3/09/00 Tool/Procedure Hydrostatic Testing Description of Tool/Test Procedure What is Measured The capability of a pipeline to withstand a pressure is Pressure-containing

determined by filling the pipeline with water or other capability of pipe liquid and applying internal pressure under no-flow conditions for a fixed period of time. The test is usually applied when a pipeline is being put into service or there is a significant change in service and the pressure applied is at least 125% of maximum operating pressure. Companies may test to a pressure greater than 125% of maximum operating pressure (usually equivalent to 90% of specified minimum yield strength SMYS), sometimes greater than 100% SMYS to find specific types of defects. Results A good proof test

Pipeline Integrity Inspection Matrix

Strengths A good proof test. Can find longitudinal seam defects and other crack type defects such as environmental cracking that current smart pig technology has difficulty finding. Weaknesses Only a good test for that particular time. Corrosion and third-party damage may not be detected if metal loss has not been sufficient to lead to failure. Corrosion and third-party damage can occur after the test and then change the pressure-containing capability of the pipeline. The pipeline has to be taken out of service. Water used to test a pipeline that has already been in-use must be treated before discharging and water discharge permits may be difficult and time consuming to get. A hydrotest can actually weaken pipe in some instances. This is called "pressure reversal". Regulations All new pipe installed must be hydrostatically tested before use. (DOT 49 CFR Part 195 Subpart E) New regulations require the testing of existing pipelines that have never been pressure tested before. Intrastate pipelines in California must be tested every 5 years absent a waiver. Waivers are frequently granted to allow smart-pigging in lieu of hydrostatic testing. (DOT/California State Fire Marshall) Cost Cost for new pipeline testing is low to moderate. Cost for testing existing pipelines can be very high, possibly up to 10 times higher. Comments

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II

Maintenance Pigging

Insert and run tools (pigs) inside the pipeline to clean pipe walls, remove debris and water to deter internal corrosion and maintain flowrates.

Sometimes the amount of Clean pipe, no water or sediment or water removed is sediment in low points along measured to indicate how the pipeline. Good flowrate. much debris or water is being pumped into the pipeline.

Clean pipe, no water or sediment in low points Debris and waste material that are removed None along the pipeline. Good flowrate. Helps mitigate by the pig have to be handled and disposed internal corrosion. of in some instances. Some pipelines do not have traps to launch and receive pigs or may not be capable of moving pigs due internal geometry. Identifies and measures corrosion pitting so that remedial efforts can be performed. In most pipelines, it can be run while pipeline is operating. Does not require any pipeline downtime. Accepted industry-wide Cannot be run in all pipelines. There are few tools that will fit pipelines 4 diameter and smaller. Short inspection runs are costly. Short radius bends create problems with the pigs movement down the pipeline. The pipeline must be relatively clean. Regular launching and receiving traps are usually not long enough to accommodate inspection tools and must be lengthened. Because of the geometry of girth welds, they can cause "shadowing" which can prevent the detection of flaws near the welds. Has a tendency to magnetize the carrier pipe over time which creates maintenance welding problems. There are situations where too much distance exists between traps, requiring running the tool twice through the same section. Turn around time on data analysis may be excessive, may be many months. Cannot be run in all pipelines. There are few tools that will fit pipelines 4 diameter and smaller. There a fewer ultrasonic tools in all sizes compared to magnetic flux tools which makes scheduling more difficult. Short inspection runs are costly. Short radius bends create problems with the pigs movement down the pipeline. The pipeline must be extremely clean. The inspection tool can only be run in liquid due to its need for an electronic coupling to the pipe wall. Regular launching and receiving traps are usually not long enough to accommodate inspection tools and must be lengthened. Turn around time on data analysis may be excessive. None, except DOT regulation requiring all new pipelines to be capable of smart-pigging (49 CFR Part 195.120). Some pipelines in California must be hydrotested every 5 years. Smart-pigging has been allowed in lieu of hydrotesting for some pipelines. (California State Fire Marshall)

Low. If traps are Pig is a catch-all term, and required, cost would may be referred to as be moderate. scraper, swab, or sphere.

