International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.

5, 2011

Analysis and Representation of Manual Testing & Functional Test cases by Applying Business Rule Engine
1
1

Prasanth Yalla and 2 Dr.L.S.S.Reddy

Department of Freshman Engineering; K.L.University, Guntur dist, AP India. prasanthyalla@yahoo.co.in 2 Director,LBR College of Engineering,Mylavaram, Krishna District. AP, India. director@lbrce.ac.in.

Abstract
In the olden days, we considered p2p (point to point) communication model which concentrates one to one communication where each point can be considered either as a node, client or software component. Later we thought about hub and spoke and then ESB (Enterprise Service Bus). And finally we have come up with the mark up term called Service. A service is just a unit of work. This service when applied to web application concept becomes web service. Almost all the internet applications concentrate on communication and data transfer where we can do this through web service and SOA architectures. Finally our focus turned towards the functional testing of a web service which is nothing but a kind of black box testing that bases its test cases on the specifications of the software component (web service) under test. Functions are tested by feeding them input and the examining the output, and internal program structure is rarely considered. In this paper, we have presented an analysis report of manual testing and in what way the functional test cases are generated by the use of Business Rule

Keywords:Manual testing, Web Service, Test Case, Functional Testing, WSDL, SOAP, XML, Business Rule Engine.
1. Introduction The analysis of manual testing is now-a-days has become the up-coming problem in which most of the researchers are concentrating to get the solution. Moreover, getting the solution is not that easy to understand because it involves identifying a particular service in terms of its description and decoding it into java objects. This wont happen in regular organizations as it normally happens in MNCs. And coming to the representation of the test cases which are functionally tested are identified by taking or giving some inputs in the form of wsdl files either existing or may be downloaded from the internet. The rules and regulations of the business framed for a particular organization may vary with respect to the other organization. Since all the rules are framed together thats why it is called as an engine. The representation of test cases when it comes to the business rule engine is that starting up with wsdl and involves a process of executing the test cases. This process may vary from business to business and organization to organization. 2. First look on Web Services 2.1. Web Services Usually a web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over a network. The idea behind using web services are mainly to solve three problems, i.e. firewall traversal, complexity & interoperability .A web service has an interface described in a machine format (specifically WSDL).the other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description by using soap messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other web related standards. 2.2. XML Messaging A message is a collection of data fields sent or received together between software applications. A message usually contains a header (which stores control information about the message) and a payload (the actual content of the message). To perform some kind of functions, messaging uses different messages to communicate with different systems.

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 2.3. Web Services Description Language (WSDL) It is an XML based language for describing and accessing web services. WSDL includes messages- request and response, types i.e xsd, xmlns. A WSDL document is a simple XML document which contains a set of definitions to describe the web services using the following major elements. Element Types Messages Port type Binding Description Data types used by web service Messages used like request, response Operation performed Communication protocols used

Note: A WSDL document can also contain other elements like extension elements and a service element. Ex: Class Sample { Public string ABC (string a1, a2) { Return (hello); } } 3. More on WSDL 3.1 How to get a WSDL Many of the times we used to get the idea of knowing about what is wsdl, but we dont know how to get it. We may get it like this: For Example, http://myweb.com/myservice?wsdl 3.2 Essentials of WSDL WSDL is nothing but a specification that defines how to describe the web services in an XML grammer. Usually WSDL describing all functions available in public. The data types for all message requests and the responses. The binding about the transport protocols like http and soap. The address for locating the specified web service. As I mentioned earlier, in order to describe the web services we need some elements, apart from those utility elements like documentation and import are also needed. 4. Methodology and Application background We have used a method called opaque parsing methodology where it is mentioned and supported for XMLNS and XMLNSC domain in which I have mentioned in detail about this methodology in my previous paper. The idea is to propose a custom parser which gives better performance. This process of getting a custom parser reduces the costs of parsing and writing the messages and may improve the performance. By compiling the messages and xml document using this custom parser reduces effort and saves time. 4.1 Scope The scope of this paper is to provide an approach for effective testing of a web service and analyzing the manual testing of a web service, where we have mentioned this by taking a wsdl file and parsing it by the custom parser and thereby developing a business rule engine and finally creating an xml message and then testing it to generate functional test cases (xml response). 4.2 Soap Messaging Soap is just Simple Object Access Protocol which is interpreted as an xml message that is transmitted over HTTP. Soap message is nothing but soap envelope which contains header and body. Most of the times we use SOAP 1.2 but not mandatory. It is very clear that soap uses xml to exchange the information between applications.

