The initial and the final states of the gas are the same, and thus s

2
= s
1
. Therefore,
S
sys
0
Applying the conservation of energy equation to this closed system,
Q W U KE PE Q W mC T
pw v
+ +
0 0 0
Thus,
Then,
kJ/K 0.6 6
303
200
200

K
kJ
T
Q
T
Q
S
kJ W Q
surr surr
surr
surr
pw
The increase-in-entropy principle is satisfied for this process since
0 / 6 6 . 0 66 . 0 0
0
> + + K kJ S S S
surr sys gen

Bir Carnot evriminden sabit scaklkta s geii srasnda, arac akkann entropi
deiimi -0.6 kJ/K olmaktadr. Enerjinin verildii sl enerji deposunun scakl 30C
olduuna gre a) sl enerji deposuna olan s geiini, b) sl enerji deposunun entropi
deiimi ve c) bu hal deiimi srasndaki toplam entropi deiimi hesaplayn.
(a) This is a reversible isothermal process, and thus the heat transfer during this process
is determined from
( )( ) kJ 181.8 K kJ K S T Q
fluid fluid fluid
/ 6 . 0 303
(b) The entropy change of the sink is determined from
S
Q
T
Q
T
kJ
K
sink
sink
sink sink

1818
303
.
0.6 kJ / K
(c) Thus the total entropy change of the process is
S S S
gen fluid
+
sink
06 06 . . 0
1
IDEAL GAS
40C
Heat
30C
200 kJ
30C
Carnot heat engine
SINK
30C
Heat
From the steam tables,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
K k g k J s
v a p o r s a t
v v
K k g k J s x s s
k g m v x v v
x
k P a P
f g f
f g f

+ +
+ +

/ 8 6 4 9 . 6
.
/ 8 1 6 8 . 2 0 5 6 8 . 6 2 5 . 0 3 0 2 6 . 1
/ 4 2 4 3 . 0 0 0 1 . 0 6 9 4 . 1 2 5 . 0 0 0 1 . 0
2 5 . 0
1 0 0
2
1 2
1 1
3
1 1
1
1
Then the entropy change of the steam becomes
( ) ( )( ) kJ/K 8.0962 K kg kJ kg s s m S / 8168 . 2 8649 . 6 2
1 2
The properties of the water are
( )( )
( )( ) K kg / kJ 7556 . 0 2536 . 7 0001017 . 0 7549 . 0 s x s s
0001017 . 0
001014 . 0 02 . 10
001014 . 0 002034 . 0
v
v v
x
002034 . 0 v
kPa 15 P
kg / m 002034 . 0 001017 . 0 2 v 2 v that Noting
K kg / kJ 8312 . 0 s s
kg / m 01017 . 0 v v
C 60 T
kPa 300 P
fg 2 f 2
fg
f 2
2
2
2
3
1 2
C 60 @ f
1
3
C 60 @ f
1
1
1
+ +

2
H2O
2 kg
100 kPa
W
e
Then the entropy change of the water becomes
( ) ( )( ) kJ/K 0.1134 K kg / kJ 8312 . 0 7556 . 0 kg 5 . 1 s s m S
1 2
From the steam tables,
K k g / k J 4 3 3 6 . 1 s s
k g / k J 1 1 . 4 6 7 h h
k g / m 0 0 1 0 5 3 . 0 v v
l i q u i d . s a t
k P a 1 5 0 P
k P a 1 5 0 @ f 1
k P a 1 5 0 @ f 1
3
k P a 1 5 0 @ f 1
1

)

Also,
m
V
v
m
m kg
kg
1
3
3
0 005
0 001053
4 748
.
. /
.
The energy equation for this closed system can be expressed as
Q W W U KE PE W H
b e e
0 0 0
+ + since P = constant.
Solving for h
2
,
( )
kg kJ
kg
kJ
m
W
h h
e
/ 5 . 930
748 . 4
2200
11 . 467
1 2


