1

COURSE NO.1




EDUCATION IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HIMACHAL PRADDESH
(JBT-1
ST
YEAR)




Written by: Sunil Verma (Lecturer Education) DIET Kullu
Jai Shree Kanwar (Lecturer Education) DIET Solan
Sheetla Tikku (Lecturer Education) DIET Mandi
Chander Shekhar (Lecturer Education) DIET Mandi
C O N T E N T S

S.No.

Name of Unit Page
UNIT-I Philosophical Understanding of Education
Concept of Education: Meaning, nature, need and functions of Education.
Aims of education in global perspective
Forms and Agencies of education : Informal family , community, state, Formal: School, Non
formal Education
Philosophies of Education : (meaning ,aims of education, teaching methods ,curriculum,
role of teacher and school)
-Naturalism
-Idealism
-Pragmatism
-Schooling and Education as visualized by thinkers
Western thinkers-- Rousseau, Dewey, Montessori,
Indian thinkers -- Gandhi, Tagore,, Gijjubhai, Aurobindo, Swami Viveka Nand
1-107
UNIT-II Education, Politics and Society
Indian Social system its structure , stratification ,mobility economic, political, and social
dimensions
Social Change; Role of Education in promoting social Meaning and factors of social change.

Fostering democratic and scientific outlook .

108-204
UNIT-III Education for Peace, Human Rights and Child Rights
Peace Education Concept: Meaning, objectives aims and importance of peace education.
Causes of unrest & readies. Transactional modalities: story telling, conflict resolution, role
playing. Nationalism and national integration, Role of education in national integration
Education for international understanding.
Human rights Concept: Meaning, characteristics of human rights. Need, importance and
objectives of human rights.
Child Rights

205-257
2

UNIT-IV Knowledge and curriculum
1 Knowledge construction, Attaining knowledge through activities& experience.(Five ways
indigenous Knowledge could help enhance the curriculum 1 learning attitudes and values for a
sustainable future. 2 learning through culture 3 learning across generations 4 starting locally: from
Known to unknown 5 Learning outside the classroom)
2 Constructivist approach of Knowledge construction. (Introduction to Constructivist approach,
Constructivist view of learning , Curriculum transaction in Constructivist Paradigm, Constructivist
Curriculum, Constructivist Teaching, Role of teacher, Students Role , Class management & org and
Evaluation )
3 Data, Information, Knowledge and & Concept of Belief.
4 Knowledge and understanding,( Basic capabilities of children, Knowledge in practice, Forms of
understanding , Recreating Knowledge , Childrens Knowledge & Local knowledge, School knowledge
& curriculum )
5.Curriculum&Knowledge concept of
curriculum,Charactersticts,Objectives,Management,Planning,construction & Designing of curriculum.
Factors affecting curriculum Planning, Principles of curriculum Design, Role of teacher in curriculum
implementation and Curriculum Evaluation.

258-272
UNIT-V Development of Education in Himachal Pradesh
Chapter-1 Education in H P Introduction to state HP, Literacy Changes in State after independence
School education {Accessibility to schools, enrolment, retention , quality Education} Primary
Education in HP- Enrolment, Teachers, PTR, Schemes & achievements Secondary Education in HP-
Enrolment, Teacher, incentive, Teacher education.
Chapter-2- Education Indicators in HP Meaning of Indicators in Education (i). General
Indicators (GER, NER out of school children, retention, Dropout) (ii). Development of
Education (Enrolment, Community participation, Civil work, EGS/NRBC, KGBV) (iii) Quality
Indicators Student Achievements, Teacher requirement transition rate, teacher Training,
Classroom Transactions, Evaluation system Assessment of teacher performance, CAL, Lib, Science
lab, MIS. (iv).Financial Indicatorsa) State- National Share b) Relative Shore of education in Govt.
expenditure %. c) Relative share of Education in five years annual plans outlays etc.
Chapter-3- Public Report on Basic Education (PROBE REPORT) Introduction, why PROBE, The
core of universal Elementary Education, Literacy, Schooling & Education. The Schooling Revolution in
HP)
Chapter-4 Himachal Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Act 1997 & Rules 2000.
Chapter-5 Anti-ragging Act in HP
Chapter-6 HP Regulating commission Act for Education.

273-316

Sessional Work: The students may undertake any one of the following activities:
Readings of original texts of Rabindra Nath Tagore/M.K. Gandhi/Sri Aurobindo /John Dewey/ etc. and presentation on
linkage of various theoretical concepts with pedagogy and practices followed by group discussion.
Assignments based on self-study on identified themes such as policy perspectives and status of education of socio-
economically disadvantaged children of India/of a particular State, vision of school education in India, process of
socialization of the child, critical analysis of the ways in which schooling, teaching-learning and curriculum
contribute to social inequality, young children and social policy etc and presentation in a seminar.
Visit to a rural/tribal school, observation of activities and preparation of a reflective diary and interaction in a group.



3

mr (

irrr mr crr im ==
irrr mr s=r , m ia, srnmar sr= mr
irrr ina qn ==ro cr r m i=q srnm ( irrr r n im r or ina mr
o=ora r =arsr mr inmr= m=ar , s= ==ro mr = =m ia = sna m=nrar a=rr s== s
rr , mr r=r , r qn c ircmr r mr inmr= m=ar or s= s ina-n mr inmr= m= n
==ro mr r = =c= nr = =cc m=a ( =rrcr c irc = +rr irrr mr =-n m= r (
ini+r =rrc sro irrr m =r== = r inr m ini+r r r = ia m= = sr=
s +rn imr or =r im =rrc irrr m r = iez q nr s r r = +rr iez =a
( r mr=r im sro inn m =+rr c r s ri=mr mr irira m= mr r= m= = (
ivrrr mr s=r
irrr vr-c mr r s m s=rr = imr orar , =n =r= irrr m vrri-cm s=r mr =rc
m=r srnm ( irrr vr-c = =m a mr irr =rra = ii= a ( io=mr ar- ( r so
m=r s=r ra =r=rr( = =m ia mr =r irr " =rra = irrr vr-c +rr ii= a io=mr ar-
=r=rr r ar ( sn irrr vr-c =r=r cr r m = na s=r = na r ar ( = mr=
irrr mr ar- im=r irrr= ==rr = s=rr a = = r ra m=m ri=im =ri=m a=rr
s ai ia vrinar mr = ir ioa =r = inmr= m=r (
irrr mr sr = +rrrrr = qo m r ma ( irrr vrri=r mr mr =a im qo m r
vr-c mr -ia =i c +rrrrr m ar vr-cr =
qz m c= irira m=r
qz =r= inmi=a m=r s=rnr imr=r
qz m = sr na rr, nr= imr=r s=rnr
inmi=a m=r (
s= =mn onc vr-c mr sr= =rc imr or ar = mr s=r sc= = sr= z mr
,nnn mr s=r sr narr s=rr a sc= = inmr= m=r ( sn scar im sc= =
inmr= mr nr s=r (n m sc= m e o=ora n iar r ar sr= n iar mr inmr= n
m nr=r nrarn=r m ==m = sr m mr=r rar =ar ( =m siai=na s cr r vr-cr
=mn a= a=rr =mn=a= mr s=r +rr r ( =mn a= mr s=r imr=r sr= =mna= mr
s=r sr narr, nr= imr=r sr= inmi=a m=r ( = mr= irrr mr vrri-cm s=r o=ora
vrinar mr =nr rr inmr= (
s=r na inn r r =rc m=ar im irrr mr vrri-cm s=r , irrr mr qm inmr= =
==ni=ra im r =rar ( = inmr= mr ia sr = m ia mr == m i=q irrr =r= r mr
r r r sia srnm ( irrr mr s=r =i=arm mr = r = nrr im n =- mr =rr o
m= =m a=rr sr nra q s=mr na m= =m (
i=i=i=ra inar = = =r a= mr c irc = ==ra q irrr m ini+r s=rr = mrr
zr= =


irrr mr = m ia s=r
= m ia s=r = ivrrr mr s=r =r=r vrinar m inmr= a=rr = =rr= m i=q ar n m
im im=r +rr r= = ( = m ia =r = =m =r irrr mr r irrr ma ( = =r =
n=m n qm n iia r or m s=r= nr=m m =r= qm inr rr mr= m iia nrarn=r
mr =a a m=m qm iia r mr iia ini=r m r=r iia mr= = ==ra m= mr r=
m=ar io== s=mr =ri=m inmr= r or ( irrr m = s=r = irrm mr ==rr = = r ar
4

a=rr nr=m mr ==rr r r r ar ( irrm = srrr mr orar im n nr=m mr =ri=m
c irc = inmi=a m= m i=q si=rm = si=rm r c ( =r c mr nra im or = =r =
=m =r irrr m m e cr rr nr sr ior =-n +rr ( qm i mr io== a=rr io=m
r=r nr=m m r i= a=rr nr= mr qm invr rr =r = ar=r orar (
irrr mr rm s=r
rm s=rr = irrr qm q =r imr or orn r a =ar =ar a=rr orn m
- m s +rn = s== n i r ar ( rm c irc = irrr mr s=r -rr=m m s =+rr s +rnr =
iomr +rrn s=m == o= = = m= =- am zar s=rr a irrr n siia nrarn=r
io== =a q -rr=m sr m ia m s=r= =naar n m ini+r mr= m s +rn ra m=ar
a=rr inmi=a r ar ( c== vrcr = q=r irrr im=r inr rr ina == ==rr s=rnr c r am r
=ri=a r =ar sia io inar m ==m = srm= -rr=m or m e +rr =r=rar n =n
s=m ivrrm io n i==rrar n =-r s=m ivrr a=rr io= ==rr = =r=r s=rnr i==rr
mr mr =ar n =m = ( =r = irrr -rr=m m rm iam inmr= mr im r (
q=umu=rr =rr irrr m rm s=r mr sr= si=rm =rc m=a m q mr im irrr mr s=r =
-rr=m s=rnr = r = sr-=r vr=r= sr = n i m =nr rr sr = =n= se inmr= = ==ar (
s a = mr or =mar im irrr m rm s=r = n =+rr +rrn sr ora or ina mr o=
= = m= =- am +rrina m=a (
s na inar = = irrr m vrri-cm s=rr = mrr zr=r ( s-r = ivrr m s=rr =
mrr zr=r ( sn = irrr m s=rr mr sr= si=rm =rc m= m i= =m s=r ==-r=rr ini+r
a-nr = i=i=i=ra inar = mrr zr= =
( irrr mr s=r m n= =m= = ic or nr= r am r =ri=a r = irrr m = m ia s=r
mr =rc m=a q = nra = mrr zr=r im irrr mr m n= =m = mr =r=rsr am r r nr =rr
or =mar( sia ar o= = = m= = - am =ar r =ar ( c== r-cr = - m ina
s orn mr ==nr rr = im=r im=r = =c n m e m e =r=rar r =ar (
, irrr mr s=r nr=m mr o=ora rinar m inmr= m =r = irrr m rri-cm s=r mr =rc
m=a q = = nra mr nar m im irrr mr s=r nr=m mr o=ora rinar mr =nr rr
inmr= m=r r mr n= n m c =r r( qiz= mr =a irrr m r=r =rn m sa= =
iia s =+rr vrin-rr a=rr rr mr iccr r ar iomr irrr mr =rar m inr sc= =
nr= imr=r iara s==+rn (
sirrr qm iarr= imr irrr m r=r r = r sr =+rarsr qn = =m ia mr =rar=
inmr= m=ar =ar ( irrr qm i==r= r sia qm iarr= im r or n mr =c n ==
a=rr i=i==ria m s =r= ia mr sr = s== m=ar =ar ( m e innrr irrr mr qm
=inr= a=rr =r cc imr mr = r +rr cr ( =mr qm=r mr=r im irrr mr mr
mr scc sn r ar io=mr ra m= m i=q ina =r inr= m= im rrr= r ar (
= irrrqm i= =rr imr m =r =
irrr qm i= =rr im r io== qm in-n c == in-n mr +rrina m=ar
io== s=m nr= = i=na r or (
qm = a imr r r ni=m =r c s=rnr inr= r imr +rr ( ==
irrm mr qm =rc ro r ar (
irrr qm i= =rr im r m =r = irrr qm q =r imr io== ar = =r s =i==i=a
r a irrm, er, sr = rcm = r ar s r mr r==i=m im rsr = r irrr iia (
irrr an am == r r =mar on am irrm a=rr inor=rr m =r=r=r=r =r=riom nrarn=r
mr +rr sia ==rr icr or(

5

irrr mr nr=ainm s=r
irrr m nr=ainm s=r m s =r= nr=m m =n+rrinm inmr= = n= icr orar ( ic
irrr m rm s=r mr =nrmr= m= i=r or ar nr=m mr =r=riom a=rr s=ri-=m inmr= r r
s==+rn r ar mic sn r orr( =i=q irrr m = m ia a=rr rm cr r s=rr = mi=r
( irrr mr nr=ainm s=r or m i=q cr r r s=rr mr ==n m=r srnm ( = mr= m
==n = irrr qm q =r im r n orar or nr=m mr =ir r=arsr sr= r =arsr mr a=rr
=r=riom src rr mr =r = ==ra q s=mr nr im, =r=riom, =r=m iam a=rr sr=ri-=m inmr=
m=ar (
irrr mr i=+rrrrrq
+rr=ar irrrvrri=r m s=r=
nc m s =r=, irrr =r mr sr-=innr=r a=rr =nr=r r nrar (
sirrc m s =r=, irrr mr sia= = inr r (
mr ic= m s =r=,irrr mr s=r c r m i= irrr a=rr =rrc m i= r=(
=nr=r inn mrc m m=rrr =r=, =r = = inor=r sr=ri-=m a-n mr r ar
r irrr (
=rmin =nrc r=r c r= m s =r=, irrr = r m orn mr ===a inn m =r=r
==n =r ==rria m=ar
zr orim= = irrr mr == r orn mr mr =rr ( n o= = = m= = -
am or=r =ar
~r s=incr , sa=i ia =r ia mr s=i-=r m i= irrr inmr=rr= sr-=r mr
=rrcrir vrina (
=r-=r r=rr irrr mr i=+rrrrr = mr= cr , irrr = ==r si+r r nr=m
sr = =r m vr=r=, = a=rr s=mr sr-=r m =nr -= rr mr na m=r (
irrr mr rr- =rr=rr
( = cr crm == = = =r a=rr c =r mr s +rn m= mr r ar ( er mr sr-=r sr =
vr=r= = s= ===a =r c a=rr r ar mr inmr= ioar s== =r== (
, s==a irrr mr srr =n==r = = =n==r vr=r= mr ==rrr = (
s =cr=r orirrr =rn mr o=ora vrinar mr rm iam,=ni==ra a=rr iarr=
inmr= (
= qz=qm = a a=rr = inri=a imr io== qm ina-n c== ina-n = qmc == mr
r = == rrr a=rr nr= mr r= r=r +rrina m= mr - m=a (
irrr ina-n mr r inmr= io=m r=r sr =nr -r= =r== m s=r= n
=rnr orn m ia =r i=m rcr m=ar (
c z nr irrr = mr= mr im r io== s +rnr m =aa i =rr = orn ara
r ar ( ina = s =+rr vrinar m inmr= mr m=r iom r=r n s
nrarn=r = ir ra m= =m a=rr s sa=cri-n i+rr =m (
=nc irrr se iam i= mr inmr= (
s = =r c irrr inmr= mr qm imr r rn = raar am( q =r im r io=m r=r n
=rr= =rr= s ini+r = m vrr=ri=m,=r=riom a=rr sr=ri-=m nrarn=r m s =r=
ar=ar (
s=r na inn rsr m sr=rr= = =rc r orar im irrr qm =r r, a s=rnr,
=r nrim, =r=riom,n rim qn crr im nrarn=r ==n=rr imr io=m r=r ina m
ina-n ==n=rr =+rr sr mr inmr= = mr= r r riq im n i=na in=r=rr a=rr =r-=m
=r=rr m r=r src qn = =r= orn ara m= =m (
6


= =r c irrr mr i=+rrirra m=a q mr im irrr s= inmr= mr r= io==
=rn s mr srnmar s=r= +rr iam,=r=riom a=rr sr=ri-=m nra=n=r m s m = nr =ar
(
irrr mr sr=r im =rr=rr
na =r = irrr mr =rr=rr = m =-n r i=na c =r mr i==a ( =rrc r rcr
,uu = irrr mr srn=rr=rr = m nc=rn c =r mr i==a ( =r sr=rr= = irrr mr sr= rim
=rr=rr = sro irrr mr inmr= mr im r =rr orar sr= = qm s rr= m =r = i=r
orar im m n= = r r ic r( rr =rr=rr m s =r= irrr m n= rro mr =r=r =rr,
=a na =r = irrr ina-n mr inmr=, =r=riom m r=ar qn r mr i=rr mr im r =rr
orar (
na =r = nr=m ica, imrm ic a, =r= ini=r sr = m=m =r=r mr imr = irrr si=rm
n= c ar ( irrr im r irrm m ic a r m= nr=m ica r ( irrr im r = =rrr rr=r
= +rr mrr i=na c =r mr i==a ( = =r m im r o= =aa == = =r m io=m sa a
n m ina-n m =+rr rr mr = = m, =rr-=m sr = == rr-=m rr mr = =r m imr
orar , arim n mr =nrrr inmr= r =m ( irrm mr +r i=mr = +rr si=rm i=na c =r mr
i==a o = na =r = irrm mr +r i=mr i= crr im anrr =r cr m m =r = c =r mr
i==ar ( n mr + ri=mr mrr mr = si=rm =im =ar (
ivrrr mr srnvmar
ivrrr mr im r s= == vr = r orar on nr o= m nrc s nrarn=r m
==m = srar ( = sn==rr = -r mr se , n = ,=r , mr r r r rar , = im
o = =r= n nzr r ar orar s=mr ==m i=nr= n ==ro m s =c=r = r ar , a+rr =
n m == =r=riom i=i==riar mr +rrn zr vr = r orar ( qm a= = = m =ma
im n mr ivrrr mr sr ri=m im r vr = r orar ( n m =ri=m c=r =, s=m vrr=ri=m
inmr= = sr= ==riom inmr= = +rrn zar =ar ( nrarn=r = mr= n m ina-n sr =
s=m == r inmr= mr imr mr +rrina m=r sr==+r m= c ar im nr ini+r mr= mr
i=i==riar = =m= n i sr= inmr= mr sn==rr = = o=ar sr, s =r=riom cri-nr mr
inr m=r sr==+r m=ar =ar ( ivrrr n mr =r= r rrr, =rariar mr +rr ia m=a ( s=
nrarn=r, ==ro n i=nr= = =r =o= ==rria m= m r = nrar ( n s orn inr m
r = +rr ivrrr m r=r r nar (
ivrrr m r=r r ==ro mr inmr= = iivra rar ( =rrc = se , =r = sr = m= c
ri=mr mr inmr= ivrrr m r=r r ==+rn ( ivrrr orar im = =r mr == sr= smr
s m=r n i=rr m= m r = nrar ( =r=riom i=na =r = irrr mr +r i=mr =-n r
r ar ( irrr r n mr sr = =m ia m =ar a=r sr = s=m ===r m= m r = nrar ,
sr = s=m c = c r = a=rr -r mr +rrnr =ni=a m=ar ( ivrrr m r=r r ri=m s
si=rmr=r sr = ma r mr +ri= +rr ia == m r = na ( sa s=r na inn r m sr=rr=
=rc im irrr ina sr = ==ro cr r m inmr= m i=q sia srnm (
irrr mr =-n
irrr =rn orn mr sr=rr=rr=r ( irrr m inr =r rr a = ( irrr = r mr
o=ora vrinar mr inmr= m=ar io== s=m r sr= mr r= = n i r ar sr= s=m
nr= = nrer i=na c =r mr i==a ( r r irrr ina = ri=im a=rr iam rr
qn =r=riom +rrnrsr mr inmi=a m=m s= ra orn m i=q = mr= ar= m=ar im n
sr = =m ia sr= =+ar mr == rr m=a q sa= ri=m m = = =r=riom = =rr= m=m =rrc r
==rr m i= s rrr mr sr ia c = aim +rr r iimrar ( = r = irrr =rnr
7

orn = nina mr or qm sr = nrarn=r ==ro = s m = m= a=rr s== srnnar s =r=
i=na m=a q +rr iam ==ar mr ra m=m i=nr, n i=r,nr= a=rr =r=r, sa= ri=m
m =r = sr-=i+r= nrm= =nr rr inmr= m=ar , nr c ==r sr = irrr =rrc r orn = ina
m sc=, =rrc r qmar, +rrnr-=m qmar, =r=riom m r=ar a=rr =rrc r s rr= sric +rrnrsr
mr inmi=a m=m s= = r = nr c ar im n =r=riom ma r mr =r m=a =rrc ia mr
r=ri=mar c m i= sr a r a r orar (
sa = mr or =mar im irrr mr ==+r a mr =rnr orn mr nrarn=r m
s m = nrr ( irrr m r=r r =nr rr inmr= = +rn , io=m r=r ina ==ro sr = =rrc m
ia s ma r mr inrr m= rar ( s orn mr == sr= = =r=r nr r = =r=
r rar ( = mr= irrr =rnr sr= =rrc r orn = a mr m=ar io== ina a=rr ==ro
=rar= sia m=ar =ar (
irrr m sc
sc mr s=r sc im=r +rr im r mr r m= m i=q icrr cr m=a sr = = s=
im r mr =r m= m i=q = rr =r a r a (
im r sr= sc m nr = =r ==n=r r ar ( sc qm ar n m imq r= ,
io im=r im r m= = n mr mar s =r= ==rar ( mrc = nru z sc mr s=r =rc
m=a q i==rr
sc n i=rr i=a =r= r ar , or im=r mr r im r mr =r cr
m=ar (
=r=rar sc sr= r sc mr qm r s=r =rr orar ( onim m nr=ainm s=r
= m e ini+rarq =ar = sa= = s=r inar = c =
sc v (Aims) r sc (Objectives)
sc v mr mr r mrr in=a a sr= rm
r ar (
= mr= m sc r mr mr r =ri=a
r ar (
sc v mr r =r = ra m= rr = +rn
r r rar( mr ria m i=q m nrrr
am == sni=r si=rm =ar (
mr ria = +rn r ar nr im sr=
r nri=m i=i==riar mr =r = ==rm=
nrr orar ( mr ria m i=q ==
i=rr =r imr orar sr = iia sni=r =
=r m= mr r= imr orar (
== r rr=r io== ina,==ro sr= =rrc
i==riar sra sc mr ria m i=q
s-rcrr r a (
o = mr s=r = =rc r sc mr
ria m i=q er crer cr vrr=rrsr = mr
imr orar sr= ina inr rr sr = =r=
ni==ria ar m sa=cri-n i=rr i=a im
ora (

se sc mr inr rrarq
se sc orn mr nr=ainm i=i==riar = ==ni=ra r a (
se sc r = =r=r r ar ( orn mr i=i==riar =rar= nc=ar =ar sr=
r iar mr ==ar n m =r=rr m= m i=q sc r = =r=r rr sia
srnm (
se sc r = ini+r iaini=rr mr ==rn r r ar ( n =r=r ==+r a
srnmarsr = ==ni=ra r a sr = =r= orn cr mr =rar= = rr sr=
==rrr-n cr m=a (
irrr sc r mr =-n sr = srnmar
q=rn=rrizr sr =rz= qo m r m s=r= irrr qm sc r imr sr= inr
sc m = imr m nr= = =r r +rr r or =mar( orn m - m imrm=r = ==ar a
iia sr = =rc sc r mr rr sia srnm (
8

qm irrrrr=r inr sc r m s= rinm mr +rr ia io= imr= mr ar r r , im im=
sr = orr ( = si+r r = =rc im io= irrr n==rr m sc =rc sr= iia r r a
, s== q iem i=rr= m+rr r sr =ma ( sc , irrrir omr mr c=c irc cr m=a io=m
r=r n irrr mr a rr im r sr= i=rr= or m a=rm nr = == r a ( sc r m r=r
r n irrr mr =n=r sr = srmr= cr m= ra (
ivrrr sc r mr srnmar =rar= irrrrr=rr m i=q =ar nr im sc r =r=
r=r mr =r icrr cr m=a arim = nr er i=rr=r am =m ( irrr sc =r=r
sor , == sr= vr irm s mr =r ma ( =r= r orsr sr= r=r mr =r s=r sc r m r=r
r ra r ar ( sc r m r=r r = sr irrr s=i-=r mr = =r m m= ra ( sc =
n i r mr m= m = rr cr m=a ( sc r n sr or= sr = =rm iom r=r = sr
==ar sr= s==ar mr =r m=a (
irrr sc r m r=r r irrrrr=r ==mr=r irrr mr crr mr = =r m m= ra ( irrr
=r= r, irrrini=rr , irrr imr, =amr= rcm = sr = rc=r=r im r mr sr =
i=na r mr sc r irrr cr m=a (
irrr sc r mr +rrina m= nr= mr=m
( =ro iam inr==rr=r im=r +rr =rrc r =r= mr irrr n==rr nr mr rm =ron==rr
sr = =ro iam n==rr mr iain ina m=ar o= orari irrr n==rr, m= i=c (
, =r=riom sr = sri=r m inr==rr=r irrr m sc =r=riom sr = sri=r m ===rsr =
+rrina r a ( =rrc m =rr mr sri=r m i==riar sr= smr =r=riom =a=, = = n
s n==rq irrr m =r=a = m =mrnc cr m=ar (
s crr im sr = =r n rim inr==rr=rirrr sc r mr i=r r i=a orn cr m s=r=
r ar ( ini+r cr r m s =r= irrr sc +rr ini+r mr= m r a ( =r n rim inr==rr=r
irrr sc m i=rr = sr =-n r rcr c ar ( ini+r mr= m n s= n inam
ini+rarsr m s=r= irrr n==rrq m=r zar (
sa = =rc im irrr sc r mr i=r r i=a ==riom n==rrsr sr = i=i==riar
m s =r= imr orar ( sn =r- m=r srnm im irrr sc r = ini+rar nr r ar
s=rr a nr ini+r mr= m irrr sc nr er =mr =rcrm=r srr=r inar = c =r mr
i==r(
irrr m ini+r =a= o = r=ri=m, =r=i=m,s irrr, mr= o sr= inninor=r irrr(
=+rr =a=r = irrr m sc +rr ini+r i+r r a (
ini+r mr= mr irrr o = amrim irr,rn=rim irrr a=rr =r=r irrr, =+rr m
i=q inr rr irrr sc r mr m s =r i=r r rr riq(
ini+r mr= m orn cr a=rr = r nr= mr inr rrarsr sr = inin=rarsr m s =r
irrr sc r = =n= r i=na sr ora (
sa ini+r =a=r , mr=r sr = ini+rarsr m s =r r irrr sc r = ini+rar srr
=nr+rrinm (
sr=r im ==ro = irrr m sc

