International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 3, No.

5, 2011

Behaviour of Monopulse Radar with Jamming

1

K. Ch. Sri Kavya,1 Associate Professor

M. Ravi Kumar, 2Assistant Professor

Department of ECE, KL University Guntur DT, AP, India Email:srikavya_2002@yahoo.co.in

3
3

Department of ECE, KL University Guntur DT, AP, India Email:ravikumar28383@gmail.com

Y.L.Haritha, 3Rahul Mehta, 3Ashok Kumar Yadav

Final Year Students, Department of ECE, KL University Guntur DT, AP, India. Email: hariy.haritha@gmail.com

Abstract- Mono pulse receivers have been extensively used in angle tracking systems of ground, airborne radars and communication systems. In this paper, deliberate noise interference generated from the target platform causing angular errors has been studied in detail. Particularly, the sum and difference channel noise and the interfering noise from the target platform can cause angular errors. The case of two horn mono pulse system has been considered as a typical case. Simulation of Sum and Difference patterns and angular errors are done by considering noise and jamming in 4 different cases. Keyword - monopulse radar, jamming, noise. 1. INTRODUCTION

The conical-scan and sequential-lobing tracking radars require a minimum number of pulse in order to extract the angle-error signal[1-2].In the time interval during which a measurement is made with either sequential lobing or conical scan, the train of echo pulses must contain no amplitude-modulation components other than the modulation produced by scanning[2]. If the echo pulse-train did contain additional modulation components, caused, for example, by a fluctuating target cross section, the tracking accuracy might he degraded, especially if the frequency components of the fluctuations were at or near the conical-scan frequency or the sequential-lobing rate. The effect of the fluctuating echo can be sufficiently serious in some applications to severely limit the accuracy of those tracking radars which require many pulses to be processed in extracting the error signal. Pulse-to-pulse amplitude fluctuations of the echo signal have no effect on tracking accuracy if the angular measurement is made on the basis of one pulse rather than many. There are several methods by which angle-error information might be obtained with only a single pulse. More than one antenna beam is used simultaneously in these methods, in contrast to the conical-scan or lobe-switching tracker, which utilizes one antenna beam on a time-shared basis. The angle of

arrival of the echo signal may be determined in a singlepulse system by measuring the relative phase or the relative amplitude of the echo pulse received in each beam[1]. The names simultaneous lobing and mono pulse are used to describe those tracking techniques which derive angle-error information on the basis of a single pulse. An example of a simultaneous-lobing technique is amplitude-comparison mono pulse or more simply, mono pulse. In this technique the RF signals received from two offset antenna beams are combined so that both the sum and the difference signals are obtained simultaneously. The sum and difference signals are multiplied in a phase-sensitive detector to obtain both the magnitude and the direction of the error signal. All the information necessary to determine the angular error is obtained on the basis of a single pulse; hence the name monopulse is quite appropriate [1]. 2. AMPLITUDE-COMPARISON MONO PULSE

The amplitude-comparison mono pulse employs two overlapping antenna patterns to obtain the angular error in one coordinate. The two overlapping antenna beams may be generated with a single reflector or with a lens antenna illuminated by two adjacent feeds. (A cluster of four feeds may be used if both elevation- and azimuth-error signals are wanted.).The sum pattern is used for transmission, while both the sum pattern and the difference pattern are used on reception. The signal received with the difference pattern provides the magnitude of the angle error. The sum signal provides the range measurement and is also used as a reference to extract the sign of the error signal. Signals received from the sum and the difference patterns are amplified separately and combined in a phase-sensitive detector to produce the error-signal characteristic shown in figure 1. A block diagram of the amplitude-comparisonmono pulse tracking radar for a single angular coordinate is shown in Fig 2. The two adjacent antenna feeds are connected to the two arms of a hybrid junction such as a "magic T," a " rat race," or a short-slot coupler. The sum and difference signals appear at the

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International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 5, 2011 two other arms of the hybrid. On reception, the outputs of the sum arm and the difference arm are each heterodyned to an intermediate frequency and amplified as, in any super heterodyne receiver. The transmitter is connected to the sum arm. Range information is also extracted from the sum channel. A duplexer is included in the sum arm for the protection of the receiver. The output of the phase-sensitive detector is an error signal whose magnitude is proportional to the angular error and whose sign is proportional to the direction. amplitudes from simultaneous offset beams. The phase relationship between the signals in the offset beams is not used. The purpose of the phase-sensitive detector is to conveniently furnish the sign of the error signal. 3. GAUSSIAN FUNCTION

In mathematics, a Gaussian function (named after Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss) is a function of the form: F(x) = a For some real constants a, b, c > 0, and e 2.718281828 (Euler's number). The graph of a Gaussian is a characteristic symmetric "bell curve" shape that quickly falls off towards plus/minus infinity. The parameter a is the height of the curve's peak, b is the position of the centre of the peak, and c controls the width of the "bell".

Figure 1: Mono pulse antenna patterns and error signal. Left-hand diagrams in (a-c) are in polar coordinates; right-hand diagrams are in rectangular coordinates. (a) Overlapping antenna patterns; (b) sum pattern; (c) difference pattern; (d) product (error) signal.

