 it is Ok. Check code limits b = 0.85 [f'c/ Fy] [600 (600 + Fy)] = 0.85x0.85x[25/350]x[600 (600+350)] = 0.032 max = 0.75 x b = 0.75 x 0.032 = 0.024 act < max so it is Ok. min = [(6/12) f'c / Fy] = [(1/2) x 25 / 350] = 0.007 act > min so it is Ok. b) Use exact design MnL = Mu / 0.9 = 120.32 / 0.9 = 133.69 KN.m. Rn = MnL / bd2 = (133.69 x 106) / (300 x 4402) = 2.3 MPa. m = Fy / (0.85 f'c) = 350 / (0.85 x 25) = 16.47 act = (1 / m) x [1 - [1-(2m Rn /Fy)]] = (1/16.47)x[1-[1-(2x16.47x2.3/350)] = 0.00696 Check code limits: b = 0.85 [f'c/ Fy] [600 (600 + Fy)] = 0.85x0.85x[25/350]x[600 (600+350)] = 0.032 max = 0.75 x b = 0.75 x 0.032 = 0.024

Solution of example 3.4 (cont.)

act < max so it is Ok. min = [(6/12) f'c / Fy] = [(1/2) x 25 / 350] = 0.007 act < min = 0.00696 < 0.007 so it is not Ok. So use min As = 0.007 x 300 x 440 = 924 mm2. Choose 516 As = 1000mm2. a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) = (1000 x 350) (0.85 x 25 x 300) = 54.9 mm. MnR = As Fy x [d (a/2)] = 1000 x 350 x [440 (54.9/2)]x10-6 = 144.39KN.m. So because 144.39>133.69 it is Ok.

3.5 Analysis and design of double reinforced concrete sections

The doubly reinforced section is the section that has compression steel in addition to the tension steel. usually we go to the double reinforced section when we have heavy loads and limited section dimension especially the depth (d),so after exhausting the maximum allowable percentage of reinforcement ratio then we try to use compression steel also we use the doubly reinforced section in the cases where we have already an a moment of steel in the compression zone and we try to get use this steel for example the zone over the intermediate support in a continuous beams structure provided that the steel in the bottom layer is developed according to the code. We will treat this subject in two parts 1- Analysis of doubly reinforced section. 2- Design of doubly reinforced section. 1- Analysis of doubly reinforced concrete section Step of analysis of doubly reinforced section: 1- From figure 9 we get xb = [c (c + y(T.S))] x d where y(T.S) = fy/Es 2- Check if s > y where s = [(xmax d') xmax] x c If s > y then use f's = fy If s < y then use f's = s x Es 3- Compute the compression on the concrete Cc = 0.85 f'c*b**x where x = 0.75xb 4- Compute the compression on the steel Cs = A's x(f's 0.85 f'c) 5- Compute the tension on the tension steel T = Asxfy 6- Compute the moment capacity of the section Mn = Cc(d (a/2)) + Cs(d d')

Figure 8

Figure 9

Example 3.5(example 3.10.1 textbook)

Determine the nominal moment strength Mn of rectangular section shown in figure, given f'c = 5000 psi, Fy = 60000, b = 14 in., d = 26 in. d' = 3 in., As = 8 # 10 and A's = 2 # 8 bars.

Solution

xb = [c (c + y(T.S))] x d = [3 (3 + (60/29))] x 26 = 15.39 in. xmax = 0.75 x 15.39 = 11.54 in. amax = 0.8 x 11.54 = 9.23 in. s = [(xmax d') xmax] x c = [(11.54 3) 11.54] x 0.003 = 0.0022 > y so f's = fy Cc = 0.85 f'c*b**xmax = 0.85 x 5000 x 14 x 0.8 x 11.54 x 10-3 = 549.3 kips. Cs = A's x(f's 0.85 f'c) = 1.58 x (60 0.85 x 5) = 88 Kips. Mn = Cc(d (amax/2)) + Cs(d d') = [549.3x(26 (9.23/2)) + 88x(26 3)]x(1/12) = 1147.85 ft-kips.

*practical remarks 1- The maximum reinforcement ratio for doubly reinforced section is taken as max = 0.75 + [' x (fs fy)] where ' = A's / (bwd) 2- we shouldnt use compression steel until the maximum reinforcement ratio of tension steel is used in the case of using the compression steel for strength, not for unaccepted negative moment.

2- Design of doubly reinforced concrete section Step of design of doubly reinforced concrete section: 1- The given information will be D.L, L.L, span length, f'c and Fy 2- Find h from table 3.1 3- Find d where d = h cover stirrup diameter -0.5 main reinforcement diameter or d = h 2.5in. 4- Find b where d / b 1.5 to 2 and d' = cover + stirrup diameter +0.5xdiam .of C.S 5- Find Wu where Wu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L 6- Find Mu from table 3.2 7- Fine MnL = Mu / 0.9 8- Find b = 0.85 [f'c/ Fy] [87000 (87000 + Fy)] Where f'c and Fy are in Psi b = 0.85 [f'c/ Fy] [600 (600 + Fy)] Where f'c and Fy are in MPa 9- Find xb = [c (c + y(T.S))] x d where y(T.S) = fy/Es, xmax= 0.75xb and amax = *xmax 10- Use = max = 0.75 b and fine As = xbd 11-Compute the moment capacity of section without compression steel MnR= As x Fy x [d (amax/2)] 12- If MnR<MnL so we need compression steel. 13- Compute M'nR = MnL - MnR 14- A's = M'nR [f'sx(d d')] where f's = fy if s > y Or f'c = s x Es if s < y where s = [(xmax d') xmax] x c 15- choose bar size from the table. 16- Check the moment capacity of the section Mn = Cc(d (amax/2)) + Cs(d d')

Example 3.6(example 3.11.2 textbook)

Determine the As and A's required to carry a service live load moment of 390ft-kips and service dead load moment of 200ft-kips,using b = 14 in., d = 26 in., d' = 3 in. f'c = 5000 psi, Fy = 60000 psi, and the ACI code?

Solution
Mu = 1.4 x 200 + 1.7 x 390 = 943ft-kips. MnL = Mu / 0.9 = 943 / 0.9 = 1048 ft-kips. b = 0.85 [f'c/ Fy] [87000 (87000 + Fy)] = 0.85 x 0.8 [5000/ 60000] [87000 (87000 + 60000)] = 0.0335 xb = [c (c + y(T.S))] x d = [3 (3 + (60/29))] x 26 = 15.39 in. xmax= 0.75xb = 0.75 x 15.39 = 11.54 in. amax = *xmax = 0.8 x 11.54 = 9.23 in. Use = max = 0.75 b = 0.75 x 0.0335 = 0.0251 As = xbd = 0.0251 x 14 x 26 = 9.15 in2.(note this is the max. As for singly reinforced) Compute the moment capacity of section without compression steel MnR= As x Fy x [d (amax/2)] = 9.15 x 60000 x [26 (9.23/2)] x(1/12000) = 978ft-kip. MnR<MnL 978 < 1048 so we need compression steel for strength M'nR = MnL - MnR = 1048 978 = 70 ft-kip. Check if the compression steel was yielded or not. s = [(xmax d') xmax] x c = [(11.54 3) 11.54] x 0.003 = 0.0022 > y so f's = fy A's = M'nR [f'sx(d d')] = 70 [60000 x(26 3)] x 12000 = 0.61 in2

3.6 Applications on the singly reinforced concrete section

An application on design of singly reinforced section is the design of the oneway solid slab and it is the best application on the design of the singly reinforced section. We consider the slab as one-way solid slab with width (b) equal to l unit length if the ratio of the long span to the short span > 2 if it is not greater than two it is considered as two-way solid slab.

