SUMMARY

In this experiment we study flow in pipes and the resistance is caused by the roughness of the pipe surface, and how we can measure the pressure difference, Reynolds number , fraction factor in four pipes ,also measure pressure difference, flow rate for (Venturi meter, orifice plate) and we can measure the velocity change .

INTRODUCTION
When fluid flows through a pipe, it counters resistance to its flow. In straight piping, this resistance is caused by the roughness of the pipe surface. In addition to friction losses, there are also losses due to turning gate valves, globe valves, flow control valves, elbow 90 and 45 . Finally, if the pressure drops in these sections of fluid systems also take place. Local losses must be taken into account in fluid power systems. There are two basic types of flow in pipes, The first type is laminar flow, which is characterized by the fluid flowing in smooth layers of lamina. This type of fluid motion is called streamline flow because all of the particles of fluid are moving in parallel paths. If the velocity of flow reaches a high enough value, the flow ceases to be laminar and becomes turbulent. The movement of a particle becomes random and fluctuates up and down in a perpendicular direction, as well as parallel to the mean flow direction, in a turbulent flow. Reynolds numbers (Re) are very important to measure the flow if its laminar or turbulent. If the Re value is less than 2,000 the flow is laminar, but if the Re value is greater than 2,000, the flow is turbulent. There are well-established methods to determine friction losses, which can be found in numerous textbooks and engineering handbooks.

THEORY
Experiment A-Fluid Friction in a pipes :The objective of this experiment is to determine the fluid friction coefficient and Reynold's number for flow of water through a pipes having a roughened by reading a head loss at flow rates through the roughened test pipe. The water cycle through the unit is distinguished by a numbers denote to the fitting From 1 to 12. See figure (4). So the equipment must set up to allow water to pass in the last pipe passing the fittings 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12 to the exit stream. figure (4). (Simply open the ball valve 4 and close the all others ball valves) The head loss due to friction in a pipe is given by:

or
Where:

(1)

the length of the pipe between tappings, The distance between tappings = 1 m the internal diameter of the pipe, mean velocity of water through the pipe in, m/s gravity acceleration,

= 9.81 m/s

friction coefficient (dimensionless). K factor, K=4fL/d, dimensionless Equation ( 1 ) used to calculate for turbulent flow. For laminar flow from Fanning or Moody Equation. Reynold's number can be founded from the equation: can be calculated

(2)
Where: = water density, water viscosity,

A typical curve of friction factor versus Reynold's number is as follow:

Figure ( 1 ) Moody diagram obtained from typical results

Experiment B-Flow Measurement Using Differential Head

In this section we want to measure the flow rate and velocity in venture meter, orifices . And this is achieved by measuring the head loss _at different flow rates_ through: 1- Venturi meter 2- orifice plate For the Venturi & orifice plate:

Where: flow rate, m/s

(3)

discharge coefficient (dimensionless). For venturi For orifice 0.98 0.62

area of throat , For venturi For orifice = 14 = 0.000153 = 0.000314

= 20 mm

the area of the pipe upstream, m = 24 mm = 0.000452 m

differential head measured, manometer read mm gravity acceleration, Where 9.81 m/s = differential head.

is the mean velocity of water in the pipe.

An example of typical results obtained is demonstrated on the following graph.

Figure ( 2 ) Typical curve of h against Q

APPARATUS

Figure ( 3 ) The fluid friction measurement unit

Pipe friction is one of the classic laboratory experiments and has always found a place in the practical teaching of fluid mechanics. With this unit friction head losses in straight pipes of very different sizes can be investigated over a range of Reynolds' numbers from 103 to nearly 105, thereby covering the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regimes in smooth Pipes. In addition an artificially roughened pipe is supplied which, at the higher Reynolds' numbers, shows a clear departure from the typical smooth bore pipe characteristics. In addition to the equipment for the study of losses in straight pipes, a wide range of accessories are standard including pipe fittings and control valves, a Venturi tube, an orifice plate assembly and a Pitot tube .An arrangement of six pipes provides facilities for testing the following:

4 smooth-bore pipes of different diameters

artificially roughened pipe

90 bends (large & small radii) 90 elbow 90 miter 45 elbow 45Y 90T

sudden enlargement sudden contraction gate valve globe valve ball valve inline strainer Perspex Venturi Perspex orifice meter Perspex pipe section with a Pitot tube.

Figure ( 4 ) The fluid friction measurement unit

PROCEDURE
Experiment A Water is allowed to flow through the roughened pipe by opening and closing the appropriate valves. The flow rate Q is measured by using a volumetric tank ( the volumetric tank is not working , so we used the 500 ml test tube and stop watch ) . Measure the head loss between the tappings using manometer. Experiment B Water is allowed to flow through Venturi and orifice plate. we measure the differential head produced by flow rate.

RESULTS
TABLE ( 1 )
FOR PIPES HAVE L=1 M

d (m)

Velocity ( )

Re Equ (2)

h1

h2

f from Equ(1)
0.33 0.38 0.0734 0.0845

1.0581 1.0581 1.8785 4.231 The flow rate is constant,

1 2 3 4 0.0127 0.0127 0.00953 0.00635

Fro m Figur e(6)

f from Figure(5)

13424.4 13424.4 17884.2 26841.5

2.30 2.1 2.3 2.59

1.97 1.72

TABLE ( 2 )

FOR VENTURI METER

h1
2.40 2.32

H2
2.28 2.30

)
0.12 0.02

Q ( /sec) From Equ ( 3 )

0.0001515 0.0001567

FOR ORIFICE METER

DISCUTION
When the fluid is flowing in pipe at constant flow rate, we calculate the head lose between two points for 1 meter long in 4 pipes , and there is 2 pipes works and the other pipes, elbow and fitting does not work . For venturi meter and orifice meter the head losses is small than the pipes .

CONCLUTION
the experimental friction coefficient is too sensitive to the equipment accurate, this is why there is different with the value of calculated friction coefficient.

RECOMMENDATION
- remove the blubs from the manometer tube - fixe the The fluid friction measurement unit

REFERENCES
Lab handout WebSite: www.armfield.co.uk