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INTRODUCTION
This publication is the result of inspiration from the previous publication of American Society of Plumbing Engineers. No attempt however has been made to copy ASPEs publication but emulate its effort to provide materials for continuing education to its members and non-members. Design of Plumbing Systems (DPS) is a working pamphlet and the result of syndicated effort of concerned RMPs (Registered Master Plumbers) to extend and sustain education to peers who cannot attend formal CPE ( Continuing Professional Education) seminars or schooling. This is also a preparatory material to RMPs as-would be Plumbing Engineers in the near future.
DPS Publishers
Issue No. 001 December 2011
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In this pamphlet we are going to present an example of calculation for an open space office with no drop ceiling. In NFPA No. 13 offices are considered under light hazard classification.
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Based on the selected 1,500 sq. ft. (as shaded in the sample layout) area of sprinkler operation, calculate now the number of effective sprinkler heads: No. of Sprinkler Heads= Design Area/ Sprinkler Coverage Area = 1500/200= 7.5 say 8 No. of Sprinklers on branch Line= 1.2A/S where A= sprinkler operation area, sq. ft. S= sprinkler head spacing, ft. Thus, No. of Sprinklers on Branch Line= 1.2(1,500)/ 10 = 4.65 calculate 4. Since there are 8 sprinklers calculated two branches are considered for calculation in the remote area.
1/2 1/2
NOTES:
As per table below the maximum sprinkler coverage for light hazard application is 225 sq.ft for hydraulically calculated with a maximum sprinkler head to head spacing of 15 ft. In the calculation above 200 sq. ft. and 10 ft spacing are used. It is a matter of judgment and consideration of engineering economy to assign lower values without sacrificing the integrity of the system design.
Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Light Hazard
Protection Area Construction Type Noncombustible obstructed and unobstructed and combustible unobstructed Combustible obstructed Combustible with members less than 3 ft on center System Type Pipe schedule Hydraulically calculated All All ft2 200 225 168 130 m2 18.6 20.9 15.6 12.1 Spacing ( f 15 15 15 15
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Sprinkler Location
Flow (gpm) q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q
Pipe Size Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act.
Cfactor
psi/ft/
Req. Pressure Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe
Kfactor
None
lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot
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Using the hydraulic calculation form and referring to sample layout above calculate now the flow requirement of the farthest sprinkler head as follows: Q = As x D Q = 200 x 0.10 = 20 gpm Calculate the operating pressure required for the 20 gpm flow from: P1 = (Q1/k) where: Q1= 20 gpm k = 5.6 where: As= Area of sprinkler coverage, sq. ft. D = Density, gpm/sq. ft.
P1 = (20/5.6) = 12.75 psi say 13 psi. Per NFPA -13 minimum operating pressure required is 7 psi. Now, calculate the pressure loss due to pipe and fittings from sprinkler head to sprinkler head using Hazen- William formula:
Per NFPA -13 minimum operating pressure required is 7 psi. Q = 20 gpm C = 120 from NFPA-13 table as shown below. L = 10 ft. from sample layout. D = 1.049 inch inside diameter from any pipe handbook.
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The value of friction loss due to pipes and fittings after substitution, Pf = 0.13 Pressure required due to pipes and fittings shall be, Pf = 12 x 0.13 = 1.6 psi. Assume the there is no change in elevation, pressure required due to elevation is Pe = 0. The pressure required now from Sprinkler to Sprinkler shall be, Pt = 13 + 1.6 + 0 = 14.6 psi.
Sprinkler Location
Flow (gpm) q
Cfactor
Kfactor
Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q
20 Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act.
1 1.049
1 elbow
lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg
10 2 12
120
0.13
Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf
13.
1.6 0 14.6
5.6
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4 2 in. in. in. 1 1 45 elbow 1 90 standard elbow 1 2 2 3 90 long-turn elbow 0.5 1 2 2 Tee or cross (flow turned 90) 3 4 5 6 Butterfly valve Gate valve 5 7 Swing check* For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m. Notes: 1. This table applies to all types of pipe listed in Table 8-4.4.5. 2. Information on 1/2-in. pipe is included in this table only because it is allowed under 5-13.20.2 and 5-13.20.3. * Due to the variations in design of swing check valves, the pipe equivalents indicated in this table are considered ave
1 in.