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 4.2.1 Soap message Skeleton <?xml version=1.0?> <soap:envelope Xmlns: soap=http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-envelope Soap:encoding style=http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-encoding> <soap:head> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</soap:head> <soap: body> -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<soap:fault> -------</soap:fault> </soap:body> </soap:envelope> Example1: Soap Request<soap:env> <soap:head> <soap:body> <abc> <a1> hai </a1> <a2> hello </a2> </abc> Soap response <abc> <s1>hello</s1> </abc>

Example2: On XSD <xsd:element Name=a1 type=xs:string minoccurs:1 maxoccurs:2 Example3: Soap Request <soap: body xmlns:m=http://www.example.org/stockmax> <m:getstockprice> <m:stockname>books</m:stockname> </m:getstockprice> </soap:body> Here, the request has a stockname parameter. The namespace is defined in http://www.example.org/stockmax

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 Soap Response <soap:envelope> <soap: body nmlns:m=http://www.example.org/stockmax> <m:getstockpriceResponse> <m:price>85.75</m:price> </m:getstockpriceResponse> </soap:body> </soap:envelope> 4.2.2 Soap Messaging Layers

Messaging rules Message delivery rules Source SOAP Transport protocol

Fig 1: Soap Messaging Usually any messaging system take over transport protocol in which it concentrates on series of messages in a particular pact. When message transporting over a wire it follows the rules of messaging and delivery. And here well see the soap layer that defines specifications. Source (Provider) allows us to create xml messages related to the delivery. 5. Sliding towards testing Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide the stakeholders about the information of quality of the product or the service which is under test. Depending upon the method of testing used, software testing can be implemented at any point of time in the software development process. The major purpose of testing is to detect failures, so that they may be get detected and make necessary corrections. 5.1 Why should we test and When? We should test and we have to test because the cost of not to test is much greater than the cost of testing and moreover economics is the major element that drives this testing. Testing the program code is not just sufficient but finding the errors and conducting the testing in the life cycle is more important. 5.2 Functional testing This testing concentrates and makes an attempt to answer the question What test cases I have to use in order to implement my program (piece of information which is under test)? Usually it considers the stipulation of the program but not its implementation style. It does not concentrate on code parameters; moreover it is also called as black box testing. Functional testing is usually the fundamental technique for designing the test cases. This process of designing is a part of initial phase of SDLC and will continue through each level of the design. 5.3 About functional test cases Deriving the test cases is an analytical process which in turn decomposes the set of different stipulations (specifications) into test cases. A test case is just a set of inputs and some expected output. From these stipulations we can identify in parallel the testable features and getting characteristics and model test case stipulations will be generated. From these test cases are generated and tests are instantiated from these test cases. There are several functional testing services like manual testing, regression testing, component testing, and compatibility testing. The functional testing covers different tests like installation testing, load testing, regression testing, API testing, UI testing etc.

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 5.4 How manual testing is done with respect to web services Manual testing is performance (behaviour) validation of given input data. This can be done either for black box or white box testing. Web services can be tested in many ways. Some of them are: Act like a normal web service client and perform affirm on the result that was returned. Use web test Use soapUI 5.5 Steps for manual testing Well get the WSDL which is an xml document that describes a web service. This document acts as a contract between the web service client and server. 2. Decode it to java objects 3. Create a proxy. 4. Set an end point. These endpoints provide clients with access to the functionality and you can define one or more endpoints for a service by using a combination of relative and absolute endpoint addresses. Example 1: http//myweb.com/my service Example 2: <endpoint address= Binding=ws http binding Contract=myweb.servicemodel.sample.Icalculator/> 5. Now, Create a message ensuring the following steps. Get wsdl from URL. Create a list of methods from wsdl Create sample soap request Create list of ports for a method from wsdl Create a dummy soap request for a method and port from wsdl Send the soap request. Process the response. 1. 6. Related Presentation 6.1 Starting up with WSDL The process starts up with wsdl file. We can take any example wsdl file from the internet and parse it. Remember that wsdl file is only an xml document that describes the web service. Here, parser acts like a compiler and checks the correctness of the input messages. Actually parsing is nothing but syntax validation. 6.2 Parse with DOM or SAX While parsing internally domain structured tree will be created. Actually, xmlns parser creates a tree structure that represents an xml declaration. We need a DOM parser to parse xml from strings into DOM trees. We can do parsing with SAX also. Moreover, A SAX parser does not create any internal structure. Constructing a Domain Structured trees (DST) include several characteristics like properties, header (schema) and body. We know that there are two types of parsing techniques. One is Abrupt or Instant and the second is Overall or Absolute. In Abrupt, what you see on the display (screen) will be validated and in absolute all Childs and nodes will be evaluated.