+

+
Thus,
( ) ( ) K k g k J s x s s
h
h h
x
k g k J h
k P a P
f g f
f g
f
+ +

/ 6 3 7 8 . 2 7 8 9 7 . 5 2 0 8 . 0 4 3 3 6 . 1
2 0 8 . 0
5 . 2 2 2 6
1 1 . 4 6 7 5 . 9 3 0
/ 5 . 9 3 0
1 5 0
2 2
2
2
2
2
Then the entropy change of the water becomes
( ) ( )( ) kJ/K 72 . 5 / 4336 . 1 6378 . 2 748 . 4
1 2
K kg kJ kg s s m S
3
H
2
O
150 kPa
Sat. liquid
2200 kJ
We take the copper block and the water as our system. Then the conservation of energy
equation for this process reduces to
Q W U KE PE U U
copper water
0 0 0 0
0 + + +
or,
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] 0
1 2 1 2
+
water copper
T T mC T T mC
Also, ( )( ) kg m m kg V m
water
120 120 . 0 / 1000
3 3

Using specific heat values for copper and liquid water from Table A-3a,
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
C 27.0

+
2
2 2
0 25 / 184 . 4 120 80 / 386 . 0 50
T
C T K kg kJ kg C T K kg kJ kg
The entropy generated during this process is determined from
( )( )
( )( ) K kJ
K
K
K kg kJ kg
T
T
mC S
K kJ
K
K
K kg kJ kg
T
T
mC S
ave water
ave copper
/ 358 . 3
298
0 . 300
ln / 184 . 4 120 ln
/ 140 . 3
353
0 . 300
ln / 386 . 0 50 ln
1
2
1
2

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

Thus,
S S S
total copper water
+ + 3140 3358 . . 0.218 kJ / K
We take the iron and the aluminum blocks as our system. Then the conservation of
energy equation for this process reduces to
Q W U KE PE U U
iron alum
0 0 0 0
0 + + +
4
Iron
20 kg
100C
Aluminum
20 kg
200C
or,
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] 0
1 2 1 2
+
alum iron
T T mC T T mC
Using specific heat values for aluminum at the anticipated average temperature of 450 K,
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
K T
C T K kg kJ kg C T K kg kJ kg
4 . 441
0 200 / 973 . 0 20 100 / 45 . 0 20
2
2 2

+
C 168.4


The entropy generated during this process is determined from
( )( )
( )( ) K kJ
K
K
K kg kJ kg
T
T
mC S
K kJ
K
K
K kg kJ kg
T
T
mC S
ave alum
ave iron
/ 346 . 1
473
4 . 441
ln / 973 . 0 20 ln
/ 515 . 1
373
4 . 441
ln / 45 . 0 20 ln
1
2
1
2

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

Thus,
S S S
total iron alum
+ 1515 1346 . . 0.169 kJ / K
(a) At specified conditions air can be treated as an ideal gas. The mass of the air and the
electrical work done during this process are
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) k J 1 8 0 s 6 0 1 5 s / k J 2 . 0 t W W
k g 4 3 2 5 . 0
K 2 9 0 K k g / m k P a 2 8 7 . 0
m 3 . 0 k P a 1 2 0
R T
V P
m
e e
3
3
1
1 1

The first law relation for the constant pressure process of this adiabatic system ( U + W
b
= H) simplifies to
( )
1 2 e
0 0
b e
0
h h m H W PE KE U W W Q + +

Using a constant C
p
value at 450 K, the final temperature becomes
Thus,
( )
( )( )
K 698
K kg / kJ 02 . 1 kg 4325 . 0
kJ 180
K 290
mC
W
T T
T T mC W
p
e
1 2
1 2 p e

Then the entropy change becomes
5
AIR
0.3 m
3
120 kPa
17C
W
e
( )
( ) ( )
k J / K 0 . 3 8 7

,
_

,
_

+
K 2 9 0
K 6 9 8
l n K k g / k J 0 2 0 . 1 k g 4 3 2 5 . 0
T
T
l n m C
P
P
l n R
T
T
l n C m s s m S
1
2
a v e , p
0
1
2
1
2
a v e , p 1 2 s y s

(b) Assuming variable specific heats,

( ) kg / kJ 34 . 706
kg 4325 . 0
kJ 180
kg / kJ 16 . 290
m
W
h h h h m W
e
1 2 1 2 e