The output of the mono pulse radar is used to perform automatic tracking. The angular error signal actuates a servo-control system to position the antenna, and the range output from the sum channel feeds into an automatic-range-tracking unit. The sign of the difference signal (and the direction of the angular error) is determined by comparing the phase of the difference signal with the phase of the sum signal. The sign of the difference signal may be measured by determining whether the difference signal is in phase with the sum or 180o out of phase.

Gaussian functions are widely used in statistics where they describe the normal distributions, in signal processing where they serve to define Gaussian filters, in image processing where twodimensional Gaussians are used for Gaussian blurs, and in mathematics where they are used to solve heat equations and diffusion equations and to define the Weierstrass transform. In two dimensions, the power to which e is raised in the Gaussian function may be any bi variate conic section, including circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas. Depending on which curve is used, the resulting Gaussian will have level sets that are circles, ellipses, or even hyperbolas. In an n-dimensional space a Gaussian function can be defined as F(x) = exp (-xTAx), Where is x= {x1,,xn} the column of n coordinates, A is positive-definite n x n matrix, and T denotes transposition. The integral of a Gaussian function over the whole ndimensional space is given as x1dxn exp(-xT Bx) = It can be easily calculated by diagonalizing the matrix B and changing the integration variables to the eigenvectors of B. 4. JAMMING

Figure 2: Block diagram of amplitude-comparison mono pulse radar (one angular coordinate).

The jam signal is a signal that carries a 32bit binary pattern sent by a data station to inform the other stations that they must not transmit. Radar jamming and deception is the intentional emission of radio frequency signals to interfere with the

Although a phase comparison is a part of the amplitude-comparison-mono pulse radar, the angularerror signal is basically derived by comparing the echo
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International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 5, 2011 operation of a radar by saturating its receiver with noise or false information. 5. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION V6 = V3 - V4 (Difference voltage) (7)

The sum and difference voltages are amplified in an r.f amplifier, down converted and channel noise gets added. The I.F output voltages are given by, V7= V5 + G30.5 + CHN1 (Sum voltage) (8)

A two antenna amplitude comparison mono pulse receiving system is considered, as shown in figure. The system is intended to track a target in a single coordinate say azimuthal direction. The system consists of two antennas say horns squinted away from bore sight axis. In an ideal case, the mono pulse system is supposed to track the target accurately with near zero error. The voltage input to the two antennas is assumed to be V1 = A sin ( + 1) + AN Where A =Amplitude of the echo signal at the input of mono pulse antenna AN= Noise amplitude of the echo signal seen at the input to antennas w=Radian frequency 1= Phase w.r.t transmitter reference signal This signal impinges on both the squinted antennas. The two antennas are squinted away from bore sight at an angle of The gain parameters of both the antennas are assumed to follow Gaussian curve, which is a close approximation to pyramidal horn patterns upto a signal level 10dB down the peak of the beam. The power gain patterns are given by G1 = G01 exp {-2.776[(-0)/ B] 2} G2 = G02 exp {-2.776[(-0)/ B] 2} G1, G2 = Power gains of antenna 1 and 2 Respectively G01, G02 = Maximum power gain of antennas 1 and 2 including plumbing losses 0 B = Squint angle of antennas = Half power beam widths of antennas 1 and 2 Where The voltage outputs are given by V3 = G1 0.5 V1 V4 = G2 0.5 V1 (4) (5) (2) (3) (1)

V8= V6 + G40.5 + CHN2 (Difference voltage) (9) Where, G3 and G4 are power gains of both the receiver channels measured from the output of the hybrid. CHN1 and CHN2 are sum and difference noise output voltages generated independently using different seeds. The final expression of voltages are given by V7= [(G1 G3) 0.5 + (G2 G3) 0.5] V1+ CHN1 (10) V8= [(G1 G4) 0.5 - (G2 G4) 0.5] V1+ CHN2 (11) The above expressions are simplified as V7 = K1V1 + CHN1 V8 = K2V1 + CHN2 Where, the gain terms have been replaced by K1 and K2. The voltage error Ve at the output is given by, Ve= Vdiff / Vsum (12)

When an interfering source such as a jammer noise source is located on the target platform itself whatever may be the jammer to signal power, the angular error remains zero and the angle tracker tracks the target accuratetly in the ideal case of matched channels. When imbalance is introduced in the two channels, angular errors are generated and the angle tracker does not point to the target. This is further aggravated by additional channel noise. When interfering noise source is added, the above equations (4) and (5) get modified as V3=G1^0.5(V1+Vj) V4=G2^0.5(V1+Vj) (13) (14)

When Vj is the noise jammer voltage at the input to the antennas and the analysis is exactly the same as without jammer. The expression of voltage error is given by,

Ve = Ve = Where, k1 = k3 = ; k2 = ; k4 =

(15) (16)

These echo signals pass through a 180 deg hybrid and sum and difference outputs are generated. V5 = V3 + V4 (Sum voltage) (6)

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International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 5, 2011 6. RESULTS

Sum and difference with jamming 8 7 6
G1 G2

Common for all the cases:

Gaussian Distribution 3

sum difference

amp

2.5

4 3

sum difference

2 G2

gain

1.5

2 1

G1

0 -5

-4

-3

-2

0.5

-1 0 1 theta in degrees

Fig 6.5: Sum and Difference pattern without noise and jamming
0 -5
Error Voltage

-4

-3

-2

-1 0 1 theta in degrees

-6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677

Fig 6.1: Gaussian distribution

Sum and difference pattern 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 sum 1.2 sum difference

-6.6677 -6.6677

amp(dB)
difference

-6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677 -5

amp

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -5

-4

-3

-2

-1 0 1 theta in degrees

-4

-3

-2

-1 0 1 theta in degrees

Fig6.6: Error Pattern

Case 3: With noise and without jamming

Sum and difference without jamming 2.5 sum difference

Fig 6.2: Sum and Difference pattern

Case 1: With noise and jamming

Sum and difference with jamming 9 8 7 6 5 sum difference

1.5

amp

sum 1

amp

sum 4 3 2 1 0 -5 difference

0.5

difference

0 -5

-4

-3

-2

-1 0 1 theta in degrees

-4

-3

-2

-1 0 1 theta in degrees

Fig 6.3: Sum and Difference pattern with noise and jamming
Error Voltage -4.5

Fig 6.7: Sum and Difference pattern with noise and without jamming
Error Voltage 10 5

-5
0

-5.5
-5

amp(dB)

-6

amp(dB)

-10 -15

-6.5 -7

-20

-7.5
-25

-8 -8.5 -5
-30 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 theta in degrees 2 3 4 5

-4

-3

-2

-1 0 1 theta in degrees

Fig 6.8: Error Pattern

Fig 6.4: Error Pattern

Case 2: Without noise and with jamming

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International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 5, 2011 Case 4: Without noise and without jamming REFERENCES
[1] Merrill I.Skolink. Introduction to Radar system, 3rd edition. [2] Samuel M Sherman, Monopulse principles & Techniques, Artech House Inc. [3] A I Leonov & K I Leonov, Monopulse Radar, Artech House Inc, 1986. [4] C. Popper, M. Strasser, and S. C apkun, Jamming-resistant broadcast communication without shared keys, in Proc. 18th USENIX Security Symposium, The USENIX Association, 2009. [5] B. Awerbuch, A. Richa, and C. Scheideler, A jammingresistant MAC protocol for single- hop wireless networks, in Proc. ACM symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC), 2008. [6] M. Li, I. Koutsopoulos, and R. Poovendran, Optimal jamming attacks and network defense policies in wireless sensor networks, in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (Infocom), 2007. [7] Greco M, Gini F, Farina A, etal. Effect of phase and range gate pull off delay quantisation on jammer signal[J]. IEE Proc.Radar Sonar Navig, 2006, 153(5): 454- 459. [8] V. S. Annapureddy and V. V. Veeravalli, Gaussian interference channels: Sum capacity in the low interference regime, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Information Theory (ISIT), Toronto, ON, Canada, Jul. 2008, pp. 255259. [9] R. H. Etkin, D. N. C. Tse, and H.Wang, Gaussian interference channel capacity to within one bit, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 54, no. 12, pp.55345562, Dec. 2008. [10] X. Shang, G. Kramer, and B. Chen, A new outer bound and the noisy interference sum-rate capacity for the Gaussian interference channels, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 689699, Feb. 2009. [11] A. S. Motahari and A. K. Khandani, Capacity bounds for the Gaussian interference channel, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 620643, Feb. 2009. [12] X. Shang, G. Kramer, and B. Chen, New outer bounds on the capacity region of Gaussian interference channels, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Information Theory (ISIT), Toronto, ON, Canada, Jul. 2008, pp. 245249.

Sum and difference without jamming 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1

amp

sum difference

0.8 0.6

sum

difference 0.4 0.2 0 -5

-4

-3

-2

-1 0 1 theta in degrees

Fig 6.9: Sum and Difference pattern without noise and jamming
Error Voltage -6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677

amp

-6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677 -6.6677 -5

-4

-3

-2

-1 0 1 theta in degrees

Fig 6.10: Error Pattern

BIODATA OF AUTHOR(S) K.Ch. Sri Kavya completed B.Tech.(2003) and got her M.Tech.(June 2008) from Acharya Nagarjuna University. She has been working as an Associate Professor at K.L. University since 2004. She has been involved in 5 R&D out sourcing projects from DST, UGC, DRDO, & ISRO. She has been pursuing her PhD in KL University in the area of Antennas and is also interested in the areas of Radars & Communication systems.

CONCLUSION We have simulated the error pattern, sum and difference pattern for monopulse radar using MATLAB in four different cases a) b) c) d) Jamming with noise Jamming without noise With noise and without jamming Without noise and without jamming

We have observed that error pattern for without noise cases is linear and for with noise cases are varying. FUTURE SCOPE We have considered here Gaussian distribution for noise interference. We can further increase the scope of noise interference study by using Rayleigh distribution. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are very much thankful to our university and electronics and communications Department for extending their support in variable ways towards the completion of our paper.

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