III A

Smart Pigs Magnetic Flux Leakage

Electronic internal pipeline inspection pig that identifies and measures metal loss (corrosion, gouges, etc.) through the use of a temporarily applied magnetic field. The pig is inserted into the pipeline and propelled with either the shipped product or water. Upon removal, the data is played back, analyzed and repair recommendations made, if necessary. Low resolution were developed first, later generation high resolution pigs provide more detailed information.

Predominantly metal loss. In addition, casing, valves, taps, and dents are found. Some of the high resolution pigs claim to be able to locate cracks.

Metal loss is located, measured and reported by % deep (compared to pipe wall thickness) and length

Cost for low or conventional resolution would be ~$1000-$1,500 per mile plus ~$12,500$30,000 mobilization and demobilization (mob/demob), high resolution would be ~$2,000-$3,000 per mile plus ~$25,000$50,000 mob/demob

Ultrasonic

Electronic internal pipeline inspection pig that identifies and measures pipe wall thickness, and invariably metal loss (corrosion, gouges, etc.) through the use of ultrasonics. The pig is inserted into the pipeline and propelled with either the shipped product or water. Upon removal, the data is played back, analyzed and repair recommendations made, if necessary.

Predominantly pipe wall thickness and metal loss. In addition, casing, valves, taps, and dents are found. Some of the pigs claim to be able to locate cracks.

Predominantly pipe wall thickness and metal loss. In addition, casing, valves, taps, and dents are found. Some of the pigs claim to be able to locate cracks.

Identifies and measures corrosion pitting so that remedial efforts can be performed. In most pipelines, it can be run while pipeline is operating. Does not require any pipeline downtime. Accepted industry-wide

None, except DOT regulation requiring all new pipelines to be capable of smart-pigging (49 CFR Part 195.120). Some pipelines in California must be hydrotested every 5 years. Smart-pigging has been allowed in lieu of hydrotesting for some pipelines. (California State Fire Marshall)

Cost would be ~$3,000-$6,000 per mile plus ~$25,000$50,000 for mob/demob

3/09/00 Tool/Procedure Geometry (also called Deformation, Caliper or Bend pigs) Description of Tool/Test Procedure Electronic internal pipeline inspection pig that measures the geometry of the pipe. The primary use of this type pig is to search for any type obstruction that would prevent a corrosion smart pig from passing through the pipeline and to identify locations of possible outside force damage. The pig is inserted into the pipeline and propelled with either the shipped product or water. Upon removal, the data is played back, analyzed and repair recommendations made, if necessary. Electronic internal pipeline inspection pig that identifies and measures cracks through the use of a temporarily applied magnetic field. The pig is inserted into the pipeline and propelled with either the shipped product or water. Upon removal, the data is played back, analyzed and repair recommendations made, if necessary. An electrically resistive material that is installed on the outside of a pipeline to protect the steel from galvanic corrosion caused by contact with the soil. What is Measured The pig locates dents, wrinkles, field welds, bend radius, and areas of pipe ovality. Results Areas located that might prevent an electronic internal pipeline inspection pig from passing safely through the pipeline.

Pipeline Integrity Inspection Matrix

Strengths In most pipelines, it can be run while pipeline is operating. Does not require any pipeline downtime. Accepted industry-wide. May find 3rd party damage that electronic interanl inspection pigs would miss. Weaknesses Cannot be run in all pipelines. There are few None tools that will fit pipelines 4 diameter and smaller. Short inspection runs are costly. The pipeline must be relatively clean. Regulations Cost Cost would be ~$300$600 per mile plus ~$4,500-$12,000 for mob/demob Comments

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Transverse Flux

IV

Pipeline Coating

The location of and extent of longitudinally oriented cracks. Precise depth measurements are not yet possible, but the locations of defects allow follow-up detail assessments to be performed. The electrical resistance and continuity of the coating.

