DUCT DESIGN Overview.

Duct Design Objective

To design a duct system which will fit the available space which is economical in both first cost and operating cost, and which conducts air at satisfactory noise level, and at proper temperature to satisfy the job requirements.

Duct design follows after the room load and air quantities have been determined. Table-2.1.2, shows the summary of calculated values. As calculations procedure is typical, ZONE 1 , duct design and calculation is only presented on this report.

Steps in Duct Design

1. Locate the supply air outlets, and then select the size and type required for proper air distribution. 2. Determine how many zones of temperature control will be required for both perimeter and interior zones. 3. Sketch the approximate path of the supply and return ducts on the plan, taking into account obstruction, clearances, architectural limitations, and all possible foreseeable contingencies.

4.

Size the main and all branch ducts by the following common adapted methodology by HVAC industry.

5. Last calculate Air Pressure losses and select the fan.

Points to avoid in Duct Sizing 1. Duct should be sized properly to ensure that the air system can be balanced to deliver the required air volume to each space 2. An oversize duct system will be difficult to balance and will drive up the installed cost of the system. 3. Undersize duct system will create higher air pressure drops, high noise

levels and will not deliver required airflow quantities.

A. ADMINISTRATION BUILDING

The Machine Room ( AHUs ) are located in the third floor or covered roof deck. The building is composed of 3 stories ( Ground, First and Second floors ) and designed to 8 zones.

TABLE 2.1.2 CALCULATED ROOM AIR FLOW RATES OF ZONE -1 SN ROOM NO. / FLOOR Room Dimension LXW ( Meter ) Ceiling Height ( Meter ) 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Air Flow Rates ( CFM ) 550 580 1000 580 550 225 225 3,710 550 450 580 580 450 550 225 225 3,610 1140 1740 600 620 340 340 4,780 12,100

Ground Floor 1.1 Room - 01 3.5 x 3.5 1.2 Room - 02 8.0 x 3.5 1.3 Room - 03 8.0 x 7.0 1.4 Room - 04 8.0 x 3.5 1.5 Room - 05 3.5 x 3.5 1.6 Corridor-1 3.0 x 3.0 1.7 Corridor-2 3.0 x 3.0 Sub-total Air flow First Floor 2.1 Room - 06 3.5 x 3.5 2.2 Room - 07 3.5 x 3.5 2.3 Room 08 8.0 x 3.5 2.4 Room 09 8.0 x 3.5 2.5 Room 10 3.5 x 3.5 2.6 Room 11 3.5 x 3.5 2.7 Corridor-1 3.0 x 3.0 2.8 Corridor-2 3.0 x 3.0 Sub-total Air Flow Second Floor 3.1 Room - 12 3.5 X 7.0 3.2 Room 13 8.0 X 7.0 3.3 Room 14 4.0 X 3.5 3.4 Room - 15 3.5 X 3.5 3.5 Corridor-1 3.0 X 3.0 3.6 Corridor-2 3.0 X 3.0 Sub-total Air Flow TOTAL AIR FLOW RATES

STEP 1

Locate the supply air outlets, and then select the size and type required for proper air distribution.

This task is a collaboration between the designing Architect which is in-charge for the type, also for the location of air outlets or terminals ( aesthetic point of view ) . While the HVAC engineer is to make sure that the selected type met the required factors as follows;

1. Outlet airflow 2. Discharge velocity and throw 3. Air distribution pattern 4. Pressure losses 5. Sound level

Its more appropriate to refer to Manufacturers of air terminals data catalog in the selection process.

Terminology

Grille

: A louvered or perforated covering for an air passage opening which can be located on a wall, ceiling or floor

Air Diffuser

: A circular , square, or rectangular air distribution outlet, generally located in the ceiling and comprised of deflecting members discharging supply air in various directions and planes, and arrange to promote mixing primary of primary air with secondary room air.

Register

: A grille equipped with an integral damper.

Damper

: A device used to vary the volume of air passing through an air outlet, air inlet or duct.

Face Area

: The total plane area of the portion of a grille bounded by a line tangent to the outer edges of the openings through which air can pass.

Effective Area

: The net area of an outlet or inlet device through which air can pass, equal to the free area times the coefficient of discharge.

Face Velocity

: The velocity obtained by dividing the air quantity by the component face area.

Terminal Velocity

: The maximum air stream velocity at the end of the throw.

Throw

: The horizontal or vertical axial distance an air stream travels after leaving an air outlet before the maximum stream velocity is reduced to specified terminal level.

Drop

: The vertical distance that the lower edge of a horizontally projected airstream drops between the outlet and the end of its throw.

Noise Criterion Curves ( NC Curves ) : Curves that define the limits which octave band spectrum of a noise source must not exceed if a certain level of occupant acceptance is to be achieved.

