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241246
Reprinted from the Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society Vol. 22, No. 2, April 2007
c 2007 The Korean Mathematical Society
1. Introduction We dene a deranged Cantor set ([3]). Let I =[0,1]. We can obtain the left subinterval I,1 and the right subinterval I,2 of I deleting middle open subinterval of I inductively for each {1, 2}n , where n = 0, 1, 2, . . . . Consider En = {1,2}n I . Then {En } is a decreasing sequence of closed sets. For each n, we put | I,1 | / | I |= c,1 and | I,2 | / | I |= c,2 for all {1, 2}n ,where | I | denotes the diameter of I. We call F = n=0 En a deranged Cantor set. We note that if c,1 = an+1 and c,2 = bn+1 for all {1, 2}n for each n then F = n=0 En is called a perturbed Cantor set ([1]). We recall the s-dimensional Hausdor measure of F :
s H s (F ) = lim H (F ), 0 {Un } n=1
s H (F )
n=1
| Un | :
dimH (F ) = sup{s > 0 : H s (F ) = }(= inf{s > 0 : H s (F ) = 0})(see[5]). Also we recall the s-dimensional packing measure of F :
ps (F ) = inf{
n=1
P s (Fn ) :
n=1
Fn = F },
Received July 19, 2006. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classication. 28A78. Key words and phrases. Cantor set, Hausdor measure, packing measure, Cantor measure.
c 2007 The Korean Mathematical Society
241
242
s s where P s (E) = lim0 P (E) and P (E) = sup{ -packing of E }, and the packing dimension of F :
| Un |s : {Un } is a
dimp (F ) = sup{s > 0 : ps (F ) = }(= inf{s > 0 : ps (F ) = 0})([5]). We introduce functions hs (F ) = lim inf n {1,2}n | I |s and q s (F ) = lim supn {1,2}n | I |s for s (0,1) and a deranged Cantor set F . Clearly hs (F ) and q s (F ) are decreasing functions for s. For some calculation, we also dene hs (F ) = lim inf
n {1,2}n
| I | s
| I |s
for s (0,1) and each {1, 2} , where m = 0, 1, 2, . . . . From now on we dene F = F I . So F = F I . Further hs and q s are called lower and upper Cantor measure on F respectively. Using hs and q s , we ([4]) dened the lower Cantor dimension and the upper Cantor dimension of a deranged Cantor set F by dimC (F ) = sup{s > 0 : hs (F ) = } and dimC (F ) = sup{s > 0 : q s (F ) = }. Then dimC (F ) = inf{s > 0 : hs (F ) = 0} and dimC (F ) = inf{s > 0 : q s (F ) = 0} since hs (F ) and q s (F ) are decreasing functions for s. We note dimC and dimC are just functions whose domains are the class of the deranged Cantor sets. We note that if c are given, then a deranged Cantor set is determined. Lemma. The condition
kN {0} ,{1,2}k {1,2}n ,nN
inf
inf
inf
is equivalent to the condition that for all , {1, 2}k where k is any nonnegative integer, c,l1 c,l1 ,l2 c,l1 ,l2 ,...,lm B c,l1 c,l1 ,l2 c,l1 ,l2 ,...,lm for all m where B > 0. Proof. Consider c,l1 c,l1 ,l2 c,l1 ,l2 ,...,lm = and c,l1 c,l1 ,l2 c,l1 ,l2 ,...,lm = |I | . |I | |I | |I |
243
inf
,{1,2}k
inf
|I | >0 |I |
implies the condition that for all , {1, 2}k where k is any non-negative integer, c,l1 c,l1 ,l2 c,l1 ,l2 ,...,lm B c,l1 c,l1 ,l2 c,l1 ,l2 ,...,lm for all m where B > 0. Proof. From the above Lemma we only need to show that
kN ,{1,2}k
inf
inf
inf
,{1,2}k
inf
{1,2} ,nN
inf n
Assume
|I | > 0. |I | By the denition of the inmum, there is a real positive number A such that |I inf ,{1,2}k |I | > A for all k N . Clearly |
kN ,{1,2}k
inf
inf
|I ||I | A2 |I ||I | for all , {1, 2}k ,k N {0} and {1, 2}n , n N . In this paper, we call F a quasi-perturbed Cantor set if F is a deranged Cantor set satisfying the contraction distortion condition
kN {0}
inf
,{1,2}k
inf
{1,2} ,nN
inf n
We note that a perturbed Cantor set and a cookie-cutter repeller ([4], [6]) are special examples of quasi-perturbed Cantor sets. This is why we call the above set as a quasi-perturbed Cantor set. Precisely we state it as follows. Remark. In the perturbed Cantor set, we ([4]) note that c,l1 c,l1 ,l2 c,l1 ,l2 ,...,lm =1 c,l1 c,l1 ,l2 c,l1 ,l2 ,...,lm for all , {1, 2}k where k is any non-negative integer. But we note that there are many perturbed Cantor sets satisfying
kN ,{1,2}k
inf
inf
|I | = 0. |I |
244
IN-SOO BAEK
Remark. ([4]). If f is a positively oriented cookie-cutter map in the sense that f > 1, then the repeller F of f is a quasi-perturbed Cantor set (in this paper, we assume that the cookie-cutter map f is of dierentiability of class C 2 ). We are now ready to study the ratio geometry of a quasi-perturbed Cantor set. 2. Main results In this section, F means a deranged Cantor set determined by {c } with {1, 2}n where n = 1, 2, . . .. Hereafter we only consider a deranged Cantor set whose contraction ratios c,1 , c,2 and gap ratios d (= 1 (c,1 + c,2 )) are uniformly bounded away from 0(cf. [2]). Proposition 2. Let F be a quasi-perturbed Cantor set and t (0, 1). If q t (F ) < for some {1, 2}n , where n = 0, 1, 2, . . ., then q t (F ) < for all {1, 2}n . Similarly if q t (F ) = for some {1, 2}n , where n = 0, 1, 2, . . ., then q t (F ) = for all {1, 2}n . Proof. Fix n N and {1, 2}n and suppose that q t (F ) < . Since
kN {0} ,{1,2}k {1,2}n ,nN
inf
inf
inf
|I ||I | |I ||I |
{1,2}n
Bt
|I |t |I |t |I |t t = Bt q (F ) < . |I |t |I |t
Similarly it holds for the second argument since we have a positive number B |I ||I | such that |I ||I | B for all {1, 2}n . Proposition 3. Let F be a quasi-perturbed Cantor set and t (0, 1). If ht (F ) < for some {1, 2}n , where n = 0, 1, 2, . . ., then ht (F ) < for all {1, 2}n . Similarly if ht (F ) = for some {1, 2}n , where n = 0, 1, 2, . . ., then ht (F ) = for all {1, 2}n . Proof. Fix n N and {1, 2}n and suppose that ht (F ) < . Since
kN {0}
inf
,{1,2}k
inf
inf n
245
| I |t .