Defects that are not detectable with conventional MLF and Ultrasonic tools

Tool is still in development

None

The pipeline is protected from corrosion.

Easy to install on a new pipeline. When used in conjunction with cathodic protection, results in a redundant barrier of protection from galvanic corrosion.

When installed in the field, subject to All components that are buried must be contamination. When installed in a plant, the coated. (49 CFR Part 195.238) weld seams must be coated in the field and they do not provide the same level of protection. May be damaged by third parties or rocks in the backfill. Rectifier output is not instantaneous and the unit could be down for 2 months unless the operator uses a remote monitoring system (RMU). Rectifiers also require an AC Power source, which may be difficult to find in remote locations. Impressed current systems using rectifiers can be used on bare, poorly coated, as well as excellent coated pipelines. However bare pipelines and poorly coated pipelines require a greater amount of current that will increase the cost due to additional units being needed. Requires manual labor to obtain readings at all test stations. Required by DOT to have cathodic protection on all coated pipelines and any new pipeline that carries hazardous liquids (49 CFR Part 195.414 and 195.242). ~$30,000 per installation Ground beds require replacement as they are depleted.

V A

Cathodic Protection Rectifiers/Ground Bed

An impressed current ground bed is (a group of anodes connected to a common header cable) powered by a rectifier to impress current onto the pipeline and subsequently preventing current from leaving the pipe that could cause corrosion. The electrochemical reaction of the impressed current to the pipeline in combination with an electrically resistant pipe coating creates an environment that will mitigate corrosion on the pipeline.

DC Voltage and DC Amperage output of the rectifier is read BI-monthly to assure that adequate current is being discharged from the anodes to maintain sufficient pipe to soil readings over a specified distance along the pipeline.

Adequate pipe-to-soil Complies with DOT requirements. Effective potentials that meet required method of reducing corrosion. Works for all standard criteria for achieving types of pipelines. Cathodic Protection. Complies with law. Reduced incidents due to corrosion.

Pipe-to-Soil Potential

The electrical potential between the pipe and the soil is measured using a high resistance voltmeter connected to the pipe at a test station. A copper/copper sulfate half-cell electrode is located directly above pipeline in clean, moist earth and the voltage between the half-cell and pipeline is recorded.

Test Stations

The pipe to soil voltage (potential) of the pipeline could be static or with either galvanic or impressed current applied. Typically the pipe to soil potential with current applied will be between 0.850V and 2.00V with an impressed current system. A wire connected to the buried pipeline that runs to Pipe to soil readings of both the surface and into a metallic or PVC pole that is owner and foreign pipelines, located directly above the pipeline in the pipeline shunts outputs (current) for right-of-way. This wire connection is used to bonds and galvanic anode measure the Pipe-to-Soil Potential reading at that drains. A copper/copper particular location. Test stations are typically located sulfate half-cell is used in along the pipeline right-of-way at regular intervals conjunction with a high and require minor maintenance to keep them resistant voltmeter. accessible and useable. Connections to other underground facilities may also be located in a pipeline test station.

Completed annual Pipe-to-Soil Satisfies Regulatory requirements to annually Surveys. Data to evaluate evaluate the cathodic protection system. effectiveness of the Cathodic Protection System.

Required by DOT to have sufficient voltage Low reading to verify adequate cathodic protection per NACE Standards (49 CFR Part 195.416). Usually readings are taken every mile.

Good, accurate, useful data for Enables annual requirement to measure the Pipe- Susceptible to third party damage or an annual Pipe-to-Soil Survey. to-Soil Potential of the pipeline. Acts as pipeline deterioration over time. marker. Possible interference problems from foreign pipeline could be identified and mitigated.

Required by DOT to have sufficient number to Low verify adequate cathodic protection (49 CFR Part 195.416). Usually installed every mile.

Require annual maintenance because of third party damage and deterioration.

