BasicPrinciplesForbasestationAntenna p systems

AntennaTheory Antenna Theory

By AmirMiraj,SeniorEngineer,

BaseStationAntennaTechnology Evolution E l ti
Antenna Core Technology
Omni Vertical DualPol Directional Polarization MIMO DualPol RET Interference Reduction MIMO
SignificantApplication

Dual Band Capacity Improvement with Frequency MIMO

LowApplication

Digital Beam Former SDMA Capacity

SmartBeam Capacity Load Balance MIMO

Air Interfaces
AMPS GSM CDMA W-CDMA WiMAX TD-SCDMA LTE

DominateApplication

Dipole

F0 (MHz) (Meters (Inches ) ) 30

10.0 10 0 3.75 1.87 1 87 1.07 0.65 0 65 0.38 0.31 0.18 0.15

393.6 393 6 147.6 73.8 73 8 42.2 25.7 25 7 14.8 12.3 6.95 5.9
3

80 160 280 460 800 960 1700 2000

F0

3DViewAntennaPattern

Source:COMSEARCH Source: COMSEARCH

UnderstandingTheMysteriousdB g y
dBd dBi dB dBm Signal strength relative to a dipole in empty space Signal strength relative to an isotropic radiator Difference between two signal strengths Absolute signal strength relative to 1 milliwatt Note:The 1 mWatt = 0 dBm LogarithmicScale Logarithmic Scale 1 Watt = 30 dBm 10* log10 (PowerRatio) 20 Watts = 43 dBm Signal strength relative to a signal of known strength, in this case: the carrier signal Example: 150 dBc = 150 dB below carrier signal If two carriers are 20 Watt each = 43 dBm 150 dBc = 107 dBm or ~0.02 pWatt or ~1 microvolt
5

dBc

EffectOfVSWR
GoodVSWRisonlyonecomponentofanefficientantenna. G d VSWR i l t f ffi i t t

Return Transmis Power Power VSWR Loss sion Reflected Trans. (dB) Loss (dB) (%) (%) 1.00 1 00 1.10 1.20 1 20 1.30 1.40 1.50 2.00 26.4 20.8 20 8 17.7 15.6 14.0 9.5 0.00 0 00 0.01 0.04 0 04 0.08 0.12 0.18 0.51 0.0 00 0.2 0.8 08 1.7 2.8 4.0 11.1 100.0 100 0 99.8 99.2 99 2 98.3 97.2 96.0 88.9
6

ShapingAntennaPatterns
Verticalarrangementofproperlyphaseddipolesallowscontrol Vertical arrangement of properly phased dipoles allows control ofradiationpatternsatthehorizonaswellasaboveandbelow thehorizon.Themoredipolesthatarestackedvertically,the flattertheverticalpatternisandthehighertheantenna coverageorgainisinthegeneraldirectionofthehorizon.

apingAntennaPatterns(Continued)
Aperture ofDipoles Vertical Pattern Horizontal Pattern

Stacking 4 dipoles vertically in

SingleDipole

line changes the pattern shape (squashes the doughnut) and increases the gain over single dipole. vertical pattern measures the gain. lower section, are secondary minor lobes.

The peak of the horizontal or

The little lobes illustrated in the lobes,

4DipolesVertically Stacked

General Stacking Rule

Collinear elements (in-line vertically). Optimum spacing (for non-electrical tilt) is approximately 0.9. Doubling the number of elements increases gain by 3 dB, and reduces vertical beamwidth by half.
8

Gain
Whatisit?
Antennagainisacomparisonofthepower/fieldcharacteristicsofadeviceundertest(DUT)toa specifiedgainstandard. specified gain standard

Whyisituseful?
Ga ca be assoc ated t co e age d sta ce a d/o obstac e pe et at o (bu d gs, o age, Gaincanbeassociatedwithcoveragedistanceand/orobstaclepenetration(buildings,foliage, etc).

Howisitmeasured?
Itismeasuredusingdatacollectedfromantennarangetesting.Thereferencegainstandardmust alwaysbespecified.

WhatisAndrewstandard? Wh i A d d d?
Andrewconformstotheindustrystandardof+/1dBaccuracy.

GainReferences(dBdAnddBi)
Anisotropicantennaisa singlepointinspace radiatinginaperfect d f sphere(notphysically possible). Adipoleantennaisone radiatingelement (physicallypossible). Againantennaistwoor moreradiatingelements phasedtogether.
IsotropicPattern Isotropic Pattern DipolePattern

Isotropic(dBi) Dipole(dBd) Dipole (dBd) Gain

dBi dBd

3(dBd)=5.14(dBi) 0(dBd)=2.14(dBi)

10

PrinciplesOfAntennaGain
Omni Antenna Side View Antenna,
3dB

Directional Antennas Top View Antennas,

0 dd B

60 60
3dB

0 dd B

+3 dd B

30
3dB

+3 dd 3 B

180
3dB

+6 dd B

15
3dB

+6 dd B

90
3dB

7.5

+9 dd B

3dB

+9 dd B

45
3dB

11

TheoreticalGainOfAntennas(dBd)

3 dB Horizontal Aperture (Influenced by Grounded Back Plate)

#ofRad diators Verticall lySpaced(0.9)

Typical Length of Antenna (ft ) (ft.) 800/900 MHz 1 2 3 4 6 8 Vertical 1800/190 Beamwidt 0 h 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 60 30 20 15 10 7.5 7.5
12

360 1 2 0 3

180 120 105 90 60 45 90 60 45 3 6 7.5 9 10. 5 12 4 7 8.5 10 11.5 13 5 8 9.5 11 12. 5 14 6 9 10. 5 12 13. 5 15 8 11 12. 5 14 15. 5 17 9 12

33 33 10.5 13.6

3 4.5 4 6

13. 15.1 5 15 16.6 16. 18.1 5 18 19.6

6 7.5 8 9

Could be horizontal radiator pairs for narrow horizontal apertures.