SMACNA

: Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractor National Association Inc.

Attachments 01, shows the location of air outlets, sizes and type for Ground Floor . Selection basis are shown below;

For Ground Floor Room -02

Length of Room Outlet Capacity Desired Noise Level Requirement

: 8.0 meter ( 26.25 feet ) : 580 CFM : Not to exceed 45 NC

( Refer to Attachment 02 ) for the given value of general offices room from SMACNA manual )

Solution in Selecting the proper register and performance data;

1.

The distance from the outlet to the opposite wall is 26.25 feet . Assume the throw is being selected to equal of the distance or approximately equal to ; ( Refer to Attachment 03 )

Throw

= 26.25 feet x 0.75

= 19.68 feet say 19 feet

2.

Now using the performance data chart ( Refer to Attachment 04 ) locate the 600 CFM ( go to the higher value as there is no 580 CFM ) on the vertical column marked CFM. Next moving horizontally using THROW of 19 feet , a 28 x 8 outlet with a 45
0

is selected. The selection will give

a throw of 19 feet and a Total Pressure of 0.025 In. w.g. , while NC is given not to exceed 20 NC.

3. Solving for the Static Pressure ( this datum is needed on the Total Static Pressure calculation ) ;

Core Area = ( Nominal Length ) ( Nominal Width )

--------------------------------------------------------------144 in2 / ft 2

= ( 28 0.25 ) ( 8 0.25 ) / 144 = 1.49 ft2

Core Velocity = CFM / Core Area = 580 CFM / 1.49 ft2 = 389 FPM From Table 1 in Attachment 05 , Velocity pressure @ 389 FPM is 0.010 In. w.g. ( take the value of 400 FPM )

Static Pressure = Total Pressure Velocity Pressure = 0.025 0.010 = 0.015 In.w.g. 4. Selected Supply Register is 28 x 8, double deflected Air Flow Rate Static Pressure Drop Throw NC Drop = 580 CFM = 0.015 In. w.g. = 19 ft. = rated at 20 or less than 45 = Adjustable due to the selection of a double deflection register

STEP 2

Determine how many zones of temperature control will be required for both perimeter and interior zones.

Its economical ( less route of ducts ) to separate the zone / supply of perimeter

areas and the interior. Like ZONE-1 supplies the perimeter at NE area from ground , first and second floor , while another ZONE supplies the opposite perimeter side. Other Zones for the interior . In total, Main Building has 8 ZONES or 8 AHUs.

STEP 3

Sketch the approximate path of the supply and return ducts on the plan, taking into account obstruction, clearances, architectural limitations, and all possible foreseeable contingencies.

Attachment 6, 7 and 8 , are the final sketch of Zone -1 ( AHU-1 ) , supply and return ducts lay-out.

STEP 4

Size the main and all branch ducts by the following common adapted methodology by HVAC industry.

The selection of methodology for the duct sizing is of utmost important as the first and operational costs are dependent on it.

The method adapted in the duct sizing is the Modified Equal Friction Method. A method which combined the advantages of the equal friction and static regain methods. Static regain ( or loss ) due to velocity changes, has been added to the equal friction design procedure by using fitting pressure losses calculated with new loss coefficient in Chapter 14 SMACNA.

Duct Sizing :

Take friction loss at 0.08 in. w.g. per 100 feet of duct run ( ASHRAE & SMACNA recommended value ) .

Example : Consider the Ground Floor ducting at Room -01 , ( refer to Attachment -06 ) The Air Quantity is computed as 550 CFM, what will be the proper supply duct size?

Refer to Attachment -07 , A ductculator or ductsizer gives a 14 x 8 duct size for a 550 CFM at 0.08 in. w.g. friction loss . Sizing the supply main duct of Ground Floor ( Attachment -06 ), add all the supply CFM which is 3,710 CFM at 0.08 in.w.g. gives a 30 x 16 duct size. ( Attachment -08 )

Attachment 09, 10 and 11 , shows the duct lay-out and sizes at Ground, First and AHU-01 at Roof Deck Mechanical Room using the sizing method shown above.

STEP 5 Calculate Air Pressure losses and select the fan TABLE 2.1.3 AHU -1 DUCT SIZING WORK SHEET
A
I T E Duct Run

B
S E C T

C
ITEM

D
FLOW

E
FRICTION LOSS PER

F
V

G
Vp

H
Loss Coef

I
Rect. Size

J
Loss Per Item

M N O.