3/09/00 Tool/Procedure Close Interval Surveys Description of Tool/Test Procedure Same as Pipe-to Soil Survey only the placement of the electrode is moved along the earth and readings are taken at close interval distances along the pipeline route. A trailing wire is used to maintain contact with the pipeline via the nearest test station as the electrode is moved and readings taken. What is Measured Same as pipe-to-Soil. Additionally, this survey may be set-up to include instant off potential readings by cycling the current at the rectifiers that influence the pipe-to-soil readings of the pipeline at that location while conducting the Close Interval survey. The pipeline's Pipe-to-Soil Potential is measured semiannually. The anode's current output is measured annually.

Pipeline Integrity Inspection Matrix

Results Strengths Data that enables the evaluation Effective at determining specific areas of a of the cathodic protection cathodic protection system that may need system. Determination of areas maintenance or upgrade. that may be inadequately protected. Weaknesses Regulations Cost Close interval Surveys are more labor Required by DOT to have sufficient voltage Cost would be intensive than the annual test station survey. reading to verify adequate cathodic protection ~$1,000 per mile with It is also more costly compared to other per NACE Standards (49 CFR Part 195.416). a ~$10,000 minimum types of CP surveys. Typically it demands landowner contact along the right of way as the survey is being conducted. Comments

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Sacrificial Anodes

Galvanic metal anodes such as Zinc or magnesium are attached to the pipeline either directly or through a shunt in a test station. This sacrificial CP system will provide electrical current to flow to the pipeline that will increase pipe to soil readings in the negative direction and prevent current from leaving the pipe that could cause corrosion.

Adequate pipe-to-soil potentials that meet required standard criteria for achieving cathodic protection. Complies with law. Reduced incidents due to corrosion. Supplements impressed current cathodic protection system

Relatively inexpensive and easy to install. Effective at correcting isolated areas with inadequate cathodic protection potentials. Installed along pipeline route after conducting a hot spot survey to offset areas of anodic current flow thus satisfying hot spot cathodic protection criterion. .

Typically, a shorter term solution to resolving identified cathodic protection system problem areas. Require additional monitoring

Required by DOT to have cathodic protection on all coated pipelines and any new pipeline that carries hazardous liquids (49 CFR Part 195.414 and 195.242).

Low

Require replacement as they are depleted.

IR Free or Instant Off Readings

Hot Spot Survey

Equipment is installed to synchronize the interruption of all current sources that effect a pipeline's Pipe-to Soil reading. The Pipe-to-Soil reading is recorded when the current is applied then another Pipe-to-Soil reading is recorded when the current is interrupted. The "instant off" reading is the Pipe-to-Soil potential of pipeline with any error associated with the wiring resistance minimized. This is considered to be a truer reading when compared to the reading with the current applied. An over the pipeline survey typically used on shorter, poorly coated or bare steel pipelines. Typically, two technicians walk the entire pipeline route taking current measurements at a prescribed distance. When the current direction changes as determined by meter readings, the technicians determine the point of the reversal. Re-surveying the affected area and successively reducing the electrode spacing by one-half does this. A soil resistivity reading is taken at the point of each reversal or at 100 spacing if no reversals are detected.

Same as pipe-to-Soil. Instant A more accurate indication of off potential readings are the pipe to soil potential obtained by cycling the current at the rectifiers that influence the pipe-to-soil readings of the pipeline at that location.

Minimizes resistance error

Requires additional equipment to be Required by DOT to have sufficient voltage Moderate installed and all locations being tested must reading to verify adequate cathodic protection be synchronized. per NACE Standards (49 CFR Part 195.416).

Voltage readings are recorded along with physical features for reference. Voltage readings will indicate the direction the current is flowing through the soil around the pipeline. As reversals are identified, other tests are conducted to determine the extent of these "hot spots".

Data that enables the evaluation of the cathodic protection system. Determination of areas that may be inadequately protected. Ability to accurately size and install anodes along the pipeline route to offset the detrimental current flows in the soil that would cause corrosion to a base steel pipeline.

Complies with DOT requirements. Effective method of reducing incidents. This is preferred and sometimes the only method to provide cathodic protection to a short, older, poorly coated or bare steel pipeline. Relatively inexpensive and easy to install anodes at identified "hot spots".