6.3 Developing Business Rule Engine (BRE) Developing business rule engine is nothing but constructing the messages. After that place the values onto the DST. And no need to create any java objects physically. Therefore, we can preserve the physical memory of the CPU. But, what happens in manual testing is, after taking a wsdl file, which will be decoded to java objects which is not done here. A BRE is a software system that executes one or more business rules in a runtime production environment. We can use a BRE when there is no appropriate approach of traditional programming to solve a particular problem. The reason is sometimes there may be a change in the programming logic or may be the rules change quite frequently. Even though there are several business rules, the process comes first.

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 Usually rules are accompanied with expressions; either ordinary or logical expressions. So, constructing these messages with the help of these rules may help the user to communicate better and also to generate different test cases either manually or automatic. 6.4 Creating Message The Syntax for creating an xml http request object is: Xmlhttp=new xmlhttprequest( ); There will be only request validation and no response validation. Always an xml message can be understood in terms of request initially; where this request will be sent to the server for processing and well get the response. The SOAP messages heavily rely on XML namespaces. Because the message contains xml elements, the SOAP elements must be scoped in some manner, to avoid conflicts with the elements of the message. 7. Conclusion In this paper we have presented an analysis representation of how manual testing is done in most of MNCs and in what way it is different from the functional testing where we can generate the functional test cases. These test cases are automatically generated test cases by which we can identify this as response. No doubt well get this response by giving WSDL file as input. References Web reference [1] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/functional_testing. [2] www.w3schools.com/wsdl/default.asp [3] Orielly.com/catalog/webservess/chapter/ch06.html [4] Download.oracle.com/does/cdE19909-011817-6026/soap.html [5] www.cs.ucl.uk/staff/A.Finkelstein/advmsc/14.pdf [6] www.qualitykiosk.com/ft-overview.html [7] groovy.codehaus.org/testing+web+services. [8] Wscep.sourceforge.net/createrequest.html

Text books: [1] Java Web Services Architecture by James Mcgovern, Sameer Tyagi, Michael Stevens [2] Roger S .Pressman, Software Engineering- A Practitioners Approach, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill International [3]Practical software testing: a process-oriented approach Ilene Burnstein. [4]Shari, Lawrence Fleeger, Software Engineering Theory Shari, Lawrence Fleeger

Authors Profile: Prasanth Yalla received his B.Tech. Degree from Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur (Dist), India in 2001,the M.Tech. degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Acharya Nagarjuna University in 2004, and presently pursuing the Ph.D. in Web services and SOA from Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur (Dist), India. He was an associate professor, with Department of Information Science and Technology in KL University, from 2004 to 2010. Presently he is working as associate professor, with the department of Freshman Engineering from 2011 in KL University. His research interests include Testing tools, Software Engineering, Web services and SOA. He taught several subjects like Multimedia technologies, Distributed Systems, Advanced Software Engineering, Object Oriented Analysis and design, C programming, Operating Systems , Database management systems, UML etc. He is the Life member of CSI.

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 Dr L.S.S.Reddy received his Ph.D from BITS,PILANI and presently Working as DIRECTOR, Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering,Mylavarm Krishna district. He is having more than 30 years of experience in teaching. Previously he Worked in various prestigious institutions like CBIT, Birla Institute of Technology & Science(BITS), PILANI , MVSR (Matrusri) Engineering College, Hyderabad ,V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada,as a principal,K.L.College of Engineering. He got many AWARDS/HONORS like Chairman Academic Council KLCE (Autonomous),Recognized guide for guiding scholars of Ph.D in Computer Science of Mysore University, Acharya Nagarjuna University &JNTU, Hyderabad, Chairman, board of studies Computer Science and Engineering, and Information Technology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Chairman,CSI Chapter- Vijayawada. Senior Member, IEEE Computer Society. Member, Expert Panel of DOEACC Society and many more. .