AntennaGain
Gain(dBi)=Directivity(dBi) Losses(dB) Losses: Conductor Dielectric Impedance Polarization

MeasureusingGainbyComparison

13

AntennaPolarization
Verticalpolarization Traditionallandmobileuse Omni antennas Omniantennas Requiresspatialseparationfordiversity Stillrecommendedinrural,lowmultipathenvironments Polarizationdiversity Slant45 (+and)isnowpopular Requiresonlyasingleantennafordiversity q y g y Lowerzoningimpact Bestperformanceinhighandmediummultipath environments i t
MeasureddatawillbepresentedintheSystemsSection

14

VariousRadiatorDesigns

800/900MHz 800/900 MHz DualPol

800/900MHz / PCBDualPol

800/900MHz / LogPeriodic VerticalPol

800/900MHz / DualPol MAR (MicrostripAnnular Ring)

1800/1900/UMTS DualPol DirectedDipole

1800/1900/UMTS PCBDualPol

1800/1900/UMTS VerticalPol

InterleavedDualBand, DualPol andMAR (MicrostripAnnularRing)

15

AntennaBasics... CrossPolarizedDipoles

SingleVerticallyPolarized Dipole

Two+/ 45 Polarized Dipoles

16

FeedHarnessConstruction Feed Harness Construction

ASP705
(Old Style)

ASP705K

LBX-6513DS

Series Feed

Center Feed ( y (Hybrid) )

Corporate Feed

17

FeedHarnessConstruction(Continued)

Series Feed

Center Feed (Hybrid) Frequency independent main lobe direction Reasonably simple feed system Not as versatile as corporate (less bandwidth, less beam shaping)

Corporate Feed Frequency independent main beam direction More beam shaping ability, sidelobe suppression Complex feed system

Advantag es

Minimum feed losses Simple feed t Si l f d system

Disadvant ages

+2 +1 +1 0 1 2 450 455

BEAMTILT

ASP705 460 465 470 MHz

18

FeedNetworks
Coaxialcable
Bestisolation Constantimpedance Constantphase

Microstripline corporate feeds Microstripline,corporatefeeds

Dielectricsubstrate Airsubstrate

19

MicrostripFeedLines
Dielectricsubstrate
Usesprintedcircuit technology Powerlimitations Dielectricsubstratecausesloss(~1.0dB/mat2GHz)

Ai b Airsubstrate
Metalstripspacedaboveagroundplane Minimal solder or welded joints Minimalsolderorweldedjoints Lasercutorpunched Airsubstratecauseminimalloss(~0.1dB/mat2GHz)

20

AirMicrostripNetwork

21

LBX3316VTM

UsingHybridCable/AirStripline

22

LBX3319VTM UsingHybridCable/AirStripline

23

DB812OmniAntenna
VerticalPattern V ti l P tt

24

932DG65T2EM
PatternSimulation P tt Si l ti

25

KeyAntennaPatternObjectives
Forsectorantenna,thekeypatternobjectiveistofocusasmuchenergyas possibleintoadesiredsectorwithadesiredradiuswhileminimizingunwanted interferenceto/fromallothersectors. Thisrequires: Optimizedpatternshaping Patternconsistencyovertheratedfrequencyband Patternconsistencyforpolarizationdiversitymodels Downtiltconsistency

26

MainLobe
Whatisit?
Themainlobeistheradiationpatternlobe thatcontainsthemajorityportionofradiated that contains the majority portion of radiated energy.

35 Total Main Lobe

Whyisituseful?
Shapingofthepatternallowsthe Shaping of the pattern allows the containedcoveragenecessaryfor interferencelimitedsystemdesigns.

Howisitmeasured? How is it measured?

Themainlobeischaracterizedusinga numberofthemeasurementswhichwill follow.

WhatisAndrewstandard?
Andrewconformstotheindustrystandard.

27

HalfPowerBeamwidth
HorizontalAndVertical H i t l A d V ti l
Whatisit?
Theangularspanbetweenthehalfpower(3 dB)pointsmeasuredonthecutofthe antennasmainloberadiationpattern.

1/2Power Beamwidth
30 30

Whyisituseful?
Itallowssystemdesignerstochoose theoptimumcharacteristicsfor coveragevs.interference requirements.

Howisitmeasured?
Itismeasuredusingdatacollectedfrom antennarangetesting.

WhatisAndrewstandard?
Andrewconformstotheindustrystandard.

28

FrontToBackRatio
Whatisit?
TheratioindBofthemaximumdirectivityof anantennatoitsdirectivityinaspecified rearwarddirection.Notethatonadual rearward direction Note that on a dual polarizedantenna,itisthesumofcopol andcrosspolpatterns.

Whyisituseful? y
Itcharacterizesunwantedinterference onthebacksideofthemainlobe.The largerthenumber,thebetter!

Howisitmeasured?
Itismeasuredusingdatacollectedfrom antennarangetesting. antenna range testing. F/BRatio@180degrees F/B Ratio @ 180 degrees 0dB 25dB=25dB

WhatisAndrewstandard?

Eachdatasheetshowsspecificperformance.Ingeneral,traditionaldipoleandpatchelementswill y yield2328dBwhiletheDirectedDipolestyleelementswillyield3540dB. p y y

29

SidelobeLevel
Whatisit?
Sidelobelevelisameasureofa particularsidelobeorangular groupofsidelobeswith group of sidelobes with respecttothemainlobe.

Whyisituseful?
Sidelobelevelorpatternshaping Sidelobe level or pattern shaping allowstheminorlobeenergytobe tailoredtotheantennasintended use.SeeNullFillandUpper SidelobeSuppression. Sidelobe Suppression

SidelobeLevel (20dB)

Howisitmeasured?
Itisalwaysmeasuredwithrespecttothe It is always measured with respect to the mainlobeindB.

WhatisAndrewstandard?
Andrewconformstotheindustrystandard. y

30

NullFilling
Whatisit?
Nullfillingisanarrayoptimizationtechnique thatreducesthenullbetweenthe lowerlobesintheelevationplane. lo er lobes in the ele ation plane

Whyisituseful?
Forarrayswithanarrowverticalbeam width(lessthan12 ),nullfilling width (less than 12) null filling significantlyimprovessignalintensityin allcoveragetargetsbelowthehorizon.

Howisitmeasured?
Nullfilliseasiestexplainedasthe relativedBdifferencebetweenthepeak ofthemainbeamandthedepthofthe 1stlowernull. 1st lower null.