I O N (CFM)

100 FEET C w.g. (fpm) w.g. (In.) w.g.

1 2 3 4

Plenum B - do -doRun B- K

A1 A2 A3 C

Damper Filter C. Coil Transition

12,100 12,100 12,100 12,100

800 400 500 1,600

0.16

0.05

60 x 40 30 x 40

0.25 0.30 0.40 0.008

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-

D D-E E E-F F F-G H

900 8.20 450 9.8 900 3.0 900

Elbow Duct Elbow Duct Elbow Duct Wye

12,100 12,100 12,100 12,100 12,100 12,100 12,100 /7,320

0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,318 1,318

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.108

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.40 0.032

30 x 40 30 x 40 30 x 40 30 x 40 30 x 40 30 x 40 30 x40 20 x 40 20 x 40 24 x 20

0.025 0.0065 0.025 0.007 0.025 0.002 0.064 0.010 0.003 0.010 0.14 0.008

12 13

-do-do-

H-I I

12 900

Duct-riser Wye

7,320 7,320 / 3,710

14 15 16

-do-do-do-

IJ K L

12 900 -

Duct-riser Elbow Transition

3,710 3,710 3,710

0.08 0.08 0.08

1,113 1,113 556

0.858 0.019

0.17 0.86

24 x 20 24 x 20 24 x 20 40 x 24

17 18

-do-do-

M M1

Dovetail Volume Damper

1,855

0.08 0.08

954 954

0.056 0,056

0.30 2

20 x 14 20 x 14

0.017 0.112

19 20

-do-do-

P Q

Elbow Air Terminal

550 550

0.08 0.08

707 353

0.031 -

0.15 -

14 x 8 28 x 8

0.004 0.015

Sub- Total PRESSURE LOSS ( From Point A to Q ) Allowance for off sets fittings in field actual execution Building Pressure allowance range 0.05 to 0.1 in.w.g. Total Static Pressure in.w.g. ( air side )

1.445 0.455 0.10 2.0

5.1 Supply Fan Plenum

The static pressure losses of mixed air dampers ( A1 ), Filters ( A2 ) and Cooling Coil ( A3 ) either be taken from manufacturers data sheets. SMACNA Tables or from

5.1.1Mixed Air Damper Section ( A1 )

For mixed air damper ( A1 ) from SMACNA , HVAC DUCT DESIGN Manual , 1990 edition, page 9.4 ( Attachment -12 ) is given at 0.25 in.w.g. Enter this figure in column J.

Velocity of 800 fpm is taken from Attachment 17 , recommended velocity

5.1.2

Filter Section ( A2 )

A high velocity cleanable viscous impingement , flat panel type filters is given at 0.30 in.w.g. design static pressure loss ( Attachment 13 )

5.1.3 Cooling Coil Section ( A3 )

A 4 row wet- cooling coil gives a 0.40 in.w.g. static pressure loss ( Attachment -14 ).

Velocity of 500 fpm median value of 400-650 is taken from Attachment 17

5.2

The run duct that has the remotest and most demanding air flow rates will be the reference of the total static pressure losses.

From point A1 in the AHU to the Ground Floor , section K ( air terminal outlet ) , refer to Attachment 6 & 11. 5.2.1 For Item 4, Transition Fitting Lets consider here a 0.08 in. w.g. friction loss per 100 feet. Solving for the transition fitting pressure loss TP = C x Vp Where : TP C : Total Pressure, in.w.g. : Coefficient of fitting loss ( Equation -1 )

Vp : Velocity Pressure, in.w.g.

A1 = 60 x 40 = 2400 sq.in. A = 30 x 40 = 1200 sq.in.

A1/A = 2400 /1200 = 2 Consider angle of 15 400 , Table 14-12, Attachment -19 , Figure A, gives C value as 0.05.

Vp

= ( 1600 / 4005 )2 = 0.16 in.w.g.

Pressure loss of transition = C x Vp = 0.05 x 0.16 = 0.008 in.w.g.

5.2.2

For Item 5, Elbow, 900 A 12,100 CFM at 0.08 in.w.g. friction loss ductculator will give a 1,600 fpm velocity and a 30 x 40 duct rectangular size. ( within the recommended velocity range given in Attachment - 17, having a maximum of 2000 fpm for general offices application.

In Attachment 16 , Figure F, having a R/W ratio = 2, ( 80/ 40 ) and H/W = 0.75 ( 30 x 40 ), gives loss coefficient of 0.16 . While Velocity pressure ( Vp) for 1600 fpm is 0.16 in.w.g. taken from Table 14-6 , Attachment 18 . Or can be solved by ; Velocity = 4005 ( Vp )0.5 or Vp = ( Velocity / 4005 )2 = ( 1600 / 4005 )2 = 0.16 in.w.g.

Pressure Loss of Elbow = C x Vp = 0.16 x 0.16 = 0.025 in.w.g.

5.2.3

For Item 6, Duct section D-E The static pressure loss for duct is;

SP = 8.20 ft. x 0.08 / 100 feet = 0.0065 in.w.g

5.2.4

For Item 7, Elbow, 450 As this is no 450 elbow given in available tables of coefficient , consider the value of a 90 0 elbow pressure loss at 0.025 in.w.g.