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011

Comparative Study of Natural Radioactivity Levels in Sandcrete and Mud Blocks for Structural Construction in Ogbomoso, South-West, Nigeria
Olatunde Michael Oni and Jonathan Olanipekun Ajayi
Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria olatundeoni@yahoo.com; omoni@lautech.edu.ng; joajayi@lautech.edu.ng

Abstract
The measurement of gamma ray activity due to natural radionuclides in sandcrete and mud blocks in Ogbomoso, South-West, Nigeria has been carried out using gamma spectrometry. The mean concentration of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th detected and measured in the samples of building block from sandcrete were respectively 120.95 1.785, 26.12 0.702 and 17.45 0.379. In the samples from mud block, the mean concentration are 97.75 1.291, 19.75 0.625 and 18.29 0.365 for the radionuclides 40K, 238U and 232Th respectively. The radium-equivalent activities for both types of the building block were found to be below the maximum value of 370 Bq.kg-1 for building materials. Similarly, all the radiological hazard indices of the samples assessed were below the upper limits of recommended value of unity. A test of significance of the variation in the measurements for the two types of building block showed that there is a significance difference in the specific activity of the two building blocks considered at the 5% level of significance. This finding thus indicated that mud block, based on its lower activity and radiological hazard level is a better choice compared to sandcrete block.

Keywords: Gamma spectrometry; Structural construction; mud blocks; sandcrete blocks;

Radionuclide concentrations; Radiological hazard.

1. Introduction Humans and other living substances on earth have developed under the presence of gamma radiation and charged-particles in the environment. It has been well established that ionizing radiation may harm life and biological systems [1]. Radiation from natural sources is of great importance because it is the main source of exposure to humankind [2]. Naturally occurring building materials; raw and processed products have radionuclides belonging to the three most commonly known radioactive series: Uranium-radium series, thorium series and 40K isotopes[3]. The high level radioactivity concentrations of these natural radionuclides in building materials can result in highdose rates indoors [4], contributing to the whole body dose and in some cases, to the skin dose, depending on the specific ionization of the radiation and particles. The radiation which people are exposed to may increase if they live in houses or buildings constructed by using materials whose radiation doses are above normal background level in the area. This may be due to the constituents from which the building materials have been made. It is therefore pertinent to determine the activity of radionuclides belonging to uranium and thorium series and of 40K radioisotope in building materials so as to evaluate the possible radiological risk and biological damage associated with the materials and also to make standardizations about building materials. The aim of this study was to calculate the specific activity of gamma rays emitted by two types of building materials commonly used in Nigeria and through a comparative analysis, determine which of the materials has a lower index of possible radiological risk.

2. Materials and method

A total of 30 samples of building blocks were collected: 15 sandcrete and 15 mud. Both types of building blocks were collected at Ogbomoso, South west, Nigeria. The constituents of the two types of blocks were also from the same study area, except cement used in the sandcrete.

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 However, detailed radioactitvity level of different brands of cement available in Nigeria have determined in a previous study [5 ]. The samples were ground into a fine powder with a particle size less than 1 mm. They were then dried in a temperature-controlled furnace at 110oC for 20-24 h to remove moisture. The samples were subsequently cooled after moisture removal. Each sample was then filled into cylindrical plastic containers and hermetically sealed. The sealed samples were stored for 28 days before counting to allow parent radionuclide reach the secular equilibrium with its short-lived decay products. The gamma radiation from each sample, after waiting for one month in containers was measured with a well calibrated low level gamma spectrometer comprising a 6.15 cm x 6.15 cm NaI(Tl) detector (model Bicrom). The detector was coupled to a Canberra series S100 multichannel analyser through a preamplifier base. spectrometry. The gamma spectrometer has a resolution of 7% at the 0.662 MeV of 137Cs, which is capable of distinguishing the gamma ray energies of primordial radionuclides and their short-lived decay products. The detection efficiency of the gamma counting system was obtained using a standard source of same matrix as the prepared samples. The reference standard source (IAEA-315) is traceable to the Analytical Quality Control Services (AQCS) of the IAEA laboratories, Vienna, Austria. The procedures of the calibration and determination of the minimum lower limit of detection (LLD) of the measuring system was as earlier reported [6]. The activity concentration using the gamma rays at 1.460 MeV from 40K, 1.760 MeV from 214Bi radioisotope (for 226Ra series) and 2.615 MeV from 208Tl radioisotope (for 232Th) were measured in the block samples, for 10 hours. The result obtained in Bq.kg-1 is presented in table 1.