irrr sc r mr i=r r ==ro sr = =rrc mr srm rrrsr sr= srnmarsr m s =r r r
sinr , sr= ic q=r r r ar ar irrr mr =a= =rar= i= r ar orar ( +rr=ar ==ro
= =naar m rra =rar= irrr m sc = m i=na c =r mr i==a ( m i=q +rr=a
==mr= ini+r srr r sr = ==riar mr c imr sr= = =c+r = m mr m = =r (
sc r mr == r r mr=r mr inn r m= = = = iia m=r sia srnm r orar
im c r r =rrc m =r= nr nr ===rq sr = rir ( mr ar =rr srnm ( s=m
9

nrc r +rr=ar irrr m sc r mr i=r r n r ==+rn r =mar ( na =r = +rr=ar ==ro
= m e ===rq = mr=
n =ror=r mr ===r
i=r ar
s-rc mr r==i=m ini=rr
iamar mr s+rrn
+r rcrr=
i=r mr c crr
=ro iam a
inori=r r = naar s rr=rar
irrr m =rn +rr i=m=r mr ===rq
rnar mr s+rrn
na =r = +rr +rr=ar irrr n==rr m r iar sr= ===r mr =r=r m= =r , i=
+rr +rr=ar irrr n==rr m inmr= sr= srr= ==rria im io=m m scr=r
na =r irrr n==rr = c =r mr i==a ( +rr=a = =na ar ria m rra m e = =r
srrr sr = m= icr a=rr =i=iar r=r irrr m ==n=r = ii=i=ra sc i=rr i=a im

inninor= irrr srr ((e=s) s=r =r=rrm rr orarim c r m inmr= = ==ni=ra
a-nr mr sr= inr= imr r ora mr orn =n =r=r n=rim a=rr orinmr ro
==n=rr irrr m s =a= = i+r = r ar ( q =r i==ria = inninor=r mr ma irrr
mr r=, nr r mr ria mr srmr rr = n i, sr = ina sr= ==ro mr srnnarsr
mr ia m i=q n=rim irrr mr n==rr r r riq(
=r=i=m irrr srr r=r irrr m sc i=i=i=ra
orarim ri=mar mr inmr==rc i a, =rc nr=r, == cr = = mr m=r,
c r +rina sr = inn ri=mar mr inmr= =i==i=a (
n=rim m r=ar mr inmr=mr m ia r c ircmrr a=rr amrmr m r=ar
=i==i=a (
inaa inmr==m s a a =r-=m vrina mr inmr=, sa= =r cr m=r a=rr
m=rir= -ric mr =-n cr m=r(
a n m rr mr inmr=
mr cr=r sr m s =r= irrr m sc
s-rc = n i m=r=m sa a inr irrr mr r -=r c r, mrr +rn a=rr
=r=i=m irrr mr n=rim=r -ric sra (
=r=riom qn =rrc r qmar mr inmr==r=r irrr rr=r, =r=riom a=rr =rrc r
= nr, +rrrrr ria mr inmr= a=rr =rrc r ar mr inmr= m=r vrri== (
oa mr =ca nrr
c r mr sr=r imrm=r m=r
=r=riom iam a=rr sr=ri-=m = =r mr inmr= m=r( irrr mr sr si=-r-n r ar
( r n irrr mr mr +rr =r r ( irrr = ini+r sc r , a-nr , r=r m r=r
==ror rr nm= =rrc ria mr mr m=ar ( +rr=a = mr cr=r irrr srr =
= m= =+rr =rrc r irrr riar a=rr sn am irrr m sc r = m i=na c =r
10

mr i==a ( +rr=a o = =rrc = irrr m r=r r orar im ar, nrim =rr o
sr = crr im =irr ar mr i=r r imr orr riq(

s=r na inn r m sr=rr= = = m =ma im irrr n or +r a, +rinr qn na=r
arr mr=r = =r==r= ==rria m=ar ( =r mr=r irrr m sc r = i=na r a =a ( =r
sr=rr= = = m =ma im irrr sc r m +rr ini+r =n=r r a ( =r c ar = = = irrr m
=+rr sc r mr r= = = +rrr = nr c =ma
( irrr m inirrc sc
, =rn +rr i=m sc
s n inam sc
= =r=riom sc
sr sn sc r mr == mr r= m=a
( irrr m inirrc sc = mr= m sc r mr r , =n=r sr = m ia =ri=a r ar
( mr i=r r inr rr i===rria sr = mr=rr mr =r = ==r m= imr orar ( r mr=r im
= mr= m sc r = =r=r r ar a=rr c r mr= sr = i===rrar m s =r nc=a =a (
, =rn +rr i=m sc = mr= m sc =ra iia -r=rr si=na rr= r a (
=rn +rr i=m sc = si+r r ina = srnm =+rr rr mr inmr= m=r ( = inn m =+rr
irrrrri=sr sc m =-n mr =nrmr= imr ( =-, =, s i=r inan mr ===a
inmr= -ric =rn +rr i=m sc r a (
s n inam sc m e cr rr=r =r mr ==ro = nzr =ra ( sa ina mr
== r inmr= m= = si=rm n= c a ( sa irrr mr q= r= m= riq arim n mr =r=r
o=ora vrinar sr = rarsr mr inmr= m= (
= =r=riom sc ==rorri=r mr =a inanrcrr m =a = in=m = i+r ( n
=ra im ==ro ina = nzr ( = r qm =r=riom rrr ( =i=q n ==ro = s= =m=
sr inmr= r m= =mar( sa irrr mr cri-n nar im n ==ro m src rr sr =
srnmarsr m s =r ina mr inmr= m= (
=r sr=rr= = na=r = +rr=ar irrr m sc r a=rr =+rr n==rrsr mr rr = ==r m=
nrrm=r =r = inr rr n= c mr srnnar ( = icrr = m r= im or = ( +rr=a
= mrcr=r irrr srr = = m= =+rr =rrc r irrr riar = irrr m sc r = m i=na c =r
mr i==a ( na =r ==ro = irrr m rnri=m r mr si=rm =-n icr or =r ( sa =+rr
sc r = ==n ==rria m= = si=rm n= c mr srnmar ( =+rr sc r mr = =rr m=
or sc ra r s irrr m sc nrr or(
sr=r im +rr=a = irrr m sc
s m nrrr = =na ar m i=q = rrrr =a +rr=anri=r mr on =na ar ra an s rr
+rr=ar =roriar m =r= +rr=a mr m ===rsr m ==r=rr mr r ar =r= sr ( s
=-n r ===rsr = qm c r mr irrr ===r =rr a=rr =n= = = irrr m sz r mr = m=
=rr(
i+ri+r == = irrr m sc i=nia a r a q( =n =r= (e=s . = zr . =r=rrm rr mr
s=rar = +rr=ar inninor= srr mr c imr r( (e, = zr . =cri== mr
s=rar = =na +rr=a m c== srr =r=i=m irrr srr mr ==rrr mr (
11

=na ar m == +rr=a mr i==ria a=rr na =r == = +rr=a mr i==ria m s =r= irrr mr sc
=r=riom, sri=r m, =roriam a=rr =r =m iam srnmarsr m s =r r r riq( sa sr=r im
+rr=a = irrr m i=i=i=ra sc r riq
(. =r=riom a=rr =rrc r = csr=r im +rr=ar =c m i=r r qn sia m i=q
=r=riom qn =rrc r =c sia srnm ( == na a q =r=riom inrrc m
rmr=r-=m = m ar mr =r=r imr or =mr( c r m =+rr inor= inr im=r +r c m
=+rr m i=q =r = r a=rr irrr m r=r i+ri+r =r=riom nr sr = == r mr
=ica m= ==rar m sr=rr= = ii= a ==ro mr ==rrr mr orq(
,. ,. =r ma r-=m ri=mar mr inmr=+rr=a o= =r mar im c r = ~ rc ri=m =
nr im, =r=riom qn iam rr mr inmr= ==rnm ( s== ===a =r=riom,
sri=r m a=rr =ro iam ===rsr = =na ar n m inr= m= mr vrina r r riq(
=m i=q =rc inr= m= mr r=ar qn nr inr=r mr r m= mr r =ar mr
inmr= m=r ( irrr r=r sro s rr=, =r, =r=riom +rrnr, =irr ar m r
- m ri=m = s- m=r n a srnm (
s. s. a-n mr inmr= m=r+rr=a c r = ora mr ==ar m i=q srnm
im err mr a-n mr irrr cr mr orq( inor=r mr s=r=cri-n s inar mr
irira m=r or s == cr m er c er c ==r s=rnr ==rrr = =r=riom,
=ro iam, sror im s=rnr =r =m iam r r = a -n mr s=r=cri-n = m r = n
=m (
=. =r=riom qn =rrc r = nrsro mr irrr n==rr irira qn sirira a=rr n iornr qn
~=ornr n m nr =rr cr m= m i=q s=r=crr ( =i=q =r=riom qn =rrc r = nr mr irrr
mr si+r s nrm= = =+rr err m i=q sinr nr mr o==a ( ==ro = nr mr
mr u= i=i=r r m= , ~= mr r=n ==rria m= qn =r=riom s=r=cri-n mr +rrnr cr
m= mr +rr ~ =m= =r=r r =mar (
. orar im = =r mr inmr=orar im = =r mr i=r r m= m i=q nrim c ircmr r,
=rr=ar mr +rrnr a=rr c ==r = =m iar m ia src= +rrn s- m=r o==r ( +rr=a = =r= ,
+rrrrr, oria sric m sr=rr= = n a si=rm s a= rr orar = a = inin=rar r i==ria = r
ora = s=r = = = =mar ( sa = c r = ora ==ro m i=rr qn =rr m i=q
- m=r o==r (
c. s a=r rc r == mr irrr= s =rrc m =r=r=r=r inn m s =rrc r inr rrm=
z r=r c rr m nr= = =r=r ormr=r sn r r riq( =rrc r = m =r=r=r=r innn =r -n mr
+rrnr mr inmr= sr=r im +rr=ar irrr mr qm = =r sz or = rr = +rr=a mr = = = =r
(
. vrr=ri=m inmr==r ma m i=q =n==r ri=mr mr r r s=mr =r srnmar (
=r =a, in= sr = srna ina =rrc m i=q im=r mr= +rr srr i= r r =ma ( +rr=ar
ri=m c== c rr m inri=r mr srr s=sr sr= smr vrr=ri=m s srnm orn vrina
a=rr = ia cr r m= rar( inor=r = vrr=ri=m irrr mr iia mr u= r r srnm (

12

s. =ri=m inmr=r m =-n mr c =ra q sr=r im +rr=ar ==ro = srnmar =
nra mr im inori=r r m =ri=m iriao mr si=rmri=rm in=a a imr orq( =ri=m inmr= m
i=q == ia nrarn=r, r ircm +rr o sr= =r nrim ic r srnm rr(
e. rri=im inmr=c r = i= mr = mc =n= nz r = mc ( = ina sr =nr=r i=i
m i=q = mr= m mr =a a = m= =r ( ic =rcr=r, ma +rrnr, r, =-r=r
sric mr =-n r icr orqr ar ina m =r=r r c r mr +rr =r=ra= = or = mr =r m r
rqr( irrr =rn m i=im inmr= = or= c ar (
(u iam, =r =m iam qn sr=ri-=m, = =r mr ==rrr==ro = iam, =r =m iam qn
sr=ri-=m, = =r mr mr =-n r ( na =r ==ro = =r=riom s=r=cri-n mr +rrnr qn
iam, =r =m iam qn sr=ri-=m = =r mr s +r ia mr ca m= mr srnmar = = si=rm
=i=q ==mr=r sr= = ==mr=r =a= = iam, =r =m iam qn sr=ri-=m, = =r mr irrr c m
i=q +rrnrr=r mc= scrq orq (
((. oar mr srmr rrsr , srnmarsr sr = orn = ni=ra irrr na =r irrr orn =
= ni=ra r ( =mr = n =r c r mr m irr, sor =r=rr , ==, rr=, = =m ia, =r= , i=,
n=r sric = r r riq( or irrr inori=r r = cr orq n s=m orn m i=q sr r r r
riq(
(,. irrr mr rn=rrm=rsr=r im +rr=a = irrr mr ca rn=rim sr=rr= cr m=
mr srnmar io== - m ina sr =i qn r =ar m s =r n=r ra m= =m (
irrr mr =rim =n=r q=r r r riq or ina mr =na =r = n=r = =r =m ( err
= ~= m ia nr c ircmr r cr m=r srnm io== n =+rr mr= m mrr mr =rar
=n=mr= m= ( irrr = s-rc mr qn ir= m r = =-n icr orr riq( mr s +rn mr
=r=r s=rnr rn=rim =+rr mr= mr irrr mr si+r+rr= s nrr srnm (
(s. n rim qn amrmr irrr mr inmr=inr qn amrmr = =r = n =r ===
i+r =ar , sr=r im +rr=ar irrr = inr a=rr amrim r mr =-n r ==rr cr srnm
a+rr = inn = s c rr = ==mr =rz r =ma (
irrr m mr
=+rr irrrincr , inr=mr irrrriar a=rr irrr srrr m r=r = rq irrr m sc r
m sr=rr= = irrr m mrr mr i=rr =r imr or =mar ( =r c ar = = irrr m mrr mr in+rro
cr sr=rr=r = imr or =mar
( ina m ia irrr m mr
, ==ro m ia irrr m mr


ina m ia irrr m mr

nr i=rm sr = =ri=m inmr= m=r irrr mr =n= =-n r mr n mr =r=riom =a=
= sr nr=r ini+r mr= mr r iar mr =r=r m= m r = nrr ( irrr mr
mr ina mr =+ nrr (
vrr=ri=m sr = ri=im inmr= m=r irrr mr = =r mr n m i= mr inmr= m=r
( =n==r a = =n==r = mr mrna sia =r mi ( na =r = irrr mr = =r sc
vrr=ri=m irrr sr = = = irrr m ia inor=rr r mr =n crr= nr mr icrr = (
13

si+r=ir mr inmr= m=r irrr mr qm s mr n mr si+r=ir mr inmr=
m=r arim n s orn mr = =r= sr= sr c= nr =m (
+rrnr orn m i=q a r= m=r irrr m n= na =r orn m i=q ar= m=ar ni=m
+rrnr orn = r nr=r srnnarsr mr =r m= m r = nr mr r= +rr m=ar (
+rinr = sr nr=r r iar mr =r=r m= m i=q s= r sr= m=r mr r=r =
i=r m=ar (
n=rim m r=ar sr = +rr iam ==ar cr m=r =r=r irrr ina mr =r=r=iom
sa=cri-nr mr i+rr mr r =ar cr m=ar , onim inirrc irrr rn=rim mr r=
cr m=ar sr = == ina sr =r or= ra m=a q +rr iam sr= sri=r m ==ar
m =r = = m r = nar ( sr=r im = srmrrrsr sr= ersr mr ar
nr = nr=r im ==ro mr - m i=nr= nr mr ser = ser irrr c m= +rr iam
==ar ra m=r ra (
nrarn=r r= ir sr = s m = m= m r = nrar zrin m s=r= or
rrr nrarn=r m =r=r s m = r m= ra smr si=an ==ra r orar ( irrr
nrarn=r m =r=r s m = m= = =rar m=ar ( ina m n= irrr m r=r nrarn=r
m =r=r s m= r r =r=rar ni=m in=ra i===rriar = i r m= = +rr =r=
r orar (

irrr m =r=riom mr
ri=mar sr = a-n mr inmr= sro mr nr m= mr ri=m sr = ar ( irrr mr
mr ri=mar m rr mr inmr= m=m rar mr a-n mr irrr c r, arim c r mr
se ar i== =m sr = s= s mar sr= si=rmr=r m ia =mr=r-=m =r mr
inmr= r =m(
=rrc mr sri= rm sia irrr mr qm =-n r mr ==ro sr = =rrc mr sri=r m c irc =
== nrr ( inn m s m inmi=a =rrc r = =- mr rr sr= irrr =
si=rm = si=rm noc iro mr rn=rr m=a ( sa=rrc r vr irm inmr= i=r c = =rc
imr im =r nr= =rnar m iar= = =r nr= inn rr =a= = irrr mr
inmr= sri=r m inmr= = = r =r (
irrr m r= ~i=mr mr sr i a m=ar ==ro inmr= mr im r io= ia m =r=r na
=r =r mr=r amrmr irrr ra mr=r=r sr= ~i=mr mr srnnar na =r (
mr irrr m r=r r ==+rn (
irrr orarim a=rr = r=n iam inmr= m=ar irrr mr =-n r mr = =n ia mr
=ar a=r m=r sr= s=mr ==rr m=m sr nr=r rar am rr ( im=r +rr c r =
ora mr ==ar m i=q s=m ri=mr mr irira r r siasrnm (
ie= s= = irrr m == -, irrr mr =-n a=rr srnnar m r = = irrr m
mrr mr inn r m= = == r r ( irrr m sc r m i=r r = +rr irrr im r mr
s= srnm r orar ( sn = s= m e rcr = irrr m mr=r mr a=rr irrr m =r=rr
mr s= m= (
irrr m mr=
irrr m mr= inrr = rr qm am mr inrr =r ( = irrr mr cr mr=r =
in+rna m=a =r ( ima na =r == = irrr m == ar mr= narq ora s=rr a o = o =
= r orn mr oic=ar sr =r, irrr +rr =r=riom i=na m s =r s srmr= = =r a=r
14

m= =r ( an = sr ri=m irrr si=a-n = sr a=rr na =r = =mr +rr sr qm s=
=-n ( = mr= ar mr= mr irrrsr mr srsr =-n r ==rr (
(. sr ri=m irrr
,. sr ri=m irrr
s. i=r ri=m irrr
(.sr ri=m irrr sr ri=m irrr im=r sc m i=q =r ==m= srr ioa mr or nr=r (
== -r =r = irrr mr imr orar ( inr rr == in=ar= a=rr =a= im =ri=a r ar
a=rr iia i=r m s =r= inirrc =r== s=rr a =m = r=r cr mr orar (
inor= = ii=a, ir o a=rr src ira irrr cr orar ( = mr= irrr mr = iia
rcu= r ar or inirrc =r = sr=rri=a r ar ( = ser mr= = =r ==m= ==ro
qn =r= iia m=a ( sc r mr = m= m i=q irrr sr =r +r i=mr i+rrar (
sr ri=m irrr r =ar ra irira s=rmr r=r =ica =r = cr orar ( sa =mr mr
r =ri=a qn = mrr r ar ( = mr= mr irrr = irrm mr +r i=mr =-nr r ar ( n m
i=r mr =r = ==ra q inori=r r = = n =r ==rria m=ar ina a=rr ==ro mr srnmarsr
mr =r = ==ra q n n mr =nr rr inmr= m= mr - m=ar (
,. sr ri=m irrr = r mr sr ri=m irrr ==r ra r ar =ar s=rr a =
= a sr= s a cr r =r = ra m=ar =ar ( n srr ioa r mr orar s=rr a
irrr =na r ra r ar =ar ( n s inar m =r= a= = =m= m ror mr i==ra (
m srca , m nra , m inr=, m m=r s== sr-==r-r r ora ( = mr= mr irrr im=r
inr rr mr= mr =r=rr r=r r cr or =mar ( ima = r irrr mr n a srnm s (
sr ri=m =r = nr s = nz r m nr= mr s m=r m=ar ( ==n=r nr s rr mr
=rr=r m= = ar , or s=m na =r a=rr +rrnr orn m i=q sinr r ora ( ri mr= =
irrr = r srri=m sr m=ar =rr( irmr= m=r, =e=r mz r, or m=r rm iam
srirr = =rc mr nrr sric iursr am =ri=a =rr( nr iursr mr nr=ainm =r =
=r=r orr m=ar =rr( s= == = orn n a === =rr( a-mr=r =r=riom n==rr a=rr = =m ia
+rr === =rr( n c s iar m n=r sra =r a=rr n cr sr =rar mr s m=r m=ar =rr(
=+ar, = =m ia a=rrr =r=riom n==rr === = mic r m mr=r irrr mr sr ri=m =r r
u=r rc r ar or =r ( == sa=r= m vra si=rma= srri=m r ar ( =+ar sr=
= =m ia = nc=rn srar r a=rr si=rm oic= r ar ( irrr = n =rr s +rnr mr =rri= m
sn==rrsr = ni==ra m= m i=q sinr ar == = mr or =r( =a =r =m iam oic=arsr
mr ui=m =r zr = in+rrioa m= === imr r( = mr=r irrr = n =rr rn +rr srnm r
r i=rr==n=r sr ri=m irrr mr = = =r== n r( s na inirrcarsr m mr=r r
sr ri=m irrr a=rr sr ri=m r = sr ri=m irrr = m =-n r s a= rq ora or
i=na
sr ri=m a=rr sr ri=m irrr = s a=
sr ri=m irrr
(. sr ri=m irrr mr r= +r a+rr r ar on nr =m= = n r m=ar ( n inor= r
=rrinor= er z ar , an am i= a= =ar =ar (

,. sr ri=m irrr mr sc =rn mr = r =ri=m inmr= m=r (

s. sr ri=m irrr mr irrr ini=rr i=rr i=a r ar (
=. == s rr= mcr= a=rr =r=r +rr r ar (
15

. irrr i ia =rr = = cr orar (
c. sr ri=m irrr n i=rr i=a mr u= m s=r= cr orar (
. sr ri=m irrr iia sni=r = =r-= r orar (
s. = irrr = rcu= in+rr u a=rr == =+rr iia r a (

e. == =rrr ==ar n m =r-= r = sri=r r =rr r ri=ar irrm ina=r imr
orar (

(u. = irrr mr r er cr r ar (
((. = irrr mr qm inr rrar m i=ar mr r r (
(,. = irrr m i=q irrm iia r a (
(s. sr ri=m irrr m =r=r=m =, =amr=,sornrr= a=rr =am -ric (

sr ri=m irrr

(. sr ri=m irrr orn +r= = nr=r iur ( o= = = - am =ar (
,. sr ri=m irrr = =r=riom i r =r=riom s rr= mr mr=r nar (
s. irrr si ia =rr= = cr orar (
=. ==r s=rr a =nr+rrinm iur (
. irrr orn a =ar =ar (
c. sr ri=m irrr s +rn m r=r ra r ar (
. = irrr = =mr srnmar r r ar (
s. = irrr mr r n a in=a a (
e. =nr+rrinm a=rr rm iam irrr (
(u. = irrr = io= im=r = r ra imr orar , nr irrm r ar (
((. sr ri=m irrr m =r=ri=nr=, ==cr, =r=, =r= a=rr =r = m =cr -ric (
s na a=r m sr=rr= = m =ma im srri=m irrr a=rr sr ri=m irrr =
m =-n r s a= ( or sr ri=m irrr mr inr rrar i ia irrr, n i=rr i=a, iia sni=r
= ==ra, a=rr =mr = m ia r sric ( nr sr ri=m irrr = =m in=ra inr rrarq r
orar (
s. i=r ri=m irrr i=r ri=m irrr, sr ri=m irrr qn sr ri=m irrr m == mr
=r=ar ( = mr=r = mr= mr irrr = err mr rccrra r=ar, ==rr a=rr == sric mr
mr r ncr r r ar ( er s = in=rrom ==rr a=rr or == s na r qn or inrr
=r= r s=mr r r=ar m s na r ar s= s=r mr irrr cr orar ( = mr= mr irrr
ar sr ri=m irrr mr a= inor=, =rinor= sr= inninor= mr =r=r = nr=rr orar
a=rr r sr ri=m irrr mr +rr ia srmi==m = = =ar ( = mr= mr irrr mr s
inr rrar im == inor=rr mr sr mr =r r icr orar ( inor=rr im=r +rr sr mr
r , irrr r m= =mar (
i=r ri=m irrr mr =-n
q = inori=r r m i=q i=r ri=m irrr mr srnmar r ar or inor= m == =
irrr ra m= m i=q r sr =ma r c == nr=mr= = or irrr ra m= mr ==
sr s= == irrr r =r r ar( sa i=r ri=m irrr s inori=r r m i=q s na
ior im=r iia sn==rr = irrr er z cr =rr ima sn n s=mr srnmar == = m= =
( = im iia =m = = or m i=q sm r= == r ( q= =r r mr +rr irrr ra
16

m= mr si=rmr= r r riq ( irrr ra m= = ina m s c= si=rm mr m r=ar mr ==rn r
r ar , s-rc na ar a=rr =rrc r qmar mr na rnr i==ar ( == a i==r =rr m i=q
=r or= m =rcr sn== s=-=r r =ma ( +rr=a o = c r = =na ar mr vrina r a=rr
=na ir = mr r =ar r ( = im =r=r =m=r = =+rr ri=m irrr r = =ma ( sa
=r im=r mr=rnr s =m =r r=r cr irrr = n ia = ora , n i=r ri=m irrr ra
m=m se ri=m n =ma ( i=r ri=m irrr mr =-n r inr rrar im == =r=r
rr orar ( = mr= mr irrr m sz , rc m= a=rr irrr ini=rr iia r m nrnoc
+rr sr ri=m irrr = === r ar ( = mr= mr irrr mr sz r =r=r irrr mr =r=
r ar ( = mr= mr irrr mr srr o +rr si=r= m= nr=r m i=q = in=rrom ==rrr o=
inor=r , =rinor=r qn inninor=r sric = imr orar ( == == +rr si=r= m=
nr=r mr = in=rr =r= iia imr orar ( = na inor= a=rr = nainninor=r = irrr =
+rr na =r = =rrr sinr m= cr ( i= +rr =rrrq c a=rr =rr ra m= = r a
=r=r cr imr r (
( ii=a a=rr sii=a irrr
sii=a irrr mr sr=+r +r mr= = r r orar ( sc=i==ra nr=m m r inmr= =
= m= ==ro = r sia ==rr ra m= am m= =ar ( ina = ==, = im=r = m e
m e =r=rar r =ar ( ii=a qn sii=a irrr m s a= mr =rc m=a q +rricr mr
irrr ic r = si=rm ~ rc qn sr= ( ic r mr r cr m= r im=r srr mr r=
mr =r=r am =ri=a ( irrr mr r == inrr= , oi r mr ==rr == +rr =-n r
( sa irrr m cr r =n= mr s a= =rc sr = irrr m sii=a = mr srcr narr (
ii=a irrr = inor= mr irrr = r inr= imr orar ( = sr ri=m r ii=a
irrr +rr ma ( ii=a irrr m s a a n r or =r= mr r ar ( nr=m mr iia ==rr,
iia == =, iia inrr mr irrr cr orar ( irrr, irrr r m= ic r (
ii=a a=rr sii=a irrr = s a=
ii=a ,=nas = sii=a (c =nas =
i ia nrarn=r si ia =nr+rrinm nrarn=r
n ir ioa sir ioa
m i= =nr+rrinm
r = qn irira irrm - m ina a=rr i=i==ria irrm

inor= ==ro
rc m =, irrrini=r sric rc m =inr
iia == = ==ra orn a = nr=r im r
iz r, iz=r =r sric mr =rr r
=m =, =r=, =amr= sric( ==ro, ==cr, =r= , =r= sric