Not instantaneous information.

Required by DOT to have cathodic protection Cost would be on buried pipelines (49 CFR Part 195.414 and ~$3,000 per mile with 195.242). Fulfills requirement criterion for a ~$15,000 minimum pipelines that are poorly coated or bare.

VI A

SCADA Pressure Monitoring

Remote monitoring of pipeline pressures. Monitoring of pipeline pressure through SCADA is far more advantageous than controlling the pipeline at a number of local sites for the following reasons: They respond to any suspicious or unexplainable pressure change. Their actions include starting-up another pump or shutting-down a pump and can escalate to shutting down the entire system if the situation is not understood.

Pump Suction pressure, pump discharge pressure, pump case pressure, main line pressure, meter differential pressure, meter pressure, manifold pressure, remote valve upstream and downstream pressure, filter &/or strainer pressure and differential pressure and scraper pressure.

Controllers monitor system conditions and operation through these remote pressure readings. Once a baseline is established it is easy to notice anything that is unusual in the system pressures.

Doing the pressure monitoring through SCADA is far more advantageous than having people at these remote sites for the following reasons: 1) With SCADA one person can see the entire system from a single location (get the big picture), 2) If anything is detected one person can shutdown the entire system, 3) All of the pressures have alarming capability (audible and visual, currently active) that can alert a controller even if the SCADA operator is not looking at the particular point or device when it goes into alarm, and 4) The pressures are continuously monitored regardless of any local weather conditions. 5) Often a back-up computor is installed and takes over the SCADA function if there is a failure of the primary computor.

1) All of these remotely monitored sites are heavily reliant on various public power and communications systems, 2) Changes in the telecommunications industry have required operators to adapt to longer failures and system outages, 3) On most pipeline systems the capability does not exist to monitor upstream and downstream pressures at remote valve locations.

1) Periodic testing is required on a six month basis (not to exceed seven months) on HVL systems, and once yearly on other (non-HVL) systems, (49 CFR Part 195.428) and 2) The operator is required to maintain the operating pressure records for a three year period on all commodities (49 CFR Part 195.494(c)). 3) OPS advisory ADB-99-03 alerting operators of potential operational limitations associated with SCADA computing capacity.

3/09/00 Tool/Procedure Pump Station and Valve Monitoring and Control Description of Tool/Test Procedure What is Measured The ability to remotely start or stop pump stations and The effectiveness of the receipt and delivery points on a pipeline system. The command that was sent controllers are continuously adjusting the facilities, adjusting pressure, flow rates, control set points and starting and stopping both mainline and booster pumps. In addition there may be a number of mainline block valves that the controllers operate using SCADA. Results The pump or receipt/delivery starts or it doesn't. If it fails to start a call out will be made and corrective action will be taken to rectify the situation.

Pipeline Integrity Inspection Matrix

Strengths The ability to monitor the pipeline system from end to end from one location and at one time. The controller sees the entire system and can adjust and monitor with information on the total system. The information available, with the training the controller has, allows the controller to operate the system as well as react to abnormal conditions and shutdown the system if necessary. If there is an incident, the controller can start and stop pumps and open and close valves to minimize the release. The controller can monitor the By simply measuring the volume into and out of two meters (on a simple the pipeline, the controller can get a quick system) at the inlet and outlet measure of the integrity of the system. By and compare these to each monitoring the minute-by-minute and the trended other and determine if there has volumes over a longer time, the controller is been a loss in the system. provided additional information on whether to These meters can also monitor operate the pipeline or shut it down. discrepancies at a facility. Comparing of the meter at a site to the tank movement at the site enables the controller to insure that there has not been a breach in the station manifold or piping. Weaknesses The controller must be trained on the particular system to be able to identify variations that indicate an abnormal situation. Regulations There are no regulations on the remote start or stop capabilities, but the operator is required to be able to start-up and shut-down the system within the design limits (49 CFR Part 195.402(c)(7)). Block valve inspections are required twice a year but not exceeding 7 1/2 months (49 CFR Part 195.420). OPS advisory ADB-99-03 alerting operators of potential operational limitations associated with SCADA computing capacity. There are regulations or guidelines (from API, and or MMS) for custody transfer meters. These regulations and guidelines govern how frequently the meters must be proved and the tolerance that a meter must fall within in order for the proving to be considered a valid proving. Cost Comments At some remote valve sites it would be very difficult to install the needed components to operate the valve remotely. Increased ROW would have to be obtained for above ground facilities. Power and communications would need to be provided or developed if possible.