From the air table, we read s
2

= 2.5628 kJ/kgK corresponding to this h

2
value. Then the
entropy change becomes
( )
( ) ( )
k J / K 0 . 3 8 7

,
_

+
K k g / k J 6 6 8 0 2 . 1 5 6 2 8 . 2 k g 4 3 2 5 . 0
s s m
P
P
l n R s s m S
1 2
0
1
2
1 2 s y s


Taking the entire rigid tank as our system, the energy equation for this closed system
reduces to
( )
2 1 1 2
0 0 0 0
0 T T T T mC PE KE U W Q
v
+ +

Then the entropy change of this ideal gas can be determined from
6
( ) ( ) ( )
K k J
K k m o l k J k m o l
V
V
N R
V
V
R
T
T
C N S
u u a v e v
/ .8 1 2 8
2 l n / 3 1 4 . 8 5
l n l n l n
1
2
1
2
0
1
2
,

,
_

The total entropy change during this process is

S S S S
total sys surr sys
+
0
28.81 kJ / K
Argon at specified conditions can be treated as an ideal gas. The process is reversible
and adiabatic (i.e., isentropic), thus the isentropic relations are applicable. Assuming
constant specific heats,
( )
( ) K
kPa
kPa
K
P
P
T T
k k
219
450
200
303
667 . 1 667 . 0 1
1
2
1 2

,
_

,
_

The final mass in the tank is determined from the ideal gas relation,
( )( )
( )( )
( ) kg 2.46 4
219 450
303 200
1
2 1
1 2
2
2 2
1 1
2
1
kg
K kPa
K kPa
m
T P
T P
m
RT m
RT m
V P
V P
Hava srekli akl bir kompresre 96 kPa basn ve 17C scaklkta dk bir hzla
girmekte, 1MPa basn, 327C scaklkta 120 m/s hzla kmaktadr. Kompresrden 17C
scaklktaki evre ortama 1500 kJ/dakika s geii olmaktadr. Kompresrn gerektirdii
g 300 kW dr.
a. Havann ktle debisini,
b. Birim zamanda entropi retimi hesaplayn.
7
IDEAL
GAS
5 kmol
50C
(a) Air at specified conditions can be treated as an ideal gas. Assuming variable specific
heats, the properties of air are
and
K k g / k J 4 0 9 0 2 . 2 s
k g / k J 2 . 6 0 7 h
M P a 1 P
K 6 0 0 T
K k g / k J 6 6 8 0 2 . 1 s
k g / k J 1 6 . 2 9 0 h
k P a 9 6 P
K 2 9 0 T
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1

The mass flow rate of air is determined from the steady-flow energy equation,
Thus,
( )
( )
( )

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ + +
2 2
2
0
2
1
2
2
1 2
0
s / m 1000
kg / kJ 1
2
s / m 120
16 . 290 2 . 607 m s / kJ 300
s 60
kJ 1500
2
V V
h h m W Q pe ke h m W Q

It yields
m 0.848 kg / s
(b) The rate of entropy generation for this process is determined from


S S S
gen air surr
+
where
( )
( ) ( )
K / kW 0580 . 0
kPa 96
kPa 1000
ln K kg / kJ 287 . 0 66802 . 1 40902 . 2 s / kg 848 . 0
P
P
ln R s s m s s m S
1
2
1 2 1 2 air

,
_

,
_

and
Thus,

/ /
. /

. .
S
Q
T
Q
T
kJ s
K
kW K
S
surr
surr
surr surr
gen

+
1500 60
290
0 0862
0 0580 00862 0.1442kW/ K
8
AIR
2
1
1,500 kJ/min
300 kW
Both the compression and expansion processes are reversible and adiabatic, and thus
isentropic,
s
1
= s
2
and s
3
= s
4
. Then the properties of the steam are
P
4
=20 kPa
sat . vapor
}

h
4
=h
g @ 20 kPa
=2609. 7 kJ / kg
s
1
=s
g @ 20 kPa
=7. 9085 kJ / kgK
P
3
=10 MPa
s
3
=s
4
}
3
Also, v
1
= v
f @ 20 kPa
= 0.001017 m
3
/kg.
The work output of this isentropic turbine is determined
from the steady-flow work relation,
Thus,
( )
( ) kg / kJ 1 . 2103 8 . 4712 7 . 2609 w
3 h h w pe ke h w q
out , turb
4
0 0 0