WhatisAndrewstandard?
MostAndrewarrayswillhavenullfillof2030dBwithoutoptimization. q y , p yp y Toqualifyasnullfill,weexpectnolessthan15andtypically1012dB!

31

NullFilling
ImportantForAntennasWithNarrowElevationBeamwidths I t tF A t With N El ti B idth

NullFilledto16dBBelowPeak R ReceivedLevel(dBm)
0

TransmitPower=1W
20 40 60 80 100 100 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

BaseStationAntennaHeight=40m BaseStationAntennaGain=16dBd B St ti A t G i 16 dBd ElevationBeamwidth=6.5

Distance(km)

32

UpperSidelobeSuppression
Whatisit?
Uppersidelobesuppression(USLS)isanarray optimizationtechniquethatreducestheundesirable sidelobesabovethemainlobe.
FirstUpper Sidelobe Suppression

Whyisituseful?
Forarrayswithanarrowverticalbeamwidth (lessthan12),USLScansignificantlyreduce interferenceduetomultipathorwhenthe antennaismechanicallydowntilted.

Howisitmeasured?
USLSistherelativedBdifferencebetween thepeakofthemainbeampeakofthe firstuppersidelobe. fi t id l b

WhatisAndrewstandard?
MostofAndrewsarrayswillhaveUSLSof>15dBwithoutoptimization.Thegoalofallnew designsistosuppressthefirstuppersidelobetounitygainorlower. designs is to suppress the first upper sidelobe to unity gain or lower
33

Orthogonality
Whatisit?
Theabilityofanantennatodiscriminatebetween twowaveswhosepolarizationdifferenceis90 two waves whose polarization difference is 90 degrees.

Whyisituseful?
Orthogonalarrayswithinasingleantenna allowforpolarizationdiversity.(As opposedtospacialdiversity.) DecorrelationbetweentheGreenandBlueLines Decorrelation between the Green and Blue Lines = 0,XPol = dB = 5,XPol = 21dB = 10,XPol = 15dB = 15,XPol = 11 dB 15 XPol 11dB = 20,XPol = 9dB = 45,XPol = 3dB = 50,XPol = 2.3dB = 60,XPol = 1 2 dB 60 XPol 1.2dB =70,XPol= 0.54dB =80,XPol= 0.13dB =90,XPol= 0dB XPol=20log(sin()) XPol = 20 log ( sin ())
34

Howisitmeasured?
Thedifferencebetweenthecopolar patternandthecrosspolarpattern,usually measuredintheboresite (thedirectionofthemainsignal).

WhatisAndrewstandard?
Andrewconformstotheindustrystandard.

CrossPolRatio(CPR)
Whatisit?
CPRisacomparisonofthecopolvs.crosspol patternperformanceofadualpolarizedantenna generallyoverthesectorofinterest(alternatively overthe3dBbeamwidth).

120 120
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35

Whyisituseful?
Itisameasureoftheabilityofacrosspolarrayto distinguishbetweenorthogonalwaves.Thebetter distinguish between orthogonal waves The better theCPR,thebettertheperformanceofpolarization diversity.

Typical
CoPolarization

-40

Howisitmeasured?
Itismeasuredusingdatacollectedfromantenna rangetestingandcomparesthetwoplotsindBover thespecifiedangularrange.Note:intherear hemisphere,crosspolbecomescopolandvice versa.

120
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40

CrossPolarization (Source@90)

Directed Dipole

WhatisAndrewstandard?
Fortraditionaldipoles,theminimumis10dB;however,forthe DirectedDipole styleelements,itincreasesto15dBmin. Directed Dipole style elements it increases to 15 dB min
35

HorizontalBeamTracking
Whatisit?
Itreferstothebeamtrackingbetweenthetwo p y beamsofa+/45 polarizationdiversityantenna overaspecifiedangularrange.

120

Whyisituseful?
Foroptimumdiversityperformance, 45 Array thebeamsshouldtrackascloselyas A possible. +45 Array A

Howisitmeasured?
Itismeasuredusingdatacollected I i d i d ll d fromantennarangetestingand comparesthetwoplotsindBoverthe specifiedangularrange.

WhatisAndrewstandard?
TheAndrewbeamtrackingstandardis+/1dB overthe3dBhorizontalbeamwidth.

36

BeamSquint
Whatisit?
Theamountofpointingerrorofagivenbeam referencedtomechanicalboresite.
Horizontal Boresite Squint 3dB /2 +3dB

Whyisituseful? Wh i it f l?
Thebeamsquintcanaffectthesector coverageifitisnotatmechanical boresite.Itcanalsoaffectthe performanceofthepolarizationdiversity styleantennasifthetwoarraysdonot havesimilarpatterns.

Howisitmeasured? How is it measured?

Itismeasuredusingdatacollectedfrom antennarangetesting.

WhatisAndrewstandard? What is Andrew standard?

Forthehorizontalbeam,squintshallbelessthan10% ofthe3dBbeamwidth.Fortheverticalbeam,squint shallbelessthan15%ofthe3dBbeamwidthor 1degree,whicheverisgreatest. 1 degree whichever is greatest
37

SectorPowerRatio(SPR)
120 120 Whatisit?
SPRisaratioexpressedinpercentage ofthepoweroutsidethedesiredsector p tothepowerinsidethedesiredsector createdbyanantennaspattern.

Whyisituseful?
Itisapercentagethatallowscomparisonof variousantennas.ThebettertheSPR,the bettertheinterferenceperformanceofthe system.

Howisitmeasured?
Itismathematicallyderivedfromthemeasured rangedata.
Desired
300 60 SPR(%)=60

Undesired
Undesired

WhatisAndrewstandard?
AndrewDirectedDipole styleantennashaveSPRs typicallylessthan2percent.