11/4
11/2
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STEP 2
Compute discharge capacity of sprinkler as follows:
Q=k p
Where, Q = Flow from individual sprinkler k = Sprinkler k-factor (See NFPA-13, 2007) = 5.6 p = Pressure from an individual sprinkler. = 14.6 psi.
Substituting the values in the formula, Q2 = 21.4, say 21 gpm. Now, add sprinkler and sprinkler = 20 + 21 = 41 gpm Compute for pressure loss using the formula in page 7, Pf = 0.49 psi/ft Pressure required due to pipes and fittings, Pt to = 0.49 x 15 = 7.35 say 7.30 psi. Again, there is no change in elevation and we equate, Pe to = 0
Sprinkler Location
Flow (gpm) q
Cfactor
Kfactor
to
Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q
20 Act.
1 1.049
1 elbow 1 tee
lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg
10 2 12 10 5 15
120 120
0.13 0.49
Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf
13.
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STEP 3
Compute the flow capacity of sprinkler using the formula in page 10, Q3 = 26.2 or 26 gpm. Now, add sprinkler and sprinkler= 41 + 26 = 67 gpm Pressure loss from equation in page 7 shall now be= 0.32 psi/ ft. From equation in page10, q4 = 29 gpm Then, add Q2-3 and q4 = 67 + 29 = 96 gpm. This is the total flow requirement from sprinkler up to sprinkler.
Sprinkler Location
Cfactor
Kfactor
to
Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q
21 41 26 67 29 96
to
to
lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg
10 2 12 10 5 15 10 6 16
0.13 Pt
Pf Pe 0.49 Pt Pf Pe 0.32 Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf
1.61
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STEP 4
The total flow requirement of the 4 remote sprinklers along the remote branch at 96 gpm is now known. Looking back at the sample layout in page 4, there is 1 more branch to consider as covered by the 1,500 sq.ft operating and most demanding area ( See hatched area). To determine the total flow requirement of the most demanding area we proceed as follows: Calculate the pressure required from sprinkler to point at the cross main. (The cross main is the sub-main pipe where the branches are connected. The branches are pipes where the sprinkler heads are installed. And the feed main is the main pipe connected to the riser.) From Hazen-Williams formula, p 3-4 = 0.29 psi/ft The flow requirement does not change and still at 96 gpm. But the elevation of the cross main is assumed at 1 foot below the branch pipe, Thus, Pe5 = 1 ft x 1 psi/ 2.32 ft. = 0.433 psi. Use 0.4 psi. From calculation sheet in page 14, the total pressure required at is 33.5 psi. This time the flow coefficient , k= 5.6 does not apply anymore. Since the flow and pressure requirements are known, 96 gpm and 33.5 psi, respectively, we can now compute for the system flow coefficient, ks. From formula in page 10, ks = 96/ (33.5) = 96/ 5.79 = 16.58 say 16.6 The pressure loss along the cross main from to , P 5-6 = 0.013 psi/ft Pressure required from to , Pf 5-6 = 25 ft x 0.013 psi/ft = 0.3 psi Total pressure required at now, Pt = 33.5 + 0.3 + 0 = 33.8 psi
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Flow at , Q6 = 16.6 x (33.8) = 96.5 gpm which is the requirement of the second branch within the remote operating area. The system flow requirement of the most demanding area calculated, Q = Q5-6 + Q6 Q = 96 + 96.5 = 192.5 gpm. The 0.5 gpm takes care of the possible loss from to and balances the flow requirements of the 2 branches within the area of operation.