,. -r qn s -r irrr
-r irrr = ar- s ic rr = or nr=m mr mrr = s=rm r=r ic ora ( s=rm
s r mr err mr c ar sr= s=m rnri=m = = +rr s inr= mc m=ar (
s-r irrr = s=rm mr r cr -r r rar( m n= nrarn=r mr i=r r m=ar sr =
er s= nrarn=r mr iaim rq m=a ( er s == , i=nr=, ==cr a=rr =r = m == =
s m mr= m rsn r =r=ra ( sa irrr mr = -r a=rr s -r, crr =r = ina
mr +rrina m=ar (
17

s. n inam qn =r= im irrr
n inam irrr = ar- qm nr=m mr irrr = ( rr mr= = =roc=nr=r = =ror =r
s r mr irrr n inam = = m=ra =r ( sro +rr c r ==r, =r mr arm ( =r= im
irrr = ar- mrr rr=r = , =m s a a qm sr, r =ar qn =i nr= nr=mr mr ==r
= = ==r inrrr qn nr=r = irrr icr orar ( nr=ainmar im = mr= mr
n inam qn =r= im irrr sr ri=m irrr mr c ==r = ( vrrc =ri=q r == ouq=u = m or
= m ia irrr mr =rn vrinar m inmr= a ar na r= narr ( irrr = q=r srrr mr
orar im ==ro m i=q nr=m mr sr r nr( =i=q irrr r ninam r s=rnr
=r= im, irrr mr sz nr=m mr ==rr o m r = nrr (
=. =r=r qn inirrc irrr =r=r irrr mr scr= irrr +rr mr orar ( = irrr mr
sc nr=mr = =r=r n iar , si+rn iar , =ir mr inmr= m=r ( = mr= mr irrr =
nr=mr mr =r n iar mr inmi=a imr orar ( = irrr mr mr inr rr sz r r ar( ar
m n= = r m vr=r=, =i=arm sr= sr-=r = ino=r rr mr =n ~ rc inmr= m= mr sr = s= =r
( or am inirrc irrr mr , == nr=m mr im=r i==ria = inirrc mr= mr irrr c
mr n==rr r ar ( nr=m mr zr nc=, ori=, s=rm qn s mr= m n=rr mr irrr
=r m sa a srar ( =r=r qn inirrc crr mr= mr irrr ii=a irrr mr r i=nia a =
(
ivrrr m =r=r
=r=riom s-=rr m i=q irrr ==ro mr srnm mr ( ra rc= ra r ==ro mr
==rq =riai=nro, inr= qn orn = = irrr m =r== = r ==rrr ai=a r a =a ( =
imr = m e == inr rr a=rr m e inar sric mr = =r +r i=mr r ar ( =+rr == ina
inr rr a=rr = ==rrq sric irrr m =r=r m=ra ( s=rr a irrr m =r=rr = =r=r ar- s
= ==rrsr , = cr = or im irrr im r = =-n r +r i=mr i+rra (
nr=an = =r=r vr-c mr s or r qo =r ( or s or +rrrrr m qo c vr-c = nr (
qo c mr s=r r ar mr mar , iaii=r, r =r=r sric( sa = c ircmr r = qo =r mr s=r q=
==rr = r r riq or iaii=r r mr mar sr mr m=a ( irrr m =r=r = ar- q =
=r=riom == r qn =cr = r ar io= irrr mr imr =ar o = inor=, i=nr= a=rr
==cr sric( r = ==rrsr mr irrr m =r=r mr orar (
sa nr=ainm = = irrr m =r=rr = ar- s =+rr =r=riom ==r sr = =cr =
r ar or n s=rnr = r m inmr= = -r s=rnr =r r im=r +rr = = =r cr m=a
(
irrr m =r=r mr nr m=r irrr m =r=r cr mr= m r a (
(. sr ri=m =r=r (
,. sr ri=m =r=r (
=r=r = m =r=rr mr =r=o= r ar ( sa irrr m =r=r mr = mr= nr m a
m= =ma ( =r=rr =r=rr


18

irrr m =r=rr mr nr m=r
sr ri=m sr ri=m

=m =, =amr= =rri= m = ==rrq i=nr=, ==cr, =r = ==
=ica =r=or-=m m c

io =r=rr m r=r n iia ror=r= a=rr inr= n m irrr cr orar s sr ri=m
=r=r ma ( q= =r=rr = irrr mr im r =inr= im r r ar ( ==ro m sa=crr =rr
r ra r mr irira m= m i=q m e rorq nra ( sr ri=m irrr = irrr mr im r
ir ioa a =r = =ar ( =r=r i=i=i=ra
(. = r=sr=r im = =r= r=r nr mr ini+r mr= mr n=a sr , orno asr
qn q iari=m = =rr sric mr ic=rrm= +rr irrr cr or =mar ( = mr= nr=mr mr
rr-=m, +rrnr-=m a=rr =r=riom inmr= r ar (
,. irr=rinori=rr mr src ==ro = inin=r i ic=rrm= irrr cr or =mar io==
=ri- qn m=r m ia smr =i na ar qn =m ia n srmirr a r a (
s. =m = sr ri=m =r=rr = =m= mr =nr i=rm =-n r ==rr ( r = nr=mr mr n
iia r or m s=r= i=r=r= a=rr ii=a irrr cr orar (
=. =rri= m = ==rrq rr mr= = r =rri= m = ==rrq ,= ic=, =i=oc qn sric irrr
c mr mr m=ar =r ( = ==rrsr m r=r nr=mr mr ri=im inmr= a=rr r
ra m= mr irrr cr orar ( na =r == = +rr = = m e = ==rrq mr m= =r
(
. =amr= na =r mr= = =amr=r mr sr naar or =r ( = inori=r r mr
a=a= mr =amr , imrsr a=rr ==rr= r sric mr a mr sn== i==ar (
io= n c r mr na=r i==riar = r= r i=ia r a a=rr smr nr im inmr=
i =a= r ar =ar (

sr ri=m =r=r

on im=r =r=r mr irrr m ia = rica r imr orar , i= +rr s=m r=r nr=mr mr
irrr +rr i==ar ( =r=rr mr srri=m =r=r r =r=r mr orar ( nr mr s -r
= = +rrina m=ar , s=rr a srri=m irrr m ini=a r ar ( = irrr = ar mr
iia ==rr a=rr == rar r r iia ror=r= a=rr inr= n m r ar ( =rn
==ro = si==ra srri=m =r=r i=
(. ==ro = r =r=riom rrr r m ra ==ro s=rnr =r= = =nr+rrinm = = irrr
r m=ar (
,. i=nr= i=nr= nr mr r=ri=m rcrr=r or n s +rrnr orn m i=r r m i=q
cr, =, -r -r=rr =r +r ia sric mr irrr ra m=a (
s. =r = == n =r= == = s =ri=rr = inr=ini= a=rr nrcinnrc m=a =a
, io== sm r = si+rn i r ar (

19

=m =
=m = m r=r inor=rr mr =r=rorm=r =m= irrr im r a =nr i=rm =-nr =r=r (
=m = vr-c mr s-ia rr vr-c nrn== = io=mr s=r snmrr == a= (
snmrr mr =m = m =rr=r = n i=ra m= mr mr=r im rr mr= = scr= irrr =n =r=rr=r
mr inr rrri=rmr= =rr nr im m r= = =m ia m s srcrr m i=r r m i=q r a snmrr sr
m=ar =rr(
ivrrr r m= mr ar- r snmrr r m=r r ar =rr( sa =m = mr = n =r snmrr
= r ar (
=m = mr m e =-n r i=+rrrrrq
or zrnr m s =r=, =m = qm inirrc nrarn=r or n mr nr iea inmr= m= m
i=q s= iia orn qn iia mr= mr imrq sr = n=r cr imq ora (

o .q=.=r = m s =r=, =m= n = ==rrq ( io=mr =+ src=r mr, nr mr ==ro =
=r mr= = ==rr ioa m= = ar= m= m i=q srnmar r ar (

m s =r=, =m= mr r= i+rm = = q =r ==rr r ==r riq or im=r r
mr irrr cr orar ni=m s=mr qm q =r ==rr ==r riq or nr mr s imrsr
= s rri=a imr orar ( iomr rm = =r= = ==rrr qn inirrc =-n (
=m = mr srnmar a=rr mr
(. =ri=m inmr= r=+r = =m = mr mr inori=rr mr =ri=m inmr= m=r r =rr
orar =rr( sa inori=r r mr inin=r inrrr mr r m=rr orar ( inori=r r m =ri=m
inmr= m=a == =r icr orr srnm r ar im s= or r m=rr orq n
mr=r =ia r (
,. +rinr m orn m i=q a r=r =m = n mr +rinr = ser orn or m i=q a r=
m=ar arim n c r mr srcr ri=m n(
s. =rrn = =r mr r -=r =m = nr = orn m sa= = =r mr inmr= m=ar (
=m = nr = iamar mr inmr= m=ar ( =rn orn = =r m inr orn =r (
sa =m = mr +r i=mr ser a= = i+rrr riq io== nr mr iam inmr= r (
=. =rrc r qmar mr +rrnr mr inmr= =m= nr = =rrc r +rrnr mr inmr= m=ar (
=m = = n =+rr =r=r , oriar sr = +rrrrrsr m == scm= a r m=a io== s=
=rrc r qmar mr +rrnr mr inmr= r ar (
. s a=r rc rar mr +rrnr mr inmr= s a=r rc rar mr +rrnr mr ar- inn n =r -n mr
+rrnr( = = r =rn oria m iar mr =r = ==ra q mr m=r riq( s a=rrc r
=r na =r == mr =r ( =i=q =m = mr qm mr nr mr s a=r rc rar mr
+rrnr mr inmr= m=ar ( =m= nr = a-n m r +rr inmi=a m=ar (
c. =r =m iam inmr= =r=r c r inin=rarsr mr c r , n s i=nr= a=rr ==cr =
i+ri+r = =m iar mr =r=ra ( inor=r = n qm = = i==a ( inor=r
= +rrrrr sr = iar= sric inrrr m =r== = n mr ini+r = =m iar mr =rc r
m=rr orar ( = mr= inor= = =m ia m ==rr sr = s=m inmr= = =n= si=rm
=rar m=a (
20

. ina-n mr = =rr inmr= =m= nr=m m =ri=m, nr im, +rrnr-=m, =r=riom,
iam sr= sr=ri-=m inmr= m i=q srnm (
s. rn=rim inmr= =m = ina mr s=mr o==ar sr= =i m s =r= n=r =
irrr c ar ( na =r = inn m =+r =+rr c rr = rn=rim n sr or im irrr =
n= icr or =r (
e. i= inmr= i= inmr= =m= mr = =r inr rrar or im=r +rr ina m i=q
srnm ( se ina-n m i=q ser i= r r srnm ( irrr mr =r=r mar an am
r mr or =mar on am im n nr m =r=riom sr=r mr +rrina r m=ar (
=m = rr= =+rriar
=m = rr= mr =+rriar m inr irrr m sz r mr ria r r =mar( nr=m sr si=rmr r
== i=nr= = inarar ( =i=q i=nr= nr=m mr =ir , c ircmr r sr= nr= mr mrr
+rrina m=ar ( =i=q rr= sr = =m= m nr s a= n =r inmi=a m=r srnm ( n mr
irrr = rr= sr= =m= n=rn= mr +r i=mr i+rra sr = qm m inr c == mr mr s=r =r (
sa cr r sr= = =m (
rr= qn =m= = =r ==rria m= m =r=r
( irrmr mr rr= = orr nr mr ===rsr m ==r=rr m i=q s=rmr mr sm rr= =
orr riq( = cr=r =rariar mr s=rm r=r n mr sia qn s=m =r= sr nr=r
===rsr mr r m=r riq( q=r m=m s=rm n m =rariar mr =r=riomsri=r m i==ria
mr ar =r =mar sr= smr =r nrim = = ==r =mar (
, si+r+rrnmr mr =m = m ==r=r r = n =nrr ini+r ==r=r r m cr=r si+r+rrnmr mr =m = =
sr= ia imr orr riq( o = a = noaonc =cnoncq nao n=q =naar icn=
sric m sn==r =(
s si+r+rrnm irrm = rr =m= qn rr= mr ocrm =r mr = = =r=r s=rmsi+r+rrnm = rr
mr i=r r m=r ( = = rr mr =ric nrr = cr ar nr= r r riq sr= s== nr m =r=
rr= sr= =m = = sr nr=r ===rsr m nr= = nrara m=r riq( =m =r== = si+r+rrnm
s nr mr serr a=rr mi=r mr or =m (
= si+r+rrnm icn= nrr = qm nr= si+r+rrnmr mr =m = = n =rr riq( = sn== = s
=m = m nr= = ormr=r c r riq( nr mr mi=r mr sm =r= ==rr riq sr= s
===rsr mr = m= m i=q si+r+rrnmr = =r = r riq( srom= ar nz vr=r m m
=m =r = si+r+rrnm icn= =rr or =r (
si+r+rrnmr mr sia i=rc +r or nr mr ia i=r c ==== = sm si+r+rrnmr mr
+r or riq sr= s= i=r c ra m=r riq( q =r m= = rr= qn =m= m nr = =m mr=
=ar (
=rariar mr =r
( nr mr == == = cri=r=r ic=rr(
, nr mr == = =m = +ror (
s smr ia m nr= = =m = = = n =r mr= ==rr(
= smr rc =amr sr = mrir mr =r ==rr(
nr mr mr m=nrr(
21

c nr mr =r =rm qn =nr== mr =r ==rr(
nr mr =r= mr sn== cr m=r(
s smr ===rsr m nr= = =m= = orm= r m=r(
e si+r+rrnmr mr =m = m =r=r =r m=r(

rr= sr = =m = mr =+rriar

(. nr m s m= = =+rriar s m nr= n =m = n ==ro = m ==rr o mr
irmr= r ora ( n s =ricr m =r=r ==rr o r m= ra sr= a r =
iez ora ( q = =m= n rr= i==m= n m ==rro = =rar m= =ma (
,. ia+rrrr=r nr=m ia+rrrr=r nr=mr mr srnmarq +rr =r=r nr=mr = i+r
r ar ( smr =r-=mar ,-a=oso= mr sna a = inmi=a m= m i=q
=m = sr= rr= i==m= =-n r +r i=mr i+rr =ma (
s. nr mr =nr== nr m =nr== mr =r ==rr rr= sr= =m = cr r mr io== cr=r (
=m = r=r nr mr ==== = =nr== = n =rr =rrr m=nrr orr riq sr= sm
=nr== m nr= = si+r+rrnmr mr ==r cr riq(
=. ===r-=m nr=m ===r-=m nr mr ===rsr mr ==r=rr rr= sr = =m = i==m=
r m= =ma (
. inirrc nr=m m e n =r=r nr = s= ra , smr nr=ainm =ri=m n
vrr=ri=m inmr= r r rar ( sa q = nr m i=q rr= sr = =m = =-n r
=+rriar i+rr =ma (

=r=

=r= mr s=r m z= m s =r=
=r= n = ica =roriam == io=mr ==mr= mr =rr mr =rar ra r ar ( nr im
=r= qm =ica == cr r ar io=mr qm ==mr= r ar a=rr io= =rr r=r =rar ra r ar
( sa =r= qm inr rr a= mr = ica ==ro ( =r= mr sz s== = nr= =r r mr +r=r
m=r (
irrr =r= mr =nr i=rm =-n r mr ( ora im rr=r m inmr= m =r=r r inr=
inmi=a r r im =+rr ri=mr mr irrr mr sr=cri-n =r= mr (
irrr r=r r ora ri=mr mr i=r r imr orar ( =r= mr qm =-n r mr a=rr
irrr mr n =r m=r =r= mr = = sr=cri-n ( =r= mr si=aan s= = r sr=rri=a r ar
nr im ora = nr=ainm vrina =r r m r=rr = r ar sr= =r= = =rr mr irrr mr =r=rr
+rrn z ar ( =i=q qm =r mar im =r= mr s ri=mr mr irrr m i=q mr m=r riq(
=r=mr m vr-cr = , ri=mr mr irrr sr=r im =r= mr c (

=r= m irrr = n i=ra mr

22

(. r=ri=m irrr mr sinr nrr =r= mr m= = m= r=ri=m irrr mr ir =m,
=rn +rr i=m sr = sinr nrr riq( =r= mr riq im n =rariar mr s nr
mr =m =r = +r o m i=q r-=ria m= (
,. irrr m i=q sri=r m =rar cr m=r =r= mr irrr m srnm sri=r m =rar
cr m=r riq( r=ri=m qn =r=i=m =m=r mr ==rrr a=rr s irrr m i=q
inninor=r a=rr irrr =rinor=r mr ==rrr m siai=na =r= mr i=r = im
ia+rrrr=r nr mr ini+r mr= mr erniar m = = sri=r m =rar cr m=r
riq( - m r a m r= sri=r m srnmarsr mr =r m= m i=q s =r=r ar
r a , = im m c mr +rr m e == am smr =rar m=r riq(
s. irrr m sz i=rr i=a m=r irrr m =rc sz i=rr i=a imq inr =r= m
irrr= n =rr =+rr - =r i= r ( sa =r= mr irrr m sz i=rr i=a m=
riq( = = n =r = +rrnr =r=riom n==rr a=rr =+ar mr sr = +rr =r c r srnm
(
=. rc m= r or inmr=rr= ==ro mr srnmarsr m s=r= rc m = srr ioa
imr orr riq( = = n=r = =r= mr inr rrr mr = nrq +rr ra m=r riq(
rc m = = r-=m rr riq a=rr =r= ==mr=r mr o==ar m s=r= s== nr iea
nc=rn m i=q ==rr rr riq(
. =m =r mr sia n==rr =r= mr r=ri=m, =r=i=m a=rr amrmr sric =m=r mr
n==rr m=r riq( sn==rr =rr mr ==rrr o==ar m s m = rr riq( =r=
mr s irrr m i=q +rr r a n==rr m=r riq arim irrr m i=q imq q -
n mr= = orq (
c. irrr mr rr= sr = i=rrr irrr rr=r mr i r sr= =rcr +rr =r= mr qm
=-n r mr ( == =r=r ria mr i=r r rc m = mr n==rr, irrrini=rr mr
i=rr i=a m=r, rc =rm im rsr mr srr o vrri== ( =r= irrr in+rr r=r
irrr mr rr= qn i=rrr imr orar ( m c mr c =rr riq im ini+r =r=r
m irrr in+rr sia = = mr m=a r r (
. srr sr = =i=iar mr rn m=r =r=r r=r irrr = n =rr s=i-=rr mr =n rr
m= m i=q =r= srr sr= =i=iar i na m=ar ( srr sr= =i=iar =r= mr
nr=ainm i==ria = sna m=ra qn irr m ini+r r r o= irrr m sz , rcm= mr
srr o, irrrini=rr , =r cr qn =r=r a=rr i+ri+r =a=r = irrr mr rr= sr = n=r
sric m inmr= m i=q srnm = rn c a (
s. =r=riom qn r a irrr cr m=r . =r= m qm mr = =r=riom qn n=m irrr +rr cr
m=r ( m n= oar = =rr=ar ,=o=a n= mr r =r= r m=ar, ni=m a i==r =r r
mr ==ro mr o==ar m s =r= irrr +rr cr m=ar ( ic = ora mr == nrr ra
= s c r = ra ri=mr mr +rr irira m=r r r(
e. irrr= n =rr s = =rr mr . == irrr rr=r m i=q s==rr a=rr r n a srnm (
=r=r r=r q = m c r mr ==rria m=r riq or irrr m =-n r r r = s==rr mr r (
ra = rnr mr mrr ina m=r riq( m c r irrr = r= r=r ==rria =rrc r irrr mr s = =rr
r = =-n r mr m= =r (
s na mrr m s=rnr =r= mr riq n s irrr=r=rr mr +rr =r =r c ( s=
inor= mr s ma i+rr = =r =rm r r riq( =r=r r rr=, =m = qn ==ro a=rr s
irrr =r=rr = ==n ==rria m=r riq(
23


sr ri=m =r=r


q =r = ==rrq s=rnr =c or nr mr s -r = = +rrina m=a srri=m qo i=r
m=rar ( = mr= mr qo i=r mr irrr m i=q = rica r imr orar i= nr=mr mr
sm r=r irrr i==ar ( = ar mr iia ==rr a=rr == r ar r n iia
r or =r= a=rr inr= n m mr m = r ar ( = sr =rn ==ro = si==ra cr mr= mr
sr ri=m qo i=r mr nr m= or =
(. i=nr= ,. ==cr
i=nr= mr s=r

rr= s=rnr i=nr= im=r =rrc mr =n= er cr mr ( i=nr= = qm = si=rm c ia, sm
=rariar a=rr smr = ar r =mar ( iomr sr= = =na mr = n =r r ar ( i=nr= m - m
=c= im=r im=r a= = sr= = a z r a a=rr = ica = = qm ==rr = =a (
rr= s=rnr i=nr= mr i=+rrrrr = mrn= a=rr o i=nr= mr i=i=i=ra = = i=+rrirra imr
,
i=nr= qm q=r == io== =r =rr mr r =n =r r ar sr = or nr mr cr m= sr=
sm =r=r= mr n==rr m=ar (
n= = a=rr =r m i=nr= mr i=+rrrrr = mr= cr
i=nr= q= inar mr == or innr, =na r srq q i=ar = n =rm= qm rr= mr
i=r r m=a ( ia-r, = mr= n ==r = =m ia mr i=r r qn smr n==rr m=a (

irrr m i=q i=nr= mr =n= qn =nr i=rm =-n r irrr = ==rr =rr r ( rr
mr= = r =r mr n mr r=i+rm = =rr orar ( i=nr= = =a q n or sor n a
m e =r=ra =a ( nr = irrr mr r= +r nr=an = i=nr= = r rar ( = mr= i=nr= irrr
mr sr ri=m =r=r (
sr=r im = i=nr=r mr +r i=mrirrr mr sc nr mr rr=ri=m, =ri=m, ri=im,
iam, =r=riom sr= =r =m iam qn s-rc mr = i r r m= =r ma mr =r = ri=m nrr
( iam a =r m m i=q sro =rri= m a=rr sr=ri-=m inmr= mr irrr +rr srnm ==r
or =r ( i=nr= =+rr sc r mr ria = =rm r a (
i=nr= mr = = inr rrarq

( - m ==ro = i=nr= im=r im=r = = rr orar ( i=nr= qm =rn +rr i=m = ==rr (
= r inn = r orar (
, na =r = i=nr= er c srmr= mr r ar ( =m =c=r mr = =r =ri=a or =r (
s s ri=nri=m = c = - m ina mr ri=nri=m io==cr=r r ar ( io= s= =r m=r r ar
(
24

= i=nr= =r=riom =c mr qm m c r ar ( i=nr=r = i==m= ==ro mr =r r ar (
i=nr= ==ro mr er cr mr r ar (
n = =r=riom r i=nr= = =m= r inmi=a r a ( i=nr= mr n m ina-n = n a
+rrn z ar (
c i=nr= = ==rr m = = ==rrr r ar ( == i==r=ar r orar (


rr= m mr
- m rr= s=rr a i=nr= = m e iia mr r a or i=
(. iam inmr= nr = orn = =r mr r n rr= = r ==rr orar ( - m nr i=nr= =
=c=r mr s m=r m=ar a=rr s nr= = i=na n i==ro ma =rr, =-ar,
=rcr=r, cr, =r mr= sric r n i=nr= r=r r =r=ra ( = mr= =rariar n
i=nr= m s =c=r m iam n =rri= m = = nr=m =o r r m= = a (
,. rr=ri=m inmr= r =+rr nr mr r=r rrr i=nr=r = r r ar ( r rrr = ==rr m =
= i=nr= nr m =rr r mr n==rr m=ar , smr c =r+rr= m=ar sr= =r =a r
= smr =ro m=ar ( irrr m =r=r m = = r nr mr q =r ii=a orn ara
m= mr irrr c a or =nr==r =r+r qn smr =rr m i=q o==r r ar ( n s
i=nr= m =c=r mr s m=r m= == = scr sr = == = ic r = r sric =r=ra (
= smr rr=ri=m inmr= r ar ( irrr mr sc nr = rr=ri=m inmr= +rr m=r or
rr= o =r = ==rr m =r== = r = +rn r ar (
inor= m =rr m = = i=nr= nr mr inor=r = srr ioa =nr==rc imrsr =
+rr = mr =rr c a ( on n =r =a r ora , ar inor= sm si+r+rrnmr mr
= ia m=a ( an i=nr= m =c= r sm =nr==r mr =rr m=a ( inor= m rr =
=r=r =nr== = n =rr i=r mr r= ic i=nr= = m=rr orq ar n =n =r r r (
sia srcar m i=r r m i=q i=nr= nr mr =nr== =rr = n =rr sia srcar m i=r r =
=rm r a (
s. =rri=m inmr=. n m e = = n iar m =r=r o= = a ( r n iar m sr=rr= =
s=mr inmr= r ar ( nr m =ri=m inmr= m i=q o==r im s ini+r
i=i==riar = ==rm= c icr +rn m=rr orq( = s +rn m sr=rr= = s= or nra or
mr ior=r r s=mr sia sa= c m= i=nr= s=mr ior=r mr rr a m= i= s si+rina
m i=q si=rm = si=rm sn== cr imq orq ( =ri=m inmr= mr sr= =n= =r
rcr r ar ( i=nr= = nr mr ini+r i=i==riar = sn=r m m= , - m nra mr
or , sr=r ior=r r ra m= a=rr =na si+rina m i=q =rariar mr r= +r=r
nrarn=r i==ar ( si+rina mr =r== +rrrrr ( = +rrrrr mr n i=nr= = r =r=ra (
n o= = m e ic nrc r s i=nr= m =c=r mr s m=r m= +rrrrr =r=rr sr= +r m=
c a ( r mr=r im n io= +rrrrr i=nr= = o= = a sr= =a s=r mr +rrrrr mr
nr = =a (
=. =r =m iam inmr=. nr s i=nr= mr +rrrrr =r=rar a=rr s=r m ==, =rrr
a=rr nr= m a=rm =r=rar ( =riai=nro, = = sr = ==arsr mr irrr +rr nr mr
i=nr= = r i==ar ( r s=mr =ir a=rr =cr mr inmr= r ar ( n o = i=n r =
25

