PROCEEDINGS OF ICETECT 2011

Simulation of AC-DC Step up and Step down Converter

B.Partheeban, P.G. Scholar Dept. of EEE, Jerusalem College Of Engineering, Chennai, INDIA parthee87@yahoo.com
Abstract ---- Various applications in the modern world require DC supply. Some applications needs low DC voltage and some require considerably high DCvoltage. We get AC supply and that needs to be converted to DC for these applications. In this paper AC - DC step up and step down converters without the use of bridge rectification is dealt. In step up converter, low AC voltage micro generators are used and the DC output voltage is boosted. The step up converter consists of a combination of boost converter in parallel with a buck boost converter, which are operated in the positive half cycle and negative half cycle respectively. In step down converter, single phase AC voltage is converted into low DC output voltage. The step down converter consists of a combination of buck converter in parallel with a buckboost converter, which are operated in the positive half cycle and negative half cycle respectively.

Brintha Jane Justin, Lecturer Dept. of EEE, Jerusalem College Of Engineering, Chennai, INDIA

processed by a suitable converter to produce the required DC voltage for the load The inverting converter otherwise termed as the buck-boost converter is used in parallel connection with the above converters. In the above converters, the negative output to input voltage gain of a buck boost converter is utilized to step up and step down the negative half AC input voltage to a positive DC output voltage. The energy harvesting circuit rectifies the input AC voltage, steps up the DC output of the rectifier by the DC-DC PWM boost converter with feed forward and feedback control ant stores the electric energy into a super capacitor, which can be used as a small electrical power supply for an intelligent micro sensor network [1]. The conversion of low input AC voltage into high DC output voltage is dealt. A resonance based electromagnetic microgenerator design is explained in [2]. An optimal method of designing & controlling an oscillating energy harvesting system is dealt. A method for achieving maximum energy from the above said system is explained in [3]. A boost converter based on a new hybrid inductive and capacitive architecture is designed. It converts a low input DC voltage into the typical supply voltages of current integrated circuits [4]. An approach for maximum energy harvesting from electro magnetic waves in the Radio Frequency / Micro wave region is described in [5]. A comprehensive model for miniature vibration powered piezoelectric generators, modes of operation and control of a buck boost converter for the purpose of tracking the generator optimal working points are explained in [6]. Harvesting vibrational energy with a piezo electric element using a stepdown DC-DC converter. The converter regulates the power flow from the piezo electric element to the desired electronic load. [7]. Low power electronic systems can be powered with the conversion of

Keywords ---- Buck converter, Boost converter,

Electronic load, Microgenerator

I.INTRODUCTION In step up converter, the input voltage is boosted to a higher DC value. Conventional method of step up conversion of AC-DC involves two stages. The conventional two-stage power converters with bridge rectifiers are inefficient and may not be practical. Thus, bridge rectification is avoided. Here, microgenerators are used to produce a low AC voltage. In step down converter, the input voltage is stepped down to a lower DC value. Normal single phase AC voltage is directly stepped down to a lower value of DC. This DC voltage is given to the connected electronic loads. Microgenerators typically consist of a moving permanent magnet, linking flux with a stationary coil. The variation of the flux linkage induces AC voltage in the coil. The typical output voltage of an electromagnetic microgenerator is sinusoidal AC voltage. But, the electronic loads require DC voltage for their operation. Therefore, the AC voltage of the electromagnetic microgenerator output has to be

978-1-4244-7926-9/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

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ambient mechanical vibration [8]. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology was explained and the development of electrostatic motion driven generator for Low Frequency motion in medical field is explained in [9]. Design and fabrication of pulsed resonant AC-DC converter and an Integrated Circuit controller are dealt in[10]. In the above literature, AC-DC step down conversion is not performed. In this paper, ACDC step up and step down conversion is done. II.AC-STEP UP DC CONVERTER Low AC input voltage is produced using any micro generator and is given to the power converter. The power converter holds boost converter in parallel with buck boost converter. This converts the low AC input voltage into required stepped up DC voltage and the same is used for electronic load applications. The block diagram of AC-DC step up converter is shown in Figure 1.

half cycles. The discontinuous mode (DCM) operation also reduces the switching losses of the converter. 2.1 Modes of operation The converter operates in four modes during one cycle of the input AC voltage. In these modes, path of the inductor currents, iL1 and iL2, are depicted in dashed lines. Mode1 and Mode2 operates with positive input voltage (i.e) only when the boost converter operates. Mode3 and Mode4 operates with negative input voltage (i.e.) only when the buckboost converter operates. The four modes of operation are shown in Figure 3.

(a) Mode 1

Figure 1 Block diagram of AC-DC step up converter

A direct AC-DC converter is shown in Figure 2. It consists of a buck-boost and a boost converter. The DC bus of the converter is realized by using only one capacitor.

