Course review:

1. The meaning of each parameter in the formula of your Lecture Notes should be fully understood 2. Sign convention must be followed 3. Understand and independently solve the assignment questions and examples in the lecture notes Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2 (a) How to draw the FBD? (b) Method of sections to determine the internal loads (may include normal force, shear force, bending moment and torsional moment; the bending moment is a moment about an axis within the cross section, while the torsional moment is a moment about the longitudinal axis) (c) Equilibrium equations of mechanical member. (d) How to calculate average normal and shear stresses Chapters 2 and 3: Sections 2.1, 2.2, 3.2, 3.4, 3.7 (a) How to calculate normal and shear strain (b) Hooks law (the stress-strain relation) Chapter 4: Sections 4.1-4.5 (a) How to calculate the normal stress according to the normal force N? which is the average normal stress N

(b) How to calculate the longitudinal displacement? Understand how to use the following three equations. L n L

P ( x)dx = d = EA( x) 0 0

PL = EA

=
i =1

PiLi Ei Ai

(c) How to solve the statically indeterminate problems? These kinds of problems usually need one more equation (compatibility condition) in addition to the equilibrium equations to solve the unknowns. Chapter 5: Sections 5.1, 5.2, 5.4, 5.5. (a) How to calculate the shear stress distribution according to the internal torsional moment (or torque) T?

( ) =

T J

(b) How to determine the twist angle of the shaft? The following equations may be used.

=
0

T ( x) dx J ( x)G

TL JG

TL JG

(c) How to calculate the polar moment inertia J? (d) How to solve the statically indeterminate problem? Chapter 6: Sections 6.1, 6.3, 6.4. (a) How to draw the shear force and moment diagrams? How to determine the shear force and moments on any particular cross section? This can be done either by method of sections or by the integration based on the relation among distributed load, shear force and bending moment. (b) How to calculate the bending (or normal) stress according to the internal bending moment M? My

( y) =

(c) How to calculate the second moment inertia I about the neutral axis? Chapter 7: Sections 7.1, 7.2. (a) How to calculate the shear stress according to the shear force V? Complimentary theory of shear stress should be understood.

( y ') =
(b) How to calculate Q?

VQ It

* For Chapters 5, 6 and 7, how to calculate the geometric parameters should also be known. Such as the position of the neutral axis, the polar moment of inertia, the (2nd) moment of inertia about the neutral axis, the 1st moment of inertia of an area about the neutral axis. Chapter 8: Sections 8.1, 8.2 (a) How to calculate the stresses developed in the cylindrical and spherical vessels under internal pressure? (check the formula for stresses in your lecture notes or textbook) (b) How to determine the stress components according to combined loads? This is usually realized by calculating the stress corresponding to each individual internal load. The same kinds of stresses can be superimposed. For example, the normal stresses in the same direction (x direction for example) can be summed up. However, the normal stresses in the different directions (x and y directions for example) can not be summed up. The shear and normal stresses can not be summed up either. (c) Understand the concept of state of stress for a material point in the mechanical member and know how to determine the state of stress. This is usually realized by determining the stress components for this material point on the cross section area. The procedures for determining the state of stress for any material point are summarized as: (i) Draw the FBD for the entire mechanical member and determine the reactions; (ii) Using the method of sections to determine the internal loads on the cross section area through this point; (iii) Calculate the stress according to each individual internal load, then the same kinds of stresses can be summed up;

(iv) Cut a stress element with two surfaces being the cross sections, then the stress components on this element can be determined. (complimentary theory of shear stress may be used here if shear stress develops at the material point). Plot the stress components on this element. Thus, the sate of stress for a material point is determined. Based on the state of stress, stress transformation and principal stresses, maximum shear stress can be calculated correspondingly as discussed in Chapter 9. Chapter 9: Sections 9.1-9.4 (a) Equations of plane-stress transformation:

x' =

x + y
2

x y
2

cos 2 + xy sin 2

x' y' =
y' =

x y
2
2

sin 2 + xy cos 2
cos 2 xy sin 2

x + y

x y
2

When do the stress transformation, the state of stress for a material point must be determined first, which will be realized by the procedures shown in Chapter 8(c) above. For the stress element determined above, a reference coordinate system xy will be established to describe this element. The corresponding stress components x y xy are defined according to this reference coordinate system (Sign convention must be followed, check you lecture notes). Based on these stress transformation equations, you can solve the following problems: (i) Determine the stress components on any inclined surface (or sustained by any inclined surface). This inclined surface is described by a coordinate system xy, in which x is normal to the inclined surface, and the construction of y follows the right-hand rule. Thus the orientation of this inclined surface is measured from x to x. Using the first two equations in stress transformation above, you can calculate the normal stress x ' and shear stress x ' y ' sustained by the inclined surface. (ii) Use all the three equations above, you can calculate the stress components of any stress element. This stress element is described by the coordinate system xy and the orientation is measured from x to x. (iii) Determine the principal stresses and maximum shear stress for any material point. These stresses can be determined by using the following equations in (b) and (c) directly, which are derived from the stress transformation equations. (b) How to calculate principal stresses and principal directions (principal planes)

1,2 =

x + y
2

x y 2 + xy 2
2

1 2

tan 2 p =

xy ( x y ) 2

Using these equations, the principal stresses can be determined directly. The principal planes are 90o apart. After calculating p for the principal directions, substitute them back into the first equation in (a) (stress transformation equations), you can determine which angle corresponds to which normal stress. (c) How to calculate the maximum in-plane shear stress and the plane with such maximum shear stress? Use the following equation directly.

max

x y 2 = + xy 2
2

tan 2 s =

( x y ) 2

xy

(d) How to construct a Mohrs circle? How to determine the stress components on any inclined surface? How to determine the principal stresses and maximum shear stress? You can use the above equations directly for mathematical calculation or use the Mohrs circle. Chapter 12: Sections 12.1-12.3, 12.5-12.7, 12.9 (a) How to calculate the slope the deflection of the beam using integration based on the following equation? 2
M = EI d dx 2

The integration constants can be determined from the boundary conditions and continuity conditions for the connecting point between two adjacent sections. Pay attention to the continuity condition when the coordinate axes for these two sections are pointing to the opposite directions. Discontinuity function (Macaulay function) can also be used to determine M, which means that one single function is sufficient to determine the bending moment for the entire beam. Correspondingly, one single function will be derived to calculate slope and deflection of the beam. (b) How to solve the statically indeterminate problems for the bending beam? Two methods: (i) Superposition technique: Using the Table for the slopes and deflections of the bending beams directly (or by your own calculation). The procedures are summarized as: (1) Draw the FBD for the entire beam, and write down the equilibrium equations. (equations are not sufficient to get all the unknowns, one more equation is needed) (2) Take any support reaction as a redundant. The original problem becomes a problem that the beam is subjected to the applied loads and this redundant reaction. This original problem is decomposed into two subproblems: subproblem 1 and subproblem 2. (3) In subproblem 1, this redundant is removed temporarily and the beam is subjected to the applied loads only with other support constraints. Based on this loading condition, the deflection or the slope at the point with redundant can be determined from the results in the Table (chart) for the slopes and deflections of the bending beams (or you can calculate yourself since this Subproblem 1 is a determinate problem).

(4) In Subproblem 2, the redundant is put back and the beam is subjected to this redundant only (no other applied loads) with the other support constraints. Under this loading condition, the deflection or slope at this point with redundant can also be determined from the Table or your own calculation. (5) After you solve these two subproblems, the compatibility condition for the point with redundant can be written. This compatibility condition together with the equilibrium equations are sufficient to solve the problem. (ii) Integration method: The procedures are summarized as the following: (1) Draw the FBD for the entire beam, and write down the equilibrium equations. (2) Determine the function of internal bending moment for each section of the beam. These functions may be in terms of the unknown reactions (leave all unknowns as they are) (3) Using integration to determine the slopes and deflections for all sections. At this stage, the unknowns are unknown reactions and integration constants. (4) Apply all boundary conditions at all supports and continuity conditions at all the connecting points between two adjacent sections. Solve these equations, you will determine everything. * When using Integration method, the Macaulay function can also be applied. In this way, only one single function needs to be determined for the shear, moment, slope and deflection. To understand these two methods in solving statically indeterminate problems of bending beams, you can check the example in you lecture notes. The solutions with these two methods are given. Chapter 13: Sections 13.1-13.3 (a) How to determine the critical buckling load and critical buckling stress for column with various types of supports?

Pcr =

2 EI
(kL) 2

cr =

Pcr A

(b) Determine whether the compressive column yields (plastically deforms) first or buckle first by comparing the critical buckling stress and yielding stress.