=a smr =c a=rr =ir +rr s=r mr= mr r orar ( =r = c sr = m=r =
i=nr=r m nr = =r c +rrnr mr inmr= =nr+rrna r ar ( +rrrrr, ==, =rrr,
=ria i=nro, = = a=rr =rarsr m ia n = z = =mr= si=c r a ( = =mr= s=
sr = =m ia = s= r r c a qn = mr= = =m ia m ==rr = i=nr=r mr rcr
=nr i=rm r ar (
= mr= i=nr= r=r nr mr = =m ia mr r r ar or irrr mr = =r sc ( m+rr
+rr i=nr= m inr =r r r =mar (
. rn=rim r mr ria . n sr=r im am on =r= ==ro mr = === =r an am
= mr= mr irrr i=nr=r = r cr orar =rr, = im onon rinr m r = ar
inmr= sr im s=mr irrr i=nr=r r=r = +rn r (
na =r = n sorr mr irrr m i=q inor=r = i+r = =a ( i=nr= nr mr si=r m
=rar c m= s =rr irrr r m= m i=q sn== cr m=a ( s= inr rr mr= mr r=ar
ra m= m i= = cr m=a ( nr = =i a=rr =r mr inmr= m= a=rr s =rr r r
= imrrr= m= = i=nr=r mr s-i=rm =-n (
c. sr=ri-=m inmr= . sr=ri-=m inmr= = nr = ma =rrar mr +rrnr mr inmr= r ar
, im +rr=a qm =r= =rr c r ( on n s i=nr= = inr rr mr= mr =rri= m im rsr
mr ia ==rrr +rrn n ora ar s im rsr m ia n =nr+rrinm srmirr a r a ( m =r
s= imrsr m ia ==rrr +rrn n ora ( nz r = n s =r= sr= =rarsr =
i=ia r a ( =r= m ia s= s =r cr r ar ( n = z = =mr= si=c r a (
=r= mr +rr r n = sr-=r sr = ==r-=r mr r m=rar sr= =r= =r=riom nr=
mr icrr iia m=ar ( io i=nr=r m =c= =rri= m +rrnr = r r r a sr= or
sr-=r sr= ==r-=r = innr= r m=a , sm nr =m= nr mr sr=ri-=m inmr= r
r rar(
. =r=riom inmr= . irrr mr qm =-n r sc , or i=nr= m s+rrn = rr = +rn r
r r( i=nr= q=r =r=riom = ==rr , or n mr == ia ==rorm=r m=ar ( ==ro m
= n =rr m nr= = n rr= m =c=r m sr=r m nr= mr c =rm= =r=rar ( = mr=
irrr qm =-n r sc i=nr= m =r== = =r rar (
s. +rrrrr inmr=. - m ina mr si+rina mr =r== +rrrrr r ar ( - m nr sr =ra +rrrrr
rr= = =r=rar ( +rrrrr m i==rr mr a=rmr sr ri=m r ar ( n =n r +rrrrr mr nr =
=a ( i=nr= m =c=r mr sr=r nrara m r=r +rrrrr mr =rcrm=r n m =r= r ar
sr = n n=r r m= m=ar ( = mr= rr= = nr=m mr +rrrrr mr inmr= r ar (

=r=cr

irrr mr ==ro = qm =-n r ==rr ( s==a m s=r=, = r qm =r=riom rrr ( =r
mr ==rorm=r irrr r=r r ar a=rr irrr mr qm sc +rr ( = r ==ro = o= = ar
s=r m nr = =ara ar a=rr s aa s=mr = - +rr ==ro = r r orar (
==cr mr s=r
==cr s or +rrrrr m -nssco= cr r-cr = i==m= nr -ns sr= zc
-ns mr s=r qm =r=r sr= zc mr s=r = nr m=r(
26

s na r-cr m sr=rr= = = m =ma im =rn on qm = nr +rrn m =r=r sr
orn ara m=ar ar s = ==cr ma ( = =r irrrrri=r ==ro mr i=+rrrrr = mr=
cr
(. c =mrc r= = m s=r= ==ro =rnr = n =rr mr n r a rr or nr=ainm r
armr-=m =r=rr r = n =rr m r=r mr=a =ar = mrn= a=rr a o m s=r=, ==ro
=r=riom = n =rr mr qm or= sr= =cr i=nia a r ar =ar (
,. = r= m s=r=, ==ro mr = n =r m n= =r r m == m =r=r r , ni=m sm nr
r nr= s amrr m oic= ar m =r=r ( z in= m s=r=, == cr =n= er cr qm
q =r r r == io=m s a a =r=miom orn m ===a = sr =ma (

=r=cr mr = = inr rrarq
=r= cr mr = = inr rrarq i=
(. qm == cr = rr mr == r ar (
,. qm == cr = n =r-n mr +rrnr r ar (
s. =r= cr m =rr = qmar rar sr = n i==m= mr= m=a ( io== = nr mr +rrnr i==r
r ar (
=. =r= cr mr sr qm s= r r ar
. ==cr = =riai=nro sr= = = =r r a (
c. ==cr = m e =r=riom = ==rrq o = ra , =i=iar qn =m = rri== r a ( io=m
=r== = ==ro m inmr= n ===rsr = inr= imr or =mar (
nrr = == cr m r irm +rrn
nr = ==crim irrr m +rrn = mr=
(. nr mr =r=riom inmr=== cr qm =r=riom == r ar io=m =c=r m nr = nr
mr +rrnr r ar sr = =m =c= sr= = i==o= m= mr m=a a=rr =a sr=
sr =r=r o==ar mr ia qm c== m =r = m=a ( q= ==r m nr nr =
=, =r +r ia sr= = mr +rrnr na ar ( s= cr, r=r, -r sr = =rmr= sric rr
mr inmr= r ar sr = n ==ro = s m= m=r =r=ra ( = mr= smr =r=miom
inmr= r ar (
==cr = ==== = =rii-m, =r =m iam, =r=riom, =rri= m sr = =ro iam mr m =r m
srr o r a =a ( n +rr s= i==r = a ( == cr r a irrr, o irrr sr = =r irrr mr
n==rr m= = sr= n a si=rm =rm r a (
,. nr mr =r =m iam inmr= . =riai=nro, = =r sr= =rarsr mr irrr +rr n mr == cr
= r ra r ar ( s =nm ia s= qm +rrnr-=m =c r ar a=rr n smr
= =m ia m=rar ( ==cr ini+r sr ri=m a=rr sr ri=m irrr = ==rrsr mr i=r r m=
= =m ia mr = =rr m=a ( s= nr iea inmr= m= mr - m=a ( mrr mr
inor= m =r== = =r imr orar (
s. nr mr rn=rim qn sror im irrr . io= ==cr = or nr= n sor ==rria r a
, n r sr = =r=r r m=a (
=. nr mr rr=ri=m inmr= . == cr n m rr=ri=m inmr= mr +rrina m=ar ( == cr m
r=r =nr==r = nrsr , rr a=rr =r n==rr mr n =r imr orar ( =nmr = n =r
27

rr=ri=m =nr== = ( = mr= n mr rr=ri=m =nr==r = ( = mr= n mr rr=ri=m
=nr==r +rr == cr = +rrina r ar (
. nr mr =ri=m inmr=. ==cr = n ini+r inar = i==a a=rr ini+r
i=i==riar = = o=a ( == cr =rn oim =amr=r a=rr nrr=r mr n==rr m=a
( iomr =r+r scrm= n sr =ri=m inmr= m=a ( ==cr r=r srr ioa ini+r
mr= m ==r=r, rcm, i= =r sric mr =rar = +rr nr mr =ri=m inmr= r ar (
= mr= nr m =nr rr inmr= = ==cr =r cr m=ar (
c. nr mr ri=im qn iam inmr= . n m ri=im qn iam inmr= = i=nr= m nrc
==cr mr r =r= z ar ( or n ==cr = =a s s rr= mr r= m=r
r ar sa q = ==crr = = nr= n s rri=a r a ( scr= inr=r nr= ==crr m
nr = scr=ar mr +rrnr mr inmr= r ar a=rr n = ar a=rr =r m =r=r mr m=r
=r=ra ( ==cr mr s =rri= m r n=r =irr ar r o= c ar sr= s== nr =
s m ri=im qn iam rr mr inmr= r ar ( == cr mr r =rri= m r n=r nr =
i=im qn iam c irc = +rrn zr=ar ( iaa ==cr = =m= n s iam r ora (
==cr m r=r r inor=r mr i=rr m= s= ==ro m s, iam r n=r =a a m=
mr - m=a a=rr = mr= ==ro mr = =rr= mr sr= = ora ( or ==cr = sr=
ioa si=rm = a =a , sm r=r nr mr sar r ri=im qn iam inmr= = +rn r
rar (
. nri=m s +rn == cr m r=r nr mr nr=ainm s +rn mr ria r ar ( =m= =
=r=rr nrar mr n ==cr = =m= s=mr nri=m = c =rar , =r=r r s= s
nr= = r +rr m=ar ( = mr=r nr = nri=m r mr n i r ar (
s. ri=mar mr inmr= nr = ==cr mr qm =-n r +rrn ri=mar mr inmr= m=r
+rr ( ==cr = nr=m mr s si=rmr=r n ma r mr r r ar ( = mr= ==cr
r=r nr=m mr qm se srcr +rrnr ri=m m = = inmr= r ar (
inor= a=rr ==cr m == n =r

nr=an = inor= ==ro mr sr r r ar ( ==ro mr qm er cr = ( -r s=rnr =r r
= = =m = mr =r=r im rini=r inor= = =ar =ar ( r = n =rr mr r m=a q r . m .
or =rcr mr m=r =r r mr =m= =r r mr srnmarsr sr= ===rsr = sr=rri=a
r r riq( s=mr rcm= sm orn mr r = r ( s=mr mr ini=r si=rmr r sr m r
s= r n s =n nrar mr iain ina m= or =r= crim orn m i=q inirrc qn =-n r
r (

cr. r. m s =r=, = m =ma im =rrc m =m = s=m orn m s iomr
inirrc mr s=mr sr=ri-=m vrina mr qmia m=r, s=mr q iari=m i=a=ar mr ==rria
m=r s=mr rr s=i-=rr mr = =ira ==rr sr = s=m +rinr mr iia m=r( s =m=r m
r=r r =rrc s ==rrr vrinar m ia = a r =mar io= s=m orn m =n ~ rc sr cr =
=rr ra m= = (

s na a=r m sr=rr= = ra r ar im qm ser inor= == cr = a=rr qm ser
==cr =m= = sr=rri=a r ar (

28

sa cr r =r=r qm c == m =m ( =i=q crr = =+rriar srnm (

=m = sr = ==cr = =r mr ini=rr qn srnmarq =m= sr= ==cr = =r ==rria
m= m i=q i=i=i=ra ini=rr a=rr srnmarq i= mr=

( ==cr mr =m= = =rr
==ro mr =m= = = or m i=i=i=ra =r=r
(. =m = = si+r+rrnm icn= =rr( arim cr r qmc== m ocrm sr =m (
,. si+r+rrnms=rm = rr mr i=r r m=r(
s. n =rmm= icr = =rariar sr = ==cr m iaii=r mr m=r(
=. =m = m s-=nr sr= mr m =r = =rariar sr= == cr m iaii=r mr m=r(
. ivrrr === =r = =rariar a=rr =r= m iaii=rr mr n =rr(
c. ==ro = sa =rr m i=q rn=rim =rcr mr m=r mr n==rr m=r(
. ==ro m sa =rr mr =m irrr cr m=r(

, =m = mr ==ro = =rr
=m = mr ==ro = =r m i=i=i=ra =r=r
(. ==ro(== cr) m =r=rr mr ic=rrr - m == cr = irrr m m e =r=r o==
r a =rr m=r-=m = r=, ==r=m, mr==rr r +rr r i=m s=rnr q iari=m
c ircmrr = =-n r ==rrr mr rr( =nm i=q inor=rr r mr r-=ria m=r
riq(
,. =r=crim =n rr inor= =r=crim ===rsr m =n rr m i=q nr mr
==cr = = or =mar ( == nr = =r= crim +rrnr mr +rr inmr= r r(
s. r c c=r nr= s=nr =rr cr m i=q inori=r r mr == cr = =rr or
=mar ( io== inor=rr == crim srnmarsr , srmr rrsr sr = ===rsr mr
== =m (
=. ra irrr m i=q on im=r mr=rnr ra irrr r m= = s== =a
ar q= == = inor= == cr = orm= =rar cr m= =mar ( q =r m=
= =m= a=rr ==cr = ar== = ra r ar (
. =rrr-mr= r=r ==cr m ini+r =r r = =rrr-mr= m=m = rq ra m=
=ma ( io== smr ===rsr , sm ==r=rr m nr= = ormri=r ra mr or
=mar (
c. ==ro = nr mr srr o inor= ==cr = q.q=.q=. m r=r ==ro = nr
srr o m= =ma ( == n == cr m ia s mr mr or orq (
== == cr mr inmr= r r(
a-n mr inmr= inor= r=r =r= crim mr r=r cr imq or m mr=r inori=r r =
a-n mr +rrnr mr inmr= r ar ( = mr= irrr m ini+r =r=rr m r=r n mr =nr rrr
inmr= imr or =mar (

29









irrr cr

ie= s= = irrr m == -, irrr mr =-n a=rr srnnar m r = = irrr m
mrr mr inn r m= = == r r ( irrr m sc r m i=r r = +rr irrr im r mr
s= srnm r orar ( irrr rr=r m i=r r = =r=riom, =ro iam sr = =r =n iam rc+r i=
mr =r +rrn c =r mr i==ar ( ie= rcr = = +rr == = =r= im irrr m
sr=rr=r = =r=riom sr=rr= sr = =r nrim sr=rr=r mr s= +r i=mr =ar ( srr=r rcr = =
irrr m crr im sr=rr=r = r m= or = ( == = irrr = cr m +rrnr mr ==
r sr= +rr=ar sr= i=r inr=mr mr irrr m inmr= = r cr mr s= m=m qm
== inmi=a m= (

irrr sr = cr = =r ==n=r r r sia cr r qm c== = i+r= +rr =a (
irrr im r m = r= m i=q se inr=r sr = =r cr mr srnnar =ar ( inr =rcr m
irrr m =r mr ra m=r mic r orar ( cr orn m nr=ainm =r mr i=rr i=a m=ar
sr = =r mr ria m i=q irrr mr sia =rcr +rr m=ar ( =r = crm r i==rr
cr sr= irrr qm r i=nm m cr = or qm r n=a m in+r c ircmrrr mr =a a m=a
sr = n qm c== = sai ia (

iar= =rrr im =r crr im r =r irrrrr=r +rr q ( =cr , = m=ra, m= i=,
==r , r in=, or z nr, =r-=r r=rr, =incr=r cr= a=rr s=inc rrr rr sric =r crr im =
=r mr r irc m=a ( =+rr crr im =r irrr vrr=r +rr (

qz== i==rr irrr, cr mr -r-=m =r=r ( s=rr a irrr mr mr ina m
orn = i=na =rr ( irrr vrr=r ==== = crr imr m ==r q =r irrr mr
===rq =a a m=a =a , = mr= irrr cr mr o= c ar =ar(

sa mr or =mar im irrr sr = cr m nr qm =r ==n=r r ar ( cr mr
irrr m sc r , rcm=r , irrr ini=rr , s rr=, irrm, a=rr rc =amr sric = +rrn zar
=ar ( srq sn = m e cr r mr ==a q sm irrr m ia c ircmr rr mr s= m= (

m ianrc
m ianrc mr s=r
m ianrc qm +rr iamnrcr cr ( qm =-n r inr==rr=r ( = cr=r nrc mr =r +rr
cr orar ( = cr m s =r= cr=r r oa mr sr=rr= ( = +rr cr=r mr = s=rnr cr=r
mr qm a-n s=rnr cr r mr == ( m ianrcr cr cr=r ,= a=rr orn mr r=r +rr iam a=rr
30

=r=rim i=r m r=r m=m rina,ia, m ia m i=r qn mr mr=r ==n=r mr =imr =
n= c ar ( m ianrc m s=r= m n= m ia r =n m e ( == = s=rnr =m nrc sr= m e
r ( sa =rn mr m ia mr =rr o m=r ri or m n= inr r=r r r =mar ( m ia m
imc sr = s=mr rm iam s=rnr =nr+rrinm inmr= r =m r( = mr= rm ianricr m s =r=
sia= =-ar m ia s=rnr +rr iam a-n ( =r = m ianrcr cr = mr cr=r m s=rr =ra
q innr= m=ar im sia= =-ar +rr iam , sr=ri-=m r ( m ianrc rr inr==rr=r
=rr orar (

m ianrc m ===r mr = s==a , mr =c , r-=, n m, zr=in, ==rm , n== , rnc , = ==,
n=rz rr , = =s= nc== a=rr ==r sric crr imr m r= inr rr = = s== =rr (




m ianrc m i=ra

m ianrc m = =r i=ra i=i=i=ra
(1) = =r= qm =r ( =r +rr = =r mr +rr sr = s = =r
+rr(
(2) orn rrinr cr=r = inmi=a r ar a=rr +rr iam qn =r=rim +rrnr mr
== (
(3) = r mr ===a rina r s=mr m ia m s=r= =ri=a ( sr oa
rinar a=rr = = n iar m i=nr sr = m e r (
(4) = r sr m ia m s =r= =nr mr sa= vr ( sa s=m orn mr =r=
rri=mar im sr=ri-=mar(
(5) na =r orn nr=ainm orn ( =m vra mr s orn s=rnr c==r c ir
r ( sa =r mr s na =r orn mr = =rr nrr ri (
(6) nr=ainmar m n= nrq m ia mr r ( - m n=a m ia = s- r ar a=rr
=r = in=r r orar ,=a m ia m nrq i= m+rr r nc=a (
(7) si=na r rm iam i= ==r= mr ===a rrcrsr mr =rc m=a (
(8) nr=ainmar mr =r r=r m n= rm iam inrr m r=r r r =mar (
(9) = r m =r=ri=m orn mr +rr iam crrsr = m riamr=r i=na =r mr ~
n rim =rr or a=rr =rrr m srinrmr=r mr ( sa rm iam inrr mr r ra
m=r == srnm (
(10) sia= =-ar +rr iam a-n ( n=,s-a=r-=r,=,==r m er mr =naar, iam
n iar , r=r r a=rr s=rnr =-mr= =n +r = (
(11) inr= rm iam nrarn=r = i+r = m=a ( mr o= s= == r ar on im=r
rzr,= s=rnr cc = im=r rm iam sa or mr +rrn z ar (


31

irrr = rm ianrc
m ianrc irrr mr o inmr srnmar =rar ( irrr = m ianrc mr s=r q=r irrr
n==rr = io== nr=m sr m ia m s =r= inmi=a r ar = ( m ianrcr =ra im n
m =nr+rrinm inmr= m i= =na a nrarn=r srnm ( irrr mr sr=rr= nri=anm orn mr
sr m=r (


m ia r-c m cr s=r ,
( +rr iam m ia a=rr
, nr=m mr m ia(

+rr iam m ia nrq m ia a=rr nr=m mr m ia srai=m m ia io=mr s=r s
= = n iar ,srnr , n iar a=rr r=arsr = iomr = m= nr=m o= = ar ( m ianrc m
s=r= nr=m mr =nri+rm = = inmi=a m= m i=q nrq m ia m i=r mr s=mr srai=m
m ia m s =r= r = =rr ri (
irrr rm ianrc i=a a=rr ===ra irrr m s =+rr sz r , rc m =r a=rr irrr
iar sric m in= qm m ria iom r=r nr=m mr =na a=rr rm iam inmr= r r
rar (
s na i=rar mr c irc = ==ra q ==r a=rr =nc = == irrr mr im r = nr=m
mr = = ==rr icr a=rr oar m == =r = i=ra mr ==rr im m ia m a= a=rr imr mr
r nr=ainm irrr ==r or ( na =r irrr = m ianrc mr i=i=i=ra inr rrarq


m ianrcr irrr mr inr rrar
m ianricr m s=r= nr=m mr =r irirmr m n= m ia ( m ianrc irrr m
ar =r=rr m ia,= r a=rr n=asr = m n= m ia mr =n= = r ==rr c ar ( sa sa nr=m
mr s=mr m ia m s=r= inmi=a r m i=q rm iam nrarn=r =a a m=r ri( ==r m
i= =r q=r= qz q= m r mr =n =r= nrn r s=mr sac r mr i= c ar m ia m
i=r ar m r=rr = =+rr n=a se = = i==ar , =a =rn m ==m = sra r n =n
c irra r orar (
m ianrc =amr r mr in=r =r imr sr = nr=m m orn mr im rrr= = =
+rrina m=m s=m =nr+rrinm inmr= = n= icr( m ianrcr irrr nr=m mr qm
-r-=m rrr =rar io=mr inmr= i=a= rar =ar ( = inmr= mr r= i+ri+r
i==riar r rn, nr=, imrr =( =r+rr i==ria=rr mr inr rrarq s=s= r ar ( sa n
mr irrr n==rr i==riar m s =r r r riq( m ianrcr irrr rr=r n mr = mr= m
32

n=r, nr=rrsr sr = s=r = =na m=m qm =na nrarn=r = inmi=a r = n= c ar ( sa
m ianricr mr inr= im irrm mr n m im=r mr = nr=rr r zr=r riq sia q =r
nrarn=r s=-=r m=nrr riq arim s=mr =na =r = inmr= r =m (

m ianrc a=rr irrr m sc
=r+rr m ianrcr irrr m sc r m nr= = qm =a r ( srmr s=r m e inar = =rc
r orr(
,( =rn mr r nrr =r= =rn mr si=rm = si=rm ser nr = n=
icr sr= mr irrr mr mr im n = r mr = r = nrq im n orn
m ==r r rr iar mr =r=r m= =m (
,, na =r a=rr +rrnr =ar n = =r mr iao inm m ianricr m s=r= irrr mr sc r
n m orn mr = =r= sr= =ar r m=r ( =a = mz = = = =r c =r m
i=ra mr ===r m=a q narr im = =r s=rnr c =r mr o= ar rm iam imr m
i=rr==n=r r ar ( sa s= = nra = n= icr im nr=m mr = = n i-ar mr
rr =r, sia icrr = =rr arm=r a=rr smr ==n m=r r irrr mr sz r r ri (

,s orn = rrrr m i=q a r= m=r zr=in orn m i=q = rrrr a=rr ===r mr ino r=m
i=ra = innr= m=ar =rr( sa zr=in m s =r= irrr mr sz nr=m mr s rinar
mr inmr= m=r or s= orn =rrrr m i=q a r= m=m orina = m r = nr c (

,= nrarn=r m =r=r s m = n= =rm nrcrr mr innr= im rrr = s srmr,
sr srcar mr a=rr s r=r= m a r mr sr i=i==riar m s m= nr mr rina
( sa sm s =r= irrr n im r or ina mr s=m nrarn=r a=rr i=i==riar m
s m = nr = =r cr m=ar ( = c irc = irrr mr sz nr=m mr = r =
nrar im n s nrarn=r a=rr i=i==riar m =r=r s m= m= =m (

, orar riar mr = =rr= m ianrcr inr nr zrr mr =a im irrr mr sz r
orar riar mr ==rr m=r a=rr sm inmr= mr imr mr si=rm ia cr ( o .q=.
=r = m r-cr = = mr= irrr ra r s orarriar m ==rr,s=r mr =r a=rr
n i mr r= (
,c rm iam inmr= ==r =rc r-cr = narr im = nr=m mr =n==r qn rinarr=r
nr m i=q s=mr rr=ri=m r=ar a=rr inaa ini+rar mr =r = ==ra q s=mr
rm iam n i-ar mr =na =r = inmi=a m=r ri ( sa nr=m mr s=mr m ia m
s=r= inmi=a m=r r m ianrcr irrr mr qm=r sz (