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Volume Measurements

The meters are located at remote sites and the meter data is then displayed for the controller. The meters do have a testing/proving procedure that is followed. The requirements change depending upon the service of the meter. There are two main types of meters: 1) Custody Transfer meters: used to account for volumes, the meters that dollars are calculated from; 2) Control meters or leak detection meters: used for internal accounting and monitoring volumes in the system. Proving is the process to ensure the accuracy of the meters and correct the volume measurement for wear in the meter.

Depending upon the commodity being measured: 1) Mass pounds, 2) Barrels or 3) BTUs

The monitoring of volumes into and out of the system only provides the controller information about larger discrepancies, it does not provide enough information to show small discrepancies (<0.025% of flowrate). Doesn't work well on compressible liquids, e.g. some HVL's.

VII Right-of-Way Monitoring A Aerial Surveillance

Line Riding

Public Education

River or Major Water Crossing Inspections

Shallow Water Surveys

Side Scan Sonar

The pipeline right-of-way is flown over on a regular Third-Party activity on the Knowledge of encroachments basis, usually bi-weekly to observe the pipeline right- right-of-way and discoloration and construction activities of-way that could indicate a leak. along the right-of-way and possible leaks The pipeline right-of-way is driven on a regular Third-Party activity on the Knowledge of encroachments basis, usually bi-weekly to observe the pipeline right- right-of-way and discoloration and construction activities of-way that could indicate a leak. along the right-of-way and possible leaks The operator provides all people located along the Measures the knowledge and People along the right-of-way right-of-way with information about the pipeline, feedback of personnel in that can help identify hazards where it is, what it is carrying, indications of potential proximity to the line with and notify the operator to hazards and what to do if they observe any hazards. regard to their awareness of minimize the impact to the Also information on One Call and Dig Safely the pipeline, emergency public. programs are provided numbers, etc. Inspection of pipeline river or major water crossings Various things, including Usually depth-of-burial to identify areas where pipe is suspended or exposed pipeline cover or depth-ofmeasurement that shows or any other type hazard may be present. Sometimes burial, change in water pipeline is still safely covered a visual inspection and sometimes performed by channel, pipeline location, etc. with dirt or hasn't moved. divers or electronic methods. The depth of burial of a pipeline is surveyed in Depth of cover The depth of cover will be locations where the pipeline is located in shallow sufficient to protect the pipeline waters that could be frequented by boats and where and the public. the pipeline could be damaged by fishing activities or cause damage to the boats. A survey of the ocean floor in the vicinity of a The profile of the pipeline in The pipeline is inspected this submerged underwater pipeline. Typically conduct relation to the ocean floor. way to determine if it is buried, using a seagoing vessel that tows a sonar fish along unsupported, or has debris on both sides of the pipeline laying on the ocean floor. or near it. Anomalous Readings are recorded, survey logs generated, conditions are investigated by interpreted and reported. visual survey at later time.

