Translation Guide Verbs

Who is the subject? -o, -m, -i -s, -isti -t I you (sing.) he, she, it, (there) -mus -tis -nt Tense

Nomen ________________________________________

Passive - Present, Imperfect, Future we you (pl.) they, (there) -r -ris -tur Translation was/were ___ing; P - was/were (being) ___ed will ___; P - will be ___ed will ___; P - will be ___ed _ _(s), am/are/is _ _ing, do/does _ _; P - am/are/is (being) ___ed had ___ed will have ___ed (si, nisi, cum - present in English) ___ed, have/has ___ed, did ___ had been ___ed will have been ___ed (si, nisi, cum - present in English) have/has been ___ed, was/were ___ed I you (sing.) he,she, it -mur -mini -ntur we you (pl.) they

Principal Part & Clues 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 last last last -ba-b (not a) -a, -e- (not 2nd Conj.) none of the above -era-ero, -erinone of the above & era& ero, eri-, erunt & present of sum

Imperfect Future Future Present Pluperfect Active Future Perfect Active Perfect Active Pluperfect Passive Future Perfect Passive Perfect Passive

N.B. Deponent verbs have passive forms but have active meanings - see above. Participles -ns, -ntlast P.P. last P.P & -urPresent Active Perfect Passive Future Active ___ing, whille ___ing (having been) ___ed, after (noun) has/have/had been (verb) ed about to ___, going to ___

Ablative Absolute - gives background information Participle present perfect future Infinitives -re, esse -i (-ari, -eri, -iri) -isse last P.P. & esse last P.P. & -ur- & esse Present Active Present Passive Perfect Active Perfect Passive Future Active to ___ to be ___ed to have ___ed to have been ___ed to be about to ___ Main Verb - Present am/are/is has/have am/are is about to Main Verb - Imperfect or Perfect was/were had was/were about to

Indirect Statement - with verbs of saying, knowing, perceiving; subject of the infinitive is accusative Infinitive present perfect future Gerundive -ndad & accusative genitive & causa/gratia ablative Obligation nominitive & est/sunt nominative & erat/erant nominative & erit/erunt Imperative - Command -a, -e, -i -te to ___, for the purpose of ___ing for the sake of ___ing by ___ing must ___, must be ___ed had to ___, had to be ___ed will have to ___, will have to be ___ed singular (speaking to one person) plural (speaking to more than one person) Main Verb - Present am/are/is has/have am/are is about to Main Verb - Imperfect or Perfect was/were had was/were about to

noli (sing.), nolite (pl.) & pres. inf.

don't ___

Subjunctive Forms Principal Part & Clues 2 2 3 3 last last Lets eat caviar. (e, ea, a, ia) no changes & endings (-re-, esse-) -eri-isse& si& esseTense Present Imperfect Perfect Active Pluperfect Active Perfect Passive Pluperfect Passive Basic Translation am/are/is ___ing, will ___, may ___ P - am/are/is (being) ___ed, will be ___ed, may be ___ed was/were ___ing, would ___, might ___ P - was/were (being) ___ed, would be ___ed, might be ___ed have/has ___ed had ___ed has/have been ___ed had been ___ed

Subjunctive Clauses Clues ut command "so" words fear no additional clues ne main verb is subjunctive command fear quominus no additional clues cum no subjunctive tamen in main clause no additional clues Indirect Command Result Clause after Fearing Regular Purpose Jussive/Volitive Indirect Command Clause after Fearing Clause After Hindering Regular Purpose Cum Clauses Temporal Concessive Circumstantial OR Causal ut = to ut = that ut = thatnot ut = to, in order to, so that ... may/might ___ let ... not ___, may ... not ___ ne = not to ne = that quominus/ne = from ___ing ne = not to, to avoid ___ing cum = when, whenever cum = although cum = when, while, after cum = since, because Type of Clause Special Translation

Interrogative Words ask, say, know si/nisi no subjunctive present subjunctive imperfect/pluperfect subjunctive qui, quae, quod, etc. no subjunctive indirect statement subject is direct object of main verb indefinite antecedent quin negative ?, doubting quo comparative degree dum no subjunctive subjuctive verb antequam, priusquam

Indirect Question Conditions Fact/Simple Should/Would Contrary to Fact si = if, nisi = unless, if ... not si = if, nisi = unless, if ... not If ... should ___, ... would ___ si = if, nisi = unless, if ... not imperfect - If ... were ___ing, ... would ___ pluperfect - If ... had ___ed, ... would have ___ed who, whom, which, etc. who, whom, which, etc. to, in order to, so that ... may/might ___ who, whom, which, etc. quin = (but) that

Relative Clauses Description Description in I.S. Purpose Characteristic Clause after Doubting

Purpose with a Comparison quo = to, in order to, so that ... may/might ___ dum = while dum = until dum = until, to present tense = was/ were perfect tense

Clause of Anticipation Clause of Anticipation

antequam/priusquam = before

No Clue Word (present)