, n inamar mr siia inmr= irrr m sz mr i=r r m=a == n rim
c ircmrr a=rr m ianrcr cr mr sra q narr im irrr mr sz ninamar mr
siia inmr= m=r ( sa irrr = mr= mr r r ri im r - m nr=m mr ior
ina-n inmi=a r or (
33


m ianrc sr= rc m =
m ianrcr n mr irrr mr m c inc =ra smr =a rcm = nr=m ic a r r
riq( sm s=r= rc m = mr == =rr
nr=m mr = = n i-ar ,
rm iam =ir ,
=nr+rrinm im rsr ,
inaa ini+rarsr , qn
r ==n=rr ===rsr m s =r= a r= r ri io== n sr
si+r=ir mr =naar n m inmi=a m=m s ini+r sn==rrsr mr
=+rr srnmarsr mr =r m=a q sr =m= qm im rrr= a=rr =
ia =rn n =m ( m ianrcrr m s=r= rc m = m sa a
=r =m=,=nr===rr, r=r=inr,cr=r inr, m ia i=rrr,+rrrrr a=rr
+r r = qn iar= sric inrrr mr =i==i=a imr orr ri (

m ianrcr crr imr rc m = = r=r=inr, ira, =r=rinr, orninr a=rr
inr sric nrim inrrr mr = = a=rr =ri-m qn =r =m iam inrrr mr r r ==rr icr (
m ianrc a=rr irrriar
irrria m r = m ianrc mr =-n r c ( i=a irrr = nr=m mr =rr =r
= qm r ia r=r qm r mr= mr rcn=a mr r =r= im =r = icr orar =rr( m ianrc
= =r= im irrr mr in=r =r imr a=rr inaa ini+rarsr m i=ra mr sr=rr= =ra q
- m nr=m mr s=mr m ia m s=r= s=rr s +rnr a=rr imr m r=r rro mr ===r
imr io== - m nr=m =nr+rrinm =r = inmi=a r ar = ( = r = , m ianrc irrr, oo =
a=rr iirm s+r= qn s=rr nm= =c nr=r rr irrr iar mr =rz m=a q q =r
nr iar mr o= icr iomr sr=rr=
m=m =r=rr
s +rn r=r =r=rr
=r = r=r =r=rr
-r ini=r
i=i=cm ini=r
m ianricr mr innr= nr=m io= imr mr sr er =r= m=ar ,s=m =r m= =
n si=rm = si=rm =i = ar ( = mr= n =n im r m=m or m e +rr =r=rar nr =r
r (
m ianricr m s na m=m =rr=r ,s +rn r=r =r=r a=rr =r = r=r =r=r m i=rar
i=rrria,=r =ia,zr=cia a=rr =rc ==r ia sric s m irrriar mr o= icr
( sna =+rr irrriar nr=m mr =na nrarn=r = ==ra q sr-=cr m sn== cr
m=ar io== nr=m =r-=m mrr m r=r sr-=irrr cr m=ar =ar (
34




m ianrc a=rr irrm
m ianrcr irrm mr mr z r=r mr =c o mr ar= m=m =n si+r ar m =r = mr m=m
m n= nr=m =r si+r ar mr sr rc =r= m i=q =r +r ia r =im =r = nr=m mr
im rsr mr i=rrr m=r a=rr s=mr =rar m=r ( m ianrc m s =r= nr=m mr =n ~rc
irirmr m n= m ia r io=m =r == rr = =a q s=mr m ia m s=r= s=mr rm iam
inmr= r =mar ( = mr= m ianrc m s=r= nr=m mr ==rr = = a=rr irrr mr r r(

m ianrc a=rr s rr=
= == qm scr=r c a q i==rr on qm nr=m i=ar s=rnr s == mr = o
= cmar ar s= cc r ar ( = cc mr rc s= si=rm =rn=rr nr c ar sr = cc m
nr=nr= r nr= s +rnr m mr=r n sa = s rri=a r orar (
s rr= m ==n=r = +rr m ianrcr m n= m ia mr r =r=r = m= =nr+rrinm i=rr=r m
s rr= = innr= m=a ( ==r m s =r= ic nr=m m ia m i=r mr +r m= r ar m ia
s= =n cz c r( sa nr=m m =nr+rrinm inmr= = im=r mr= mr =ar r m=r ri (
irrm mr ri im n q= nrarn=r mr i=rr m= io== =a q nr=m ini+r im rsr =
=im =r = +rr = ar =( ic s=mr im rsr = mr nr=rr zr=r r ar s=m s a = =
i=rr n = r io== s=mr =nr+rrinm inmr= m ica r orqr( = mr= m ianrcr nrq
=ar a=rr rr=ri=m cz mr in=r =r m=a q = nra = n= c a im nr=m mr ia,=
a=rr mr m= mr r =naar i==r ri (
s rr= mr sr=rr= src a=rr c =r r r r ri( =mr mr=r im nr=m s imrsr mr
m=ar = r iom m= = s= src ra r r( =m in=ra,ic nr=m mr im r s ia r r,
ar m ia s= =n cz sn c r( cz = nr=m mr c =r r r io=m i=rr==n=r n s= im r
mr m=r =n er z c r( = nra mr =rc m= m i=q



m ianrc a=rr =m =

m ianricr m s=r= =m = mr =c m i=,mcr= a=rr c a n=rr m sr=rr= = r m=
=naar m sr=rr= = r r ri io== nr=m mr inmr= s=mr m ia m s =r= r ar = ( sa
=m =r = ar == =ri=rr mr r r imr orr ri sr = r irrm mr sr er=r=
nr=m m =i=arm = r mr n= n m c = mr r= m=r ri( m ianricr mr innr= im
35

m ia mr m= m i=q == mr =n i=rr i=a m=ar ( sa nr=m mr m ia r=r i=rr i=a ==
= r s=mr er =r= mr mr =n a=rr m= m sn== cr im or ri ( ==
+rr =r+r r r =m=r = =nrr= ==rria r orr( m ianricr mr +rr sc= innr= im
=nrrr= mr r or mr mr =r = i=a m= = - m nr=m mr sr m ia m s =r= ar
a=rr s r=r n m sn== ra r ( == =+rr mr =nr+rrinm inmr= r r iia ( ===i=
i==ra r= mr =m= a=rr c r= mr inn+rr=ar irrr = m ianrcr i=ra m ora ora scr=r
( r= m s=r= nr=m s inr=r ,s +rnr a=rr im rsr = , ra inar = i+r r ar ( sa
=m = = nr=m m == ra inr=r a=rr im rsr mr +rr= =rc m=m s=m =r= ar =na
nrarn=r si==ra imr orar im n sr m ia m s=r= =n r inmi=a r ar =ar (
c== r-cr = =nrr= r= m =m = mr inr rrar io=m i=rr==n=r nr=m sr =r-=m
im rsr r=r s i= a=rr ina-n mr inmi=a m=ar ( c r= m inn+rr=ar = +rr nr=m mr
m ia m ==m = ==ra q =na nrarn=r si==ra imr orar ( == n sr m ia m
s=r= inmi=a r ar =ar (

m ianrcr inr==rr=r = +rrina r m= sr=r im = =+r =+rr inr rrm= iarr= =m=r
= =nrr= mr ia mr =-nr ==rr icr orar ( m ianrc irrr a=rr r mr =+r =+rr
rr=rrsr mr +rrina imr ( sr=r im irrr mr mianrc io= =r = +rrina imr s=mr
= = inr rrarsr = = ii=i=i=ra inar = mrr zr= =
(() nr==r inr mr inmr= m ianrc nr=m ic a rr=r ( =m s =r= nr=m mr s=mr
m ia s=rr a s=mr =i m n iar ,+rrnr a=rr s r m s=r= inmi=a m= = n= icr orar (
== nr==r inr mr o= sr a=rr sr=r im irrr = =r inrim qn =r=riom n i-ar
inmi=a (

(,) ==ro a=rr ==rorr= mr n rim s= ==ro a=rr ==rorr= m n rim s=
mr o= m ianrc = r sr( r r , r onrc mr o= +rr m ianrc = r ==r orar (

(s) s +rn =rr rc m= = n= m ianrc inrr =rr rc m= m in= s +rn =rr
rc m = mr ===r m=ar io=m s=r= rcm = = nr=m m s +rnr mr =i==i=a imr orar
a=rr rcra= qn =r=r imrsr = inr rr n= icr orar ( =m i=q sr=r im irrr
m ianrc m i=q sr+rr=r (

(=) irrr iar m r = =-n r c m ianrc nr=m mr s=mr m ia m s=r=
inmi=a m= = n= icr io=m i=rr==n=r irrr iar m r = m riamr=r i=na q(
ini+r irrr iar o = q i=i=cm ia,zr=c ia,i=rrr ia,=r= ia a=rr =rc ==r
ia m ianrc mr r c ( srcr nrc a=rr ronrc s na irrr iar m i=q m ianrc
mr sr+rr=r (
() s rr= m r = c= mr in=r=r m ianrc mr r=r ninamar, im r a=rr =naar(
sa m ianrc c= mr in=r =r m=m nr=m m =nr+rrinm inmr= a siia =naar cr m=ar
36

a=rr nr=m mr s im mr = +rr cr m i=ra = s rr= mr n==rr m=ar (
sr=r im irrr = nr=m mr =naar m n= m ianrc mr r c (

ronrc

ronrc mr s=r
r onrc mr r-c mr -i-a rm +rrrrr m ==r r-c = ,io=mr s=r imr
s=rnr imr r mr ( m e s inrr m s =r= r-c rm +rrrrr m == icmro r-c = i=r
r , io=mr s=r rnri=mar s=rnr sr iar( ronrc m rri-cm s=r mr == m
vra = m =ma im = inr==rr=r m sa a imrrr=ar a=rr rnri=mar mr =-nr
==rr icr orar r onricr mr sc= innr= im = im r s=rnr r imr orar (
i= =m = m s=r= inr=r s=rnr i=rar mr i=r r r ar ( =i=q r onrc mr
r nrc =i=q mr orar nr im ronrcr m n= r mr r =- mr qm=r m=r cr =ra
( sm s =r= =-, nr=ainmar, ser a=rr n =r =n =rr r-c ( n iia r sia
=nmr =rn s r a=rr s +rnr m r=r i= m=ar ( r nricr mr s=rz innr=
im =- a=rr nr=ainmar s m ( =n i=r r mr sn==rr = ( =rn s rr a=rr s +rnr
m r=r =nmr =rr o m=ar ( sa m n= nr nra =- , io r m r=r =- i= imr
or =m ( r onricr mr +rr innr= im or inr= s=rnr i=ra m= =- =rr,
srnm r im n sro +rr =- r r ( q =r i==ria = mr +rr iia s=rnr i=ra ===a
= =r= mr ia m =r = r =r =mar( ronrc mr =nrc =i= mr orar nr im =
inr==rr=r m s=r= - m imr mr = =r m s=m i=rr= s=rnr = m s =r= iia imr
orar ( ic imr =crm ar n =- , s=rnr s=-( r onrc mr r=r i=na( =
c irc = mr +rr =- ==rrr r m= =c n i=na mr sn==rr = ( sa r onrc mr crnr im
=- =c n c r, mr= a=rr i=i==ria m s=r= nc=ar =ar ( or inr=,srcr a=rr = = im=r
s= m c r, mr= a=rr i=i==ria = rnri=m a=rr =crm i= r =ma , srnm r
im smr = - m c r, mr= a=rr i=i==ria = +rr n =r r i= r ( sa r onrc,srcr nrc mr
+rr ia n iia a=rr i=a i=rar m s =r= i=a srcrr a=rr = =r = n= c ar im m n=
nr srcr a=rr = = =- io=mr i=rr= im=r c r, mr= a=rr i=i==ria = =rn m i=q
rnri=m, =r+rc =crm a=rr = ar rrom r (
s na inn=r = =rc r orar im ronrc mr ==n=r =rn a=rr s=m orn =
si=rm =i=q ronrc mr qm =rnarnrcr inr==rr=r mr =r +rr cr or =mar ( = r =
mr or =mar im or qm sr = m ianrcr m iam ic a a=rr srcr nrc =m ic a nr
c==r sr = ronrc =rnm ic a , io=m s=r= =rn mr ior s +rn r nr=ainnar mr
m c inc (





37







ronrc m mr= a=rr i=ra


ronrc m mr=
r onrc m i=i=i=ra ar mr=
(() =rnarnrcr r onrc .
=rnarnrcr s=rnr =rnr r onrc m s=r= nr n=a s=rnr i=ra =- , or =rn
mr ersr , srnmarsr , srmrrrsr a=rr sc r mr ia m=ar r qn io== s=mr m=rr r ar
r ( c== r-cr = q m n= nr nra =- , or =rn m ia mr r = = =a rc m=ar r (
=rnarnrcr r onricr mr innr= im or nra = = sc mr =r m=ar , = =r ersr mr
=a rc m=ar , a=rr == orn mr inmr= m=ar nr =-
(,) rr-=m ronrc
r r-=m ronrc m s =r= =- nr n=a s=rnr i=ra , io=mr r r=r =-
i= imr or =m ( sa = nrc m s =r= inr mr rrr=r io= nra mr r r=r i=
imr or =mar , nr =- s=rnr or nra crm mr m=ar , nr =- (

(s) ornrr=r ronrc
ornrr=r ronrc m s=r= =rn mr s= rina mr =-nr ==r orar , io=mr
=rar = n s srmr nrarn=r m s =r= nrar a=rr srnmar z = nrarn=r mr +rr
s s m = nr = ar ( = nrc mr iaii=r-n s==rmr m i= crr im or z nr imr(
z nr mr =a = r onrc mr or =rn mr s nrarn=r = s m = m= mr inr= im r
= mr orar (
srq sn r onrc m i=rar mr s= m=

ronrc m i=ra i=i=i=ra
(() r onrcr n i=rr i=a =-r = innr= r m=a( sm s =r= =- =c n c r, mr= a=rr
i=i==riar m s =r= nc=ar =ar ( smr innr= im or n=a im=r s= m ==rr =
im=r ina m i=q =- , n c== ==rr = s ina s=rnr inar m i=q =-
r r srnm r ( m mr ar- im ronrc m s =r= =- =c n
i=na rr= r ar ( = a= mr sr= = m a m=a q ini== o == i==rr =-ar
im=r inr= mr ==rrr r=r= r ( n ar sm==ra inr= = inr i=a rar (
38

(,) r onrc m s=r= =- ii r r ar( r onricr m s =r= =- qm =r r r-c
, or ina m inmr= a=rr s=m orn = sr nr=r i=i==riar m s =r= nc=ar =ar
( =mr mr=r im i=i==riar = i=na r = ina m =r= inr=
sr =a ( nr inr=r = m n= nr inr= =- ( iomr r m= = s=
=ar rrom i=rr= ra r ar ( sa ronricr mr sc= innr= im =- mr
i=r r s=m = s=rnr i=rr= = r ar ( c== r-cr = , ronrc m s=r= =-
iia r r ar( = inr==rr=r m s =r= n n=a io=mr =rar = =r= orn m
sc r a=rr =r mr ria r ar r a=rr io== =r= orn mr inmi=a r = =rar
i==ar r , =r= i=q =- (

(s) r onrc m s =r= orn qm r rr=r , io== - m ina s orn = sr
nr=r rr mr= mr ===rsr mr ==r m i=q s m mr= m r m=ar ( r
mr ==ar r =- mr =rr o ( = mr= ===r r =- mr =m rina (

(=) r onrc qm sr iarnrcr inr==rr=r , io=m s=r= - m i=ra mr =rr=r ar s=mr
sr iar ( ic mr inr= s=rnr s +rn =r= i=q srr ar crm , s=rr =r
( c == r-cr = or inr= s=rnr n=a srr nr =- ( ini== o == m r-cr = ,
im=r n=a mr =-ar s=mr sr iar m sr=rr= = i=rr i=a mr or =mar (

() . ronrc m s=r= =rn qm =r=riom rrr ( ==ro = r s=mr o= r ar , a=rr
==ro = r =a q s=mr == r inmr= r ar ( sa r onrc m ===r m =r=riom
a=rr oarim c ircmr r = innr= m=a (
(c) r onrc m s =r= orn m srcr a=rr = = iia a=rr n i=rr i=a r r a ( =
inr==rr=r m s rir mr sc= innr= im orn m = = a=rr srcr =rn ii= a r a
a=rr = c r, mr= qn i=i==riar m s =r= i=na r ar =ar ( = nrc m
s=r= =rn orn qm r rr=r , io== - m ina s s =i=arm =
=naar n m nr srcrr a=rr = =r mr snrrr ,cs= o onc a=rr =rrr m=ar
=ar ( == = iomr i=rr= = ar rrom a=rr =r+r c r ar , s n r m= = ar
a=rr r rr mr er z car ( = mr= - m ina m =i=arm = qm q=r rina , io=m
r=r n nr = =r mr =r m=ar =ar (
() r onrc =rn mr rina mr inr rr =-n cr m=ar ( = nrc m s=r= =rn sr
srnmarsr mr =r = ==ra q = c= = = c= nrarn=r nr =mar (

(s) r onrc, inr=r mr s rr im r mr inr rr =-n cr m=ar ( ronricr mr innr=
im inr= mr o= =c n imr m ra r ar ( =rn qm im rrr= rrr ( n s
orn mr ==nr rr = m n= sr im rsr a=rr s +rnr m sr=rr= = - m rr m e
m e =r=rar =ar ( r mr=r im irrr = im r r=r =r=r mr i=ra r onricr
m = = si=rmr= (

39

(e) r onrc +r a = innr= r m=ar( - m ina mr s na =r a=rr +rinr mr
===rsr mr = m=r r ar ( sa ronrc na =r a=rr ar-mri=m +rinr = inr rr
n= c ar ( = inr==rr=r m s =r= +r a ar = a a=rr ara r mr ( or ara r
mr s=mr r m=r =r (
((u) r onrc rra= =rsr a=rr ===rsr qn ==ro mr i=a =iar , n=rr a=rr s=r
mr rrr = in=r =rr ( n orn mr nr=ainmar = innr= m=ar ( sa n =r=riom n=rr
m nm= = z m= ina mr s rinar mr =-n c ar or s=mr s=mr
srnmar =r= i=i==riar m =r=r s m= m=rar (

((() . sia= =ar m ==n=r = = =a ar nrc i=a (() qm-nnrcq (,) -nnrc a=rr
(s) n-nnrc ronrc n -nnrc mr ===r m=ar ( = inr==rr=r m s=r= =- mr
m=r cr s +rn ( or inr= s=rnr srcr s +rn =r m= cr = =- i= r r, nr =-
( = mr= rnrcr =- qm a=rr n iia r n= s m ( or nra ina m
r=r =- i= r or r nr =- ( ==m m r-cr = m ianrc - m ==a mr orn
s=rnr +rr iam a-n, srcr nrc = s=rnr sr-=r =rar ( ronrc = nra mr srnmar
r r ==ar im ==r= mr im=r qm a-n s=rnr i=ra m sr=rr= = =rcrm=r m= (
r onrc i=rar mr =nrmr= m= = =arrr s +rn m=ar ( sa n n-nnrcr (

((,) r onricr mr innr= im na =r mr a =r = +rinr si=rm s==n= ( sa sm
s=r= = =r= mr nr nrr, = c= a=rr r mr n a nz r +r = ( ==r= ar s+rr i=r r
mr sn==rr = ( =rn mr s= s+rr ar = c= nrr , io== =a q s=mr ===a
ersr mr ia r =m ( = mr= r onrcr circmr r iarr= a=rr srrrnrcr (
ini== o == m r-cr = m ianrc m i=q nr=ainmar r ii= a n=a a=rr sricmr=
= r r , ima ronrc m i=q nr=ainmar mr s+rr i=r r r =r a=rr s
=n= mr m e +rr +rinr m i=q erz c ar (


irrr = r onrc

r onrc a=rr sr=r im irrr mr rrirc ==n=r ( = inr==rr=r mr r=r i=na(
= nrc m s=r= = =r= i=narr= ( r mr im=r n=a s=rnr i=ra mr =c n m i=q =-
r mr or =mar( =+rr n=a i=na rr= ( ==r= m n a = c rr = or mr ==ro im=r
== m irr =rr r m ra r=rr orn ara m=ar =rr sn sror im a=rr r=r n r (
= i=na mr = s c r = +rr c =r = ( =naar ra m= m ra +rr=a mr
=roriam, sri=r m a=rr =r=riom crrsr = nz r +rr=r i=na sr ( i=na =r=r er m
s=r= +r= r sr r, ima =mr s=r r im = (e= . m ra i=na sr
r r r ( =r= orn mr srnmarsr = +rr i=na sr ( srrr im sr +rr sn r r(
irrr a=rr irrr= ==rr +rr i=na m nm= = r n =mr ( irrr m r = = inr==rr=r
mr iarica m= mr ~ ini== o== a=rr i= crr im qn irrrrr=r or z nr mr (
z nr m s=r= im=r n=a mr =r sr iar r im =rn m=rr m i= srr r(
irrr mr +rr sr r s=r == mr or =mar on s=m ini+r sr mr ==n=r =rn m
40

m=rr = r ( ic irrr, s=rnr irrr= ==rr =rn m i=q iamr=r qn srr ar crm ,
s=rr +rr nc= orr ri ( r onrc mr s=rz innr= im im=r +rr irrr rr=r mr
==ro mr nc=ar i=i==riar mr c irc = ==ra q =c n m i=q sia= r mr or =mar(
==ro = r nr= = i=na m =r=r == +rr i=na r r srnm (
r onrc m s =r= m n= r m i=q r mr ra m=r r irrr mr = ( =
inr==rr=r m s=r= irrr m ini+r =r nr im, =rri= m a=rr =r cr -=m sric mr ini+r mr=
mr im rr =rr orar ( r onricr mr c a innr= im nr=m =+rr im rsr m r=r s
ior = =r qn srcr mr i=r r m=ar ( sa =+rr im r s=mr srnmarsr mr ia m=
a=rr s=m orn m i=q sr r i= r ( ronrc mr = =rr=rr = =rc r orar ( im
inr==rr=r irrr mr cr mr -r-=m = r =rar sia =m s=r= cr =n irrr mr
so ( z nr m s =r= cr irrr m r a=rr nr= = s- r ar , =ri=q s= irrr
i=ra mr r cr mr = r cr (

r onrc sr=r im irrr m r = qm r ar qn or ia cr m= cr , io=m
i=rr==n= rr srcrr , ===rsr , =iar, s=rinnr=r a=rr m =z mar mr sa r ar or =r
( inr==rr=r i= ini=r m r=r r ria = n= c ar , io== nr=m snrrm m = =
=rr o m=m m n= sr srcrr , = =r a=rr =-r mr =nrmr= m=ar , or r a=rr s +rn m r=r
=- i= r =m ( = mr= r onrc ina-n m =-n = n= c a q =naar, im r, r,
s +rn =r=r, s m= a=rr sr iar = n= car , io== ina a=rr ==ro cr r i=a=
sia m ir=r= = a a = ( i=i=i=ra inar = = r onrcr irrr mr = =r inr rrarsr =
mrr zr= =
(() irrr orn m = = .
r onrc mr s=rz =rr=rr im ===ra irrr iirm a=rr == mr orn r (
nr=m mr nr nrr r =arai=a m=m iirm orn m i=q ar= m=ar ( = inr==rr=r
m s=r= orn imr ( nr=m =r r m n= imr m r =r== = ra m= =mar ( sa
s=mr r = r inmi=a m= m i=q srnm im s= im r a=rr r m= m si=rm =
si=rm sn== cr im or , io== n nr = =r a=rr =-r mr i=r r m=m nc=a q ==ro
mr nc=ar i=i=riar m =r=r s m= m=m =r orn ara m= =m (
(,) irrr inmr= m = = . ronrc m s=r= ==ro i=na mr sn==rr = ( = i=na
= =r=r=r=r irrr mr +rr ==ro mr srnmarsr m s=r= nc= orr ri ( r= s=rnr =rc
nrr = ==ro mr inmr= ar ia = r sr =rr ioar sn r =r ( sa sn innr= m
=r=r mr +rr ina +rinrnrrr r m= =mar, im sro = nr= nrr ra =rn orn a=rr
==ro mr crr nr r r( q=r i==ria = nr=m mr rari-cr =rr ===rsr m s =r= irira
m= = mr =r+r r ( sro m n rim qn oarim = r mr or =mar im
im=r mr n cr im=r s=rnr cnr=r mr n cr cnr=r r =r( +rinrnrrr sro = r= nrr n
ar mr or =mar =rr, ima sn r ( sa r onrc n iia i=rar a=rr sia= =-r mr
=rz m=a = nra = n= c ar im nr=m irrr m i= r sia irrr nr=m m i=
( ronrcr = nra = innr= r m=a im nr=m qm mr=r == c mr = m= o= = ar s=rnr
qm =rr=r na m ==r , io== r mr nr= = n= n m c =r ri ( sm s=r= nr=m
m e rinar mr = m= o= = ar , iomr sia =rcr r=r r=r inmi=a m=r ( ronrcr
irrr nr=m mr ===a rinar mr inmr= s=mr =ir , =rr , srn r a=rr r=arsr mr c irc
41

= ==rm= = mr= = m=ar im n sn rrm m = = - m =a= = im r a=rr r m r=r
nr = =r a=rr =-r mr i=rr m=m siia +rinr = sr nr=r r iar = cnm= = m
r = n or ( = mr= r onrc m s =r= =r irrr nr or nr=m mr == r inmr= m=
=m (
(s) irrr i=a= s +rnr m i =rr m= m = = . ronrc m s =r= irrr mr s=r
inmr= , im =amr r( = nrc m ===r mr mr ca innr= im r n iia
r r ar sia == a=rr i=i==ria m s=r= nc=ar =ar ( sa ronrcr r
m i=q r mr =rz m=a q nr=m m =i=arm = =amr r mr n= n= c = mr
in=r =r m=a a=rr = nra = n= c a im nr=m mr =r r s=m s +rnr r=r r
ra r =mar , or =c n nrarn=r mr i=i==riar m s=r= nc=a =a ( qm s +rn
= c==r s +rn r ar a=rr c== = s m( = mr= ini+r s +rnr = nr=m m r =
i=a= n ic r ar =ar ( s +rnr mr n i = nr=m m nr= = i=na r ar io=m
sr=rr= = n sr = si=rm s +rn ra m=ar ( = mr= s +rnr mr i=r r i=a=
r ar =ar ( = = = = irrr q =r imr io=m r=r nr=m m s +rnr = i=a=
n i, =r s +rnr = i=na a=rr sr nr= nr s +rnr mr i =r r r ar =ar (
= mr= z nr m r-cr = irrr s +rn m i =rr mr im r (

(=) irrr qm =r=riom imr m = = ronrc m s =r= ina qm =r=riom rrr
(
s=mr ==ro m - m ina m =r=r sar r rrirc ==n=r ioar s=mr s i=nr= = (
==ro = =a q n rr mr= m s +rnr r=r =am mr s rr mr si=rm r ra ( sa
r onrc m s=r= nr=m mr irrr ==ro m =r== = r r ri io== s== =r=riom r
inmi=a r a=rr n qm == orn ara m= =m( or z nr mr sc= innr= irrr orn
mr =r=riom i=a=ar (

() irrr =r= mr io==cr=r m = = . sro mr oa mr ( = = irrr
ra m=r - m nr=m mr o= i= si=rmr= ( sa nr=m mr irrr mr == r
sa=cri-n =r= mr s == = = r ri( ic =r= s ma mr r= r m=r
ar nr=m sirira = orr io=m i=rr==n= oa s== r or r( =i=q
r onrc = nra = n= c ar im na =r oar im = =r= mr nr=m mr irrr
==n=rr =r io==cr=r s == = = r ri io== s=m ina-n mr == ia inmr= r
=m sr = n +rrnr orn = sr nr=r - m r ar mr =r=r m= =m(

ronrc a=rr irrr m sc

r onrcr inr==rr=r srcr nrcr i=ra mr +rr ia orn m i==r= a=rr n iia = =r mr
=nrmr= r m=ar( on orn mr mr iia = = a=rr =- r r ar irrr m sc mr =
= r m= iia imr or =mar ( ronrc mr crnr im =rnorn m = = c r, mr=
a=rr i=i==ria m s =r= nc=a =a ( sa irrr m sc +rr =rn mr nc=ar r=arsr a=rr
42

nrarn=r ==n=rr nc=ar i=i==riar m s=r= nc=a =a ( irrr mr mr +rr q =r s= m
sc r r =mar io= - m i=i==ria = nr=m m i= sia mr or =m ( sa r onrc m
s=r= i+ri+r i=i==riar = i+ri+r nr=mr m i=q irrr m i+ri+r sc r
ri ( i= ronrcr crr im z nr m r-cr = irrr m sc r r a ( irrr qm =r r
inr= ( irrr m sc m n= inar m r a a=rr inar m sc n a si=rm i+r r a (
ini+r nr=mr m i=q ini+r r a ( =r =r nr=m inmi=a r a or a -r -r sc nc=a
ora ( i=rri=a im q sc +r=r mr a =r = n =r si=rm m= =ma ( smr m n= sr
nr= i=rr=r mr or, i==riar mr c =r+rr= m= a=rr nr=mr mr rinar mr = na a=rr ic ira
m= m =r=rr mr m i=q = rrnr m = = =nrmr= imr or =mar (

s na inn=r = =rc r orar ( im ronrc irrr m i==r= a=rr n iia sia= qn
=r=r sc r = mr innr= r m=ar( = inr==rr=r m s=r= ic irrr mr mr +rr sc r
=mar ar n m n= qm r i=i=i=ra =r=r sc ( irrr m = sc = = s m inirrc
a=rr ar-mri=m mr o= r ar =ar (

si=rm = si=rm inmr= a=rr nr = =r mr =r . r onrc m s =r= irrr mr
qm=r sc im nr=m mr s=mr =ir a=rr r=arsr m s=r= q=r =r=riom a=rr
=rii-m imrsr = iarr= ic r r=r +rr = m sn== cr m= im s=mr si=rm inmr=
r ar = a=rr n =r=riom c irc m m r= ina nm= = sr=r im =+ar mr r iar mr nrc =r
m =r=r =r=r m=a q sr orinmr mr ===r mr ==r =m qn c ==r mr srnmarsr mr
src= m= =m( =m i=q q = iarr= qn =r= =i=arm mr inmr= m=r r r or - m
i=i==ria = =r=r r r a=rr io== sra +rinr m i=q nr = =r m i=r r m= mr rina
r ( =r = =r = m s=r= ronrcr irrr mr =n= =r=r sc = =r mr =r m=r (
irrm mr = = ma nr=m mr q= nrarn=r = ==rar , io== =a q n nr = =r mr
i=r r m=ar = (



ronrc sr = rc m =


rc m = i=rr m ==n=r = r onricr i=i=i=ra i=ra =a a im
(() sr iar m i=ra
r onrcr rcm = mr =r i=ra sr iar ( = i=ra m s=r= rc m = = s
inrrr mr r =i==i=a imr orr ri or m n= na =r orn m i=q r sia +rinr m
r a orn m i=q +rr srr r ( = c irc = rcm = = +rrrrr, =nr==rinr, rr=ri=m irrr,
+r r =, iar=, inr a=rr m irrinr qn nri=mrsr m i=q inr sric inrrr mr =i==i=a
imr orr ri ( r sr iar mr i=ra sr =m= rn=rim irrr mr =r +rr si==ra
m=ar ( = r = rcm= mr i=r r sr iar mr c irc = r r ri io== =rn ia mr
sr = s == r ar = (