5.2.5

For item 8 , duct section E-F The static pressure loss for duct is; SP = 9.80 ft. x 0.08 / 100 ft. = 0.007 in.w.g.

5.2.6

For item 9, Elbow 900 Pressure Loss = 0.025 in.w.g.

5.2.7 SP
5.2.8

For Item 10, Duct section F-G = 3.0 ft. x 0.08 /100 ft. = 0.0024 in.w.g.

For Item 11, a 900 Wye , ( in riser not shown in drawing )

Attachment 15, Figure W, solving for ;

Qb/Qc = 4.780 cfm ( air supply to whole 2nd floor )/ 12,100 ( main ) = 0.40 Ab/Ac = 30 x 18 / 40 x 30 = 540 in2 / 1200 in2 = 0.45 Plot these value in the Table 14-14 , gives C in main = 0.40 Velocity at Ac = 1600 fpm ( 40 x 30 ) Vp = 0.16 in.w.g.

Pressure Loss = C x Vp = 0.40 x 0.16 = 0.064 in.w.g.

5.2.9

For item 12, duct ( not shown riser )

SP = 12 x 0.08 / 100 = 0.010 in.w.g.

5.2.10

For item 13, 900 Wye ( in riser not shown in drawing ) Qb/Qc Ab/Ac = 3,710/7,320 = 0.50 = 24 x 20 / 30 x 40 = 0.40 As theres no value 0.40 Ab/Ac ( from 0.25 then 0.50 ) , by interpolation; 0.25 / 0.40 = 0.02 / x X = 0.40 ( 0.02 ) / 0.25 = 0.032

Vp

( 1318 / 4005 )2

= 0.108 in.w.g. Pressure Loss = C x Vp = 0.032 x 0.108 = 0.003 in.w.g. 5.2.11 For Item 14 , Duct riser ( drawing not shown ) SP = 12 x 0.08 / 100 = 0.009 in.w.g.

5.2.12

For Item 15, 900 Elbow H/W = 20 / 24 = 0.83 R/W = 48 / 24 = 0.50 From Attachment 16 , Figure F , as theres no direct value for 0.83 H/W , interpolate ; .75/0.16 = 0.83 / x X = 0.16 x 0.83 / 0.75 C = 0.17 Vp = ( 3,710 / 4005 )2 = 0.858 in.w.g. SP = C x Vp = 0.17 x 0.858 = 0.14 in.w.g.

5.2.13

For item 16, transition fitting, as the required velocity for the branches

is 800 to 1000 fpm, we will reduce the end riser velocity of 1,310 fpm by making a converging fitting, 24 x 20 & 30 x 16 outlet area. Thus ; As / A = 30 x 16 / 24 x 20 = 1

From Attachment 20, Figure D, say at 300 , theres no value for As/A = 1 , hence , assume C = 0.43 ( half value of 0.86 ) V = 3,710 / 40 x 24 / 144 = 556 fpm ( now its reduce from 1,310 to 556 fpm ) Vp = ( 556 /4005 )2 = 0.019 in.w.g. TP = C x Vp = 0.43 x 0.019 = 0.008 in.w.g.

5.2.14

For Item 17 , Dovetail Fitting , Attachment 15, Figure X, A1b / Ac = 20 x 14 / 30 x 16 = 0.58 C = 0.30

Velocity = Qs / A = 1,855 cfm / 20 x 14/144 = 954 fpm Vp = ( 954/4005 )2 = 0.056 in.w.g. TP = C x Vp = 0.30 x 0.056 = 0.017 in.w.g.
5.2.15

For Item 18 , Volume Damper , Attachment 21, Figure E, parallel

blades ; L/R = NW/ 2 ( H + W )

Where : N W L : number of blades ( say 4 pc ) : duct dimension parallel to blade axis : sum of damper blades length

R H

: perimeter of duct : duct dimension perpendicular to blade axis = 3 ( 20 ) / 2 ( 14+ 20 ) = 0.88 say 1

C = 2 ( say a 200 deflection of blade ) Velocity = 1855 cfm / 20 x 14 /144 = 954 fpm Vp TP = 0.056 = C x Vp = 2 x 0.056 = 0.112 in.w.g. For item 19 , elbow, same method presented above, while item 20 air terminal pressure drop calculation is presented earlier .

ATTACHMENTS

Attachment - 01

Attachment - 02

Attachment 03

Attachment 04

Attachment 05

Attachment - 06

Attachment - 07

Attachment - 08

Attachment - 09

Attachment - 10

Attachment - 11

Attachment - 12

Attachment - 13

Attachment - 14

Attachment 15

Attachment - 16

Attachment 17

Attachment 18

Attachment 19

Attachment 20

Attachment 21