Covers the right-of-way quickly and efficiently. Able to see the right-of-way surface and activity easily in remote areas

Not as effective in urban areas because of the need to fly at a higher altitude. Unable to contact construction workers when they are first observed. Observes the right-of-way closely and able to talk Not as effective in remote areas where to construction workers when they are first access may be limited observed

The operator of a pipeline is required to Low observe the Right-of-way at intervals not exceeding 3 weeks, but at least 26 times a year (49 CFR Part 195.412(a)). The operator of a pipeline is required to Low observe the Right-of-way at intervals not exceeding 3 weeks, but at least 26 times a year (49 CFR Part 195.412(a)). People living along the right-of-way see the area People along the right-of-way usually forget A public education program is required (49 Low on a frequent basis. there is a pipeline there. It is hard to reach CFR Part 195.440) everyone. People with more that one pipeline in vicinity may only call one Company to report concern. Good to inspect water crossing for any change that may be a pipeline hazard Difficult to find an inspection company that can repeatedly do a good job. The operator of a pipeline is required to inspect navigable water crossings at intervals not exceeding 5 years (49 CFR Part 195.412(b)). Required on a one time basis (49 CFR Part 195.413) Cost would be ~$13,000 per mile with a $20,000 minimum Low

Provides good data to determine if pipe has any unsupported spans or debris. A little cheaper and easier than a visual survey.

Cannot provide analysis of cathodic protection system like a visual survey can. Requires a follow-up survey to investigate discovered anomalies.

DOI/MMS Pacific Region OCS requires every five years in lieu of the required visual survey.

Cost would be ~$2,000 per mile with a $20,000 minimum

3/09/00 Tool/Procedure Video Cameras Description of Tool/Test Procedure A visual survey of a submerged pipeline on the ocean floor by using a remote operated vehicle ROV with a video camera mounted to it. The image is recorded and reports of conditions generated. Typically, an underwater cathodic protection survey is also conduct during this inspection. What is Measured Visual condition of pipeline coating and the pipeline's general environment. Anomalous conditions are investigated further. Also, cathodic protection system effectiveness is measured. Results The pipeline is inspected this way to determine if it is buried, unsupported, or has debris on or near it. Anomalous conditions are investigated by visual survey at later time. Data is obtained that enables the evaluation of the cathodic protection system. Also, obtained is good, accurate, useful data for a required annual Pipe-to-Soil (or pipe-towater in this case) Survey. Depth of cover of the pipeline The operator of a pipeline can determine if there is a need to lower the pipeline or provide other protective measures. When a pipeline is exposed, Knowledge of construction the pipeline operator can activities along the right-of-way inspect the pipe and coating and the condition of the pipe to determine if there has been and coating at a specific any damage and if there has location. been any deterioration to either the pipe or the coating since it was installed.

Pipeline Integrity Inspection Matrix

Strengths Gives actual visual of pipeline condition. Provides for ease of conducting cathodic protection survey. Weaknesses Difficult to conduct in turbulent seas. Regulations Cost DOI/MMS Pacific Region OCS requires Cost would be every other year alternating with Smart Pig ~$3,000 per mile with Inspection and Side Scan Sonar Inspection on a $20,000 minimum the fifth year. Comments

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Depth of Cover Surveys

A survey of the depth of cover of the pipeline using a combination of electronic devices and probing.

Provides good data to determine if there is a need to provide additional protection to the pipeline from potential outside force damage Prevents third-party damage that is the leading cause of releases from liquid pipelines. Location information is frequently not very accurate resulting in lost time in determining if a particular activity may impact your pipeline. Some organizations are exempt from One Call requirements. There is no way to verify that the party digging has made the appropriate calls to have facilities located.

None

VIII One Call

In areas where a "One Call" system is in place, a contractor can call one phone number and make his desire to excavate known to all underground utilities in an area. A pipeline operator will determine if an operated pipeline in the area and will show the excavator where the pipeline is located and will provide people to standby and help the excavator expose the pipeline safely and ensure the pipeline is back-filled appropriately after excavation is complete.

49 CFR Part 195.442

Low

IX A

Internal Corrosion Control Corrosion Coupons

Corrosion Probes

Metal coupons are fabricated from the same metal as the pipeline and carefully weighed and inserted into the pipeline flow stream typically at the beginning and/or at the end of a pipeline as well as other appropriate locations along the pipeline. At regular intervals, the coupons are replaced and the removed coupons weighed to determine if any the metal loss is occurring A probe is inserted into the pipeline in such a way that allows the probe to see the same flow conditions as the pipeline. The probe is constructed in such a way that when the resistance of the probe is measured, the internal corrosion rate for the fluid in a pipeline can be measured instantaneously.