+ +

The work input to the pump can be determined from the steady-flow work relation for a
liquid,
or,
( )
( )( ) kg / kJ 15 . 10
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 20 000 , 10 kg / m 001017 . 0 w
P P v pe ke dP v w
3
3
in , pump
1 2
0 0
2
1

,
_

+ +

Thus,
w
w
kJ kg
kJ kg
turb out
pump in
,
,
. /
. /

21031
1015
207.2
9
H
2
O
3
4
H
2
O
2
1
At the specified conditions, air can be treated as an ideal gas. From the air table,
T K h kJ kg P
T K h kJ kg
r
a
1 1
2 2
300 30019 1386
550 554 74
1


. / , .
. /
From the isentropic relation,
( ) kg kJ h
kPa
kPa
P
P
P
P
s r r
/ 72 . 508 754 . 8 386 . 1
95
600
2
1
2
1 2

,
_

,
_

Then the isentropic efficiency becomes

C
h h
h h
s
a

2 1
2 1
508 72 30019
554 74 30019
0819
. .
. .
. 81.9%
(b) If the process were isentropic, the exit temperature would be
h kJ kg T
s s 2 2
508 72 . / 505.5K
Su buhar adyabatik bir lleye 3 MPa basn, 400C scaklk ve 70 m/s hzla girmekte, 2
MPa basnca geniledikten sonra 320 m/s hzla kmaktadr. Llenin giri kesit alan 7
cm2 olduuna gre
a. k scakln,
b. genileme srasndaki entropi retimini hesaplayn.
(a) From the steam tables,
k g m v
K k g k J s
k g k J h
C T
M P a P
/ 0 9 9 3 6 . 0
/ 9 2 1 2 . 6
/ 9 . 3 2 3 0
4 0 0
3
3
1
1
1
1
1

The exit enthalpy is determined from the steady-flow energy equation ,

or,
( ) ( )
kg kJ
s m
kg kJ s m s m
kg kJ h
h h pe ke h w q
a
a
a
/ 15 . 3182
/ 1000
/ 1
2
/ 70 / 320
/ 9 . 3230
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
1 2
0 0 0

,
_

+ +
V V

10
AIR
2
1
H
2
O
1
2
K k g k J s
T
k g k J h
M P a P
a

/ 0 2 6 0 . 7
/ 1 5 . 3 1 8 2
2
2
2
2
2
C 3 7 0 . 4

(b) The mass flow rate of steam is

( )( ) s kg s m m
kg m
A
v
m / 493 . 0 / 70 10 7
/ 09936 . 0
1 1
2 4
3
1 1
1


V
Then the entropy generation during this steady-flow process becomes
( ) ( )
( )( )
kW/K 0.0517

+
K kg kJ s kg
s s m
T
Q
s s m S
surr
surr
gen
/ 9212 . 6 0260 . 7 / 493 . 0
1 2
0
1 2

200 kPa basn ve 20C scaklktaki su, srekli akl bir karma odasnda 200 kPa basn
ve 300C scaklktaki kzgn su buhar ile kartrlarak stlmaktadr. Suyun debisi 2.5
kg/s olup, karma odasndan 25C scaklktaki evreye 600 kJ/dakika s geii
olmaktadr. Karm basncnn 200 kPa ve scakl 60C olduuna gre,
a. kzgn su buharnn debisini,
b. karma srasndaki entropi retimini hesaplayn.
(a) Neglecting kinetic and potential energies, the conservation of mass and energy
equations for this steady-flow system reduce to
Mass:
m m m m m
i e
+
1 2 3
Energy:



Q W m h m h Q m h m h m h
e e i i


0
3 3 1 1 2 2
Combining the two,
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1
h h m h h m h m h m h m m Q + +

Solving for
m
2 ,
( )
2 3
1 3 1
2
h h
h h m Q
m

From the steam tables:

11
2
MIXING
CHAMBER
200 kPa
20C
2.5 kg/s
300C
1
3
60C
600 kJ/min
K k g k J s s
k g k J h h
C T
k P a P
K k g k J s
k g k J h
C T
k P a P
K k g k J s s
k g k J h h
C T
k P a P
C f
C f
C f
C f

/ 8 3 1 2 . 0
/ 1 3 . 2 5 1
6 0
2 0 0
/ 8 9 2 6 . 7
/ 8 . 3 0 7 1
3 0 0
2 0 0
/ 2 9 6 6 . 0
/ 9 6 . 8 3
2 0
2 0 0
6 0 @
3
6 0 @
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2 0 @
1
2 0 @
1
1
1

Thus,
( ) ( )( )
( )
kg/s 0.152

kg kJ
kg kJ s kg s kJ
m
/ 8 . 3071 13 . 251
/ 96 . 83 13 . 251 / 5 . 2 / 60 / 600
2

Also,
. . . / m m m kg s
3 1 2
25 0152 2 652 + +
(b) The rate of entropy generation during this process is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
k W / K 0 . 2 9 7


+

K k g k J s k g
K k g k J s k g K k g k J s k g
s m s m s m
T
Q
s m s m S
s u r r
s u r r
i i e e g e n
/ 2 9 6 6 . 0 / 5 . 2
/ 8 9 2 6 . 7 / 1 5 2 . 0 / 8 3 1 2 . 0 / 6 5 2 . 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
0

12
(a) The steam in tank A undergoes a reversible, adiabatic process, and thus s2 = s1. From the steam tables,
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) k g k J k g k J u x u u
k g m v x v v
s
s s
x
T T
m i x t u r e s a t
s s
k P a P
K k g k J s s
k g k J u u
k g m v v
v a p o r s a t
k P a P
f g A f A
f g A f A
f g
f A
A
k P a s a t A
k P a g
k P a g
k P a g
/ 2 . 2 3 7 7 / 7 . 2 0 5 2 9 3 0 6 . 0 9 4 . 4 6 6
/ 0 7 9 . 1 0 0 1 0 5 3 . 0 1 5 9 3 . 1 9 3 0 6 . 0 0 0 1 0 5 3 . 0
9 3 0 6 . 0
7 8 9 7 . 5
4 3 3 6 . 1 8 2 1 3 . 6
.
1 5 0
/ 8 2 1 3 . 6
/ 2 . 2 5 6 1
/ 3 7 4 9 . 0
.
5 0 0
, 2 , 2
3
, 2 , 2
, 2
, 2
1 5 0 @ , 2
1 2
2
5 0 0 @ 1
5 0 0 @ 1
3
5 0 0 @ 1
1
+ +
+ +

C 1 1 1 . 3 7

The initial and the final masses in tank A are

Thus,
m
V
v
m
m kg
kg and m
V
v
m
m kg
kg
m m m kg
A
A
A
A
A
A
B A B
1
1
3
3
2
2
3
3
2 1 2
0 4
03749
1067
0 4
1079
0371
1067 0 371 0697
,
,
,
,
, , ,
.
. /
.
.
. /
.
. . .


The boundary work done during this process is
( )
B B B B B b
v m P V P dV P W
, 2 , 2 , 2
2
1
0

Taking the entire water as our system, the conservation of energy equation for this closed system can be
expressed as
( ) ( ) 0
0 0 0 0
+ + + +
B A b b other
U U W PE KE U W W Q

or,
or,
( ) ( )
( ) 0
0
1 1 2 2 , 2 , 2
2 2 1 1 2 2 , 2 , 2
+
+ +
A B B
B A B B B
u m u m h m
u m u m u m v m P
Thus,
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
kg kJ
m
u m u m
h
B
A
B
/ 3 . 2659
696 . 0
2 . 2377 371 . 0 2 . 2561 067 . 1
, 2
1 1 2 2
, 2

At 150 kPa, hf = 467.11 and hg = 2693.6 kJ/kg. Thus at the final state tank B will contain a saturated liquid-
vapor mixture since hf < h2 < hg. Therefore,
T T
B sat kPa 2 150 , @
111.37 C

13