3.7 Analysis and design of the one-way solid slab

The analysis and design of the one-way solid slab is the same as the rectangular section with singly reinforced that explained in section 3.4 but we will use the section width (b) is equal to 1uint length.

Example 3.7
Consider the figure below check if the slab (S1) is one-way solid slab and design it to resist live load L.L = 4 KN/m as one end continue slab given f'c = 25 MPa, Fy = 350 MPa.

Solution
According to code and to control deflection The minimum h = span /24 = 3000 / 24 = 125 mm Use h = 130 mm d = h 3cm = 130 30 = 100 mm Self-weight = 0.130 x 1 x 24 = 3.12 KN/m. Mself-wight = 1.4 x (3.12 x 32 / 8) = 4.91 KN.m. Mu =1.7 x (4 x 32 / 8) =7.65 KN.m. Mu(Total) = 4.91 + 7.65 = 12.6 KN.m.

Solution of example 3.7 (cont.)

Use quick design MnL = Mu(Total) / 0.9 = 12.6 / 0.9 = 13.96 KN.m. As = MnL (Fy x0.9xd) = (13.96 x 106) (350 x 0.9 x 100) = 443.17 mm2 Choose 12 No. of bars = 443.17 / 100 = 4.432 Spacing = 1000 / 4.432 = 225.6 say 12@ 225 mm. act = As / bd = 443.17 / (1000x 100) = 0.0044 a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) = (443.17 x 350) (0.85 x 25 x 1000) = 7.3 mm. MnR = As Fy x [d (a/2)] = 443.17 x 350 x [100 (23.74/2)]x10-6 = 14.94 KN.m. So because 14.94 > 13.96 it is ok. Check code limits b = 0.85 [f'c/ Fy] [600 (600 + Fy)] = 0.85x0.85x[25/350]x[600 (600+350)] = 0.032 max = 0.75 x b = 0.75 x 0.032 = 0.024 act < max so it is Ok. min = [(6/12) f'c / Fy] = [(1/2) x 25 / 350] = 0.007 act < min so it is not Ok. Use = min As = 0.007 x 1000 x 100 = 700 mm2 Choose 12 No. of bars = 700 / 100 = 7 Spacing = 1000 / 7 = 142.86 say 12@140 mm.

Chapter 4 Analysis and design of T-section Based on U.S.D method 4.1 The effective width of slab
In this section, we will determine the effective depth (bf) of slab that will work as one part with the web or stem of the beam, which is determined as followed: 1- For interior beams: the bf is the smallest of the: a) bf = span / 4 b) bf = bw + 16 t c) Center to center spacing between beams. 2- For exterior beams: the bf is the smallest of the: a) bf = bw + (span / 12) b) bf = bw + 6 t c) bf = bw + 0.5xclear distance to the next beam. 3- For isolated beams bf 4 bw where t 0.5 bw

4.2 Analysis and design of T-section

1- Analysis of T-section Steps of analysis of T-section: 1- Determine the effective depth bf from section 4.1 2- Find the over all depth of the T-section from table 3.1 and find d 3- Assume that the a is one the flange and find it from the equilibrium equation C=T a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c bf) In this stage we will have to cases a) If a tf so the assumption is true and the section will be treated as rectangular section with b = bf and has the analysis that was explained in section 3.2 b) If a < tf so the assumption wasnt true and the section will be treated as T-section in addition, the section will be divided into two parts the first part is the over hanging part and the second part is the web part. 4- Compute the necessary reinforcement for the over hanging part as follow: 0.85 x f'c x (bf bw) x tf = As1 x Fy As1 = [0.85 x f'c x (bf bw) x tf] Fy As2 = As As1 5- Compute the actual a from the equation a = (As2 x Fy) (0.85 x f'c x bw) 6- Compute the maximum nominal moment that the section can carry use the following equation Mn = As1 x Fy x (d-(tf/2)) + As2 x Fy x (d - (a/2))

4.3Quick deign of T-section

Steps of design of T-section: 1- Determine the effective depth bf from section 4.1 2- Find the over all depth h of the T-section from table 3.1 and compute d. 3- Find Wu where Wu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L in addition to the section self weight 4- Find Mu from table 3.2 5- Fine MnL = Mu / 0.9 6- Compute the necessary reinforcement steel As = Mn (Fy x 0.95 x d) and choose bar size and compute the exact As 7- Make analysis for the T-section as explained in the previous section. 8- Check for max. and min reinforcement ratio. *Practical remarks 1- The maximum reinforcement ratio for T-section is taken as max = 0.75 x (b + f) where f = Asf (bwd) and b = Asb (bwd)

4.4 Applications on design of T-section (design of one-way ribbed slab)

As application on the design of T-section, the design of the one-way hollow ribbed slab is the same as that of T-section but there are some construction considerations that must be taken in mind: 1- The thickness of the slab over the hollow block must be ts 2 in 50 mm 2- The width of the web or stem must be bw 4 in 100 mm. 3- The width of the flange must be bf 30 in + bw 75 cm + bw 4- The effective depth must be d 3.5 x bw 5- Choose the over all depth h such that to control deflection according to code. 6- The load for one rib is taken as: Wfor one rib = [(block width + bw) unit length] x Wu Then we can start the steps of design of one-way hollow ribbed slab: 1- Determine the direction of the ribs (short direction or to the continuity as in figure 10 but not always depends on the continuity 2- Determine the over all thickness from table 3.1 and compute d 3- Choose the web width bw 4- Choose the hollow block thickness = h ts 5- Compute the D.L (loads / m2) and the self-weight of the section like: Weight of block, weight of slab, weight of sand fill, weight of mortaretc. 7- Find the L.L 8- Compute ultimate loads Wu =1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L 9- Compute the ultimate load for one rib Wfor one rib = [(block width + bw) unit length] x Wu 10- Compute the ultimate moment Mu from table 3.2 for example (Wfor one rib xL2 / 8) 11- Compute MnL = Mu / 0.9 12- Use quick design of T-section and fine As = MnL (Fy x 0.95 xd) 13- Choose bar size and fine actual As 14- Make analysis for the T-section as explained in the previous section. 15- Check for max. and min reinforcement ratio.

*Practical remarks 1- We must wash the block before the placing of the concrete because the block will take the water from the concrete if we did not wash it with water. 2- We must use a cross ribs if the slab is so long nearly > 6m. 3- The importance of using the hollow block ribbed is that it is not heavy and it is non-conductivity for heat.

Figure 10

Section x - x

Example 4.1(example 9.4.1 textbook)

Determine the nominal strength Mn within the span of floor beam whose projection below a 4.5 in slab is 13 x 24 in. (effective depth is 25 in. for two layer of steel). Tension reinforcement is 8#8 bars. The span length of beam is 26 ft and the beams are centered 13 ft apart. Use f'c = 3000 psi and Fy = 50000 psi.