Metal loss that may be occurring in a pipeline as a result of the chemical or mechanical action of the fluid and contaminants (i.e. water) being carried in the pipe.

The operator of a pipeline can determine if any metal loss is occurring and whether a corrosion inhibitor program is needed or is effective.

The operator is given a average measure of how The interval may be 30, 60, 90, or 180 days the interior of the pipeline is reacting with the but must not exceed 7.5 months between the fluid being carried. time a coupon is inserted and the time it is removed and weighed. In addition the coupons must be changed a minimum of twice/calendar year.

The operator of a pipeline is required to monitor internal corrosion and protect the pipeline from internal corrosion if necessary (49 CFR Part 195.418).

Low

Will not identify areas where "under deposit corrosion" is taking place unless incidentally placed at such a location.

Metal loss that may be occurring in a pipeline as a result of the chemical or mechanical action of the fluid and contaminants (i.e. water) being carried in the pipe.

The operator of a pipeline can determine if any metal loss is occurring and whether a corrosion inhibitor program is needed or is effective.

The operator is given an instantaneous measure The probe will only provide an instantaneous of how the interior of the pipeline may be reacting rate, not an average rate of metal loss. As a with the fluid being carried. minimum reading must be recorded the same interval as Corrosion Coupons.

The operator of a pipeline is required to monitor internal corrosion and protect the pipeline from internal corrosion if necessary (49 CFR Part 195.418).

Moderate

Same as Corrosion Coupons. Reading may be erroneous due to debris in the pipeline collecting on the probe element.

Visual Inspection

Visual inspection of pipe, including visual inspection Corrosion, dents, gouges or Knowledge of the condition of of buried piping when exposed during maintenance other anomalies can be the exterior and interior of the or other activities. discovered pipeline

First hand knowledge

Buried pipe can only be inspected if uncovered.

Microbial Activity

Samples of water are collected from residue collected during pigging and the level of microbe activity is measured. A 6" x 6" non-intrusive stainless steel foil is installed on the outside of the pipe that captures atomic hydrogen that has migrated through the pipe wall within the vacuum space beneath the foil. As the atomic hydrogen combines to form molecular hydrogen on the outside wall of the pipe, a resulting deterioration of the vacuum occurs.

The level of microbes present Knowledge of the potential of that may contribute to microbial induced corrosion. corrosion. The rate of vacuum deterioration reflects the rate of corrosion occurring inside the pipeline and is used to monitor internal corrosion susceptibility. The results are used to determine the effectiveness of internal cleaning and corrosion inhibitor chemical injection programs on the internal corrosion process. Beta Foils are a sensitive and reliable method of directly monitoring the internal corrosion process at a particular location in a pipeline system. Accurate placement of the foils on the pipeline is critical. Known and accurate locations of internal corrosion is required for proper placement of the foils. Only measures the corrosion rate at that particular location.

Beta Foils

The operator of a pipeline is required to inspect the exterior of the pipe whenever it is exposed (49 CFR Part 195.416) and the interior of the pipe whenever a piece is removed (49 CFR Part 195.418) The operator of a pipeline is required to monitor internal corrosion and protect the pipeline from internal corrosion if necessary (49 CFR Part 195.418). The operator of a pipeline is required to monitor internal corrosion and protect the pipeline from internal corrosion if necessary (49 CFR Part 195.418).

Low

Low

Less than $3,500 per installation

3/09/00 Tool/Procedure Overpressure Protection Description of Tool/Test Procedure Control valves, pressure switches, relief valves are provided to assure the pressure in the pipeline does not exceed safe limits during normal and abnormal operations What is Measured Results The pipeline pressure is maintained within safe limits

Pipeline Integrity Inspection Matrix

Strengths Prevents over pressuring the pipeline which could lead to failure. Weaknesses Regulations 49 CFR Part 195.428 Cost Comments

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