Jussive/Volitive

let ... ___, may ... ___

Nouns
N G D Ac Ab N G D Ac Ab 1 M/F -a -ae -ae -am - -ae -arum - s -as - s 2M -us, -r -i -o -um -o -i -orum - s -os -s 2N -um -i -o -um -o -a -orum - s -a -s 3M/F ---is -i -em -e -es -um -ibus -es -ibus 3N ---is -i ---e -a -um -ibus -a -ibus 4 M/F -us -s -ui -um -u -s -uum -ibus -s -ibus 4N -u -s -u -u -u -ua -uum -ibus -ua -ibus 5 M/F -es -ei -ei -em -e -es -erum -ebus -es -ebus N G D Ac Ab N G D Ac Ab 1 M/F -us, -r -i -o -um -o -i -orum - s -os - s

Adjectives
2M -a -ae -ae -am - 2N -um -i -o -um -o 3M/F ---is -i -em -i -es -ium -ibus -es -ibus 3N ---is -i ---i -ia -ium -ibus -ia -ibus

-ae -a -arum -orum - s - s -as -a - s - s

Vocative: Same form as nominative except: 2nd Decl. -us -> -e and -ius -> -i Case Uses Nominative - subject - describes the subject - ownership: ___'s, ___s' - "of" - with special nouns: plus (more), nimium (too much), satis (enough) - "to" or "for" with verbs of giving, showing, telling - indirect object - as the direct object of special verbs: credo (believe, trust), faveo (favor, support), noceo (harm), persuadeo (persuade), placeo (please) - direct object - object of certain prepositions: ad (to, toward, near), ante (before, in front of), circum (around), contra (against), extra (outside), in (into, onto, against), inter (between, among), per (through), prope (near), post (after, behind), trans (across), sub (under, to the depths of) - no preposition: to (place), for (time) - object of certain prepositions: a, ab (away from,from, by), cum (with), de (down from, about), e, ex (out of, from), in (in, on), pro (in front of, for), sine (without), sub (under, beneath) - no preposition: in, on, at, by, with, from, than - direct address (i.e.calling someone by name or an equivalent)

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Vocative Adjectives

An adjective has the same case, number and gender as the noun it describes. Comparison of Adjectives -ior, -ior-issim-/-rrimComparison of Adverbs -e -iter -ius -issime/-rrime ____ly ____ly more ____ly very ____ly comparative degree superlative degree -er, more ___ -est, most___. very ___ quam quam than as ___ as possible

quam quam

than as ____ly as possible

Pronouns and Adjectives

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Accusative ego mei mihi me me mecum sui sibi se se I of me to/for me me me with me tu tui tibi te te tecum you (sing.) of you to/for you you you with you nos nostrum nobis nos nobis nobiscum we of us to/for us us us with us vos vestrum vobis vos vobis vobiscum you (pl.) of you (pl.) to/for you you (pl.) you (pl.) with you (pl.)

of himself/herself/themselves to/for himself/herself/themselves himself/herself/themselves himself/herself/themselves these/those; they ea eius ei eam e she/it her/its to/for her/it her/it her/it id eius ei id eo it its to/for it it it ei eorum eis eos eis that; he, she, it haec horum his haec his Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. ille illius illi illum illo illa illius illi illam ill illud illius illi illud illo eae earum eis eas eis ea eorum eis ea eis those; they illi illorum illis illos illis illae illarum illis illas illis illa illorum illis illa illis they their/of them to/for them them them

this/that; he, she, it Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. is eius ei eum eo he/it his/its to/for him/it him/it him/it

this; he, she, it Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. hic huius huic hunc hc haec huius huic hanc hac hoc huius huic hoc hc

these; they hi horum his hos his hae harum his has his

iste (that, that...of yours) Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. iste istius isti istum isto ista istius isti istam ist istud istius isti istud isto isti istorum istis istos istis istae istarum istis istas istis ista istorum istis ista istis

ipse ( -self, very) Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. ipse ipsius ipsi ipsum ipso ipsa ipsius ipsi ipsam ips ipsum ipsius ipsi ipsum ipso ipsi ipsorum ipsis ipsos ipsis ipsae ipsarum ipsis ipsas ipsis ipsa ipsorum ipsis ipsa ipsis

Relative Pronouns (give additional information/description) Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. qui cuius cui quem quo quae cuius cui quam qua quod cuius cui quod quo qui quorum quibus quos quibus quae quarum quibus quas quibus quae quorum quibus quae quibus

Referring to a person who whose/of whom to/for whom whom whom Referring to a person who whose/of whom to/for whom whom whom

thing which/that of which/that to/for which/that which/that which/that

Interrogative Pronouns (ask for information) Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. quis cuius cui quem quo quid cuius cui quid quo qui quorum quibus quos quibus quae quarum quibus quas quibus quae quorum quibus quae quibus

thing what of what to/for what what what

Interrogative Adjectives (ask for information) Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. qui cuius cui quem quo quae cuius cui quam qua quod cuius cui quod quo qui quorum quibus quos quibus quae quarum quibus quas quibus quae quorum quibus quae quibus which/what of which/what to/for which/what which/what which/what