Solution
The bf is the smallest of the: a) bf = span / 4 = 26 / 4 = 6.5x12 = 78 in b) bf = bw + 16 ts = 13 + 16x4.5 = 85 in c) Center to center spacing between beams=13x12=156in So the bf = 78 in. Assume a is within the flange C = T a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c bf) = (8x0.79x50) (0.85x3x78) = 1.6 in < ts Then the assumption was true and the section will be treated as rectangular section with b = bf MnR = As Fy x [d (a/2)] = 8x0.79x50x[25 (1.6/2)]x(1/12) = 637.3 kip.ft.

Example 4.2(example 9.4.2 textbook)

Determine the nominal moment strength of the isolated T-section shown in figure when As = 12.48 in2. Use f'c = 3000 psi and Fy = 50000 psi.

Solution
For isolated beams bf 4 bw where t 0.5 bw 30 < 4x14 = 56 so ok. ts 0.5x14 = 7 so it is ok. Assume a is within the flange C = T a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c bf) = (12.48x50) (0.85x3x30) = 8.16 in. > ts= 7 in. So the assumption wasnt true and we will treat the section as T-section and divided the section into two areas A1 and A2 Compute the necessary reinforcement for over hanging part A1 As1 = [0.85 x f'c x (bf bw) x tf] Fy = [0.85x3x(30 14)x17] 50 = 5.71 in2 Compute the necessary reinforcement for web part A2 As2 = As As1 = 12.48 5.71 = 6.7 in2 Compute a where a = (As2 x Fy) (0.85 x f'c x bw) = (6.7 x 50) (0.85 x 3 x14) = 9.3 in Mn = As1 x Fy x (d - (tf / 2)) + As2 x Fy x (d - (a / 2)) = [5.71 x 50 x (36 - (7 / 2)) + 6.7 x 50 x (36 - (9.3 / 2)] x (1/12) = 773.23 + 875.19 = 1648.42 kip.ft

Example 4.3
A simply supported one way hollow ribbed slab with a rib span length of 5 m use f'c = 30MPa design the slab to resist it is self weight and L.L = 4 KN/m2 and Fy = 420 MPa

Solution
According to code and to control deflection for simply supported one way hollow ribbed slab compute h from table 3.1 as h = span / 18.5 = 5000 / 18.5 = 270 mm 300 mm Use ts = 60 mm and use block thickness = 300 60 = 240 mm Use bw = 150 mm >100mm d= 300 40 = 260 mm Compute D.L as Loads / m2 Self weight of hollow block slab=4 KN/m2 for slab thickness of 300 mm (from table) Weight of sand + fill + mortar...etc 2.2 KN/m2 So D.L = 4 + 2.2 = 6.2 KN/m2 L.L = 4 KN/m2 Wu = 1.4 x6.2 + 1.7 x 4 = 15.2 KN/m2 Compute Wu for one rib Wfor one rib = [(block width + bw) unit length] x Wu = [(400 + 150) 1000] x 15.2 = 8.36 KN/m For simply supported one way ribbed slab Mu = (Wfor one rib xL2) / 8 = (8.36 x 52) / 8 = 26.13 KN.m MnL = Mu / 0.9 = 26.13 / 0.9 = 29 KN.m As = MnL (Fy x 0.95 x d) = [29 (420 x 0.95 x 260)]x106 = 279.55 mm2 Choose 116 and 114 As = 200 +154 =354 mm2

Tutorials Tutorial No.1

Consider the following loaded beam with its cross section using f'c = 25 MPa and Fy = 400 MPa it is required to do the following: 1- Compute the value of the L.L that the section can carry if As = 2000 mm2 2- Compute the maximum L.L that the section can carry with single reinforcements 3- Compute the compression steel A's if the L.L in part 2 will be 1.5 x L.L

Solution
Wu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L = 1.4 x 10 + 1.7 L.L = 14 + 1.7 L.L Mu = Wu L2 / 8 = (14 + 1.7 L.L) x 82 / 8 = 112 + 13.6 L.L MnL = Mu / 0.9 = 124.44 + 15.11 L.L 1- The maximum moment the section can carry if As = 2000 mm2 is Mn Mn = As Fy (d (a / 2)) compute a a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) = (2000 x 400) (0.85 x 25 x 300) = 125.5 mm Mn = As Fy (d (a / 2)) = 2000 x 400 x (700 (125.5 / 2)) x 10-6 = 509.8 KN.m It is required that MnL Mn 124.44 + 15.11 L.L 509.8 find L.L L.L 25.5 KN/m 2- The maximum moment that the section can carry with single reinforcement is Mn For max. moment with single reinforcement use maximum reinforcement ratio max b = 0.85 [f'c/ Fy] [600 (600 + Fy)] = 0.85x0.85[25/400]x[600 (600 + 400)] = 0.0271

Solution of Tutorial No.1 (cont.)

max = 0.75 x b = 0.75 x 0.0271 = 0.02 As(max) = 0.02 x 300 x 700 = 4276.27 mm2 amax = (As(max) Fy) (0.85f'c b) = (4276.27 x 400) (0.85 x 25 x300) = 268.3 mm Mn = As(max) Fy (d (amax / 2)) = 4276.27 x 400 x (700 (268.3 / 2)) = 967.88 KN.m It is required that MnL Mn 124.44 + 15.11 L.L 967.88 find L.L L.L 55.82 KN/m 3- The compression steel A's MnL = 124.44 + 15.11 L.L where L.L = 1.5 x 55.82 = 83.73 KN/m MnL = 124.44 + 15.11 x 83.73 = 1389.6 KN.m But the maximum moment that the section can carry MnR = 967.88 KN.m so we need compression steel A's M'nR = MnL - MnR = 1389.6 967.88 = 421.7 KN.m A's = M'nR [f'sx(d d')] = 421.7 [400 x (700 50)]x106 = 1622 mm2

Tutorial No.2
If you have a roof garden with the dimensions shown use f'c = 3000 Psi and Fy = 60000 Psi it is required to do the following: 1- Design the slab S1 as one-way solid slab 2- Design the exterior beam.

Solution
1- Design of slab S1 Assume thickness = 4 in d = 4 (3/4) (1/3) = 3 in Weight of saturated soil = 6.33 x 1 x 0.125 = 0.79 kip / ft Self weight of slab = (4/12) x 1 x 0.15 = 0.05 kip / ft Wu = 1.4 x (0.79 + 0.05) = 1.2 kip / ft Assume beam width = 14 in Span of slab = 7.5 (clear spacing) + [14 / 12] (beam width) = 8.7 ft Mu (Wu x L2) / 12 (1.2 x 8.72) / 12 7.42 ft-kip MnL = Mu / 0.9 = 7.42 / 0.9 = 8.2 ft-kip As = MnL (Fy x 0.9 x d) = [8.2 (60000 x0.9 x 3)] x 12000 = 0.61 in2 Choose #5 No. of bars = 0.61 / 0.31 = 1.96 Spacing = 12 / 1.96 = 6.12 in < 3 x thickness of slab = 3 x 4 = 12 in a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) = (0.61 x 60) (0.85 x 3 x 12) = 1.2 in Mn = As Fy (d (a / 2)) = 0.61x60000x(3 (1.2 / 2))x(1/12000) = 7.33 ft-kip < 8.2 So it not ok. As(new) = [MnL / Mn] x As(old) = [8.2 / 7.33] x 0.61 = 0.7 in2 a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) = (0.7 x 60) (0.85 x 3 x 12) = 1.4 in

Solution of tutorial No.2 (cont.)

