Problem of Knowledge Argument adignorantiam - "argument from ignorance" or "appeal to ignorance" - asserts that a proposition is true because it has

not yet been proven false, it is "generally accepted" Certainty coherence Common sense Confirmation bias Evidence Gullibility Judgment Mental map Open-mindedness Paradox of cartography Paranormal phenomena Relativism (know the dangers of and the strengths of) Skepticism (what are the concerns associated with it) Ways of knowing (what are they?)

The Nature of Knowledge 15. Authority worship 16. Context17. Culture18. Expert opinion 19. Indoctrination 20. Information21. Justified true belief22. Knowledge by authority 23. News media24. Primary knowledge25. Second-hand knowledge 26. Sufficient condition27. Thick concept28. Urban legend 1. Ambituity2. Back translation3. Body language4. Classification5.

Communication6. Connotation7. Denotation8. Emotive meaning9. Euphemism10. Grammar11. Idiom12. Irony13. Linguistic determinism 14. Metaphor15. Sapir-Worf hypothesis 16. Stereotype17. Weasel words Ways of Knowing: Perception Common-sense realism Empiricism Figure and ground Phenomenalism Scientific realism Sensation Visual agnosia Visual grouping Ways of Knowing: Reason Adhominem Argument ad ignorantiam Betting the question Belief bias Binary thinking Circular reasoning Confirmation bias Contradiction Deduction Double standards

Enthymeme Equivocation Fallacy False analogy False dilemma 16. Hasty generalizations17. Induction/inductive inference 18. Infinite regress19. Lateral thinking20. Laws of thought21. Loaded questions22. Post hoc ergo propter hoc23. Premise24. Prison of consistency quantifier 25. Rationalization26. Rhetoric27. Special pleading28. Syllogism29. Validity 30. Venn diagram31. Vested interest32. Vicious circle Ways of Knowing: Emotion Apathy Debutting intuition Emotional coloring Emotive language Empathy intuitions James-Lange theory Primary emotions Rational fool Romanticism Social emotion Stoicism Also know: Four kinds of proposition

Analytic statements Empirical statements Value-judgments Metaphysical statements Paradigms as knowledge filters Areas of Knowledge: Mathematics Analytic A posteriori A priori Axioms Conjecture 6. Deduction7. Empiricism8. Euclidean geometry9. Formal system10. Formalism11. Godels incompleteness theorem 12. Goldbachs conjecture13. Idealization14. Platonism15. Synthetic16. Theorem Areas of Knowledge: Natural Sciences 1. Anomaly2. Conjectures and refutations 3. Controlled experiment4. Empirical5. Empiricist6. Falsification7. Hypothesis 8. Law9. Logical positivism10. Paradigm11. Physics envy12. Principle of simplicity13. Pseudo-science14. Rationalist15. Relativism16. Science worship 17. Scientism Areas of Knowledge: Human Sciences 1. Bear market2. Behaviorism3. Bias4. Bull market5. Free-will/determinism 6. Going native 7. Holism8. Human free-will9. Law of large numbers 10. Loaded questions11. Mirror test12. Nature-nurture debate

13. Observer effect14. Phillips curve 15. Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy 16. Reactance17. Reductionism18. Reductive fallacy 19. Stream of consciousness 20. Trends and laws21. Verstehen position Areas of Knowledge: History Bias Cubist history Economic determinism Empathy Great person theory of history Hindsight bias Primary source Secondary source Self-realizing expectations Areas of Knowledge: The Arts Aesthetics Avant-garde Beauty Canon Catharsis Disinterested Expert opinion Forgeries

Form versus content Kitsch Mimesis Areas of Knowledge: Ethics Altruism Cultural imperialism Duty ethics Egoism Golden rule Moral absolutism Moral principle Moral relativism Other-regarding desires Relativism Rights Rule worship 13. Self-interest theory 14. Self-regarding desires 15. Special pleading16. Utilitarianism17. Value-judgment18. Veil of ignorance Concluding Chapter: Truth and Wisdom 1. Correspondence theory 2. Coherence theory3. Pragmatic theory4. Dangers of Relativism 5. Dangers of Dogmatism 6. Wisdom

7. Good judgment8. Breadth of vision9. Self-knowledge10. Responsibility11. Intellectual humility12. Circular reasoning13. Communal reinforcement 14. Cubist theory of truth15. Defense mechanisms16. Intellectuals virtues17. Learned ignorance18. Rationalization19. Selective attention