43

(,) =i mr i=ra .
r onrcr rcm = mr c==r i=ra nr=m mr rm iam si+r=ir ( = i=ra m
s=r= nr=m io im rsr = =i = ar , s rc m= m sa a sn =i==i=a m=r
ri ( or z nr m s=r= =ir r= mr= mr rar (() nrara m= mr =i,(,) =rr o mr
=i, (s) =r mr =i, a=rr (=) m=r-=m si+rina mr =i( sna =ir m sr=rr= = r==r
=a= m rcm = = i==r , a , im=r a=rr =am=r qn m iainr sric inrrr mr = =r
==rr i==r ri (

(s) s +rn mr i=ra.
r onrcr rcm= mr ar==r i=ra nr=m mr imr, n=r a=rr s +rn ( arr
m nr rrirc ==n=r r r ri ( c== r-cr = r onrc =c m i=ra mr in=r =r m=a q
s +rnr mr si=rm =-n c ar ( sa = inr==rr=r m s =r= rc m = = inrrr m siai=na s
im rsr mr inr rr ==rr i==r ri or =na, =r=riom a=rr sc r a=rr iom r=r nr=m
s +rnrr= n or (

(=) qmrm=r mr i=ra .
r onrcr rcm= mr r =rr i=ra inrrr mr qmrm=r ( r onrc m s=r= r
qm mr ( = s=s= in+rrr = r nr cr or =mar( sa srnmar = nra mr im
nr=m mr ini+r inrrr mr r =rm =rm = m ia = = c m= ===a inrrr mr ===
==ni=ra m=m a rr or ( = mr= qm r sc = ==ni=ra ini+r im rsr m = = ini+r
inrrr mr irrr c = qmrm=r ===ar n m ==rria imr or =mar (

s na i=rar = =rc r orar im r onrcr q = =r= , iarr= a=rr ===n qn
srr im r=rr rc m = mr i=r r m=r ra ar inmr=rr= nr=m a=rr i=na rr= ==ro
mr sr = si=rm inmr= mr sr = s == m=ar = (


ronrc a=rr irrri=ra

irrri=rar a=rr irrriar m r = r onrc mr =-nr c ( nrc im=r
s= m rr a=rr =ia nrcr iirm irrria mr ===r r m=ar( r onricr mr innr=
im - m nr=m mr =i=arm qm=r r r ar( sa - m nr=m m i=q qm r mr= mr
irrria m = =r+rc r =mar ( nr=m mr r= r inmi=a m= m i=q nr=m a=rr irrm
cr r mr r q=r irrria mr rn m=r ri io=mr nr=m m orn = ==n=r r a=rr
io== im rrr=ar, rnri=mar a=rr s +rn sric mr ==rn r r ( = c irc = r onricr
44

i=i=i=ra irrri=rar mr iarc imr iom sr=rr= = irrriar mr i=rr i=a imr
or =mar (
(() =r=r mr sc r imr mr i=ra =r=r mr sc r imr mr s=r im nr=m
sr =i, si+r=i, r =ar a=rr s +rn m sr=rr= = im=r sc s=rnr = mr ria m= ( =
i=ra m s =r= ronrc =amr r mr in=r =r m=ar ( a=rr s irrriar m in= =
qm r ar iom s=r= nr=m irrm m =rr = n cm= r ra m= r s= r mr nr=m
m orn = mr ==n=r r s=rnr r( r onrc im=r s ina m r=r ic r mr
srr =n =r=r q r mr ser ==ar ( = i=ra m s=r= irrria q =r r r
ri io== nr=m =ar n m or m e +rr =r=r =n r =r=r ( s=mr irrr mr sc r a=rr
srr s=r == mr or =mar on s=mr =n sio a imr sr r s=m nr=ainm orn
= sr nr=r i=i==riar m =rr=r nrc =r = zcm= = mrn=r m= = =r cr m=(
(,) im r m=m s=rnr s +rn r=r =r=r mr i=ra
r onrc inr= mr s rr im r a=rr s +rn = n= c ar ( sa = nrc m s=r=
nr=m mr imr m =r== = irira m=r ri ( r anricr mr sc= innr= im im r m
m= = inr=r mr o= r ar ( sa nr=m m =r= q=r i=i==riar mr =a a imr
orr ri io= =a q n +rr iam a=rr =r=riom nrarn=r mr s m ===rsr mr ==rar
= ( =rn mr m=r im =r=r =r q n =nr -m rc irrm sr sr-=r +rn ( sa = i=ra
m s =r= nr=m mr =r-=m imrsr a=rr r r=r ini+r nrar mr =r=r m sn== cr
im or ri ( =r c mr nra im = i=ra mr sc ===a inrrr = m n= rnri=m
mr mr r =- c r r sia nr=m mr orn mr nr=ainm i=i==riar = ==rr = i=ra
mr = =r = io== n orn = sr nr=r s m ===rsr mr == n m= ===ar n m
= m= =m (

(s) qmrm=r mr i=ra . qmrm=r m i=ra mr s=r im nr=m mr or +rr a=rr ioa +rr
inrr a r or s =nmr === ==ni=ra m=m a rr orr ri ( =mr mr=r im
r onrcr ini+rar = qmar m i=ra = innr= m=a ( sa sm s=r= r m ini+r
rr m r a q +rr n qm r ( = s=s= c mz r = r nr cr or =mar( = c irc = or
am ==+rn r - m inrr mr qmc == = ==ni=ra m=m r a rr orr ri ( r onrc m
s=r= nr irrria =n= sa= io=m r=r ini+r inrrr mr === ==ni=ra m=m a rr
or =mar (

ronrc a=rr irrm

r onrc m s=r= irrm nr=mr mr i=, =rcrm a=rr ==rmr= rar ( = c irc =
r onrcr irrm = cr nrar mr r r == srnm (() nr=mr m =r=r inaa ==mr r=r
smr =ir mr r a=rr (,) i=narr= ==ro mr nc=ar i=i==riar mr nr =r( ronrcr
irrm = srrr mr orar im n nr=mr mr =ir m s =r= sm ==r q=r ===rsr mr
==r io ==rm= sm r = n i r ar = ( =r=r r s= nr=mr m =r= q =r i=i==riar mr
+rr ==rr ri iom r=r =r=riom c ircmrrr , =r=riom =ir a=rr =r=riom srcar mr inmr=
r or (

45

ronrc a=rr s rr=


s rr= m ==n=r = ronrc nr r ir a=rr rr=ri=m cz mr icr m=a q q=
=r=riom s rr= mr =-n c ar or nr=m mr =i, im r a=rr =r=riom ==cr=r m i=rar
= sr=rri=a r ( or z nr m s =r=, s rr= qm =ri=m crr io=mr nr m i=q
=r=riom im r srnm ( ror ia = =+rr srnm nra =i==i=a ( ronrc mr
innr= im mr mr =r = m =r=r i==r cr ri ( mr a=rr =r = m = = = nr=m mr =ri=m
crr = mr= mr n orr im n s nr=mr m mr = mr =ar m=m s mr mr
=r = ==a q =r = a=rr nrcr=r m =r=r m=ar = r( == s== sr-=n= a=rr
sr-=i+r =ar q n c== nr=mr m ia =, =r +r ia q n =r sric =r=riom rr mr inmr=
r r( sna =r=riom rr m inmi=a r = nr=m = sr-=s rr= s=rnr iams rr= mr
inmr= r r( = c irc = r onrc m s =r= nr=m mr =m = m nrarn=r = s=mr =i m
s=r= =naar n m =r= im a=rr =r c r im rm = m i= si=rm = si=rm sn== i==
ri ( == n = = = ri=mar mr rc r m= r( c == r-cr = , =r=riom s rr=
s- r orr(

ronrc a=rr =m =

r onrc m s =r= =m= qm =r=riom = ==rr or nr=m =r= im orn m nr=ainm
s +rn ra m=ar ( n ==rr or s=m i= ==n=rr s s m rr mr inmr= r ar
or s= sr =m= ==ro mr io== cri=r mr =r m= = =rar c a ( z nr =m = mr ==ro
mr =rr= =ra q narr im =m= r q=r o im or = nr=m mr sr =i, r =ar
a=rr r=ar m s=r= s m mr= mr imrsr a=rr s +rnr mr ra m= m si=rm = si=rm
sn== i==a a=rr or = nr=m mr =crr = =r=a q, mrr = mr m=a q qn r rr=r
= srinrmr=r mr m=a q =r= im a = = mr irrr i==ar ( = mr= nr=m mr
irrr m i=q =m= =n= s na =r=r ( =r c mr nra im ronrc m s =r= =m=
m n= nr=m mr irrr mr r m c r sia =r= crim orn mr m c +rr ( = mr= or
z nr m s =r= =m= mr ==ro mr =r iaii=r rr ri (


ronrc m inr rrarq

(() r o ncia mr i=r r . r onrc irrria m r = ro ncia mr i=r r
imr ( = ia m r = nr=m =r-=m im rsr = +rr = ar sr s m ===rsr mr
==rar io== s=mr sr =r-=m m ia mr inmi=a m= m sn== i==a =a (

(,) nr=m mr =-n . r onrc =amr r a=rr sr ri=m irrr mr in=r =r m=m nr=m m
ina-n mr inmi=a m= = n= c ar ( == irrr nr=m ic a r orar (

46

(s) im r = n= . ronrc inr= mr srr im r mr si=rm =-n c ar ( sa imr r=r
=r=r m inra = ronrc mr = = si=rmr= (

(=) nri=m orn = innr= . ronrc nr=m m nri=m orn = n= c ar ( sa
r onrcr irrr nr=m mr orn m i=q a r= m=ar (
() =r=riom a=rr oar irrr . ronrc nr=m = =naar, ==rar, si=rmr=r a=rr mar
mr i+rr mr r=ar qn =r=riom i rar sric =r=riom a=rr oarim rr mr inmr= m=ar
( rr m inmi=a r = nr=m =r=riom a=rr oarim rr mr inmr= m=ar ( rr
m inmi=a r = nr=m =r=riom a=rr oar im orn mr ==ar n m ara m= m r = r
orar (

(c) irrr = orn mr = r= . ronrc irrr mr im r = qm or zr= cr (
nr irrr, iarr= irrr a=rr im r =rr rcm= sric =n r onrc mr r c (

() iarr= a=rr srrrnrcr c ircmr r . ronrcr c ircmr r iarr= a=rr srrrnrcr ( c==
r-cr = , ronrc =naar, im r, s=r =mc=r,si+rn ia, s +rn, i=rr= a=rr =rnr sia
= n= c ar (

r onrc m rr = mrr zr= m ra mr or =mar im = nrc imr,
r , s +rn, sr iar a=rr ina m inmr= qn ==ro mr ia = n= c m= =rn m c ircmr r
mr r r nc=r sia na =r irrr mr qm =r z = =rm= =rz r m= icr ( nr=an =
r onrc q= iarr= qn =r= ina-n mr inmi=a m=r rar or =r=r r a=rr =r=r
nm= sra +rinr m i=q nr = =r mr i=r r m=m =r=riom c irc = m r= n or( =
mr= inr==rr=r i=a irrr m in= qm q =r m ria or nc=a q ==ro mr
srnmarsr m s=r= nr=m mr inmi=a m=r rar a=rr ==ro mr sr = si=rm siarr=
nr mr r= m=ar (
47


srcr nrc
(IDEALISM)


m= = s nnco=cm or o or= so=a = cm r= n = cs=a = rcnc on n=cn=
c cnns==o= ==a= nc ni -= =o=q or o o = o o on =as= cm a= a=
on nns==s=co o rr=a o== ni a==o=q ao= cs=a =


srcr nrc mr s=r

srcr nrcr r-c s or m sr izi=== r-c mr =ra= io=mr s-ia = cr m inr=nrcr
i=ra = ( = i=ra m s=r= sia= =ar inr=r s=rnr inr=nrc mr ( = mr=
s==r r-c ar sr izr== ima sr=r mr = in=rr m i=q = r-c = s or +rrrrr m ,=
sr= mr or z m= = sr izi=== ,m= s mr =r cr orar (

crr im i=ra m = = srcr nrc ==a mr srr inr=r , +rrnr a=rr srcrr m =-n mr
=nrmr= m=m m ia mr s rr =rn a=rr s=m ina-n m inmr= qn sr=ri-=m = =r mr orn
mr = =nrmr= m=ar io== ini+rar = qmar (n=) mr r r or (
srcr nrc mr =rr=rr im +rr iam oa mr s rr sr=ri-=m oa si=rm s-m rc qn
=r ( =mr mr=r im +rr iam oa rrnr ( sa s=- ( =m in=ra
sr=ri-=m oa inr=r , +rrnr a=rr srcrr mr = =r= io=m r = = a=rr sr-=r mr r r ar
( = c irc = = =r cr m s=r= m n= sr=ri-=m oa r =- ( == = a=rr =m
ra sr = m e r ( = mr= srcr nrc, rm iam s=rnr n rim a-nr mr s rr =rn m
inr=r , +rrnr a=rr srcrr mr sr=ri-=mar mr si=rm =-n c a q =rn a=rr s=m =i=arm m
s= = n= c ar (

= cr m s =r= =rn mr m ia sr=ri-=m r ar io=mr si+rina n nr im,
=r cr -=m a=rr =rri= m r r = m=ar ( i= oa sr a=rr r sr m =r=r n r ( =i=q
r sr mr srr =rn mr orn si=rm ~ rc r ar (

srcr nrc =rn m s= = =i=q +rr si=rm n= c ar , nr im s rsr mr a=r
= =rn mr n i a=rr inn m sric rinar +rr si=rm r ar ( sr n i q n inn m m n= =
=rn s rsr mr +rr ia nrarn=r mr m n= cr= r r nr =ar sia s== srnmar=r=
i=na m=m c n-n mr ==rr +rr r m=ar a=rr sm mr= mr =ri=m, m=r-=m a=rr =rri= m
im rsr = +rr = a q =r= a=rr sr=rrr= sric mr =o m=ar ( na =r =r =m iam a=rr
sr=ri-=m nrarn=r =rn =n r nrr (

48

= r = srcr nrc =rn a=rr s=m inr=r , +rrnr a=rr srcrr mr =n r ==rr c ar (
r srcrr a=rr = =r mr ra m=m =rn s ina-n mr inmi=a m=a q sr sr-=r mr
=r r ra m=m =n == n= m =r=r =rrr-mr= m= =mar ( sa srcr nrc m s=r=
nr=ainm =rr sr=ri-=m , +rr iam r ( = cr m s=r= c r a=rr mr= = = irc mr m =,
i- a=rr sr=ri-=m =- m mcrm=r m mr=r =ar ( = mr= srcr nrc mr r inn mr
sric, si=i=a i- a=rr sa =rr , im mr ac==r qn in=r=rr = =r=(
srcr nrcr cr mr iarc, = m=raq = cr q z mrc q =r orq nm=q mrcq icr q
vr i= q r= q rq vrr r n= a=rr o cr= sric s m rr- a=rr ncr qn sirrcr m
r ar =irrr = = m= s=inc rrr rr am s m nr crr imr imr (

srcr nrc m = =r i=ra

(() == r oa m cr =
srcr nrc m s=r= ==r oa m m n= cr = () sr=ri-=m oa a=rr (,) +rr iam
oa( srcr nrcr +rr iam oa mr a=r = sr=ri-=m oa mr si=rm =n c a ( smr innr=
im sr=ri-=m oa mr a =r = +rr iam oa m n= qm =m =r ( =mr mr=r im
+rr iam an rnr ( sa s=- ( =m in=ra sr=ri-=m oa =- a=rr =rr=r (
=mr r ra m= = = a=rr sr-=r mr r ra r ar ( sa +rr iam an mr s rr
sr=ri-=m =rr s=rnr sr=ri-=m oa mr r ra m=r =rnr orn mr = = = ( q.
q.r m s =r= srcr nrc m s =r= c r sr = mr= = = irc mr m = i- a=rr sr=ri-=m
=- m mcrm=r m mr=r =ar (

(,) n=a mr s rr inr= mr =-n=
srcr nricr m s =r= = a=rr sr-=r mr r mn= inr=r m r=r r ra imr or
=mar ( =i=q sr +rr iam oa m cr=rr a=rr n=a sr mr a =r = inr= qn +rrn oa mr
si=rm =-nr =rr ( smr r innr= im n=a s=rnr cr=r s=- ( m n= inr= r
=- , =nrr a=rr si=na rr= ( r inr=r = = =r= m ===a an iia ( = cr mr
=a inr= sia= qn =rn +rr i=m =n nr= r a ( r n ==rr io= inn mr =
ra r ar ( n srcr s=rnr ia=r iom r=r sia mr =rrr mr orar ( inr=
sia= a=rr si=nar (

(s) oz m ia mr srr inr= mr =n
srcr nrc m s rr oz m ia mr srr =r mr si=rm ( =mr mr=r im
= r = inr= a=rr s +rn m= mr vrina r ar ( nr im srcr nrcr s +rn oa mr si=rm =n
c a , =i=q s +rnmrr =n sr= +rr si=rm =nr r orar ( = r innm na a=rr n i na
rrr ( sa n s r sr mr +rr ia nrarn=r mr m n= cr= r r nr =ar sia s==
srnmar =r= i=na +rr m=ar , c n-n mr ==rr r m=ar a=rr sr sm mr= mr
=ri=m, =rri= m qn m=r-=m imrsr = +rr = m i=rr==n= =r= , srr=rr=, m=r a=rr
49

=ri- mr =o +rr m=ar ( ==m =r m =n = mrr zr=a q i==rr =
sr=ri-=m a=rr =r =m iam nrarn=r mr i=r r =n =r r imr s=rr a iam a=rr
sr=ri-=m nrarn=r ===a =rr mr =r-=m imrsr mr r = (

(=) sr=ri-=m =-r a=rr = =r = innr= =
srcr nricr m s=r= orn mr = sr=ri-=m ==r a=rr =-r mr ra m=r (
sr=ri-=m = = (() =- , (,) irn , a=rr (s) = c== ( srcr nricr m s =r= = = =c n
s== ( or =r sr=ri-=m = =r mr or o ar n n= mr ra m= = ar ( c==
vr-cr = , = =r mr r-r m=r r n= mr ria ( sa =r m orn mr == = r
= =r mr ra m=r ( srcr nricr mr +rr innr= im arr = = qmc == = =rm (
arr = =r mr s=s= r ra imr or =mar ( =- mr ra m=m irn a=rr =r c
mr ra r imr or =mar( =r mr= =r c mr ra m=m =- a=rr irn mr ra r imr
or =mar( =a iia im = = - m sr=ri-=m = = mr ra m= m i=q = mr
arr imr (() rq (,) er s=rnr s +rnq a=rr (s) rcr s=rr a m e m= mr er sn
=rm r ar ( r m r=r =- mr a=rr er m r=r =r c mr qn rcr s=rnr - m r=r
irn mr ra imr or =mar ( = mr= srcr nricr m s=r= =r m orn mr =
arr sr=ri-=m = =r mr i=nr=r = = ra m=m =- mr =- m i=q, irn mr irn m i=q
a=rr = c= mr = c= m i=q s orn = ar=r ri (
() ina-n m inmr= mr =n
srcr nrcr crr im = r m ina-n mr si=rm = =nr ==a ( sa n ina-n m
inmr= = inr rr n= c a ( =a sr-=r mr r = r mr m n= ==ro = r =a q ra r
=mar ( sa srnm r orar im - m ina = sia irrr r=r =r=riom rr mr
inmi=a imr or io== im=r +rr ina = im=r mr= mr +r c+rrn = a=rr - m ina
qmc== m ia cr, = a=rr =r +r ia ==ra q i=a =- mr ra m= =m( == =rc r
orar im srcr nrc m n= = pr +r= inar mr irrr mr in=r =r m=a q =n =r=rr=r mr irrr mr
===r m=ar io== - m ina m ina-n mr si=rm = si=rm inmr= r or (
(c) i+rar = qmar m i=ra mr r ===r =. srcr nrcr i+rar = qmar m i=ra
mr ===r m=a ( smr innr= im ==r= mr ===a n=a sr = i+rar r a q +rr qmar
iia =ar ( =r qmar mr sr qm vrina ar an s=rnr n= sric ini+r r=r =
mr=r ( srcr nricr mr innr= im io= mr= = im=r mr m c r vrina m r=r s=m
i+ri+r s srsr mr m=a =a , crm =r mr= = = qmar =r m c r vrina m
r=r = =r= m ini+r s srsr mr m=a =a ( c == vr-cr = , ==r= m ini+r mrr
mr = r= =r =n ri+=r n= m r=r r ar =ar ( srcr nricr m s=r= nr=m mr =
n= s=rnr vrina =r qmar mr sr+rr= m=rr ( n= m r mr ra m= = = r m
ina-n mr inmr= r = = r orar a=rr n sr=ri-=m r ar mr ra m= = ar (
irrr = srcr nrc

srcr nrcr cr mr irrr m r = iarica m= mr ~ = cr, =cr=ror a=rr r in=
sric irrrrri=r mr ( =+rr inrr mr =a im srcr nrc mr r inn mr sric,
50

si=i=a, i- a=rr sa =rr im mr ac==r in=r=rr ==r=( sa - m srcr nrcr
irrrrr=r qm =a r m= irrr m =r=rr a=rr iar mr srr irrr m i=rar a=rr sz r
m iarc = inr rr rcr icr (
= cr m ===r m ina m ina-n mr s-a =n r ==rr c a q s=m ina-n mr s
m= = n= c a ( ina-n mr = r scr mr s=r sr-=nr=r s=rnr sr-=r +r ia( sr-=r +r ia mr
s=r =r=riom qn =r =m iam nrarn=r = =a q sr sr-=r m inrr = r r ra m=r
s=rnr s= r = r( sa srcr nrcr irrr mr =r= sz nr=m m ina-n mr =nr rr inmr=
m=m s=mr s m=r s=rnr = r scrr io== s= sr sr-=r mr =r r r or a=rr
s=mr orn r = +rn=r= = r= r or (

(,) sr=ri-=m inmr= m=r=
srcr nrc m ===r m +rr iam oa mr s rr sr=ri-=m oa mr si=rm =n c a ( sm
s=r= irrr mr c ==r sz nr=m mr sr=ri-=m c irc = inmi=a m=r ( irrm mr ri im
n nr=m mr sr=ri-=m = = inmi=a m= m i=q = mr= mr irrr n==rr mr = c m=
io== s=mr sr=ri-=m inmr= r or(

(s) =- , irn a=rr = c== mr inmi=a m=r srcr nricr mr innr= im sr=ri-=m
oa mr sia m i=q =- , irn a=rr = c= o = i=a = =r mr inmi=a m=r == srnm
( - m ina mr mr im n = =r mr inmi=a m= ( on am = =r mr inmi=a
r imr or r an am sr=ri-=m r ar ra r r r( =r =r ==ro m =r sr=ri-=mar
mr ra m=a or -r -r sr=ri-=m oa mr sia r ar =r or r( sa srcr nrcr irrr
mr ar==r sz nr=m mr sr=ri-=m inmr= m=r (

(=) =r =m iam ==ia mr =rr, inmr= a=rr =ara=r . srcr nricr m s =r= m n= = r r
q =r n i na rrr io= =r-=m mrr r=r =r=riom qn =r =m iam ==ia mr =rr mr (
sa ==r= m - m ina mr mr im n == r= r i=ia r or , =mr =rr m=
a=rr =m inmr= = =rrina =r cr m= ( = c irc = srcr nrcr irrr mr r =rr sz nr=m
mr =r =m iam ==ia mr i= c r io== n =mr =rr m=a q =m inmr= = si=rm =
si=rm =r c m= +rrnr = aia mr =arai=a m= =m (

() = = m ia mr sr=ri-=m m ia = nc=r . srcr nricr mr innr= im nr=m mr
sr=ri-=m = = inmi=a m= m i=q s=mr == m ia mr sr=ri-=m m ia = nc=r ==
srnm ( sa srcr nrcr irrr mr r nr sz nr=m mr = = m ia s=rr a = = n iar mr
vrr =r m=r a=rr s =r =m iam qn =r=riom nrarn=r m s =r= inmi=a m=a q sia =r cr
r=r sr=ri-=m nrr (

(c) in orn m i=q ar=r m=r . srcr nricr m s =r= nr=m = sr=ri-=m = =r
m ia ~r s- m= m i=q s =+rr i=i==riar mr =o m=r srnm io= =a q
51

n in orn ara m=m sr=ri-=m r ar ra m= =m( sa irrr mr ecr sz nr=m mr
in orn ara m= m i=q ar= m=r (
() nr=m mr ni a=rr inn m mr inmr= . qz== irrr mr r=r srcr nrcr a = mr
( s=m s =r= = =r= mr ===a n=a =mr=r ( sr=rr = ==rr or =mar ( qz==
+rr narr im = =r= ni==ra a=rr = ica ( =mr = r= m e iia i=rar m r=r r ar
( qm srcr nrcr iia i=rar mr =rr o = =c n =r =ar io== iam anr m sr=rr=
= ==r= mr r=r mr =r mr -r nrq ==rr or =m ( sa qz== m s =r= irrr mr =ranr
= = sz nr=m mr n i qn inn m mr inmi=a m=r ( srcr nrcr iia i=rar = =
ini+rar = qmar m i=ra mr inr rr =n c a ( n =r qmar mr q=r m ic a vrina =ra
io=m r=r = =r= =r =rr m ini+r or mr = r= = r= = = r ar =ar ( - m ina
mr = m c r vrina mr r r r == srnm ( =r c mr nra im r m n= s=r
ina mr r =mar or n i=r a=rr inn mrr= r (
srcr nrc a=rr rc m =
srcr nrcr rcm = mr =r m=a == nr=m a=rr s=mr im rsr mr srr =rn m
inr=r , +rrnr , srcrr a=rr vrrna = =r mr si=rm =-n c a ( smr sc= =rr=rr im rcm =
= ===a =rn oria m s +rnr mr iain=n r r == srnm ( = s +rnr mr cr mr= =
r imr or =mar (() +rr iam nrarn=r = a=rr (,) s =ri=rr m ==m =( = c irc =
srcr nrcr rcm= = nrim a=rr =rnr cr r mr= m inrrr mr =i==i=a imr orar (