P P

X100
Desired

300

38

AntennaBasedSystemImprovements
KeyAntennaParametersToExamineClosely K A t P t T E i Cl l
932LG DirectedDipole Directed Dipole
7dB

Standard85 PanelAntenna Rolloff at/+60 10dB points Horizontal Ant/Ant Isolation NextSector Ant/Ant Isolation Cone ofSilence
6dB

74 74

83 83

16dB

12dB

35dB

18dB

120 ConeofGreatSilencewith>40 dBFronttoBackRatio

60 AreaofPoorSilencewith >27dBFronttoBackRatio

39

KeyAntennaPatternObjectives
AzimuthBeam Beamtrackingvs.frequency
Limitedtosubbandsonbroadbandmodels Li i d bb d b db d d l

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2

1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 2

1 1 3 2 1 3 3 2 3
Ratings: 1=Alwaysimportant 2=Sometimesimportant 3=Seldomimportant

Squint Rolloffpastthe3dBpoints Fronttobackratio Crosspolbeamtracking ElevationBeam Elevation Beam Beamtrackingvs.frequency Uppersidelobesuppression Lowernullfill Crosspolbeamtracking

40

KeyAntennaPatternObjectives(Continued)
Downtilt Electricalvs.mechanicaltilt Absolutetilt Electricaltiltvs.frequency Effective gain on the horizon Effectivegainonthehorizon Gain Closetothetheoreticalvalue
(directivityminuslosses)

1 2 1 1 2

1 2 2 2 1

3 3 3 3 1
Ratings: 1=Alwaysimportant 2=Sometimesimportant 3=Seldomimportant

Note:Patternshapingreducesgain.

41

AdvancedAntennaTechnology
AdaptiveArray(AA) d i ( )

Planar array Planararray Externaldigitalsignalprocessing(DSP) controlstheantennapattern A unique beam tracks each mobile Auniquebeamtrackseachmobile Adaptivenullingofinterferingsignals Increasedsignaltointerferenceratio performancebenefits

4 6 and 8 column vertical pol designs 4,6,and8columnverticalpoldesigns forWiMAXandTDSCDMA* Oftencalibrationportsareused

* TimeDivisionSpatialCodeDivisionMultipleAccess

42

AdvancedAntennaTechnology
MIMOSystems MIMO S

2x2MIMOSpatialMultiplexing

MultipleInputMultipleOutput p p p p (MIMO) ExternalDSPextractssignalfrom interference Capacitygainsduetomultiple antennas

ADualPol RETfor2x2MIMO,two separatedfor4x4MIMO Spatialmultiplexingworksbestina multipathenvironment SpaceTimeBlockCodingisadiversity MIMOmode

43

AdvancedAntennaTechnology
SmartBeam A S B AntennaFamily F il
Mostflexibleandefficientantennasystemintheindustry Solution for the traffic peaks instead of raising the bar everywhere Solutionforthetrafficpeaksinsteadofraisingthebareverywhere Full3wayremoteoptimizationoptions
- RET RemoteElectricalTilt (e.g.010) - RAS Remote Azimuth Steering (+/ 30) RAS RemoteAzimuthSteering (+/ 30 ) - RAB RemoteAzimuthBeamwidth (from35 to105)

Redirectandwidenthebeambasedontrafficrequirements Balance the traffic per area with the capacity per sector Balancethetrafficperareawiththecapacitypersector Bestutilizationofradiocapacitypersector Convenientandlowcostoptimizationfromaremoteoffice Quickandimmediateexecution Scheduledandexecutedseveraltimesaday(e.g.businessandresidentialplan)

44

AdvancedAntennaTechnology
SmartBeam S B 3WayModel Azimuthpatterns measuredat d t 17102180MHz withnoradome.

35

65

90

105

45

AdvancedAntennaTechnology
SmartBeam S B 3WayModel Elevationpatterns measuredat d t 17102180MHz withnoradome.

35

65

90

105

46

SystemIssues
Choosingsectorantennas Narrowbeamantennaapplications Polarizationverticalvs.slant45 Downtiltelectricalvs.mechanical REToptimization Passiveintermodulation(PIM) Return loss through coax Returnlossthroughcoax Antennaisolation Patterndistortion

47

ChoosingSectorAntennas
For3sectorcellsites,whatperformancedifferencescanbeexpectedfromthe p useofantennaswithdifferenthorizontalapertures? Criteria Area of service indifference between adjacent sectors Areaofserviceindifferencebetweenadjacentsectors (pingpong area) Forcomparison,use6dBdifferentials Antennagainandoverallsectorcoveragecomparisons

48

3x120 Antennas
120 H i t l O l P tt HorizontalOverlayPattern
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 25 -30 -35

Examples
VPol LowBand Low Band DB874H120 DB878H120

49 49

-40

3dB

49

3x90 Antennas
90 H i t l O l P tt HorizontalOverlayPattern
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30

Examples
XPol VPol LowBand DB854DG90 DB842H90 DB856DG90 DB844H90 DB858DG90 DB848H90 LBX9012 LBV9012 LBX9013 HighBand DB932DG90 DB950G85 HBX9016 UMWD09014B UMWD09016 UMW9015

44

-35 -40

5dB 5 dB

50

3x65 Antennas
65 H i t l O l P tt HorizontalOverlayPattern
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35

Examples
XPol VPol LowBand CTSDG06513 CTSDG 06513 DB844H65 CTSDG06515 DB848H65 CTSDG06516 LBV6513 DB854DG65 DB856DG65 DB858DG65 LBX6513 LBX6516 HighBand UMWD06513 UMWD06516 UMWD 06516 UMWD06517 HBX6516 HBX6517 PCS06509 HBV6516 HBV 6516 HBV6517

19

-40

10dB

51

SpecialNarrowBeamApplications

4SectorSite(45)

Road

6SectorSite(33)

Repeater NarrowDonor, WideCoverage Antennas RuralRoadway

52

TestDriveRoute

35

183

CELLSITE

53

PolarizationDiversityTests

DB854HV90 DB854DD90

1 TestA
DRIVETESTS

2
0/90 ( / ) (H/V)

.
A TestB B
HANDHELD MOBILE

+45/45 (Slant45) ( )

1A 1B

2A 2B

54

Slant45 /HandHeldInCar
SpaceDiversityvs.Slanted+45/45 S Di it Sl t d +45/ 45
40
DB833
A

TEST1A
DB854DD90
E

TestSetUpandUplinkSignalStrengthMeasurements
DB833
B

9dB

Green G Black 11dB

9dB Blue

50

Red

SignalSt trength(dB Bm)

7.5ft.