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Calculation does not end here. The hose requirement should be added to the calculated system flow requirement. From the table below select 50 gpm to represent inside hose. Thus, Qs = 192.5 + 50 = 242.5 gpm . Calculate 250 gpm standard capacity of fire pump per NFPA No. 20. ( This will be covered in future issues of DPS.) Assuming that our sample layout is located at the fifth floor of a 5-storey office building 4 meter high per storey. Fire pump is located 4 meters horizontally from the riser(base of ) and the following valves and fittings are to be considered before the fire pump: 3 elbows, 2 gate valves, 1 alarm check valve1 swing-type check valve. Size of the riser and discharge pipe is 4 (100mm). Calculation continues: From to there is a required floor control valve in the feed main before the connection to the riser. Using the system flow of 250 gpm compute the total pressure required from to and from to the fire pump . Finally, the fire water flow and pressure requirements of the sample layout are calculated as shown in the calculation sheet below: 250 gpm by 72.2 or 72 psi.
Hose Stream Demand and Water Supply Duration Requirements for Hydraulically Calculated Systems
Occupancy or Commodity Classification Light hazard Ordinary hazard Extra hazard Inside Hose (gpm) 0, 50, or 100 0, 50, or 100 0, 50, or 100 Total Combined Inside and Outside Hose (gpm 100 250 500
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CALCULATION SHEET
Sprinkler Location
Flow (gpm) q
Cfactor
psi/ft/
Req. Pressure Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt 13
Kfactor
to
Q q Q q Q q Q q
20
21 41 26 67 29 96 0 96
to
to
Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q
to Inside Hose
250
lgth ftg tot lgth 1 tee ftg tot lgth 1 tee ftg tot lgth 2 tee ftg tot lgth 1 tee ftg tot 1 gate valve lgth ftg 1 elbow tot 2 gate valve lgth 3 elbow ftg tot 1 check valve lgth ftg 1 ac. valve tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth
1 elbow
1.6 0 14.6 7.3 0 21.9 5.1 0 27.0 6.1 0.4 33.5 0.3 0 33.8 7.1 0 40.9 2.9 28.4 72.2
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Sustained Education from Design of Plumbing Systems Version About This Month Issue
This December 2011 issue deals with hydraulic calculations for a tree-type wet sprinkler layout. This pamphlet presents the calculations in a step by step manner from determining the number of sprinkler heads to fire water and pressure requirements of the system. Methodology is based on NFPA No. 13. For those who find it difficult to attend a formal continuing education course due to reasons of time and distance availability this issuance of DPS on- line is a good means to help RMPs maintain their design technical know-how and obtain CPE points. (CPE accreditation from PRC is in process.) Questionnaire and sample design problem is provided below to test your understanding of the article presented. An answer sheet is also included for your submission to newnampap@yahoo.com for grading purposes. Corrected and graded answer will be sent back to you.
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8. In the sample problem below what is the hazard classification of the occupancy? Operating area of the sprinklers? Design density? 9. How many effective sprinklers are there in the area of sprinkler operation? Branches? Sprinklers per branch? 10. Provide a tree-type wet sprinkler layout in the tenth floor of a 10- storey residential building. The tenth floor is a covered open area used by the residents for functions. The riser location is as indicated in the floor layout. Each floor is 3.5 meters high and there is no drop ceiling. The fire pump is located about 3 meters from the base of the riser. Calculate the system fire water and the pressure required to effectively meet the sprinkler system requirement using the hydraulic calculation sheet provided in the answer sheet.
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Flow (gpm) q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q q Q
Pipe Size Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act. Nom Act.
Cfactor
psi/ft/
Req. Pressure Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe Pt Pf Pe
Kfactor
None
lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot lgth ftg tot
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CLASSIFIED ADS INDEX For your Plumbing and Fire Protection Needs Call the Best in Town.. Watch out for the maiden issue of
Vol.1 No.1 Dec.2011
Official Magazine of the New Master Plumbers / Plumbing Engineers
The Plumbing Professionals is the official magazine of the New Master Plumbers/ Plumbing Engineers and a mouthpiece for all serious plumbing practitioners whose aspirations are to realize a true and professional organization . The Plumbing Professionals will deal on all issues related to the practice of plumbing locally and internationally.
DPS Publishers wish to extend their sincerest gratitude to relentless and untiring support of all contributors. No amount of water nor any kind of sprinkler systems can extinguish the fire in their hearts to serve and share their technical know -how to all plumbing professionals.