Mn = As Fy (d (a / 2)) = 0.7x60000x(3 (1.4 / 2))x(1/12000) = 8.1 ft-kip < 8.2ft-kip As(new) = [MnL / Mn] x As(old) = [8.2 / 8.1] x 0.7 = 0.71 in2 a = (As Fy) (0.85f'c b) = (0.71 x 60) (0.85 x 3 x 12) = 1.4 in Mn = As Fy (d (a / 2)) = 0.71x60000x(3 (1.4 / 2))x(1/12000) = 8.2 ft-kip It is ok. Choose #5 No. of bars = 0.71 / 0.31 = 2.29 Spacing = 12 / 2.29 = 5.24 in < 12 in so use #5@12 in 2- Design of exterior beam Assume width of beam b = 14 in According to code and for control deflection use h = 0.06 x span = (0.06 x 35) x 12 = 25.2 in say 26 in d= 26 1.5 0.5 1 = 23 in Compute bf where it is the smallest: bf = span / 12 = 35 / 12 = 2.92 x 12 = 35 in bf = 14 + (90 / 2) = 59 in Compute the load from the slab = (35 / 12) x (0.79 + 0.05) = 2.45 kip / ft Weight of wall = 0.84 kip / ft Weight of stem or web = 14 x [(26 4) 144] x 0.15 = 0.32 kip / ft Wu = 1.4 x (2.45 + 0.84 + 0.32) = 5.05 kip / ft a) Design the section of the beam for ve moment where Mu = (Wu L2) / 9 = (5.05 x 352) / 9 = 687.4 ft-kip It is design as rectangular section scene the flange in the tension zone MnL = Mu / 0.9 = 687.4 / 0.9 = 763.7 ft-kip As = MnL (Fy x 0.9 x d) = [763.7 (60000 x0.9 x 23)] x 12000 = 7.4 in2 Choose 10 # 8 As = 7.9 in2 Check code limits b = 0.85 [f'c/ Fy] [87000 (87000 + Fy)] = 0.85 x 0.85 x[3/60]x[87000 (87000 + 60000)] = 0.021 max = 0.75 x 0.021 = 0.016 act = 7.9 / (14 x 23) = 0.024 > max So there are compression steel As(max) = 0.016 x 14 x 23 = 5.15 in2 A's = 7.9 5.15 = 2.75 in2 Choose compression steel 4#8 and tension steel 10#8 and re-check the section

Solution of tutorial No.2 (cont.)

b) Design the section of the beam for the +ve moment where: Mu = (Wu L2) / 11 = (5.05 x 352) / 11 = 562.4 ft-kip It is design as T-section scene the flange in the compression zone MnL = Mu / 0.9 = 562.4 / 0.9 = 624.9 ft-kip As = MnL (Fy x 0.95 x d) = [624.9 (60000 x0.95 x 23)] x 12000 = 5.72 in2 Choose 8#8 As = 6.32 in2

Toturial No.3
Compute the maximum life load L.Lmax which the beam shown in figure can sustain? Given that f'c = 4000 Psi and Fy = 60000 Psi

Solution
Compute b = 0.85 x 0.85 x (4000 60000) x [87000 (87000 + 60000)] = 0.0285 Compute f use Cf = Tf 0.85 x f'c x (Bf Bw) x ts = Asf x Fy 0.85 x 4000 x (40 12) x 6 = Asf x 60000 Asf = 9.52 in2 f = Asf (b x d) = 9.52 (12 x 24) = 0.033 Compute max = 0.75 x (b + f) = 0.75 x (0.0285 + 0.033) = 0.046 Compute As(max) = max x b x d = 0.046 x 12 x 24 = 13.28 in2 Compute a where Tw = Cw (As(max) Asf) x Fy = 0.85 x f'c x bw x a amax = [(As(max) Asf) x Fy] [0.85 x f'c x bw] = [(13.28 9.52) x 60000] [0.85 x 4000 x 12] = 5.54 in < ts = 6 so we will consider the beam as rectangular section Compute actual a where T = C As(max) x Fy = 0.85 x bf x f'c x amax 13.28 x 60000 = 0.85 x 40 x 4000 x amax get amax amax = 5.86 in Mn = As(max) x Fy x [d (amax 2)] = 13.28 x 60000 x [24 (5.86 2)] = 1399 kip-ft Wu = 1.4 x D.L + 1.7 x L.L = 1.4 x 0.685 + 1.7 L.L = 0.959 + 1.7 L.L Mu = [Wu x L2] 8 = [(0.595 + 1.7 x L.L) x 26.242] 8 = 409.7 + 146.31 x L.L MnL = Mu 0.9 = [409.7 + 146.31 x L.L] 0.9 = 455.2 + 162.6 x L.L Since MnL Mn 455.2 + 162.6 x L.L 1399 get L.L L.L = 5.8 kip / ft

Toturial No.4
Compute the maximum L.L which the beam with cross section shown can carry? Given that f'c = 4000 Psi and Fy = 60000 Psi

Solution

The beam has two sections, the section 1 1 is for the ve moment and the section 2 2 is for the +ve moment so for design the section 1 1 for ve moment we must put the D.L over all the beam and the L.L over the part 8ft only to get the maximum ve moment and for design the section 2 2 for +ve moment we must put the D.L over all the beam and the L.L over the part of length 20ft only to get the maximum +ve moment 1- design section 1 1 This section is consider as rectangular section because the flange will be in tension side compute b = 0.85 x 0.85 x (4000 60000) x [87000 (87000 + 60000)] = 0.0285 compute max = 0.75 x b = 0.75 x 0.0285 = 0.0213 Compute As(max) As(max) = max x b x d = 0.0213x12x24 = 6.13in2 Compute amax amax = [As(max)xFy][0.85xf'cxb] = [6.13x60000][0.85x4000x12] = 9.015in Compute Mn Mn = As(max) x Fy x [d (amax 2)] = 6.13 x 60000 x [24 (9.015 2)] = 597.5 Kip-ft Mu = 1.7 x ML.L + 1.4 x MD.L = 1.7 x 32 x L.L + 1.4 x 64 = 54.4 x L.L + 89.6 MnL = Mu 0.9 = [54.4 x L.L + 89.6] 0.9 = 60.4 x L.L + 99.6 Since MnL Mn 60.4 x L.L + 99.6 597.5 get L.L L.L 8.24 Kip/ft