60

70

80 movingaway fromtower 90 movingcrossface Uplink SignalStrength Si lS h

Vert Left L f Vert Right Ri h Slant Div Di Slant Div Di

movingtowards tower

100

55

Slant45 /HandHeldInCar
SpaceDiversityvs.Slanted+45/45 S Di it Sl t d +45/ 45
16 12

TEST1A

DifferenceBetweenStrongestUplinkSignals

SignalStrength( (dB)

8 4 0 4 8 DifferenceBetweenPolarizationDiversityandSpaceDiversity AverageDifference

Slant45 Improvement I

56

Slant45 /MobileWithGlassMount

SpaceDiversityvs.Slanted+45/45 S Di it Sl t d +45/ 45
40

TestSetUpandUplinkSignalStrengthMeasurements
DB833
A

DB854DD90
E

DB833
B

9dB

Green Black 11dB 7.5ft.

9dB Blue

TEST1B TEST 1B

50

Red

SignalS Strength(dB Bm)

60 movingaway fromtower

70

movingtowards moving towards tower

80

90

movingcrossface Uplink SignalStrength Si l St th Vert Left Vert Right Slant Div Slant Div
57

Slant45 /MobileWithGlassMount

SpaceDiversityvs.Slanted+45/45 S Di it Sl t d +45/ 45
DifferenceBetweenStrongestUplinkSignals
16 12

TEST1B

Signal lStrength( (dB)

8 4 0 4 8

Slant45 Degradation

DifferenceBetweenPolarizationDiversityandSpaceDiversity AverageDifference Average Difference

58

RysavyResearch

59

FutureTechnologyFocus
Figure16showsthat HSDPA,1xEVDO,and 802.16eareallwithin23dB oftheShannonbound, of the Shannon bound indicatingthatfromalink layerperspective,thereis notmuchroomfor improvement. improvement Thisfiguredemonstratesthat thefocusoffuture technologyenhancements shouldbeonimproving h ld b i i systemperformanceaspects thatimproveandmaximize theexperiencedSNRsinthe systeminsteadof t i t d f investigatingnewair interfacesthatattemptto improvethelinklayer performance. f
ShannonsLaw
6
Shannon bound Shannon bound with 3dB margin E V -DO DO 802.16 HSD P A

5 achieva able rate (bps/Hz) 4

PeterRysavyofRysavyResearch,Data Capabilities:GPRStoHSDPAandBeyond, 3GAmericas, September2005

0 -15

-10

-5

5 0 required SNR (dB)

10

15

20

Thefocusoffuturetechnologyenhancementsshouldbeonimprovingsystemperformanceaspectsthatimproveand maximizetheexperiencedSNRsinthesystem. PeterRysavyofRysavyResearch,DataCapabilities:GPRStoHSDPAandBeyond,3GAmericas,September2005

1 PeterRysavyofRysavyResearch,DataCapabilities:GPRStoHSDPAandBeyond,3G

Americas, September2005

60

TheImpact
LowerCoChannelInterference/BetterCapacityAndQuality L C Ch lI t f /B tt C it A d Q lit
Inathreesectorsite,traditionalantennas produceahighdegreeofimperfectpower controlorsectoroverlap. t l t l Imperfectsectorizationpresentsopportunities for: Increasedsofterhandoffs Interferingsignals Droppedcalls Reducedcapacity 90 TraditionalFlatPanels 65 90

TherapidrolloffofthelowerlobesoftheAndrew AndrewDirectedDipole DirectedDipole antennascreatelarger,better 65 definedconesofsilence behindthearray. behind the array Muchsmallersofterhandoffarea Dramaticcallqualityimprovement 5%10%capacityenhancement

61

120 SectorOverlayIssues
OntheCapacityandOutageProbabilityofaCDMAHeirarchialMobileSystemwith Perfect/ImperfectPowerControlandSectorization By:JieZHOUet,alIEICETRANSFUNDAMENTALS,VOL.E82A,NO.7JULY1999 ...Fromthenumericalresults,theusercapacitiesaredramaticallydecreasedasthe imperfectpowercontrolincreasesandtheoverlapbetweenthesectors(imperfect sectorization)increases... EffectofSoftandSofterHandoffsonCDMASystem Capacity By:ChinChunLeeet,alIEEETRANSACTIONSON VEHICULARTECHNOLOGY,VOL.47,NO.3, AUGUST1998
15 Percen ntageof capacit tyloss 10 5 0 15 10 5 0 Overlappingangleindegree Overlapping angle in degree

Qualitatively,excessiveoverlayalsoreducescapacityofTDMAandGSMsystems.

62

Hard,Soft,andSofterHandoffs H d H d ff HardHandoff Usedintimedivisionmultiplexsystems Switches from one frequency to another Switchesfromonefrequencytoanother Oftenresultsinapingpong switchingeffect SoftHandoff Usedincodedivisionmultiplexsystems Incorporatesarakereceivertocombinesignalsfrom multiplecells Smoothercommunicationwithouttheclicks typicalinhard handoffs SofterHandoff Similartosofthandoffexceptcombinessignalsfrom p g multipleadjacentsectors
63

SoftandSofterHandoffExamples Soft and Softer Handoff Examples

Softer Softer Handoff TwoWaySoft Handoff ThreeWay SoftHandoff

64

BeamDowntilt
Inurbanareas,serviceandfrequencyutilizationarefrequentlyimprovedby directingmaximumradiationpoweratanareabelowthehorizon. g p Thistechnique... Improves coverage of open areas close to the base station Improvescoverageofopenareasclosetothebasestation. Allowsmoreeffectivepenetrationofnearbybuildings,particular hightrafficlowerlevelsandgarages. Permitstheuseofadjacentfrequenciesinthesamegeneralregion.

65

Electrical/MechanicalDowntilt
Mechanicaldowntiltlowersmainbeam,raisesbacklobe. Electrical downtilt lowers main beam and lowers back lobe Electricaldowntiltlowersmainbeamandlowersbacklobe. Acombinationofequalelectricalandmechanicaldowntiltslowers mainbeamandbringsbacklobeontothehorizon! g

66

Electrical/MechanicalDowntilt(Continued)

Mechanical

Electrical

67

DB5083DowntiltMountingKit
DB5083downtiltmountingkitis constructedofheavydutygalvanizedsteel, designedforpipemounting 12to20widepanelantennas.