=nrc m s=r= srcr nrcr irrr mr sz iamar
( sa s= rc m = = =ri-, iar=, m=r, minar a=rr = ra sric =rii-m inrrr mr = =
a=rr n rim inrrr mr r r ==rr icr(
rc m = m ==n=r = m inr= +rr srcr nrcr cr = sr=rri=a ( m s =r=
=m = mr mr im n sr=ri-=m vrina a=rr q iari=mar mr nr ==r , s=mr irirr mr
==ira ==r a=rr s=m +rinr mr s=on= nr ( = =r mr mr =m = s rcm = = =rn
=+ar mr iaini=na m= nr=r imrsr m r=r r =r m= =mar ( imrsr mr cr
+rrr = in+rrioa imr (. n or ina a=rr ==ro m orn mr =rr m= =m , a=rr ,. n or
=rn =+ar mr i=r r m= =m ( sna crr mr= mr im rsr m sr=rr= = m s =r=,
i=r ima rcm= rr ri
=rrn mr im r



vrr=ri=m, =r=riom, iam =ri- qn =r cr -=m
qn =rri= m

52


vrr=ri=m rr=, ==rorr= =ri-, m=r, =ra, =am=r, iar=
riarr= a=rr =r= rr= +r r =, inr a=rr ira


srcvr nrc a=rr irrr ia

srcr nrc m = iia a=rr =rc ( = =r mr ra m= m i=q mr iia
irrria r ( = m=ra r r= ini=r, = cr ==nrc ini=r a=rr s==a sr= sr=
i= r=m am ini=rr mr srr( r= mr m iar = am m cr r a ( q= r izmrc
=== = oic= mr sr = r=m ini=r mr r imr, =cr =ror ic irrr a=rr im rsr mr = =
==rr icr, =nrc ic r ini=r mr =n= sr= narr a=rr r in= =r =mc ini=r mr inr rr
=n cr imr( r r , m e srcr nricr nrcinnrc a=rr r=r ini=rr mr +rr srr
io== nr=m irrr mr im r = =im = = +rr = ar =( = mr= srcr nrc m s rir
im=r inr rr irrr ia s=rnr iar = n= c a q ini+r irrr iar mr
srnmar =r= srr a=rr narr im s = mr ra m= m i=q irrm io= irrria
mr sia == , sr (

srcr nrc a=rr irrm

srcr nrc m s =r= irrm mr ==rr nz =rn qn r =n mr ( srcr nricr mr innr=
im = ni==ra n z m cr s (. irrm a=rr ,. nr=m( cr r sr mr = qm r
nr=m mr sr=ri-=m inmr=( = =r = mr irrm m inr ra r imr or =mar( n
s srcr = orn = nr=m mr in nr m i=q q =r = c= nrarn=r ar= m=ar io==
=a q s=mr sr=ri-=m inmr= r =m( c == vr-cr = , srcr nrcr irrm mr mr nr=m mr
=r +r ia r =rar m=m s=mr sia icrr = =rcr m=r , io== n r =r = inmi=a
r a q =ri=m qn sr=ri-=m r ar mr ra m= =m (

srcr nrc a=rr s rr=

srcr nrcr n mr s rr= = ==rr ra ( srcr nricr mr sc= innr= im on
am nr=m mr s rr= = r ==rr or r, an am s=mr sr=ri-=m inmr= s==+rn ( =
s rr= m =r srcr nrc, c=mr=r s rr= mr srr +rrnr-=m s rr= mr inr rr =n
cr m=ar ( srcr nrcr ra im irrm s = a=rr =r +r ia mr =r=r = m= = nr=m
53

m src= mr r n a=rr i= s= s s srcrr = i=a m=m , s=mr im rsr mr ir =
==ra q, s=mr == n iar mr vrr =r m= io== n sr sri-=m inmr= m= =m (

srcr nrc a=rr =m =

srcr nrc nr=m mr am qn ir sric vrinar mr inmr= m=m s=mr sr=ri-=m inmr=
m=r rar ( = =r = mr ra m= m i=q irrm m =r cr mr srnmar or
m n= =m= = =a q r ==+rn ( sa srcr nrc m s rr =m = a=rr s=m +rrnrr=r
nrarn=r mr s-a srnm ==a (

srcr nrc mr = =r m

srcr nrc mr inr rrarq

(() srcr nrc mr sz r m r = siar c ( m n= srcr nrc r q =r ==cr , io=m
sa a sz r mr in=a a r=r mr (
(,) srcr nrcr irrr = nra = n= c ar im nr=mr = =-, irn a=rr = c= o= rr mr
inmr= imr or( rr m inmi=a r = nr=m m iam i= mr inmr= r r
iia (
(s) srcr nrcr irrr sr-=nr =r = n= c ar or - m ina mr m=r ( = mr= srcr nrcr
=n rr irrr mr ===r m=ar (
(=) srcr nrcr irrr im r = irrm mr =n r ==rr icr orar ( irrm s s a=rr
srcr = orn = nr=m mr +rrina m=ar a=rr s= =r +r ia n m inmi=a m=ar (
== nr=m mr sa= inmr= rr ==+rn (
() srcr nrc nr=m m ina-n mr src= m=ar a=rr s=mr =r-=m vrinar m inmr= =
n= c ar ( sa mr s ia rr im srcr nrc s i=rar m r=r
m ianrc sric ==crr mr +rrina imr (
(c) srcr nrc sr-=s rr= a=rr sr-=ir m i=rar mr iarc m=ar ( cr r
i=ra irrr oa = =nr ==rr ==ra (

() srcr nrcr cr m mr=r =m= qm =r=riom = ==rr n r (


54



+rr=ar inr=mr m irrr ==n=rr c ircmr r
=r-=r r =rr

orni=
=r cr= m= c r =rr mr o= , snc n= = (sce u mr mricrnrz m r =nc= r=m
= = sr( m iar =romr c i=r=a m crnr =r ( r =rr or mr =rar nz r = a=rr cr=
=i=r =rr ( (s nrr mr sr = r =rr or mr innr m=a =nr m =r=r sr( sr = (ss u =
qm =r=rr=r er mr +rr ia = ic n = r =rrr r= mr( s=r nrr s mr a m i=q = i=a=n=
mr o=r r=r =z +r o icr r or n inor=rr m = = s nrr sr = r =r= am =( (u
o = (se( u mr r =rr or nmr=a mr =rrr r= mr sr = n i==c= nm= +rr=a =r c sr (
+rr=a =r c m= sr nmr=a m= mr r= imr, =a = n=r = s mr ==ar
i==r( s = = (sss u mr r =rr or mrr ==rmr= m = = cirrr s rmr or
sr +rr=arr = im or nr= sr m in= ,u nrr am srnro scra q s or m i=r=rr
si=r-=m =z r mr ~rr r imr( s rmr = =r c m= r =rr or =(e( u = inc rr vrr=
mr in=r =r m=a q +rr=ar =naar m = r= = =im = = +rr = r sr==+r m= icr( =
(e( u = sr i=o sr=, r=r or a=rr s =r=riom ==rr=r qn =r-=m mrr mr
m= m i=q =rn==ar sr~= mr ==rrr mr( r r , sr = (e,( u = s=r
srcr = +rr sr==+r m= icr( =r= +rr=ar mr = r =naar mr =arn r= m= icr( r =rr
or +rr=a mr inc rr vrr= = = na m=r m i=q s s=r srcr= mr sr= +rr a o m=
icr( on s=r srcr= s = =rr=r m= i=r ar s or r =rr or m =r=r r =rr
=in r=m ==r ar imr( = ==r a m s =r= r =rr or == z , =a nr = s or
sr c= mr ria = mr i=na r imr( = (e=, u = =naar srcr = i= or =
mz r io=m i=rr==n= r=rr or mr o = +r o icr r( = =naar mr i r=r sr = +rr si=rm
+rz mar r =r( r= m= = (e= u = s or i= ==r a mr nrara sr==+r mr sr=
innr r m= ( s=a = (e= u mr +rr=a er z icr( +rr=a =na ar r r, =a c r mr
in+rro r r sr= r=r sr= =r= crim z sr==+r r ( r =rr or z r mr vrra
m= mr r= imr( smr ria = i=r r m= s( on=r = (e=s u mr r=r =r=
r z= r=m ronr = vrria sr = si =r m or=r mr sr r=r mr irrr nr icr(


orncr
r =rr or m orncr mr sr=rr= +rr=ar srcr nrc ( s n= = sc= innr= =rr(
sm s =r= = =n s=s= vr=r= =rr=r m=a =a = =n = sr-=r qm r (
sr-=r s= ==r-=r mr s r io= mr =r= mar sr= mr =r=( mr s==r mar sr=
mr =r( n ma =r im io= mr= = mr im=r sia =a s =n mr =r a qm r ,
=r mr= = ==r= = ini+rar m r a q +rr =mr =iar qm r ( m mr ar-
55

im r =rr or ini+rar = qmar mr cr imr( sm orncr m =r c ar = = r= = =r an
(. =- ,. si=r s. i+r ar a=rr =. =-r (
(() =- r =rr or m orn mr = n= mr ra m=r =rr( smr innr= =rr im = =r=
rrnr ( m n= n= r s== ( sa =rn orn mr sia= = n= mr ra m=r ( n
ma =r im n= mr ra m= mr =n= ser =r=r m n= qm r sr = n =-( smr
innr= =rr im =- =n ~rc i=ra ( == sm i=ra inr rr = = irn= a=rr = c== iia
( r =rr or m i=q n= sr= =- = mr sa= =rr( n ma =r im ic mr ina =,
na=rr m= s=rnr mr = =- mr r m=ar ar s= n= sn ra r orr( = mr=
r =rr or m s=r= =- mr s=r m n= n am r =ri=a r sia =mr r s-a in=a a
( =mr r orn m - m r = r r ri ( =ri= r =rr or ==r orn mr =- mr
=rr o = ara imr(
(,) si =r si =r r =rr mr crr im inr==rr=r mr c==r =n r an ( smr innr= =rr
im =- mr r= m n= si=r m r=r r ==+rn ( sa r =rr or =- sr= si =r mr
qmc== = ==ni=ra =ra q = nra = n= icr im ic orn mr = s= =- =r n=
mr ra m=r ar s=mr ria mr =r=r m n= qm r sr r= n si=r( si=r mr s=r
nara q r =rr or =n i==rr si =r - m rrr m in= rr mr s+rrn
iarr= crr =mr s=r a = = mrc +rr r ( si=r s =im = = orn m ia
=c +rrnr ( vr = (
(s) i+r ar r =rr or mr si =r mr=r-=m r m= =mr=r-=m =rr io=m sa a i+r ar
a=rr =-r cr an =i==i=a =r ( sa i+r ar r =rr or m orncr mr ar==r =n r an
( r =rr or mr innr= =rr im inr i+r ar m =- a=rr si=r mr r= m=r s==+rn ( =
c irc = z=r m a=rr mr= ina =- a=rr si=r m i=rar mr r= r m= =mar( i+r ar
m s=r mr =rc m=a q r =rr or i==rr i+r ar mr s=r ===a nrq +rr =
= ina, o = nr=r=r mr +r, vrr=ri=m r c a=rr = - mr +r, ==irinr r mr +r, s i o
mr = - mr +r, iarcr =rr mr +r, s ia mr m= mr +r -ric(
(=) =-r r =rr or m s =r= =-r vr-c mr s=r =- mr c a sn==n (
i=ra =- a=rr r= = sr=rri=a ( =m saa in=r =rr mr mrc r icr orar sia s==
=- mr ===r =n mr mrc c m= m=rr orar ( r =rr or m vr-cr = = i=ra mr s=r
in=r =rr mr mrc c m= r , sia =n s srmr mrc c m= =- mr ===r m=rr(

r =rr or mr irrrcr


= =r= m si=rmr r =r r =rr or mr qm =r =rorio r =ra , =a sr c r mr
=roriam sia mr srr =r=riom sia mr si=rm srnm ==r( r =rr or mr innr= =rr im
c irra ==ro = im=r srcr =r= mr m=r r mr or =mar( sa sr =roriam m ria m
=r=r=r=r =r=riom m ria mr +rr o= icr io== irrr mr = =r ==rr =rr( smr r=i=+rm irrr
r or sm irrrcr mr = a = =rr( = irrr mr sz +rr=ar oar m c a=rr = mr
in m=m qm vrr rrrinr ==ro mr ==rrr m=r =rr( = c irc = r =rr or qm =r
irrrrr=r +rr =r (
56


ivrrrcr m sr=rr=+r a i=ra

r =rr or mr irrr m sr=rr=+r a i=ra i=i=i=ra

(. = (= nrr m nr=mr mr irrr ir =m a=rr sinr r r riq(
,. ivrrr mr =r== nr=m mr =ra +rrrrr r r ri (
s. s or mr nr=m mr irrr = mr ==rr r rr ri (
=. =rr=ar mr irrr r mr or =mar (
. irrr mr nr=m = =rnr rr mr inmr= m=r ri (
c. irrr nr=m mr ===a vrinar mr inmr= s= == cr m s =r= m=, io=mr n =c= (
. irrr mr nr=m m vr=r=, c, = a=rr sr-=r mr =r= o=r inmr= m=r ri (
s. irrr im=r =r+r c c=amr=r = r==+r r r ri io== nr=m sr sri=r m srnmarsr
mr ia =n m= =m (
e. =+rr mr= mr irrr im=rr im=r s-rc sor m =r== = cr orr ri a=rr =mr
s= sor = ===n=r ==rria imr orr ri (
(u. =+rr inrrr mr irrr im=r ==rrr sor m =r== r=r cr orr ri (
((. sor q =r r io== nr=m mr imr r=r s +rn ra r =m (
(,. im=r sor m r=r irrr mr =nrn==nr nr ri (
(s. irrr q =r r r ri io= ra m=m nr=mr mr mr mr =ror= i== or (
(=. =m = q =r r r ri or nr=m s m mr= m rr r=r =rr o m=ar = (
(. ivrrr mr srr ri=mr mr i=r r m=r ri (

irrr mr s=r
r =rr or =n i==rr irrr = ==r ar- nr=m sr = = r m vr=r=, =i=arm sr =
sr-=r = r or nr= =nr r= rr mr = =rr inmr=(

r =rr or m s=r= =rr=ar ar irrr mr sa sr= sr==+r( m n= qm
=r=r io=m r=r =rr a=rr =r mr irira imr or =mar ( smr innr= =rr im irrr mr
nr=m mr ===a vrinar mr inmr= m=r ri io== n r =rn n or ( r =rn mr s=r
nr=m m ina-n m r=r anr vr=r=, c, = a=rr sr-=r m == ia inmr= = ( = mr=,
r =rr or m s =r= irrr mr nr=m m vrr=ri=m, =ri=m s=rnr nr im qn sr=ri-=m rr mr
sr ioa m=m s=mr == ia inmr= m=r ri io== n orn m sia= = =- mr ra
m= =m(


r =rr or mr irrr m sz
57


r =rr or irrr m sz r mr i=i=i=ra cr +rrr = in+rrioa imr
s) irrr m ar-mri=m sz (
n) irrr mr =nr sz (
(s) r =rr or mr irrr m ar-mri=m sz

r =rr or mr irrr m ar-mri=m sz i=i=i=ra

() orinmr ro mr sz r =rr or ra =r im -m nr=m ii=a irrr ra m= im=r
n=rr m r=r sr sri=r m srnmarsr mr ia =n m= =m ( sa sr sr-=i+r = irrr
= n= c a q narr im irrr mr =r= sz ornmr ro r r ri io== - m nr=m s
+rrnr orn = =nrn==nr n or ( irrr m = sz = r =rr mr ar- nr=mr mr =oc = nrr
=rr( n ra =r im - m nr=m m=ra q m e =r=r sr = =r=ra q m e m=r(
,) =r =m iam sz r =rr or ra =r im irrr mr +rr=ar = =m ia mr inmr= m=r ri (
sa sr orinmr ro m sz m =r=r=r=r =r=m iam sz mr +rr +rr=ar irrr mr qm
=nr sz =rr sr= mr = irrr m =r =m iam r mr s=m =rii-m r = si=rm
=nr ==ar ( = =m ia irrr mr sr=rr= a=rr inr rrr ( sa =rn m - m nr= =
= =m ia mr er r r ri (
s) r inmr= mr sz r =rr or = nra = +rr n= icr im irrr mr nr=m mr
===a vrinar mr =r=o= r inmr= m=r ri( sa sr r inmr= m sz = n= c a
q (( i=a=n= = (es u mr sr i=o r=m imr = i==rr =r irrr n
io=m r=r nr=mr m vrr=ri=m, =ri=m a=rr sr=ri-=m inmr= mr r -=r i==(
=) iam s=rnr ri=im inmr= i= irrrrr=r =nrc mr +rr ia r =rr or mr +rr
innr= =rr im irrr m sz r = i= i=r r qm = r sz ( = ==n=r = sr sr
sr-=m=rr = i==rr = =c n c mr = =m ia, s=rnr i= i=r r mr =r= ==rr icr
a=rr i=i=r r mr irrr mr sia sr=rr= =rr (

) = ina mr sz r =rr or mr srcr =rr =r inor r in= na ( = srcr m s =r=
irrr mr sz ina mr = ina ic=rr ( = ina vr-c m inrr = r =rr or cr s=r i= ( =
s=r = = ina mr ar- na =r orn mr =+rr mr= mr sri=r m, =roriam a=rr =ri=m
cr=ar = = ina( r =rr or ra =r im irrr =rn mr sna =+rr mr= mr cr=ar = = ina ic=r (
c== s=r m s =r= = ina mr ar- sr-=r m =r =ri=m n=rr = e r s=rr a =rn = sa=
sri-=m orn ara m= mr =rr s- m=r( = r = , r =rr or irrr m r=r sr-= inmr=
m i= sr=ri-=m =naar ic=rr ra =r (

58

(n) irrr mr =nr sz

r =rr or m s=r= irrr mr =nr sz =- s=rnr n= mr ria( irrr m =r=
sz = sz m s=rr ( sz nr sr-=r +r ia mr sz or +rr=ar cr = rr
mr= = r =r sr =r ( = sz m s =r=, r =rr or nr=m mr =- s=rnr n= m =r=r
=rrr-mr= m=rr ra =r ( sr i==rr sr-=r mr inmr= m=r i= mr i=r r m=r
a=rr ina mr n= sr= sr-=r +r ia m i= r= m= m r = nrr (

rc m=

r =rr or mr irrr r or mr n i=m irrr mr = r cr orar ( = irrr mr rc m =
im r=rr a=rr =mr sz nr=m mr mr , r qn =rro m r=r s=mr vrr=ri=m, =ri=m
sr = sr=ri-=m vrinar mr inmr= m=r io== n sr-=i+r = =a q ==ro mr sr r s
n or ( r =rr or s im r =rr rcm = = =ra +rrrrr, n i=m m rc, ira, ==rorr=,
=r=rinr, m=r a=rr = ra sric inrrr mr = =r ==rr icr( sr narr im =r mrr =
= m= r nr mrr am m =+rr nr=m a=rr nri=mrsr m i=q qm =r rcm= r r ri ( =m
vra nr=mr mr n i=m m rc mr a=rr nri=mrsr mr inr mr irrr i==r == srnm (
=r c mr nra im r =rr or mr irrr r or r=ri=m qn =rr =r=i=m mrr =a= am r
=ri=a ( = c irc = sm r=r =ica imr sr rc m= +rr m n= =r =a= am m i=q (
irrria

r =rr or mr irrr m sz i=a irrr m sz r = i+r =r ( i=a irrr inrr =rr
=rr( r =rr or s= irrria mr crrr r ==a q ==rrr sor r mr irrr mr m c inc
=rr( n ra =r im nr=m mr im=r +rr ==rrr sor m =r== = irrr cr or io== s=m
vr=r=, = a=rr sr-=r mr inmr= r =m sr = n +rinr = sr sri=r m srnmarsr mr ia
=n m= =m ( = c irc = r =rr or mr irrria i=a irrriar = i+r =rr( sr
sr irrria = i=i=i=ra i=rar mr = =r ==rr icr

(. =i=arm mr irrr m i=q vrr=ri=m s r mr sia irrr icr or (
,. i==r = = a r i==rrr or (
s. nr =r=r m sr= i==rr = = z r i==rr or (
=. m=m =r=r m sn== cr im or (
. s +rn m r=r =r=r mr r-=r icr or (
c. =r=r mr imr = ==n ,-naa==onc ==rria imr or (


59

sna i=rar m siai=na nr=m mr ==rrr sor m =r== = a ra == r =rr or
sr irrria = =rr im r, iro, =rr=r ar, =mc=r a=rr inaa sr=cri-n m
i=rar = +rr n= icr (
sa = m =ma im r=rr or mr irrr cr +rr=ar r r sia inn m s m
irrr cr r mr +rrina m=ar ( r =rr or mr irrr m r = siar c ( n = ina =r
ior +r=ar orn mr c irc = ==ra q nrarn=r m s=r= q =r irrr r or =a a mr io=mr
mr = = i=ra m= = +rr=ar ==ro = qm r orn sr mr ==+rrnr ( sm
irrrcr mr s= m= = = = irmrr = sra im r =rr or c = srcr nrcr =r ( n
s srcrr mr nr=ainm a=rr =r+r c qn =crm nrr ra =r ( sa sm irrrcr =
m ianrc, srcr nrc a=rr ronrc mr =m =rc = = ic=rr z ar ( =r c mr nra im
sm irrrcr = sna arr inr==rr=rsr = mr in=r =r r sia n qmc == mr =m (
srcr nrc r =rr cr mr sr=rr= a=rr m ianrc qn ronrc s=m =rm ( r =rr or m
irrrcr mr = srcr nrcr =i= m =ma nr im n orn m sia= = =- mr ra
m= mr =rr cr m=ar , m ianrcr =i= m =ma nr im n nr=m mr s=mr m ia m
s=r= inmi=a m=r rar a=rr r onrcr =i= m =ma nr im n nr=m mr s=mr
=i m s=r= imr m=m =r=r = n= c ar io== rcm = m =+rr inrrr = ==n a=rr
qmrm=r ==rria r

60

=nrc r=r c r= ((sc((e=()

orn i=

=nrc r=r c r= mr o= c = (sce u mr n r= m qm irira, =rr a=rr ===ria
i=nr= = sr =rr( smr irrr mr +rr= r sm iar =irr c n c r=r c r= m == r =r(
c n c r=r or s i mr = =m a a r a=rr +rr=ar cr qn r inr mr irrr +rr
cr( sa= irrr ra m= m i=q s m ==rrr = +ror r =a n nr m m =n -r=rr
iirm irrr = =n sr= s a-mr=r irrr m ia rr rr cr r (

=nrc r=r c r = mr si=rma= irrr irrr a=rr =nr=r m r=r rr= = r (
nr=sn==rr = r sr imrsr = = =r c sr==+r m= ic ( =rr= =rr= irrr m ia smr =i
ar na r im sr s m r =r minarq , sr= a=rr rcm i==r ( == n m n= = i=
min, sr=mr=, rcmmr=, imr= a=rr crr im m = = r i= sia s irr mr = r
= in+r irra m=m =c n +rr mr or =r( sr rar o=r r=m sr= mr =r mr =rr(
io=m i=q s r n= ==mr= icr r(

c r= mr irrr cr

c r= mr irrr cr sm orn cr = sr=rri=a ( n i=a irrr = = a rc r =r (
smr s=ar rr s=r == =m = r =rr on n inor= m r== nrarn=r m =r=r sr
ar=== r n cr rq sr= sr smrc=r = ar er z icr( sr s s +rnr m sr=rr= =
m e vr irm i=r ar mr iarc imr a=rr s sr = ==rr inn+rr=ar = = a = cr imr(
sm irrr cr mr = = inr rrarq = mr=

(. n mr =na ar mr i=r a=.
c r= nr mr =na ar c m r=r= =r ( nr = =rq q n =r sm =nr+rrinm inmr=
= nr=rm ( m ia m =r= rr = in=r m=a q n s s +rnr = n a m e =r=r =ma
( = =c+r = sm inr= ==r a=rr r n = = == =rra ( =na ar = smr si+r r ina-n
m ini+r rr n vrinar mr = ina s=rr a smr =nr+rrinm inmr= ( n =nr+rrinm inmr= mr
r -=ria m= nr=r irrr m ===r m =r(

,. =nr rr inmr= mr i=r a
61

n ina-n m =+rr rr mr ==r = = inmr= m= nr=r irrr m ===r m =r ( n ra
=r im irrr n mr o=ora vrinar mr =nr+rrinm inmr= m= ( =m i=q n =amr irrr mr
srr -r =r ar = irrr c m ===r m =r (

s. sr-=si+rina mr i=r a
c r= a-mr=r irrr mr =i=q +rr sr=r r mr, nr im s== nr mr sr-=si+rina
m sn== r i== ra =r ( n m n= s=rm r=r icq or nr= r mr r r m=a =r ( sa
c r= mr im irrr = nr mr sr-=si+rina m sn== s=-=r m=r mr rn=rr imr orr
riq, nr im == nr mr = or-=mar mr r -=r i==ar ( =m i=q sr irrr = =ra,
=i=a m=r a=rr =amr mr vrri== imq or mr =rn icr(

=. m ia qn= = r m =r=r = n =r mr i=r a c r= mr =rr =rr im irrr n m
rm iam nrarn=r a=rr ==ro = o z r r r riq, onim i=a irrr = =mr in=m = s+rrn =rr(
sm s =r= nr mr irrr = sornrr= m = mr a= n crm= m e r i==rrr or =mar(
==r mr a= n +rr m ia mr n mr =r irrm =ra q s= si=rm= si=rm rm iam
nrarn=r m = m = =r m r=r= =r( =m s=rnr n n mr =r=rorm=r m=r ra =r ( smr
inr= =rr im n mr irrr mr =r=r m nr m i=q s= =r=riom orn m sri=r m, nr im,
m=r-=m sric =+rr rr m =r=r or z r riq(

. = =m ia m qmrm=r mr i=r a c r = m s =r= nr qn= i= = =m iar rr qn=
nr = =r mr ==rm ( sa r crr m ==ina = mr =a a m= nr=r irrr mr
o==a (

c. +rr=ar irrr mr i=r a
c r= +rr=ar irrr m r=r= =r( sm s =r= +rr=ar n mr +rr=ar irrr r i==r
riq, =i=q s=mr irrr mr =r== =ra +rrrrr r r riq( irrr m =r== = n mr sr
rr +rr=ar = =m ia mr r m=rr orr riq( =m i=q rcm = = +rr=ar = =r mr ==rr
icr orr riq( =r=r irrr =r= =rrc r orn = o z r r r riq(

ivrrr mr s=r

c r= m s=r= irrr n or = mr s= vrrna =- mr == m r = nrar
io=mr r = +rr iam n =rr = = na m=ar sr = or = vrina r r - a = mr == i
cr m=ar (