3. Result and discussion Activity concentration In this study, 15 samples each of building blocks from sandcrete and mud were measured for the natural radioactivity level (Table 1). The activity concentrations ranged between 116.98 and 124.31 Bq.kg-1, 25.08 and 27.24 Bq.kg-1, and 16.89 and 17.83 Bq.kg-1 for 40K, 226Ra and 232Th respectively, in sandcrete. For mud block samples, the activity concentrations were found to vary between 95.65 and 100.02 Bq.kg-1 for 40K, 18.92 and 21.34 Bq.kg-1 for 226Ra, and 17.88 and 18.92 Bq.kg-1 for 232Th. The mean 226Ra (Table 2) was higher in sandcrete than in mud. However, the activity concentrations of the two building materials considered in this work were below the world average values of 50, 50 and 500 Bq.kg-1 for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively [7, 8]. Radiological hazards indices The relative concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in different building materials are not the same. These natural radionuclides contained in the building materials are compared using a radiological hazard index called radium equivalent activity defined by [9 ] as :

Ra eq ARa 1.43 ATh 0.077 AK

The ARa ,

ATh and AK are the respective specific activities of

226

Ra,

232

(1) Th and K. In both types of

40

the building materials however, the radium equivalent activity though higher in sandcrete blocks, was found (Table 2) to be lower than the average value recorded for cement samples used in Nigeria [10] and less than the maximum value of 370 Bq.kg-1 expected in building materials [11 ]. The external hazard index and gamma activity index are another criteria to assess the suitability of a building material. The values of these indices must be less than unity for the radiation hazard to be acceptable. For limiting the radiation dose form building materials to this value, model of the external hazard index proposed by Krieger[12] was reported by Berekta and Mathew [9] as

H ex
I

ARa ATh A K 370 259 4810

(2)

The gamma activity index was defined [13] as

ARa ATh A K 300 200 3000

(3)

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 The mean values of the external hazard and gamma activity indices for both samples of building materials considered in this work which were less than unity(Table 2). The values were also found to be below the average for different brands of building cements in Nigeria. The excess alpha radiation due to radon inhalation which originate from sandcrete and mud blocks when used in building was estimated from the the alpha index. The index is defined as [14, 15]

ARa 200

(4)

The mean value of the alpha index is lesser in mud block than in sandcrete block. The values for both samples were less than the limit value of unity. The value of the hazard indices for both samples of building materials has indicated that the samples are suitable as building materials. However, the analysis of variance of the concentration of the radionuclides in both types of building blocks showed that there is a significant difference in the radioactivity level, based on the types of blocks used. This was determined from the probability value (p-value = 0.000) of the analysis being less than the value of the chosen level of significance ( value = 0.05). 4. Conclusion The natural radionuclide concentrations in two types of building block had been determined using gamma spectrometry. Sequel to the specific activities of the radionuclide determined in the samples, the radiological risk due to the radionuclides was assessed from the value of the radiunequivalent activities, external hazard index, gamma activity and alpha indices. All the radiological indices were determined to present the safe use of the materials for building purposes. The variation of the radionuclide concentration in the samples assayed statistically analysed showed (Table 3) that the specific activities of the natural radionuclides in the sandcrete and mud blocks differ significantly at 5% level. Thus revealing that blocks from mud offer a lower radiological risk when use in building.

Table 1. The radionuclide concentrations in sandcrete and mud blocks

Sample identity K (Bq.kg ) Ra (Bq.kg ) Th(Bq.kg ) SC1 121.78 25.98 17.82 SC2 120.92 26.01 17.78 SC3 124.31 26.81 17.67 SC4 122.12 24.99 16.99 SC5 119.98 25.67 17.83 SC6 120.11 25.71 17.67 SC7 121.78 25.84 17.69 SC8 119.99 26.92 17.71 SC9 120.89 27.01 16.98 SC10 123.11 27.24 16.89 SC11 118.32 26.92 17.64 SC12 116.98 25.97 17.69 SC13 121.46 25.08 16.97 SC14 120.98 25.64 16.89 SC15 121.56 26.05 17.57 MD1 99.26 19.71 17.93 MD2 98.78 19.76 18.01 MD3 99.01 20.19 18.92 MD4 100.02 20.17 18.79 MD5 97.96 21.34 18.77 MD6 96.28 19.89 18.92 MD7 98.18 19.91 17.88 MD8 98.02 19.32 18.01 MD9 97.22 20.18 18.08 MD10 98.23 19.85 18.09 MD11 95.65 19.84 18.13 MD12 97.22 18.97 18.22 MD13 98.15 18.92 18.21 MD14 96.37 19.01 18.19 MD15 95.87 19.21 18.20 *Samples with identity prefix of SC is of sandcrete while MD is of mud block
* 40 -1 226 -1 232 -1