Correctbracketcalibration assumesaplumbmountingpipe! Checkantennawithadigitallevel.

68

MechanicalDowntilt
PatternAnalogyRotatingADisk

Mechanicaltiltcauses... Beampeaktotiltbelowhorizon Backlobetotiltabovehorizon At 90,notilt

69

MechanicalDowntiltCoverage
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330

ElevationPattern MechanicalTilt

AzimuthPattern 0 4 6 8 10

70

ManagingBeamTilt
Fortheradiationpatterntoshowmaximumgaininthedirectionofthehorizon,each stackeddipolemustbefedfromthesignalsourceinphase. Feedingverticallyarrangeddipolesoutofphase willgeneratepatternsthatlookup or g y g p fp g p p lookdown. Thedegreeofbeamtiltisafunctionofthephaseshiftofonedipolerelativetothe adjacentdipole.

GeneratingBeamTilt
DipolesFedInPhase p
Energy
in

DipolesFedOutofPhase p f

Exciter

Phase Exciter

71

ElectricalDowntilt
PatternAnalogyFormingAConeOutOfADisk P tt A l F i AC O t Of A Di k

Electricaltiltcauses... Beampeaktotiltbelowhorizon B k l b t tilt b l h i Backlobetotiltbelowhorizon At 90,tiltbelowhorizon All the pattern tilts Allthepatterntilts

Cone of the ofthe BeamPeakPattern

72

ElectricalDowntiltCoverage
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330

ElevationPattern Ele ation Pattern ElectricalTilt

AzimuthPattern A im th Pattern 0 4 6 8 10

73

MechanicalVs.ElectricalDowntilt
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 350 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130

260 250 240

Mechanical

Electrical

74

EffectsofBloomingonSector Performance
M0E0&M0E7 17 M7E7 25 M14E0 29

M()E()TiltAngleCrossover 10 dB 6 dB 4dB

75

CombinedElectricalandMechanicalTilt
4FootAntennaat780MHz

LNX-6512 Blooming (Calc)

M0E0 0%

70% 60% 50% 40% 30%

M4E4 6.3% M11E0 32.3% M9E4 34 4% 34.4%

M4E0 3.1% M7E0 9.2% M9E0 16.9% M11E0 32.3% M0E4 0% M4E4 6.3% M7E4 18.8%

M-tilt (% of VBW) %

M9E0 16.9% M7E4 18.8% M7E0 9.2% M5E8 18 5% 18.5% M5E10 24.6% M4E10 15.4% M4E8 12.3% M3E15 39.4% M2E15 16.7% M0E4 0% M0E8 0%
M0 E1 0

M7E8 36.7%

M9E4 34.4% M0E8 0% M4E8 12.3% M5E8 18.5% M7E8 36.7% M0E10 0% M4E10 15.4% M5E10 24.6% M0E15 0% M1E15 6.1% M2E15 16.7%

20% 10%

M4E0 3.1%

M0E0 0%

0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

50%

60%

0%

70%

80%

M1E15 6.1% M0 E1 50 %

90%

100%

M3E15 39.4% 10% Blooming 20% Blooming

E-tilt (% of VBW)

76

CombinedElectricalandMechanicalTilt
8FootAntennaat780MHz

LNX-6515 Blooming (Calc)

70%
M6E0 40.5% M6E2 78.1%
M0E0 0% M2E0 2.9% M4E0 13.1% M6E0 40.5%

60% 50%
M4E0 13.1% M4E2 25.0%

M-tilt (% of VBW)

M4E4 46.9%

M8E0 97.3% M0E2 0.0% M2E2 6.3% M4E2 25.0% 10% Blooming

40% 30% 20% 10%

M0E0 0% M0E2 0.0% M0E4 0.0% M0E8 0.0% M2E0 2.9% M2E2 6.3% M1E8 15.6% M2E4 10.4% M2E8 57.8%

M6E2 78.1% M0E4 0.0% M2E4 10.4% M4E4 46.9% M0E8 0.0% M1E8 15.6% M2E8 57.8%

0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

20% Blooming

E-tilt (% of VBW)

77

ModifiedRulesofThumbfor10%Blooming
Toinsurethattheazimuthpatternofatypicalantenna asviewedonthehorizon does notbloombymorethan10%,nevermechanicallydowntiltagivenantennamorethanthe amountcalculatedbytheequationsbelow: amount calculated by the equations below:

65HBWMtilt10% Bloom =(VBW Etilt)/2.5

OtherHBWantennasfollowdifferentrules:

33HBWMtilt10% Bloom =(VBW Etilt)/1.5 90HBWMtilt10% Bloom =(VBW Etilt)/3.3

78

RemoteElectricalDowntilt(RET)
Optimization O ti i ti
ATM200002
RETDevice(Actuator)

LocalPC

ATC200LITEUSB ATC200 LITE USB

PortableController

LocalPC L l PC

ANMS
Remote Locations Network Server

ATC3001000
RackMountController

79

IntermodInterference
Where? Wh ?
F1 Tx F1 Rx R F3
ReceiverProduced

F3 Tx F1 Rx F3
TransmitterProduced

F2

F2

Tx F2

Tx F2

F1 Tx1 F2 Tx2 F3
Elsewhere

F1 F2 Rx F3 Tx1 Tx2 C O M B DUP Rx3

F3

RFPath Produced RF PathProduced

80

HighBand
ProductFrequencies,TwoSignalIM P d tF i T Si l IM
FIM =nF1 mF2 Example:F1 =1945MHz;F2 =1930MHz

n
1 2 1 2 3 2

m
1 1 2 2 2 3

Product P d t Order
Second Third Third Fourth Fifth Fifth

Product P d t Formulae
1F1 +1F2 1F1 1F2 2F1 +1F2 *2F1 1F2 2F2 +1F1 *2F2 1F1 2F1 +2F2 2F1 2F2 3F1 +2F2 *3F1 2F2 3F2 +2F1 *3F2 2F1

Product P d t Frequencies(MHz)
3875 15 5820 1960 5805 1915 7750 30 9695 1975 9680 1900