Bt
|I |t |I |t |I |t t = Bt h (F ) < . |I |t |I |t
Similarly it holds for the second argument since we have a positive number B |I ||I | such that |I ||I | B for all {1, 2}n . Proposition 4. Let F be a quasi-perturbed Cantor set and t (0, 1). If the t-dimensional packing pre-measure P t (F ) < for some {1, 2}n , where n = 0, 1, 2, . . ., then q t (F ) < for all {1, 2}n . Proof. Fix n N and {1, 2}n and suppose that P t (F ) < . By the denition of t-dimensional pre-packing measure, we have q t (F ) < . By the above Proposition we have q t (F ) < for all {1, 2}n . Proposition 5. Let F be a quasi-perturbed Cantor set and t (0, 1). If q t (F ) = , then q t (F ) = for all {1, 2}n . Proof. Assume that q t (F ) < for some {1, 2}n . By the above Proposition we have q t (F ) < for all {1, 2}n , which gives q t (F )
{1,2}n
q t (F ) < .
Proposition 6. Let F be a quasi-perturbed Cantor set and t (0, 1). If q t (F ) = , then pt (F ) = . Proof. Assume that q t (F ) = for some t (0, 1). By the above Proposition q t (F ) = for all {1, 2}n for each n N . Hence P t (F ) q t (F ) = for all {1, 2}n . Suppose that i=1 Fi = F . Then by the Baire category theorem we have Fi whose closure has a non-empty interior in F for some i N . Hence there is {1, 2}n such that F Fi . Since P t (Fi ) = P t (Fi ) P t (F ) = , pt (F ) = . Proposition 7. Let F be a quasi-perturbed Cantor set and t (0, 1). If q t (F ) < , then pt (F ) < . Further if q t (F ) = 0, then pt (F ) = 0. Proof. It follows from the same arguments of the proofs in the above Proposition and the theorem 2 in [4]. Proposition 8. Let F be a quasi-perturbed Cantor set and t (0, 1). If ht (F ) = , then H t (F ) = .
246
IN-SOO BAEK
Proof. If ht (F ) = lim inf n {1,2}n | I |t = , for any large a > 0 we see that {1,2}n | I |t > a for all but nitely many n. It follows from the end part of the proof of the theorem 1 in [4]. Remark. In a deranged Cantor set, by the denition, if ht (F ) < , then H t (F ) < since H t (F ) ht (F ). Further if ht (F ) > 0, then H t (F ) > 0 from the theorem 1 in [4]. Corollary 9. Let F be a quasi-perturbed Cantor set. Then Hausdor measure H t and lower Cantor measure ht are equivalent and the packing measure pt and the upper Cantor measure q t are equivalent except that if pt (F ) = 0 then q t (F ) = 0. Proof. It follows from the above Propositions 6,7,8 and Remark. Remark. We remark that Meinershagen ([7]) showed the relation between Hausdor and packing measures and Cantor measures on the perturbed Cantor set with similar results. We extend her results on the perturbed Cantor set to those on the quasi-perturbed Cantor set which is a generalized form of a perturbed Cantor set. Similarly with her results we also cannot guarantee that if pt (F ) = 0 then q t (F ) = 0. References
[1] I. S. Baek, Dimensions of the perturbed Cantor set, Real Analysis Exchange 19 (1994), no. 1, 269273. [2] , Hausdor dimension of perturbed Cantor sets without some boundedness condition, Acta Math. Hungar. 99 (2003), no. 4, 279283. [3] , Cantor dimension and its application, Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 41 (2004), no. 1, 1318. [4] , Dimensions of a deranged Cantor set with specic contraction ratios, Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 41 (2004), no. 2, 269274. [5] K. J. Falconer, Fractal geometry, John Wiley and Sons, 1990. [6] , Techniques in fractal geometry, John Wiley and Sons, 1997. [7] S. Meinershagen, Hausdor and packing measure on a perturbed Cantor set, Real Analysis Exchange 27 (2002), no. 1, 177190. Department of Mathematics Pusan University of Foreign Studies Pusan 608-738, Korea E-mail address: isbaek@pufs.ac.kr