CHAPTER 8 ISOMETRIC DEFINITIONS, DIMENSIONING € CALL-OUTS Isometric Definition Most companies want their piping arrange- ments drawn in plans and elevations. Many modern contractors, such as Fluor, have utilized a 3/8"=1'-0" scale model as a design tool, showing the petrochemical complex to scale, including each ‘and every pipe. When models are used, the piping draftsman will be put to work showing his piping fon the model, When models are utilized, piping elevations are not drawn, In both cases a drawing is needed to transmit, to the pipe fabricator, the detail dimensions of each line. Most contractors draw the pipe line from origin to terminus as an isometric. This isometric is also called a “spool drawing.” The isometric spool drawing shows the piece in three dimensions—length, width and depth. As the student has learned in previous drafting courses, 139 isometries are drawn on a 30° angle. To simplify piping isometrics, all ells are drawn square comer- ed. (See Figure 8-1 for examples.) On all piping isometrics, the North arrow should point up and to the right. If the draftsman cannot show the pipe properly with the North arrow to the right, the alternate is to point it up and to the left. In no case will the North arrow point down. (See Figure 8-2.) ‘To draw an isometric (or spool) of a line, the student must be able to visualize it in three dimen- sions. The author suggests that he buy some pipe cleaners-little pieces of wire covered with a white cottony substance. These are excellent to bend to the configuration of a pipe. After he has the con- figuration analyzed, the pipe cleaners can be straightened out, ready for new bending. (The au- thor admits to having bent many pipe cleaners as, hhe was learning this business.)140 Process Piping Drafting 90° ELL 90° ELL SEVERAL FITTINGS WELDED SCREWED OR SW 45° VERTICAL 45° ELLs | >< V2 iy 45° ELLS FLANGED SCREWED OR SW —- W/PROJECTED DIMENSIONAL LINES GATE VALVE GATE VALVE Figure 8-1. Typical Isometric Views. ALTERNATE NORTH up PREFERRED NORTH 30° 30° DOWN Figure 8.2, Isometric North Arrow.Isometric Definitions, Dimensions & Call-Outs vat —_N—- @ fo FLOW ARROW PLAN VIEW Figure 8.3, Orthographic #1, ‘The student will now look at a few lines drawn orthographically and then will draw the same lines as isometrics, He must remember to always orient himself with the North arrow, (See Figures 8-3 and 8-5 for the orthographic presentations and Figures 8-4 and 8-6 for the isometric.) When trying to draw an isometric one must always figure which way the line is going from the point of intersection, (See Figure 8-6.) If point one is the point of intersection, then line A goes North and line B goes South from that point. Line C goes up and line D goes West. A point of intersection is where two lines cross. While constructing an isometric, the student may hhave many points of intersection. If he is ever un- decided on how to draw from a certain point, he should just figure he is at the point of intersection and decide which way to go—Up, Down, East, West, North, South, Now that he understands isometries, he will have no trouble converting the following ortho- graphics to isometrics. To let the student use his imagination, only the plan view will be shown, The student is to dream up his own end view and draw the isometric, using good linework and lettering. He is not to dimension—just draw the configura- tion as shown in Figures 8-4 and 8-6. He is to draw cone isometric per 8% x 11 sheet of Figures 8-7 through 8-12. A END VIEW To be fabricated, isometries must have dimen- ns. As stated, piping draftsmen dimension to the closest 1/16”. Dimensioning of isometrics requires practice. Dimension lines are to be drawn to par- allel the pipe, valves and fittings symbols. They a to be drawn to the centerlines of fittings and to face of flanges. (See Figure 8-13 for an example of dimensioning. Also see Figure 7-8.) Dimension lines are located where they are easily read, The student is to make the dimensions, especially the fractions, large enough to be read without mistake. These prints are used in shops and in the field in all kinds of weather. They will get dirty. They still must be read without error. This isometric is the finished product of the piping draftsman, The student is to draw it so there is no doubt in the reader's mind, He must not break dimension lines to insert «dimensions. This is a machine shop practice and is. znot done in process piping drafting. ‘The student is to draw the isometric and add dimension lines for Figures 8-14 and 8-15. He is not to fill in any dimensions. ‘Angles seem to give the isometric draftsmen the most trouble, 45° ells form angles and must be dimensioned properly. The best way to do this is with a projected box showing the dimension lines at the box. (See Figure 8-1,) When elbows roll and