*Oddorderdifferenceproductsfallinband. *Odd d diff d f ll i b d

81

TwoSignalIM
OddOrderDifferenceProducts Odd O d Diff P d t
Example:F1 =1945MHz;F2 =1930MHz F=F1 F2 =15 F2 1930 F dBc 2F2 F1 1915 2F 5th 3rd F F2 F1 F 3rd 2F1 F2 1960 F1 1945

3F2 2F1 1900

dBm 2F

3F1 2F2 1975 5th

ThirdOrder: F1 +F;F2 F FifthOrder: F1 +2F;F2 2F SeventhOrder: F1 +3F;F2 3F Higherthanthehighest lowerthanthelowest noneinbetween Higher than the highest lower than the lowest none inbetween

82

PCSABandIntermodulation
11th 1855 9th 1870 7th 1885 5th 1900 3rd 1915 1930 1945

Channel Bandwidth Block (MHz) Frequencies C 30 18951910,19751990 18951910 19751990 C1 15 1902.51910,1982.51990 C2 15 18951902.5,19751982.5 C3 10 18951900,19751980 C4 10 19001905,19801985 C5 10 1905 1910,1985 1990 19051910, 19851990

FCCBroadbandPCSBandPlan
Note:SomeoftheoriginalCblocklicenses (originally30MHzeach)weresplitintomultiple licenses(C1andC2:15MHz; C3,C4,andC5:10MHz).

83

PCSA&FBandIntermodulation
3rd 1895 1935 1975

Channel Bandwidth Block (MHz) Frequencies C 30 18951910,19751990 18951910 19751990 C1 15 1902.51910,1982.51990 C2 15 18951902.5,19751982.5 C3 10 18951900,19751980 C4 10 19001905,19801985 C5 10 1905 1910,1985 1990 19051910, 19851990

FCCBroadbandPCSBandPlan
Note:SomeoftheoriginalCblocklicenses (originally30MHzeach)weresplitintomultiple licenses(C1andC2:15MHz; C3,C4,andC5:10MHz).

84

CausesOfIMD
Ferromagneticmaterialsinthecurrentpath:
Steel Nickelplatingorunderplating

C Currentdisruption: di i
Looselycontactingsurfaces Nonconductiveoxidelayersbetweencontact surfaces

85

SystemVSWRCalculator
System VSWR Calculator
Version 9.0 Frequency (MHz): Component Used?
No No No No No No No No N No No No No Yes

850.00 Return Loss (dB) 13.98 13 98 32.26 20.83 27.32 23.13 27.32 29.42 27.32 23.13 23 13 27.32 29.42 27.32 20.83 28.30
CommScope

18-Mar-09 Cable Type / Component Loss (dB)

VXL7-50 LDF4-50A 2

System Component Antenna or Load Jumper Tower Mounted Amp Jumper Top Diplexer or Bias Tee Jumper Main Feed Line Jumper Bias Tee Bi T Jumper Surge Suppressor Jumper Bottom Diplexer or Duplexer Jumper Legacy Jumper / TL Cables
1/2 i h Superflexible Copper inch S fl ibl C 1/2 inch Foam Copper 1/2 inch Superflexible Aluminum 1/2 inch Foam Aluminum

Max. VSWR 1.50 1 50 1.05 1.20 1.09 1.15 1.09 1.07 1.09 1.15 1 15 1.09 1.07 1.09 1.20 1.08
Andrew

Cable Length (m) 1.83 1.83 1.83 200.00 30.48 11.00 11 00 1.83 1.83 27.30

Cable Length (ft) 6.00 6.00 6.00 656.17 100.00 36.09 36 09 6.00 6.00 89.57

Ins Loss w/2 Conn (dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

0.20 2 0.20 2.00 8 4 0.10 0 10 2.00 0.10 3.00 0.10 FSJ4-50B 1.00

% of Est. Reflections at System input Reflection 87.2% 87 2% 0.1003 0 1003 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0 0% 0.0000 0 0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 12.8% 0.0385
100.0%

FSJ4-50B FSJ4 50B LDF4-50A

Estimated Conn Loss ( 2per cable) CR 540 SFX 500 FXL 540
CommScope

0.028 0 028 0.1074 1.24 19.4 0.1387 1.32 17.2 3.00

Feet to meters converter

Typical System Reflection: Typical System VSWR: Typical System Return Loss (dB): Worst System Reflection: Worst System VSWR: Worst System Return Loss (dB): Total Insertion Loss (dB):
Return Loss to VSWR converter

Legacy Transmission Lines

7/8 inch Copper 1 1/4 inch Copper 1 5/8 inch Copper 7/8 inch Very Flexible Copper 1 1/4 inch Very Flexible Copper 1 5/8 inch Very Flexible Copper 7/8 inch Virtual Air Copper
Yes

Andrew

1 5/8 inch Virtual Air Copper 7/8 inch Aluminum 1 1/4 inch Aluminum 1 5/8 inch Aluminum

LDF5-50A LDF6-50 LDF7 50A LDF7-50A VXL5-50 VXL6-50 VXL7-50 AVA5-50 AVA7-50 AL5-50 AL7-50

CR 1070 CR 1480 CR 1873

FXL 780 FXL 1480 FXL 1873

Return Loss (dB) 17.00

VSWR 1.33

Feet 100.00

meters 30.48

No

86

PossibleCascadedVSWRResults Possible CascadedPossible results (at a VSWR Results

given frequency) when Antenna and TMA are interconnected with different electrical length jumpers.
If: L = 1.5:1 (14 dB RL Antenna) S = 1.2:1 (20.8 dB RL TMA)
Then: X (max) = 1.8:1 (10.9 dB RL) S (min) = 1.25:1 (19.1 dB RL)

Worst case seldom happens in real life, but be b aware that it is th t i possible!