(b) Mode 2

(c) Mode 3

Figure 2 Direct AC-DC step up converter

In this converter, the positive and the negative half cycles of the micro generator are processed by the boost and the buck-boost converters respectively. The output capacitor is charged continuously by the two converters during both the

(d) Mode 4 Figure 3 Modes of operation of AC-DC step up converter

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Mode 1 starts when the gate drive voltage, Vg1 is high and the boost-switch, S1 is turned on. Figure 3a shows the Mode1 circuit diagram. The current in the boost-inductor, L1 starts to build from zero. During this mode, gate drive voltage, Vg2 is low. So, S2 is in off condition and the diodes, D1 and D2 are also off. Mode 2 starts at the end of Mode 1 when Vg1 becomes low and S1 turns off. Figure 3b shows the Mode2 circuit diagram. During this mode, L1 forward biases D1 and its stored energy charges the output capacitor, C. S2 and D2 remains off in this mode . It is to be noted that during Mode1 and Mode2, the input, applies reverse voltage across S2 but the higher forward voltage of the MOSFET body diode holds back any current conduction through it. In mode 3, the gate drive voltage, Vg2 becomes high and S2 turns on. The current in the inductor L2 builds in the negative direction. Figure 3c shows the Mode 3 circuit diagram. The MOSFET S2 is turned off in mode 4 and the inductor L2 forward biases the diode D2. The energy stored in L2 charges the output capacitor, C. It should be noted that this mode operates in CCM and the other modes operate in DCM of both the converters; in which all the switches and diodes will be in off position. Figure 3d shows the circuit diagram of mode 4. The output capacitor C is charged in the same direction in each half-cycle. So, the output voltage is DC because of the boost and buck-boost converter. The boosted DC voltage is obtained in the output. 2.2 Open Loop Model In open loop model, the output voltage is not regulated for the variations in the low AC input voltage. The open loop model of AC-step up DC converter is shown in Figure 4.

16 14 12 10 V o lta g e (V ) 8 6 4 2 0

0.5

1.5

2.5 Time(s)

3.5

4.5

Figure 5 Output voltage waveform with disturbance

The output voltage varies with respect to the input variations. The output voltage varies from 12V to 15V.Output voltage is shown in Figure 5.In order to meet the constant voltage requirement, closed loop control is implemented. 2.3 Closed Loop Model In the closed loop model, the simulation is carried out to meet the reference value. The closed loop model of the AC- DC step up converter is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Closed loop model with disturbance

Figure 4 Open loop model with disturbance

The output voltage is compared with the reference value. The error is given to the PI controller and the driving pulses for the converter are generated. The converter output voltage meets the reference value. The boosted DC voltage is shown in Figure 7.It can be seen that the output remains constant.

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14

12

10

V o lt a g e (V )

In this converter, the positive and the negative half cycles of the supply are processed by the buck and the buck-boost converters respectively. The output capacitor is charged continuously by the two converters during both the half cycles. The discontinuous mode (DCM) operation also reduces the switching losses of the converter. 3.1 Modes of operation The converter operates in four modes during one cycle of the input AC voltage. In these modes path of the inductor currents, iL1 and iL2, are depicted in dashed lines. Mode1 and Mode2 operates with positive input voltage (i.e) only when the buck converter operates. Mode3 and Mode4 operates with negative input voltage (i.e.) only when the buckboost converter operates. The four modes of operation are shown in Figure 10.

5 Time(s)

10

Figure 7 Output waveform of closed loop model with disturbance

III.AC-STEP DOWN DC CONVERTER The AC input voltage (230V) is given to the power converter. The power converter holds buck converter in parallel with buck boost converter. This converts the AC input voltage into required stepped down DC voltage and that is used for electronic load applications. The block diagram of AC-DC step down converter is shown in Figure 8.

(a) Mode 1

Figure 8 Block diagram of AC-DC step down converter

A direct AC-DC converter is shown in Figure 9. It consists of a buck-boost and a buck converter. The DC bus of the converter is realized by using only one capacitor

(b) Mode 2

(c) Mode 3

Figure 9 Direct AC-DC Step down Converter

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(d) Mode4 Figure 10 Modes of operation of AC-DC step down converter