Solution of tutorial No.4 (cont.) 2- Design section 2 2 This section is considered as flange section because the will be in compression side Compute f where: 0.85 x f'c x (bf bw) x ts = Asf x Fy 0.85 x 4000 x (40 12) x 5 = Asf x 60000 2 Asf = 7.93in f = Asf (b x d) = 7.93 (12 x 24) = 0.0275 Compute max = 0.75 x (b + f) = 0.75 x (0.0285 + 0.0275) = 0.042 Compute As(max) = max x b x d = 0.042 x 12 x 24 = 12.1in2 Compute amax where T = C in the web (As(max) Asf) x Fy = 0.85 x f'c x bw x amax (21.1 7.93) x 60000 = 0.85 x 4000 x 12 x amax get amax amax = 6.13 in > ts = 5 in because amax > ts we will divide the section into two part 1- The over hanging part (flange part) Asf = 7.93 in2 2- The web part: we will compute the steel needed for this part where: Asw = As(max) Asf = 12.1 7.93 = 4.17 in2 Compute Mn = (bf bw) x 0.85 x f'c x ts x [d (ts2)] + Asw x Fy x [d (amax2)] = (40 12) x0.85x4000x5x[24-(52)] + 4.17x60000x[24-(6.132)] = 1289.32 kip-ft Compute Mu = 1.7 x 50 x L.L + 1.4 x 68 = 85 x L.L + 95.2 MnL = Mu 0.9 = [85 x L.L + 95.2] 0.9 = 94.4 x L.L + 105.8 Since MnL Mn 94.4 x L.L + 105.8 1289.32 get L.L L.L 12.53 kip/ft The design L.L that the beam can carry is the smallest of L.L = 12.53kip/ft and L.L = 8.24 kip/ft so the design L.L is L.L = 8.24kip/ft bcause the two section can carry this L.L.

Chapter 5 Analysis and Design of shear reinforcement based on U.S.D method 5.1 introductions
The concrete itself resists the shear stress as Vc by means of not more than 2f'c bw d And the excessive part of shear stress on the section will be resisted by one of the following ways of reinforcement or by both of them: 1- By stirrup (vertical or with angle) 2- By bent bars And we can use the steps of design below if f'c 10 Psi 0.7 MPa. And must use Vs = VnL - Vc 8 f'c bw d

5.2 Design of shear reinforcements using vertical stirrup

Steps of design: 1- Draw the shear force diagram for the beam. 2- Divided the beam into stations the first station should be at distance d from the face of the support and find the value of the shear force Vu at each station and find VnL which it is equal to VnL = Vu / 0.85 3- Compute the shear force resistance of concrete Vc = 2f'c bw d 4- Check code limits and compute the required spacing at each station where: a) if VnL > 5 Vc then you must enlarge the section. b) if Vc < VnL 5 Vc then spacing S = (Av Fy d) (VnL - Vc) (d/4) 24in. c) if 0.5 Vc < VnL Vc then use minimum stirrup (maximum spacing) where Smax = (Av Fy d) (50 bw) (d/2) 24in. d) if VnL 0.5 Vc then no shear reinforcement is required. Note: The pervious code limits are for the fc in Psi

Chapter 6 Analysis and design of reinforced columns based on U.S.D method 6.1 Introduction
Columns are define as an reinforced elements subjected to axial compression force this force could be coincide with the column axis and called centric loaded columns or this axial force may has some eccentricity a way from the axis of the column and hence called eccentric columns.

6.2 Classification of columns

a) Classification with respect to the shape 1- Square or rectangular columns 2- Circular columns 3- Non-regular shape columns b) Classification with respect to the type of construction 1- Reinforced or pre-cast columns 2- Composite columns: we use the composite columns in the following situations: a) Architectural requirement b) Fire protection c) In case of excessive reinforcements c) Classification with respect to tie arrangement 1- Tie columns where longitudinal reinforcements are connected by isolated ties. 2- Spiral columns where longitudinal reinforcements are connected by spiral R.

6.3 Code requirements

Some construction requirements and code requirements should be known: 1- Percentage of longitudinal reinforcements g = 0.01 - 0.08 2- Clear distance between longitudinal reinforcements 6in if it is > 6in then use extra reinforcements 3- Minimum spacing between longitudinal reinforcements is 1.5 in 4- Use tie #3 for longitudinal reinforcements bars of #10 and tie #4 for longitudinal reinforcements > #10 5- Spacing between tie is the smallest of a) S = 48 x diameter of the Tie b) S = 16 x diameter of the longitudinal bars c) S = least dimension of the column 6- Use concrete cover 1.5 in

6.4 Design of centric columns

In this type of columns the loads are resisted by the concrete and the steel such that Pn = 0.85 f'c (Ag - As) + As Fy And to avoid an unseen eccentricity then multiply the nominal capacity of the columns by factor = 0.8 for tie columns and factor = 0.85 for spiral columns then the pervious equation will be Pn = 0.8 [0.85 f'c (Ag - As) + As Fy] for tie columns Pn = 0.85 [0.85 f'c (Ag - As) + As Fy] for spiral columns Pu = 0.7 x Pn then the pervious equations will be: Pu = 0.7 x 0.8 [0.85 f'c (Ag - As) + As Fy] for tie columns Pu = 0.7 x 0.85 [0.85 f'c (Ag - As) + As Fy] for spiral columns Pu = 0.7 x 0.8 x Ag [0.85 f'c (1 - ) + Fy] for tie columns where = As / Ag Pu = 0.7 x 0.85 x Ag [0.85 f'c (1 - ) + Fy] for spiral columns where = As / Ag Steps of design of centric columns: 1- Compute Pu on the slab as Pu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L 2- Compute Pu on the column per floor and for the No. of floor 3- Choose the type of column that u need to design 4- Use one of the equations below depend on the type of column Pu = 0.7 x 0.8 x Ag [0.85 f'c (1 - ) + Fy] for tie columns where = As / Ag Pu = 0.7 x 0.85 x Ag [0.85 f'c (1 - ) + Fy] for spiral columns where = As / Ag 5- Choose between 0.01 -0.08 and get Ag 6- Choose shape of column (square rectangular circular) and find the actual Ag 7- Compute As where As = x Ag then choose bar size 7- Compute the No. of bar as No. of bar = As (As for one bar) 8- Compute the spacing between bars where: Spacing = (circumference of column 8 x cover) No. of bars 9- Choose ties bar size and compute the spacing between them where: Spacing between ties is the smallest of a) S = 48 x diameter of the Tie b) S = 16 x diameter of the longitudinal bars c) S = least dimension of the column

Example 6.1
Consider the typical floor shown in figure below it is required to design a reinforced tie column1 to support a 6 story building use dead load on the slab D.L = 10 KN/m2 and the live load L.L = 4 KN / m2 given that f'c = 25 MPa and Fy = 400 MPa

Solution
Pu = 1.4 x D.L + 1.7 x L.L = 1.4 x 10 + 1.7 x 4 = 20.8 KN / m2 Load on column1 per floor = 7 x 6 x 20.8 = 873.6 KN Load on column1 for 6 floor = 6 x 873.6 = 5241.6 KN For tie column Pu = 0.7 x 0.8 x Ag [0.85 f'c (1 - ) + Fy] Choose = 0.04 5241.6 = 0.56 x Ag [0.85 x 25 x (1-0.04) + 0.04 x 400] get Ag Ag = 257.140 x1000 = 257140 mm2 Choose circular column with diameter = 575 mm Or choose square column b x h = 510 x 510 Ag = 260100 mm2 As = 0.04 x 260100 = 10404 mm2 Choose 25 No. of bar = As (As for one bar) = 10404 / 500 = 20.81 Spacing between bars = (circumference of column 8 x cover) No. of bars = (510x4 8 x 40) / 20.81 = 82.7 mm Because 150mm > 82.7 mm > 70 mm so it is Ok Choose ties 8 Spacing is the smallest of a) S = 48 x 8 = 384 mm b) S = 16 x 25 = 400 mm c) S = 510 mm So choose longitudinal bar 2125@82 mm And ties 8@380 mm

