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Example 1:
Process A balloon is filled with air at a steady state rate of 2 g/min Water is boiled in an open flask Water is boiled in an closed flask Gasoline from car tank Carbon dioxide and steam are fed into reactor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen Classification Semi-batch, transient Remark Volume, T, P change with time. Volume, T, P change with time. T & P change with time. Volume change with time All process variables do not change with time.
CONSERVATION OF MASS
The law of conservation of mass states that for any process unit(s), mass can neither be created nor destroyed but it can change from one phase to another phase or converted into other forms through reaction process. The law concludes that:
[1]
[2]
Output:: Leaves through system boundaries Consumption:: Consumed within system only for reactive system Accumulation:: Buildup within system only for transient operation
Input = Output
[4]
[5]
[6]
Hence by equating Eq [5] and [6], for batch processes, the mass balance equation is given as,
Initial Input + Generation = Final Output + Consumption [7]
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Solution:
(a) Draw and label flowchart. Do the degree-of-freedom analysis to prove that for an assumed basis of calculation, molar flowrate and compositions of all process streams can be calculated from the given information.
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n2 (mol/h)
100 mol/h
n4 (mol/h)
0.940 mol B/mol 0.060 mol T/mol
XB2 (mol B/mol) 0.450 mol X/mol 0.300 mol B/mol 0.250 mol T/mol XT2 (mol T/mol)
1 - XB2 -XT2 (mol X/mol)
n5 (mol/h) n3 (mol/h)
0.02 mol T/mol 0.980 mol X/mol XB5 (mol B/mol) XT5 (mol T/mol) 1 - XB5 -XT5 (mol X/mol)
0.960( 0.450)(100)
100
0.980 3
n2 n3
0.300(100)
0.250(100)
xB 2 n2
0.020 3
xT 2 n2
DoF Column 1: 4 unknowns; 3 Independent eqn 1 Recovery of X Column 2 Eqn 5: Eqn 6: Eqn 7: Eqn 8:
0 DoF
0.970 B 2 2
x n
0.940 4
n2 n4
n5
0.940 2
xB 2 n2
xB 5 n5
xT 2 n2
0.060 4
xT 5 n5
0 DoF
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EVAPORATOR
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Example 7:
A triple effect evaporator is designed to reduce water from an incoming brine (NaCl + H2O) stream from 25 wt % to 3 wt %. If the evaporator unit is to produce 14,670 lb/hr of NaCl (along with 3 wt % H2O), determine: a. the feed rate of brine in lb/hr. b. the water removed from the brine in each evaporator.
Solution
Steps 1, 2, 3 and 4
This is a steady state problem. Draw the flowchart and analyze
Step 7 and 8
Balances for salt and water and total balance can be written for each unit as a system as well as overall balances (not all of these balances would be independent). We will use the salt and total balances as the simplest ones. Overall balances Total balance : F = V1 + V2 + V3 + 14,670 (1) Salt balance : 0.25 F = 0.97 (14,670) (2) Evaporator I
Total balance : F = V1 + P1 (3) Salt balance : 0.25 F = 0.33 P1 (4) Evaporator II Total balance : P1 = V2 + P2 (5)
Step 9
By starting the solution with equation (2), the equations become uncoupled. F = 56,900 lb/hr From equation (4) 0.25 (56,900) = 0.33 P1 P1 = 43,100 lb/hr Sec. 3.5 Material Balances for Multiple Units 5 1 From equation (3) V1 = 13,800 lb/hr
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Example 8:
A crystallizer contains 6420 lb of aqueous solution of anhydrous sodium sulfate (concentration 29.6 wt %) at 104 C. The solution is cooled to 20 to crystallize out the C desired Na2SO4. 10 H2O. The remaining solution ( the mother liquor) is found to contain 16.1 % anhydrous sodium sulfate. What is the weight of this mother liquor.
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THANK YOU
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