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011

Table 2: Mean concentration and radium equivalent of the activities radionionuclides in sandcrete and mud blocks
Sample Sandcrete Mud
40

K(Bq.kg ) 120.95 (1.785) 97.75 (1.291)

-1

226

Ra(Bq.kg ) 26.12 (0.702) 19.75 (0.625)

-1

232

Th(Bq.kg ) 17.45 (0.379) 18.29 (0.365)

-1

Raeq (Bq.kg ) 58.81 51.78

-1

Hext 0.16 0.14

I 0.22 0.19

I 0.13 0.09

Table 3. Analysis of variance in radionuclide contents of sandcrete and mud blocks

Sum of Squares
40

Df 1 28 29 1 28 29 1 28 29

Mean Square 4038.424 2.426 304.454 .442 5.258 .139

F 1664.581

Probability (p- value) 0.000

Between Groups Within Groups Total

4038.424 67.931 4106.355 304.454 12.369 316.823 5.258 3.878 9.137

238

Between Groups Within Groups Total

689.208

0.000

232

Th

Between Groups Within Groups Total

37.966

0.000

5. References
1. 2. 3. Aarkrog, A. Environmental radiation and radioactive releases. Int J Radiat Biol; vol. 4, pp. 619-631, 1990. Ahmed, N.K. Measurement of natural radioactivity in building materials in Qena city, Upper Egypt. J. Environ. Radioact., vol. 83, pp. 91-99, 2005. Karangelos, D.J. , Petropoulos NP, Anagnostakis MJ, Hinis EP, Simopoulos SE. Radiological characteristics and investigation of the radioactive equilibrium in the ashes produced in lignite-fired power plants. J. Environ. Radioact., vol. 77no. 3, pp. 233-246, 2004. Petropoulos, N. P, Anagnostakis MJ, Simopoulos SE. Photon attenuation, natural radioactivity content and radon exhalation rate of building materials. J. Environ. Radioact., vol. 61 no.3, pp. 257- 269, 2002. Farai,I.P and Ejeh, J.E. Radioactivity concentrations in common brands of cement in Nigeria. Radioprotection, vol. 41, pp.455-462 , 2006. Farai, I.P. and Isinkaye, M.O. Radiological safety assessment of surface-water dam sediments used as building material in southwestern Nigeria. J. Radiol. Prot., vol. 29, pp. 85-93, 2009. OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development). Exposure to radiation from natural radioactivity in building materials. Report by a Group of experts of the OECD (Paris: Nuclear Energy Agency), 1979. UNSCEAR (United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation) Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation Report to the General Assembly (New York: United Nations), 1993. Beretka, J. and Matthew, P. Natural radioactivity of Australian building materials, industrial wastes and by-products Health Phys. vol. 48 , pp. 87-95, 1985.

4.

5. 6.

7.

8.

9.

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 10. Ademola, J.A. Assessment of natural radionuclide content of cements used in Nigeria. J. Radiol. Prot. Vol. 28, pp. 581-588, 2008. 11. Oni, O.M., Farai, I.P and Awodugba, A. O. Natural radionuclide concentrations and radiological impact assessment of river sediments of the coastal areas of Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Protection, vol. 2, pp. 418-423, 2011. 12. Krieger, R. Radioactivity of construction materials Betonwerk Fertigteil-Tech vol. 47, pp. 468-473, 1981. 13. EC ( European Commission); Radiological protection principles concerning the natural radioactivity of building materials Radiat. Prot. Vol. 112, 1999. 14. Righi, S and Bruzzi,L. Natural radioactivity and radon exhalation in building materials used in Italian dwellings. J. Environ. Radioact. Vol. 88, pp. 158-170, 2006. 15. Xinwei L. Lingqing, W., Xiaodan J. Leipeng, Y. and Gelian, D. Specific activity and hazards of Archeozoic-Camabarian rock samples collected from the Weibei area of Shaanxi, China. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. Vol. 118, pp. 352-359, 2006.

Authors Profile
Dr. Olatunde Michael Oni received his Ph.D degree from University of Ibadan, Nigeria in 2004. He is a member of the Nigeria Institute of Physics. He is currently an Associate Professor of Physics. His major research area is in Radiation and Health Physics. He has several publications to his credit in this research area.

Dr. Jonathan Olanipekun Ajayi received his Ph.D degree from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria in 2010. This author is a member of Nigeria Institute of Physics. He is presently a senior lecturer and he is having overall teaching experience of 21 years. His major research interests are in Solid State, Radiation and Health Physics.

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