2011-11-03

Part 1
Measurement systems

Measurement system elements

Display Input True value of variable Sensor Signal processor Record Transmit Output Measured Value of variable

Sensor
Sensing physical quantity

Signal processor
Converting physical value to electrical value Amplifying weak electrical value

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Methods of Measurement
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Deflection Method
Analog multi-tester multi-

Zero Method or Null Method

Thermocouple

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Compensation Method Substitution Method Coincidence Method Differential Method

Assignments Show Examples

Loading in Measurement
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Cold thermometer

An Act of attempting to make the measurement has modified Hot water measurand
Physical quantity to be measured
Hot water

A problem encountered during measurement

I R I R IV Ammeter RA

P = IR R P = (I-IV)R R

Voltmeter

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Requirement of Measurement
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Fitness of purpose
Needs to deliver required accuracy
Calibration must be done

Calibration
A process of comparing the output of a measurement system against standards of known accuracy u Relationship between the output of a measurement system and the quantity it senses
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Calibration

Tip: Never trust a manufacturers calibration unless you have to - they have a vested interest

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Policy to control quality

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Refer. Note Pages 6-7 6Establish and maintain a system for calibration Adequate training Reviewing the calibration system periodically Consider errors and uncertainties in measurement process Keep Documented procedure of calibration Calibration records must be kept Use the measurement equipment traceable back to National standard

Traceability chain
National Standard

Calibration center standard

In-company Standard

Process Instrument

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Primary Standards
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Mass Length Time Current Temperature Luminous intensity Amount of substance

They are used to define the other quantities.

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Supplementary standards
Plane angle : Radian Solid angle : Steradian

Reliability
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Being the probability that it will operate to an agreed level of performance, for a specific period, subject to specified period, environmental condition. condition.
Reliability = f(t, environment conditions hot, dusty, humid, corrosion..)) Improved by choosing proper materials. Failure rate
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No. of failures / no. of system observed x time observed

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Repeatability
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Difference between multiple measurements of the same quantity

Affected by fluctuation in environment

Ability of a measurement system to give same value for repeated measurements of the same value of a variable.

Testing a measurement system

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1. Pre-installation testing Pre Checking calibration and operation of of Each element or instrument.

2. Cabling and piping testing

Checking shield, continuity, insulation, leak..

3. Pre-commissioning Pre Checking the completion of installation Checking full operation order when interconnected.

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Assignment
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Solve the Problems

Part2
Uncertainty Analysis
Technique Expression of Measurement results to comply international standard

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Evaluation of Uncertainty
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An essential process of measurement Gives a measure of reliance of measured values

Accuracy v.s Precision

Not Precise, Not Accurate

Precise, Not Accurate

accurate, Not Precise

Precise, Accurate

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Accuracy vs. Precision

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Accuracy
the agreement between a measured quantity and the true value of that quantity. Difference between the value indicated by measurement system and true value.
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How close the measurement comes to the true value ? Every component that appears in the analog signal path affects system accuracy.

Precision
how exactly the result is determined without reference to what the result means. The relative precision indicates the uncertainty in a measurement as a fraction of the result.

Accuracy
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Standard Deviation Repeatability

Difference between multiple measurements of the same quantity S.D of values measured repeatedly within limited time under the same environment, method, measurer Presented as % of F.S

Reproducibility
A measure of consistency of measured values with changing methods or place, condition under the repeatability condition u Presented as % of F.S

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Uncertainty (How to estimate an error)

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Background
For an unified rule in measurements
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A book - "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, ISO in ISO 1993 Suggested by CIPM with BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML

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The result of measurement = the best estimate instead of true value Uncertainty is the error you dont know about Definition

Parameter, associated with the result of measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand Quantified value Could be S.D, times of S.D, . It is the existing range of the object being measured

Errors vs. Uncertainty

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Error = Systematic Error + Accidental Error = Measured value true value Systematic Error = average of values measured infinitely under repeatable condition - true value

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Accidental Error = Measured value the average of values measured infinitely under repeatable condition

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Errors vs. Uncertainty

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Systematic Error

Due to Instrumental error, Due to Environmental errors - temperature, wiring, stress Enable to decrease it through calibration Ex) Bias error If you always got same values when you measured the measurand repeatedly No Error?

Accidental Error Random error or Non-repeatable error due to Uncertain Noncauses Possible Causes : wear, environment, thermal deformation Calculating it using the average value through many trials Error Distribution : Normal or Gaussian Distribution
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For infinite trials Average : Zero

Errors vs. Uncertainty

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Then Corrected or compensated value through calibration is always certain?

Uncertain (error) Because cant trust the calibration can Uncertainty by systematic effect

If the measured values were random whenever you measured them repeatedly after calibration of systematic error? Accidental Error
Because the measurer couldnt know or control parameters to affect couldn the measurement. Average of accidental errors about the values infinitely measured = 0 But cant do infinite trials of measurement Uncertain exists can Uncertainty by Accidental Effect

Uncertainty : doubts (about results and processes of measurement

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