6.5 Design of eccentricity columns using the standard tables

The axial force may has some eccentricity a way from the axis of the column this eccentricity may makes the column is subjected to moment in addition to axial force Where the moment is M = P x e where e is the distance that the axial force is eccentric a way from the axis of the column. Steps of design using standard tables: 1- Get Ag from the equation Pu = 0.7 x 0.8[0.85 f'c (Ag As) + As Fy] neglect As 2- Choose b x h = Ag 3- Compute d'' where d'' = h 2x(cover) 2x(tie diameter) longitudinal bar diameter Where 2x(cover) + 2x(tie diameter) + longitudinal bar diameter 6 in So d'' = h 6 in 4- Compute = d'' h 5- Compute e where e = Mu Pu and compute e h 6- Compute Pu Ag 7- Determine the table that you work in it depends on f'c, Fy, 8- Locate the intersection between Pu Ag (step 6) with e h (step 5) and get g 9- Compute As where As = x Ag and choose bar size 10- Arrange the bars a round the Ag of the column and check spacing 11- Choose tie bar size and check spacing between them

Example 6.2
Compute the As need for column to resist the following loads Pu = 280 Kip And Mu = 200 ft-kip given that f'c = 4000 Psi and Fy = 60000 Psi

Solution
Pu = 0.7 x 0.8[0.85 f'c (Ag As) + As Fy] neglect As we get 280 = 0.7 x 0.8 x [0.85 x 4 x Ag] get Ag Ag = 147 in2 Choose b x h = 12 in x 14 in = 168 in2 d'' = 14 6 = 8 in = d'' h = 8 14 = 0.57 e = Mu Pu = 200 280 = 0.71 x 12 = 8.5 in e h = 8.5 14 = 0.61 From table get g = 0.01 As = g x Ag = 0.01 x 168 = 1.68 in2 Choose 6#5 As = 1.86 in2 No. of bars = 1.86 / 0.31 = 6 Spacing between bars = [(2x14+2x12) 8 x 1.5] / 6 = 6.7 in < 6 in so we need to use extra ties Choose #3 ties spacing between ties is the smallest of a) 48 x (3/8) = 18 in b) 16 x (5/8) = 10 in c) 12 in and for extra ties we will use #3@8 in

Chapter 7 Analysis and design of footing based on U.S.D method 7.1 Classification of foundation
1- Deep foundations: a) Pile foundations 1- Friction pile foundations 2- Bearing type pile foundations 3- Combined pile foundations b) Caissons type foundations 2- Shallow foundations: a) Isolated foundations 1- Square foundations 2- Rectangular foundations b) Combined foundations 1- Rectangular foundations 2- Trapezoidal foundations c) Cantilever foundations e) Strip foundations f) Raft foundations

Remarks:
Cantilever foundations: is used if the differential settlement is possible Combined rectangular foundations: is used if heavy load such that no space is left between foundations Strip foundations: is used under bearing wall construction Raft foundations: is used for heavy load and relatively weak soil

7.2 Design of isolated foundations

Steps of design: 1- Obtain the allowable bearing capacity of soil from geotechnical office qa if not available assume 50 KN / m2 for a very weak soil And assume qa between (75 200) KN / m2 for other soil 2- Compute service load Pservice = D.L + L.L and ultimate load Pu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L on the column 3- Compute the area of the foundation where A = Pservice qan Where qan = qa thickness of foundation x soil Assume thickness of foundation between (1 2) ft And use soil = 15 KN / m3 (100 Ib / ft3) 4- Choose the shape and dimensions of the foundation where: For the square footing B = L = A For rectangular footing B = (3 / 4) x L 5- Compute the ultimate stress under the foundation where u = Pu Aactual 6- Check the failure modes on the foundation, which are: a) Check one-way shear: The one-way shear is occurred distance d from the face of the column but you must check the two direction of footing if the footing is not square or if the column is not square For the long direction of the footing It should be Vc Vu where = 0.85 x 2 x f'c x B x d u x B x [(L/2) (Lc/2) d], f'c is in Psi x (2/12) x f'c x B x d u x B x [(L/2) (Lc/2) d], f'c is in MPa If Vc < Vu then increase d One way shear b) Check two-way shear: The two way shear is occurred a distance (d/2) from all faces of column It should be Vc Vu Where P0 = 2 x [(Lc + d) + (Bc + d)] Vc < Vu then increase d

x 4 x f'c x Po x d u x [B x L (Lc + d) x (Bc + d)], f'c is in Psi x (4/12) x f'c x Po x d u x [B x L (Lc + d) x (Bc + d)], f'c is in MPa

Two way shear

Design of isolated foundation (cont.) c) Check flexure failure due to moment 1- Compute the steel needed in the long direction Mu = u x B x [(L - Lc) 2]2 x [1 2] Use quick design Mn =Mu / 0.9 As = Mn (Fy x 0.9 x d) choose bar size and make analysis for the section. 2-Compute the steel needed in the short direction Mu = u x L x [(B - Lc) 2]2 x [1 2] Use quick design Mn =Mu / 0.9 As = Mn (Fy x 0.9 x d') where d' = d bar diameter in the long direction Choose bar size and make analysis for the section.

Flexure failure due to moment

Chapter 8 Analysis and design of cantilever retaining wall based on U.S.D method
Steps of design of cantilever retaining wall: 1- Arrange the available data (obtained or assumed) a) Compressive strength of concrete f'c b) Yield strength of steel c) Difference in level between retained materials and the final level of front of ground (from surveyor) d) soil of retained materials from soil lab (bore hole) e) qa of soil if it is not available assume (75 200)KN/m2 or (1.5 4) Ksf f) coefficient of friction between soil and concrete 0.4 g) Surcharge if there are possible live load to pass close to the retaining wall it assume a column of soil of (1.5 2) m h) Angle of internal friction if it is not available assume = 30o 2- Make estimation for the dimension of the retaining wall a) tt 10 in (20 25 ) cm b) tb 10 % x (h1 + h2) c) tf 10 % x (h1 + h2) d) B (2 / 3) x (h1 + h2) e) B1 (1 / 3) x B f) h1 is given , h2 60 cm

h1

3- Compute the active and passive earth pressure coefficients Ka, Kp where: Ka = (1 - sin) (1 + sin) Kp = (1 + sin) (1 - sin)

Steps of design of retaining wall (cont.) 4- Compute the effective force on the retaining wall as in the table below:
Force
W1 W2 W3 W4 E1 E2

Value
(hs+h1+h2)x[B2+(tb-tt)]xsoil 0.5x(h1+h2)x(tb-tt)x(con-soil) tfxBxconcrete (h1+h2)xttxconcrete (h1+h2+tf)xe1 0.5x(h1+h2+tf)xe2