Mode 1 starts when the gate drive voltage, Vg1 is high and the buck-switch, S1 is turned on. Figure 10a shows the Mode1 circuit diagram. The current in the inductor, L1 starts to build from zero. During this mode, gate drive voltage, Vg2 is low. So, S2 is in off condition and the diodes, D1 and D2 are also off.Mode 2 starts at the end of Mode 1 when Vg1 becomes low and S1 turns off. Figure 10b shows the Mode2 circuit diagram. During this mode, L1 forward biases D1 and its stored energy charges the output capacitor, C. S2 and D2 remains off in this mode . It is to be noted that during Mode1 and Mode2, the input, applies reverse voltage across S2 but the higher forward voltage of the MOSFET body diode holds back any current conduction through it. In Mode3, the gate drive voltage, Vg2 becomes high and S2 turns on. The current in the inductor L2 builds in the negative direction. Figure 10c shows the Mode 3 circuit diagram. The MOSFET S2 is turned off in mode 4 and the inductor L2 forward biases the diode D2. The energy stored in L2 charges the output capacitor, C. It should be noted that this mode operates in CCM and the other modes operate in DCM of both the converters; in which all the switches and diodes will be in off position. Figure 10d shows the circuit diagram of mode 4.The output capacitor C is charged in the same direction in each half-cycle. So, the output voltage is DC because of the buck and buck-boost converter. The bucked DC voltage is obtained in the output. 3.2 Open loop model In open loop model, the output voltage is not regulated for the variations in the low AC input voltage. The open loop model of AC-step down DC converter is shown in Figure 11 .The output voltage of the open loop model of step down converter is shown in Figure 12.

Figure11 Open loop model with disturbance

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Voltage(V)

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2 Time(s)

Figure 12 Output voltage of open loop model with disturbance

From the Figure 12, it is observed that the output voltage varies from 20V to 12V.Thus,in open loop simulation the output voltage is not regulated. In order to meet the constant voltage requirement, closed loop control is implemented. 3.3 Closed loop Model In the closed loop model, the simulation is carried out to meet the reference value. The closed loop model of the AC-DC step down converter is shown in Figure 13.

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[2] Dwari.S, Dayal.R, and Parsa.L (2008), A novel direct

AC/DC converter for efficient low voltage energy harvesting, IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc.Annu. Conf, pp. 484488. Elmes . J , Gaydarzhiev . V, Mensah . A, Rustom . K, Shen . J, and Batarseh . I. (2007), Maximum energy harvesting control for oscillating energy systems, in proc.IEEE power electron.spec.conf., pp 2792-2798. Lefeuvre .E, Audigier .D,Richard .C, and Guyomar .D (2007), Buck-boost converter for sensorless power optimization of piezoelectric energy harvester, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.22, no.5, pp.2018-2025. Ottman .G .K, Hofmann .H .F, and Lesieutre .G .A (2003),Optimized piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit using step-down converter in discontinuous conduction mode, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.18, no.2, pp.696703. Paing .T, Shin .J, Zane .R, and Popovic .Z (2008), Resistor emulation approach to low-power RF energy harvesting, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.23, no.3, pp.1494-1501. Richelli .A, Colalongo .L, Tonoli .S, and KovacsVajna.Z.M (2009),A 0.21.2VDC/DC boost converter for power harvesting applications, IEEE Transactions on power electron., vol.24, no.6, pp.1541-1546. Scott Meninger, Jose Oscar Mur-Miranda, Rajeevan Amirtharajah, Anantha P. Chandrakasan, and Jeffrey H. Lang (2001), Vibation to electric energy conversion,IEEE Trans. Very large scale Integr.syst.,vol.9,no.1, pp 64-76. Stark .B .H, Mitcheson .P .D, Peng .M,Green .T .C, Yeatman .E, and Holmes .A .S (2006) ,Converter circuit design, semiconductor device selection and analysis of parasitics for micropower electrostatic generators,IEEE Trans. Power electron., vol 21, no.1, pp 27-37. Xu .S, Ngo .K .D .T, Nishida .T, Chung .G .B, and Sharma .A (2007) ,Low frequency pulsed resonant converter for energy harvesting, IEEE Trans. Power electron., vol 22. no.1, pp 63-68.

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6] [7]

Figure 13 Closed loop model with disturbance

[8]

The output voltage is compared with the reference value. The error is given to the PI controller and the driving pulses for the converter are generated. The converter output voltage meets the reference value. The output voltage is shown in Figure 14.
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[9]

[10]

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Voltage(V)

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4 Time(s)

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Figure 14 Output voltage of closed loop model

IV.CONCLUSION AC-DC step up and step down converter are simulated. In the open loop, the output voltage varies in accordance with the variation in the input voltage. To meet the desired value, closed loop model is developed with the PI controller. In the closed loop the output voltage is regulated. This low or high voltage can be used for electronic loads. REFERNCES
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Chiang.W.J ,King.Y.C,and Lee.Y.K (2007), Electromagnetic energy harvesting circuit with feedforward and feedback DCDC PWM boost converter for vibration power generator system,IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.22, no.2, pp.679-685

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