Fromhttp://www.home.agilent.com/agilent/editorial.jspx?cc=US&lc=eng&ckey=895674&nid= 35131.0.00&id=895674 From http://www home agilent com/agilent/editorial jspx?cc=US&lc=eng&ckey=895674&nid=35131 0 00&id=895674

87

RecommendedAntenna/TMAQualificationTest

Antenna

50ohmload

6footLDF450A Adapterorjumperto bypassTMA

6footLDF450A

TMA

TMA

12footLDF450A

12footLDF450A

Transmission Line

Transmission Transmission Line

20foot FSJ450

20foot 20 foot FSJ450

AntennaReturnLossDiagram

TMAReturnLossDiagram

88

AttenuationProvidedByVertical SeparationOfDipoleAntennas
70

60

50

IsolationindB

40

30

20

10 1 (.) 03 (30.48) 2 (0.61) 3 (0.91) 5 (1.52) 10 (3.05) 20 (.) 61 30 (9.14) 50 (15.24) 100

AntennaSpacinginFeet(Meters)

Thevaluesindicatedbythesecurvesareapproximatebecauseofcouplingwhichexistsbetweentheantennaand transmissionline.Curvesarebasedontheuseofhalfwavedipoleantennas.Thecurveswillalsoprovideacceptable resultsforgaintypeantennas.Ifvalues(1)thespacingismeasuredbetweenthephysicalcenterofthetowerantennasand it(2)oneantennaismounteddirectlyabovetheother,withnohorizontaloffsetcollinear).Nocorrectionfactorisrequired fortheantennagains. f th t i

89

AttenuationProvidedByHorizontal SeparationOfDipoleAntennas
80

70

60

IsolationindB

50

40

30

20 10 (3.05) (304.8) 20 (.) 61 30 (9.14) 50 (15.24) 100 (30.48) 200 (60.96) 300 (91.44) 500 (152.4) 1000

AntennaSpacinginFeet(Meters) p g ( )

Curvesarebasedontheuseofhalfwavedipoleantennas.Thecurveswillalsoprovideacceptableresultsforgaintype antennasif(1)theindicatedisolationisreducedbythesumoftheantennagainsand(2)thespacingbetweenthegain antennasisatleast50ft.(15.24m)(approximatelythefarfield).

90

PatternDistortions
Conductive(metallic)obstructioninthepathof C d i ( lli ) b i i h h f transmitand/orreceiveantennasmaydistort antennaradiationpatternsinawaythatcauses systemscoverageproblemsanddegradationof communicationsservices. Afewbasicprecautionswillpreventpattern distortions.

Additionalinformationonmetalobstructionscanalsobefoundonlineat: www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html

91

PatternDistortions
SideOfBuildingMounting Sid Of B ildi M ti

Building

92

90 HorizontalPattern
Obstruction@10dBPoint Ob t ti @ 10 dB P i t
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60

880MHz

0
10 dB Point

Antenna

Building Corner

93

90 HorizontalPattern
Obstruction@6dBPoint Ob t ti @ 6 dB P i t
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60

880MHz

6 dB Point

Antenna

Building Corner

94

90 HorizontalPattern
Obstruction@3dBPoint Ob t ti @ 3 dB P i t
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60

880MHz

3 dB Point

Building Corner Antenna

95

90 HorizontalPattern
0.51 DiameterObstacle@0 0 51 Di Ob l @ 0
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60

880MHz

0 12

Antenna

96

90 HorizontalPattern
0.51 DiameterObstacle@45 0 51 Di t Ob t l @ 45
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 5 -10 -15 -20 -25 25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60

880MHz

45 8 Antenna

97

90 HorizontalPattern
0.51 DiameterObstacle@60 0 51 Di t Ob t l @ 60
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 5 -10 -15 -20 -25 25 -30 -35 -40 90 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60

880MHz

60
100 110 120 130

6 Antenna

Additionalinformationonmetal obstructionscanalsobefoundonlineat www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html. www akpce com/page2/page2 html

98

90 HorizontalPattern
0.51 DiameterObstacle@80 0 51 Di t Ob t l @ 80
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 5 -10 -15 -20 -25 25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60

880MHz

80 Antenna

Additionalinformationonmetal obstructionscanalsobefoundonlineat www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html. www akpce com/page2/page2 html

99

GeneralRule
AreaThatNeedsToBeFreeOfObstructions(>0.51) A Th t N d T B F Of Ob t ti ( 0 51)
MaximumGain
>12WL

3dBPoint (45 ) (45) 6dBPoint ( ) (60)

WL

>3WL > 3 WL

10dBPoint (80 90)

Antenna 90 horizontal(3dB)beamwidth

100

PatternDistortions
D

d tan = D d = Dx tan tan tan1 = 0.01745 for0 <<10 : tan = xtan1 Note:tan10 =0.176310x0.01745=0.1745 Note: tan 10 = 0 1763 10 x 0 01745 = 0 1745
101

GainPointsOfATypicalMainLobe

RelativetoMaximumGain

Vertical i l Beam Width=2x (3dBpoint)

3dBpoint belowboresite. 6dBpoint1.35x belowboresite. 10dBpoint1.7x belowboresite.

102

ChangesInAntennaPerformance InThePresenceOf:

NonConductiveObstructions

Fiberglass Panel

90 PCSAntenna a

DimA

103

PerformanceOf90 PCSAntenna BehindCamouflage("Fiberglass)

120 110

FIBERGLASS PANEL

DIMA

100

HorizontalAp perture

90 80
1/4 1/2 3/4 1 11/2 2

70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DistanceofCamouflage(Inches)(Dim.A)

104

PerformanceOf90 PCSAntenna BehindCamouflage("Fiberglass 1.7 1.6 16 1.5

DIMA DIM A

)
FIBERGLASS PANEL

VSWR(Wors stCase)

1.4 1.3
1/4 1/2 1 11/2 2

1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DistanceofCamouflage(Inches)(Dim.A)
W/Plain Faade W/PlainFaadeW/RibbedFaadeWithoutFacade W/Ribbed Faade Without Facade

105

DistanceFromFiberglass
0 330 30

90 90
60 300

0 330 30

102 102
60

300

270
-55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20

90

270
-55 -50 -45 -40 -35 30 -30 -25 -20

90

240

120

240

120

210

150 0

210

150

180

180 330 30

NoFiberglass
300 300

68 68
60

3"toFiberglass

270
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15

90

240

120

210

150

180

1.5 to Fiberglass 1 5"toFiberglass

106

DistanceFromFiberglass
0 330 300 30

77 77
60 300

0 330 30

112 112
60

270
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15

90

270

90
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15

240 210

120

240 210 0 330 30

120 150

150

180

180

4"toFiberglass
300 300

108 108
60

6"toFiberglass

270

90
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15

240

120

210

180

150

9 to Fiberglass 9"toFiberglass
107