X from A
{[B2+(tb-tt)]2}+tt+B1 B2 [(tb-tt)3]+tt+B1 (tt2)+B1 -

Y from A
[h1+h2+tf]2 [h1+h2+tf]3

Where e1= Ka x soil x hsurcharge And e2 = Ka x soil x (h1+h2+tf)

5- Compute the moment of resistance for the resistance forces(w1, w2, w3, w4) by multiply the value of the force by the distance from point A (x from A) and compute the summation of all moment [ resistance moments] 6- Compute the moment of overturning for the overturning forces(E1,E2) by multiply the value of the force by the distance from point A (y from A) and compute the summation of all moment [ overturning moments] 7- Compute the safety factor against overturning which is F.S = [ resistance moments] [ overturning moments] 2 8- Compute the factor of safety against sliding which is F.S = [ (resistance forces)] [ (driving forces)] 1.5 F.S = [ (w1, w2, w3, w4)] [ (E1, E2)] 1.5 If F.S against sliding < 1.5 then we need to design a base Kay

Steps of design of retaining wall (cont.) 9- Design the parts of the retaining wall: a) Design of the wall (stem): where the critical section is on the bottom of the stem, which is affected by the greatest moment as shown in the figure

Steps of design of the wall stem critical section (Section 1 1) 1- Compute the loads effect on the stem, which are E1 and E where: E1= (h1 + h2 + tf) x e1 where e1 = Ka x soil x hsurcharge at distance 1 = (h1 + h2) 2 E = 0.5 x e x (h1 + h2) where e = [e2 x (h1 + h2)] (h1 + h2 + tf) at distance = (h1 + h2) 3 2- Compute the ultimate moment Mu = 1.7 x [ (E1 x 1) + (E x )] 3- Compute MnL = Mu 0.9 4- Use h = tb and d = tb cover bar diameter, where cover 3 in or 75 mm Use b = unit length that mean one meter or one ft 5- Use quick or exact design to find the area of steel need for example using quick design method As = MnL ( Fy x 0.9 x d ) 6- Choose bar size and check the code limits and the capacity of the section. 7- Find the development length as DL = 30 x bar diameter > 30 cm or from the table Note:Make 75mm hole every (2.5 3)m, two row staggered first row at level 0.5m

Steps of design of retaining wall (cont.) b) Design of the heel: where the critical section is at distance B2 from the right side of the figure above (under the right bottom of stem)

Steps of design of the heel critical section (Section 2 2) 1- Compute the loads effect on the stem, which are W1 and W2 where: W1 = (h1 + h2 + hs) x 1 x soil as KN/m W2 = tf x 1 x concrete as KN/m 2- Compute the ultimate load Wu = 1.4 x W2 + 1.7 x W1 3- Compute the ultimate moment Mu = [Wu x B22] 2 4- Compute MnL = Mu 0.9 5- Use h = tb and d = tb cover bar diameter, Use b = unit length that mean one meter or one ft 6- Use quick or exact design to find the area of steel need for example using quick design method As = MnL ( Fy x 0.9 x d ) 7- Choose bar size and check the code limits and the capacity of the section. 8- Find the development length as DL = 30 x bar diameter > 30 cm or from the tables

Steps of design of retaining wall (cont.) c) Design of the toe: where the critical section is at distance B1 from the left side of the figure above (under the left bottom of the stem).

Steps of design of the toe critical section (Section 3 3) 1- Compute the maximum pressure on the soil due to the forces on the retaining wall where (W1, W2, W3, W4) = 0.5 x qmax x B where qmax(KN/m2) 2- Compute the pressure (q) under the point on the critical section q = [B1B] x qmax 3- Divide the pressure under the toe from the soil into two parts, the first part rectangular area with maximum pressure value equal to q = [B1B] x qmax and the second part traiangle area with maximum pressure value equal to qmax - q 4- Compute the force on the toe due to the two parts where P1(due to the rectangular part) = q x B1 as KN at distance x1=B1 2 from the critical section P2(due to the triangle part) = 0.5 x (qmax q) x B1 as KN at distance x2 = [2 3] x B1 5- Compute the ultimate moment Mu1 due to P1 and P2 where Mu1=1.7x[P1*x1+P2*x2] 6- Compute the force on the toe due to its selfweight, the soil above the toe is ignored Where P3 = tf x 1 x concrete as KN/m 7- Compute the moment Mu2 due to P3 where Mu2 = 1.4x[P3*B12]2 8- Compute the net moment Mu = Mu1 Mu2 9- Repeate the steps from 4 to 8 in the steps of design of the heel

Chapter 9 Introduction to design of stairs based on U.S.D method 9.1 Type of stairs
The stairs are classified into more than one type as flowed: 1- Cantilever type 2- Transversly supported type (where the elevator is exist) 3- Open well type (where there is no elevator) 4- Longitudinal supported type

9.2 Design of longitudinal supported stair type

Before we start the design of the longitudinal supported stair type we must take some architectural consideration: 1- Number of steps on the stair for one flight should not be more than 16 step after that we must make landing but the ideal is 12 step 2- Width of rising (R) (look to the figure) should not be more than 19 cm but the ideal is 15 cm 3- The ideal width of going (G) (look to the figure) is 30 cm 4- 57 cm < 2R + G 63 cm 5- The width of the flight for the school stair should not be less than 1.5 m 6- The width of the flight for the ordinary building should not be less than 1.20 m 7- t = span 16 for simply supported or t = span 8 for cantilever 8- L.L on the school stair 6 KN/m and L.L on the ordinary building 4 KN/m

Design of longitudinal supported stair type (cont.) Steps of design of longitudinal supported stair type: 1- Consider the level between the first and the second floor, assume width for the going and the rising, and determine number of step on each flight 2- Compute the thickness of stair t = span 16 for simply supported or t = span 8 for cantilever 3- Compute the actual life load (L.La) and the actual dead load (D.La) on the stair Where D.La = [(R 2) + t]x width of stair flights x1x con.+3x width of stair flights L.La = L.L(given) x width of stair flights where D.La and L.La is in (KN/m) 4- Compute the ultimate load Wu = [1.4 x D.La + 1.7 x L.La] x 2 5- Compute the ultimate moment Mu where: a) For the simply supported stair Mu = [Wu x L2] 8 b) For the cantilever supported stair: 1- Mu(+) = [(Wu x L2) 8] [1.4 x D.La x 2 x L2] 2 2- Mu(-) = [Wu x L2] 2 6- Compute MnL = Mu 0.9 7- Compute the area of steel As = MnL [ Fy x 0.9 x (t 20mm)] 8- Choose the bar size and check the code limits and the capacity of the section

Chapter 10 Introduction to design of rectangular section based on W.S.D method 10.1 Define design parameters
1- Allowable compressive strength on the concrete fca = 0.45 x f'c 35 MPa (5000 Psi) 2- Allowable strength of steel fsa = 0.5 x Fy 170 MPa (24000 Psi) 3- r is the stresses ratio r = [fsa fca] where r > 10 4- n is the modular ratio n = [Es Ec] where n > 6 and Es = 200 GPa (29000 Ksi) and Ec = 57000 x f'c where f'c in Psi or Ec = 4700 x f'c where f'c in MPa 5- From the figure below: a) (k x d) is the depth of the neutral axis b) (j x d) is the internal moment arm 6- k = r [n + r] [(13) 0.45] 7- j = 1 [k 3]

10.2 steps of design based on W.S.D method

Steps of design for the singly reinforced rectangular section: 1- Choose the section b x h and compute d h 2.5 in 2- Compute allowable stresses fsa = 0.5 x Fy and fca = 0.45 x f'c 3- Compute r = [fsa fca] > 10 4- Compute n = [Es Ec] > 6 where Es = 200 GPa (29000 Ksi) and Ec = 4700 x f'c where f'c in MPa or Ec = 57000 x f'c where f'c in Psi 5- Compute k = r [n + r] [(13) 0.45)] 6- Compute j = 1 [k 3] 7- Compute the service load Ws = D.L + L.L 8- Compute the service moment Ms 9- Compute area of steel As = Ms [fsa x j x d] 10- Choose bar size and check the capacity of the section Remember: if u design based on W.S.D method, you must always check design using the ultimate strength design method U.S.D

Tutorials
Tutorial No. 1 Use the given data and the drawing shown to design the following: 1- The one way solid slab S1 2- The hollow block one way ribbed slab 3- The column C1 The given data are: 1- fc = 30 MPa , 2- Fy = 420 MPa , 3- 200 KN/m2,4- angle of repose = 30 5- Coefficient of friction = 0.45, 6- design the building for 4 stories 7- L.L = 4 KN /m2 everywhere except for stair = 6KN/m2

Solution of Tutorial No.1 1- Design of solid slab S1 a) dimension: h = 140mm , d = 110mm , b = 1000mm(unit length = 12in) b) Loads: D.L - self weight = 0.14 x 1 x 1 x 24 = 3.36 KN/m - fill = 0.12 x 1 x 1 x 18 = 2.16 KN/m - Tile + mortar + plastering = 0.07 x 1 x 1 x 22 = 1.54 KN/m Total D.L = 3.36 + 2.16 + 1.54 = 7 KN/m L.L = 4 KN/m Wu = 1.4 x 7 + 1.7 x 4 = 16.6 KN/m Because there is a joist separate the two side of building therefore it is treated as simply supported slab So Mu = (Wu x L2) 8 = (16.6 x 42) 8 = 33.2 KN.m Mn = Mu 0.9 = 33.2 0.9 = 36.89 KN.m As = (36.89 x 106) (420 x 0.9 x 110) = 887.18 mm2 Choose 14 @160mm

2- Design of one way ribbed slab a) dimension: h = 300mm , d = 260mm , bw = 120mm , tf = 60mm , span = 6m bf = (bw + length of block) 1000 = (120 + 400) 1000 = 520mm Note: we assume block thickness = 240mm above b) Loads: D.L: for the thickness = 300mm of ribbed slab from the table of the self weight the D. L = 4.2 + 2.2 = 6.3 KN/m L.L = 4 KN/m Wu = 1.4 x 6.3 + 1.7 x 4 = 15.62 KN/m Wu(for one ribbed) = Wu x bf = 15.62 x 0.52 = 8.12 KN/m c) Design for +ve moment Mu(+ve) = (Wu x L2) 11 = (8.12 x 36) 11 = 26.5 KN.m Mn(+ve) = Mu(+ve) 0.9 = 26.5 0.9 = 29.4 KN.m As(+ve) = (29.4 x 106) (420 x 0.95 x 260) = 283.83mm2 Choose 214 As = 308mm2

d) design for the ve moment Mu(-ve) = (Wu x L2) 9 = (32.48 x 36) 9 = 32.48 KN.m Mn(-ve) = Mu(-ve) 0.9 = 32.48 0.9 = 36.1 KN.m As(-ve) = (36.1 x 106) (420 x 0.95 x 260) = 347.88mm2 Choose 116 and 114 As = 345mm2

+ve moment

-ve moment

3- Design of column C1 a) Loads: D.L = 5.25 x 6 x D.L (on ribbed slab) = 5.25 x 6 x 6.3 = 198.45 KN L.L = 5.25 x 6 x L.L = 5.25 x 6 x 4 = 126 KN b) Design of longitudinal steel bar Wu = [1.4 x 198.45 + 1.7 x 126] x 5 = 2460.15 KN Wu = 0.7 x 0.8 x Ag x [0.85 x fc x (1 ) + Fy x ] Choose = 0.04 get Ag = 106.46 x 103 mm2 Choose square column Ag = 326.3 choose column 350 x 350 As = 0.04 x 350 x 350 = 4900 mm2 Choose 17 20 @ 75mm c) Design of stirrup choose 10 stirrups Spacing between stirrups is the smallest of 1- 16 x diameter of the longitudinal bar = 16 x 20 = 320 mm 2- 48 x diameter of stirrup = 48 x 10 = 480 mm 3- The smallest dimension = 350 mm So the spacing is 320 mm stirrup 10 @ 320 mm

4- Design of the footing F1 a) Loads: the same loads as on the column C1 Wu = 2460.15 KN W(service) = [D.L + L.L] x 5 = [198.45 + 126] x 5 = 1172 KN qn = qa thickness x soil Choose h = 600 mm, d = 530 mm qn = 200 0.6 x 18 = 189.2 KN/m2 A(of footing) = W(service) qn = 1172 189.2 = 6.2 m2 Choose square footing A = 2.49 choose footing 2.5 m x 2.5 m A = 6.25m2 u = Wu A = 2460.15 6.25 = 394 KN/m2 b) Check failure modes 1) One way shear: Vu = u x B x [(L2) (Lc2) d] = 394 x 2.500 x [(2.5002) (0.3502) 0.530] = 563.83 KN V(from concrete) = (fc 6) x B x d x 103 if fc in Psi use (2fc x B x d) = (30 6) x 2.5 x 0.530 x 103 = 1209.56 KN It must be x V(from concrete) Vu 0.85 x 1209.56 > 536.83 1028.1 > 536.83 so it is Ok. 2- Two way shear Po = (d + Lc) x 4 = (0.53 + 0.35) x 4 = 3.52 m Vu = u x [A(footing) (d + Lc)2] = 394 x [6.25 (0.53 + 0.35)2] = 2157.41 KN V(from concrete) = (fc 3) x Po x d x 103 if fc in Psi use (4fc x Po x d) = (30 3) x 3.52 x 0.53 x 103 = 3406.1 KN It must be x V(from concrete) Vu 0.85 x 3406.1 > 2157.41 2895.2 > 2157.41 so it is Ok. 3- flextural failure Mu = u x L x [(L2) (Lc2)]2 x 0.5 = 394 x 2.5 x [(2.52) (0.352)]2 x 0.5 = 569.14 KN.m Mn = Mu 0.9 = 569.14 0.9 = 632.4 K.m As = (632.4 x 106) (420 x 0.9 x 530) = 3156.6 mm2 Choose 16@150mm = 3200 (2500 x 530) = 0.0024 > min = 0.002 so it is Ok With my best wishes for my all my friends and I hope that I could write it as well to be useful for all who read this material Mohammed Ali Al-dhabiany