62

= mr= c r= m s=r= irrr =i=arm mr = r = nr nr=r imr io== n
(. vrrna =- mr r =m (
,. s=m =r=r qmrmr= r =m -r=rr
s. s= si+rna m= =m (

irrr m sz

c r= m s =r= irrr m sz = mr=

(. vrr=ri=m inmr=
c r= = nra = or= icr im irrr=rr m i=q s=mr =nr== n a =n r ,
nr im qm =n==r vr=r= = r qm =n==r =i=arm = =mar ( =i=q irrr mr er m
vr=r=inmr= mr sr = =r =r c r riq( =nr== mr ina-ninmr= mr m or (

,. iam qn= sr=ri-=m inmr=
c r= mr irrr mr qm s =n r sz n mr iam qn= sr=ri-=m inmr=(
n ra =r im =+rr ina s mr ini+r mr= m n =rr = = na m=m sr sr=ri-=m
inmr= m= sr = == vrina n= = innr= m= ( smr =rr =rr im ina mr iam n
sr=ri-=m c irc = si=rm = si=rm =on a r r riq( =m i=q iam qn sr=ri-=m inmr= mr
irrr m sz m = = =nrmr= imr orr riq(

s. nr im inmr=
c r= m s =r= n mr nr im inmr= m=r irrr mr qm =n r sz ( c r= irrr
m r= = =r imarnr r ri== m= m in= =r ( n s= ==ra =m = rr=r mr =c r
m=a =r, or irrri=r r mr m e ro =c = or= car ( sr n mr = na i a mr sr= =
or nr=r irrr mr nmr=a mr(

=. =r=riom inmr=
c r= mr= inanrcr r =r ( smr c ircmrr =r=riom +rr =rr( n =ra =r im =+rr =r
qm r n mr = ar ( sa =rn = nr r =r n= = nr ( sr sri-=m =r rr m i=q
- m ina mr =r=riom = nr m mrr = +rr =r riq( =r qm =r=riom rrr ( sa
s= ==ro m =+rr =c=r m =r=r se = n =rr mr inmr= m=r riq(

. o=ora r=arsr mr inmr=
63

c r= qm inanrcr inr=m =r( sa n ra =r im irrr m +rra= ier vrinar mr nr=
imr= s=m ina-n mr =nr rr inmr= m= ( =m i=q n s a = =r=r mr =naar c
m r=r= =r ( n =ra =r im = r qn= =na nrarn=r = =m= r n mr o=ora r=arsr
mr inmr= = +rn (




c. =r rc r inmr=
c r= mr mr =rr im irrr mr nr=m m =nrrr inmr= = =cc m=r riq( nr=m m
ina-n m im=r qm r mr inmr= sr = c == mr sn =r m= nr=r irrr s = c r =rr(
smr innr= =rr im irrr mr nr=m m ina-n mr s=mr = r ar = inmi=a m= mr i ar r r
riq( a+rr n s=mr r =rn nr = == r =mar (

. =rrc r qn= s a=r rc r =c +rrnr mr inmr==.
c r= mr =r n a rm =rr( n qm =rnnrcr inr=m =r ( irrr m r=r n nr =
rm =rrc rar mr +rrnr mr inmr= m=r ra =r (

io +rr

orn i=
io +rr mr =r r= i=orr m= +rnr or n=r mr =rr( smr o= =r =rrc m ia=r n =
( n=n= = (ss mr sr =rr( r==+r = n nmr= =r ( nr=a er z m= n irrr oa = sr
a=rr nr=mr m =r==r= nmr= n q( = (e(c = (ese am n irrr m r = nr= m ic a
irrr m i=q =aa -rr= =( smr innr= =rr im irrr nr=m m i=q , im nr=m irrr
m i=q( n nr=mr m ia sia = ncrr= = ( sr s == r orn = irrr mr nr=mr mr
=r i=m ii=r m = = sor= imr( n nr=imrr =r mr irrr m =r=r=r=r r a irrr m +rr n=
===r m =r ( ,s o (ese mr = nrr mr s= = smr i=r sr(

cirrr= ia inor=rr +rn

s or mr cr=ar = = ina m -r m = +rrn= = qm r =rrc r irrr = ==rr
cirrr= ia inor=rr +rn o= i=r =rr( = = ==rr = io +rr m =r=r ~r =r inc z r +rr
mr m=a =r ( smr =rr = io +rr =(e(c = = = ==rr m srorn =c= n ( s=
64

== smr sr s( nrr mr =rr( r==+r = n in=ic= m srr m = = mr m=a = (
smr = == =rr nr=rc nr +rn! ar = e nrr m nr=mr mr sr = a==rar = sr=r
mr im nr=m s sr = er nr=r =r =ra =r (

io +rr nr=mr m r =rr =r ora =r ( r =rror or mr= si =m =ria = c r m i=q
imr, nr=irrr m r = nr mr io +rr s= == = m= ic=rrr( nr=mr m =nr rr
inmr= a io +rr s ornmr= = or mr imr, s=mr scr=r a ar mic !

nr=m ic a irrr nr=m ic a irrr

io +rr = s=rr = qm er=r inr qn nr==r inr m == =r ( smr sr-=r
= nr=mr m i=q s=r= r= a=rr irrr c mr =r +r ia =rr( n irrr mr nr=m ic a =n= c m=
== rrr m r=r= =r ( smr irrr cr =r=rr=rcr nr=cr =rr( =r mr=r smr irrr ia
nr=m ic a n r =rr( io +rr nr=mr m iar=r nr= m ic a irrr m =-n mr =c n s
=rm = ==rria imr( sr nr= m ic a irrr mr irrr ini=rr , s rr= a=rr irrm irr
==n=rr mr na=ra q ==r orn mr qm a=nr m = = =r imr( io +rr mr irrr
==n=rr ( =r i=m =rq ( =m siai=na s s =ri=rr m =r = sr =+r
,,s =am i==rr =rr ( smr =ri- o=rar = ( s=mr s +rrrrrsr = +rr s nrc sr (
smr =ri- nr==r inr, irrrrr= qn imrr ==ri- = ==ni=ra ( =rariar sr=
irrmirirmr mr =r =r= nr m i=q io +rr o=rar = qm er cr irrrimr
imr=r =rr( = imr nr==r , nr=irrr, nr== =mr= sr= nr=orn m == mr or
irrr cr, s== or=r i=nr=r = mrr =r( = =ri- = or =r i=mar, == =ir ar, ===ar,
=rr sr= rr , s=r = io +rr sin===rr = ( o=rar mr r +rr ia = imr m ==rcr
sr = icr = =m=r +rr imr=a = (

icnr =n

nr=irrr m oa = io +rr mr qm s= m ia icnr=n( icnr=n mr r
m=a q io +rr qm ==mr=r =r=rr sr = =r r =nr ~r i=+rr in cr i==rr =rr
icnr=n nr r=ri=m vrr=r mr qm =n= ==r=r r sr= +rinr mr nr r=ri=m
rcrr=r m =r = sr= =rc = mr qm = c= r mr ( =mr inr rrar im =r=r =am
mrr mr vr =r = i==rr r (

= o=rar =am mr =r mrr = (es( = sr( = (es= a=rr (ec, = =m
icr s nrc e ( =ro==rr irrr in+rr +rr smr =ri=m imr r irrm = = (e=s
= a=rr == c r irrm irrr =z= +rr = (es = sr imr =rr = = err(

65

io +rr mr nr=m ic a irrr mr = ira =n= i=i=i=ra

(. s=rm io +rr ra =r im icnr=n r= mr =am = ioio nrar mr ic r
imr r , n =n na =r r=ri=m vrr=r m irrmr m i=q icnr=n mr n=a n (
nr=irrr inrrm irrr rr=r m io sc= i=r mr nr= n s nr= =ic= = m=
= =r , s i=r mr r=ri=m vrr=rsr m s m = m= nrr or =mar ( = = sr
= =am = s rnri=m inr= mc im (

io +rr irrmr m =n+rrn = == r mr +rrnr cr m= m i=q i==rr , =r=r
na =r r=ri=m rcrr=r mr irrm srr , rm= , = mr =r +rr sr= s sr =
sinnr= ==r nr=r ( irrm mr = m=or =r mr io +rr =r +r ia m =r=r c =ra sr =
s=m = =ri=m =r = =n +rr c =r s +rn m=a ( = =am m nr = irrm sr
in =ar m inr= = rrn=rr, vr==rr sr= s sc= qm q=r n= cr m= mr =-nrmrrr
mr orr, io=m r=r n ~r io +rr m icnr=n mr =rrr-mr= m= =m (

,. irrr ini=r io +rr mr qm sr = s = m ia r=ri=m vrr=r = +rrrrr irrr( =
=am = qm irrm sr= nr=m m nr mr s= imr mr r , io== nr=m m +rrrrr
irrr mr n irc a r= r ar ( = =am m r= =rz ( =r= =rz = =rm= n =c
(= (e,u) mr +rr ia =n= = nr = n= icr r ( =m vra n = =rrir =
= =r mr r==+r m=a ( s i=r mr m== mz mr a=rmr, i== = mrn , er =r=
=r z r sr= scrc srm iar = sr= srm ia am orr -ric = =r mr =r o==a (
sm s =r= ~ a = =r = ia sr = =m= =r i==r mr srca z ar (

s. minarirrr =r m rar r r= rar = ar, zr=, ar= mr =rcar sr= sia
inrrn=a m r = nr=m smr sr = srm rc r ar ( =r mrar m =r== = err mr
mrirrr r==+r imr orq( nr=mr m === =r minar n ==rr orq, io=mr +rrrrr
nr =r= r a=rr inrrn=a nrr-=m r m=rr-=m r ( minar mr i= rm= r m=rr
or, s= =crr +rr srnm r ( m n= ==r +rn r = r minar sr-==ra r orar
(

=r mra a=rr vr-cr m ==m=m nr=r minarq nr=m mr srica m=ar ( or minarq
im r=rr r ar , io= rz rrrr z r, cr z =r , =r ==rr= = r ar , s nr=m =c m=a (
nr=m m im r r orn = im r mr r m= nr=r minarq nr=m m inmr= = inr rr = =
=rm r ar ( nr=mr = minar r mr vrr m cr m= c = minarirrr mr sr=rr mr= =na
r n orar (

minarrc = nr=mr mr ar vr-cr m s=r i==rnr riq sr= s r r sr sr =
= s=r nar riq( rr vr = m= = = s minar mr n=a mr =rr z = i= c c r riq(
66

m+rrm+rr minar = m = s=mr = ira =r= = = nr=mr mr inr rr src srar (
ini+r = c rsr = minar m +rrn mc m= riq ( im=r vr-c r ina mr s=r nr=m m e =
nar cr riq( minarirrr mr ==ar mr == ar or = im nr=m.inor=rr mr =
imar == = =r mr s= imar =r m= =mr a=rr nr=m m = =r a=rr nrrr =
minar imar ==rr = i=r io +rr m s=r= vr-cr=r sr= sn srnm (

= rm=r irrr rm=r irrr sm= = r =rm = imr or nr=r m= r , or
sr= ar = = irrm mrrsr = m=ar ( m =m=r = ar rm=r mr rrcr r s= =
==rr orar , =rr rm=r +rrrrr mr i==r r m= mr ira mr inrr r ( io +rr m
s=r= rc = = =r, imr, =n r=, inr rrr c sric mr r =r ==r= = mr or
=mar ( s icnr=n = s=rm ==rr m= m =r== = ==ar n m rm=r irrr
ini=r na mr (

. iar= irrr nr m i=q iar= mrr m = = r ic== nar ( s==
mrr ar r r r riq, =rr=r r = = rrcr m sr=r= qm=r mi=a rrcrsr =
=orm= iar= a rr riq(

c. +r r = irrr +r r = a r = ==r n sr= nrr mr =rar = m= a=r mr =a a m=r
riq(

. ira irrr ira a r m i=q io +rr =r c ==r ia mr r crm ==a (

s. im=r irrr im=r irrr = nr mr n=asr m r= r n=a c m= smr srm ia
nr mr mr riq( +r= r r==+r = er i = c= nr =m , =a s+r= = n
crm i nr = ( nrc = s i== = = +r= mr +rr s+r= m=rr or( nr
mr r = s=rnr mro i== = o=r +rr ==+rn r i nr icr or( se ir mr
q=n= nrm= cr a ==rr orr riq(

e. =rri= m irrr er c nr mr rc =amr = =rri= m =rrr a=rr sm orn m = r =
m=rr q r r riq( =r= mr =+rr= nrar mr er c n r == ra ( s =rr sr=
sicrrc mr m=rrq +rr nar or =mar ( m= mrz, v=r m rc, =rri= m =amr mr s=
sric mr = +rinr m i=q er z =ma (

(u. =r =m c nr mr ia == = =r= c r riq( =r= mr =a=n =r =r, mcr,
cr z r sr = =r o m=r ( == r= ora mr mr =-n r r r riq( ==mr= =
s= er c nz mr +rrnr cr r ar (
67

nr= m ic a irrr mr =-n
rrmr= = irrr mr sz nr=mr m =i=arm = m e ormr=r +r=r =r ==rr orar
=rr( sr=r im irrr vrr= m s=r= irrm mr nr=m m =nr rr inmr= mr r= m=r ri(
=m i= s= nr= =r inr mr ormr=r r r ri ( = ormr=r m inr n ar nr=m mr
== =mar sr = r s=mr micrr mr r c= m= =mar ( sr=r im irrm sr irrr mr
si=rm = si=rm srmrr m sr= == nrr rar ( m r= s=rm n m i= s= ra
r r ri im irrri=r r mr =r inr nr ( nr= =r inr irrm mr irrr=rr mr
srnmarsr , a=rr s s m inrrr = i=ia m=rar (
= a= nr= =r inr mr =rar = r s=rm sr irrr ==n=rr ===rsr mr
sr=rr = ==r =ma ( =rc im =r inr sr= inr rrar nr= =r inr = irrr = = =rr=
imr or =mar ( = ==n=r = = = nra i=i=i=ra

(. nr=mr mr ==r
im=r +rr r = ==ar m i=q ina mr s =r r m =r inr mr ormr=r r r
ri , io= s= ==r mr= z ar ( ic irrm mr nr=mr m =r inr mr ormr=r r rr ar
n s i==rrr r nr =ri= or qz== irrm m i= inrr = si=rm nr=m mr
ormr=r srnm =rr ( nr=m m ==n=r = irrm mr s=m nr= m == sr=rr=r ,
srnmarsr , =ri=m =a=, =ir , r =arsr , ina-n -ric mr in=a a r r r ri ( nr=
m = = sr=rr=r mr r ar =n= si=rm srnm , nr im irrr mr sz r nr=m m nr= mr
i==rio a m=r ( sa irrr nr=m mr = = n irr , =rrsr sr= = n r = sr=rri=a r r ri (
nr= m = = sr=rr=r mr icrr = =r z r or =mar , mr vrr =r imr or =mar ,
mr nr=m = = imr=r or =mar ( =i= == irrm m vrr =rrm=r mr r= m=ar (
nr=m or m e =r=rar , s== srnmarsr mr nz r imc ==n=r ( =m = = iez q sr=
===rnr=mr = si=rma= q= r a iomr srnmar =m= = =r r r ar( =ri= n
=z m = = ino=r m n=nr mr r z a , =m= = +rr ora , srnr=rcr m=a sr =
sr=z r= m =rr mr a m=a a=rr =r == m nr mr rca ( =r inr m r m s+rrn =
irrm =r=rc m r=r cr rrr mr c = m= mr r= m=ar , =a nr=mr mr ==r nr=r
irrm orar im cr rrr mr = = smr vrr=ri=m, =r=riom s=rnr =r n rim srnmarsr
= r mr mr ( nr= =r inr irrm mr nr=mr m inaa +rcr = i=ia m=rar sr=
na=rar im s= =i, =n+rrn a=rr n i sric mr c irc = i+rar rr orar ( sa m r=
irrm =c n i, =r=r n i a=rr m rr n i nr=mr = +r c m=m s smr r =arsr m
s=r= irrr c ar ( irrr c = irrm mr nr=m sr = ==ro mr srnmarsr = ==n m=r
r ar (

,. irrr ini=r
irrrrr= irrm mr na=rar im nr=mr mr nr a rr or =a s==r ===r
im m= a rr or = ===r mr ==r = nr= =r inr irrm mr =rar m=ar (
nr= =r inr =r=r mr im r, ini=rr , =-n r mr=mr , =r+rcrm sr = rimr=m crrsr ,
=mrncr , =r=r mr nm a=rr irrr = m =r sric ini+r a-nr = i=ia m=rar ( m r =
68

irrm nr=mr mr =r=r = =rar m= =mar ( irrr =r inr irrr mr ini=rr mr +rr
=r nrim in= rrr m=ar sr = s= ==rr= m sr na=rar (

s. = =r m sr = =rrr
irrr = r irrm mr ===r = r r orar( s= nr=mr m r sr = inmr= mr
= =r m sr= =rrr m=r r ar ( = =r m = =rrr=rr mr sia mr ar =ar ( irrr mr
imr = irrm sr= irrr=rr n=rn= orr ra im n mr ia m= = sr= ic smr
==ar s=rnr s==ar i==r ar nr sr= s== nr i=na im or =ma ( =n r
m ==r = = =r m m =r=r=r=r ini+r mr= m =rrrr sr= =rr mr srnmar z ar (
= =r m s =r +rr m=a sr= ina =n +rr m=a ( or irrm =n inor=rr mr = =r m
m=ar , nr s= =r=r = +rr =rar m=ar im n =n sr ia mr irr = =
= =r m m= =m ( = =r m = =rrsr = nz r +rrn z ar sr= =i= s=mr nr= = +rrn
z ar ( =+rr mr= mr = =r m ini=rr =r n rim a=r = sr=rri=a r ar ( nr= =r inr =
irrm mr im=r irrr i=i==ria = nr=m m = =r m = r =rar r i==ar, ni=m irrm m
= = sr r =ar mr +rr ar =ar (


=. rc m=
==ro sr = ina mr srnmarsr mr =r m= m i= =m = m rcm = mr inmr=,
inaa ini+rarsr , =rrsr , = =r sr = =r=r m i=rar m =r nrim r = sr=rri=a rr
ri ( rc m = nr = irrm =r ==rar im irrr=rr mr sr = ==ro mr nr srnmar
sr= =r=r mr mr =r imrsr = srnmar =nr r= = = r r =mar ( i+ri+r
i=i==riar = a=rr ini+r =a=r = m e =r=r mr im r nr er r =mar sr= m e snr er,
iia m= = irrm mr inmr= mr ini+r i==riar mr =r n rim r r r ri( =r
= , nr=an = , imr-=m r m i=q - m rcm = mr qm == ia =r n rim sr=rr= = ==rria
r r ri ( =r nrim sr=rr= nr= =r inr =a a m=ar (

. =rn ==n=r
nr= =r inr irrm mr =rn ==n=rr mr == = =rar cr ( irrr sr= =r=r
= =r= im sr = === ==n=rr mr sn== srar ( sr=r im irrr =r inr ==n=rr m inrr
= s ==rr m=ar sr = mrr = ar m = = irrm mr sr mr m= = =rar c ar (
irrr mr im r = irrmirrr=rr ==n=r =n= si=rm =-n r mr=m ( =m= = m= nr=m
m === =r irrm s=m =rariar mr ==rr = = a ( - m nr=m s =r= irrm mr qm
srcr ==rar ( c ==r sr= irrm +rr =r ar im srcr irrm m =r r r riq( irrm
==n=rr inori=r r sr = irrmr m srcrr mr === saim r m mrr mr n==rr i=rr i=a
r ar ( irrr =r inr = irrm inor=rr ==n=rr mr n a= nr = =rar i==ar sr= =r=r
m = nr-=m = sr a=rr ==n=r r m =-n mr ar =ar ( mrr mr nrarn=r irrr mr imr
= =-n r ==rr ==rar ( nrarn=r or qm sr = irrmirrr=rr m === ==n=rr = +rr
nar ( nr c ==r sr= irrri=r r m === ==n=rr = +rr nar ( = mr= - m nr=m qm
69

=r= im i=i==ria = inmr= r ar ( nr= =r inr mrr = nr=mr m === ==n=rr mr ==ina
nr = irrm mr =rar m=ar (

c. n==rr sr= s rr=
==n=rr m s=r na inn = =rc im =m= = irrri=r r m n==rr sr = s=r
im im=r inr rr i=i==ria = mr ina imar ser =ar ( == ina sr = s=m i=n r m
==n=r mr ar =ar ( =mr == = =ri=m sr=r= mr r i==ria ra m=r ( nr=
=r inr n==rr, s rr= sr= =ri=m sr=r =+rr = =r n rim c irc = inr= m=ar (
se n==rr mr ar- ina s=rnr i=n r = = im=r qm = i=na r m= cr r = r
i=na ( scr=r m i=q irrm sr= irrr=rr m === n==rr = or qm sr= irrr=rr =
i=na srnm r a , nr irrm = +rr i=na s ira ( = c = i=na = im=r m +rr
ina-n mr srrrra r ar sr= =n==r inar mr inmr= r =mar ( s rr= mr = =
===r +rr =rr mr sr = =r mr ===r ( sa smr ==r = =r inr =rm r ar
( m+rrm+rr ar m e vr=r=a nr=mr = se ==rr o mr = m r ar ( sr= irrm mr s cnr
m ==rr = r -=ria m=r r ar ( =r inr na=rar im qm r nr= i+ri+r
inar = i+ri+r =rrsr m mr=r r =mar ( nr=mr m nr= = irrm mr sm s==r
=m mr=rr mr ar =rr , io== im n s= srnm =ra= m= =m ( = mr = nr=
=r inr irrm mr =rar m=ar (

. r
nr= =r inr s = =rr = +rr =rar m=ar ( irrr i=ra r nr= = irrm m
=r= q =r s m ===r s- r ar , iomr ==rr m i= s=mr r m= mr
srnmar r ar ( irrr =n n am e irrm m - sr= +r= a=rr = = i+r = ( s==
irrm
=c n m e n nr i=rar = r = =mar( rr i=i==riar = rr ===rsr mr
==r m i= irrm mr =n r m= ri sr= s== im= irmrrr mr sr m=r
ri ( =r inr m r = r nr= s==rrr = or a= mrr = sra ,
smr or m= m i= +rr irrm mr r m= mr srnmar ( = mr= =m= m c im
orn = irrr ==n=rr s==rr mr +rr=r = +rrnr iia (

s. mrr mr ===rsr mr icr sr = i=rm=r . sa nr= =r inr irrm mr mrr = irrr
==n=rr ===rsr m icr sr= i=rm=r = =rar c ar ( = a= mr s m ===r
i=i=i=ra r =mar
(s) iez q nr=m mr ia m i= nr sr im or
(n) inrr=rr ioa nr=m mr = =rr= m i= nr ini=r sr or
(=) nr=mr = s rr= rar mr m = c = imr or
70

(c) im=r rr=ri=m s=rnr =ri=m m=r = riz a nr=mr mr im= a= a r m sr =a =a= = =rr
or
() nr=mr = sr-= =rr im= a= s- mr or
(e) ===rnr=m mr m = irrr cr or
(o) nr=mr = r ==n=rr s=r=rr mr im= a= =r mr or
() nr=mr = imrr =r=r=r mr n iar mr m = ==rr=r or
s na ===rsr mr ==r m i= irrm mr ===rsr m mr=rr mr icr m=r
z r( = icr m i= s=mr =rn =r inr mr rm r r r ri( icr m =r=r=r=r
irrm mr mr= ===rsr mr i=rm=r m=r +rr ( =m i= =n= = s= sr irrr
ia sr = =r=r mr im r mr =n in=rrr m=m s=m rcr rrr mr ==r ri ( i= s=mr
q=r ini=rr mr =rr o m=r ri ( io= inr rr i=i==riar = nr=m = s m = s- imr or
=m ( =n irrm m =r n rim r = sr=rri=a (

s na inn = =rc im irrm m i= =r inr mr r imar srnm (
sr=r im oar ==ror = irrm mr = qm ia, s +r ia sr= imrrr= ina m = =
nr=m mr inmr= m=r ( = inmr= = qm ina m = = s=mr n a=r i=i==riar =
==rro r ar ( = ==rr o = irrm m ir r sr = = n mr nz r =-n ( == n
qm rnri=m inr m = = =r inr mr r m=ar ( =r i= srom= irrmr mr sm
irrr = =r inr mr irrr cr orar , io== im n sr=r im oar ==ro = irrr m
=r sr= nr=m m orn m nr mr =r =rr mr rc m= s= ==n ==rria m= =m (
irrmr mr qm sr= irrr=rr mr sr = c ==r sr= s mr ==r ( = r = =r inr smr
=rm (

nr= m ic a irrr mr ===r

(() = a i=a ina-n mr inmr= m=r . irrr mr = = ===r nr=m = qm +r=r mr= =a i=a
ina-n mr inmr= m=r ( =a i=a ina-n n , io== nr im, = n r-=m, iam sr=
=rri= m orn +r=r mr= ==ina r a sr= m r=ar = mr m=a ( rr= sr = nr= mr
i=i==riar = nr=m mr ina-n m s m cr rr r m= = r qm =r=r nra im ic
s=m =rariar mr ==rn ser r , ic n s-a i=r i=nr= = srr r , ic n
s-i=rm =rz r= = inz r r ar s=m ina-n = s m crrr sr ora ( = mr=
mr = mz r =r=riom sr = n a=r rr=ri=m i=i==riar m mr=r nr=m s =ri=rr =
ma=r =ar r s-i=rm icnr=n mr irmr= n orar ( nr= =r inr nr=m m
n==rr ==n=rr =rr mr c =r m= s=m = = mr=rr mr icr m=ar sr = i= s=m
i=rm=r m sr =rr oar (

71

(,) =rr. n==rr mr ini+r ===rsr m == = n=rr =rr mr ===r r ar ( =rr
m s+rrn = ia =c n m= =ar ( s-=r m inr ina sr r na =mar( nr=m =
r a sr= sia =rr s- im inr s=mr inmr= r r =mar( mrna im sr
rrr z mr rr m r= = or =ma , =a s= rr i=r r =ma ( =r a= nr=m m
inmr= m i=, nr=m = =rr s- q inr irrm m e r m= =mar( =rr m =
s- r or qm mic ===r ( irrr =r inr = ===r mr ==r mr r=
m=ar ( c =rr r im m+rrm+rr ar m n= r =r r icr s=rnr iaiar s- m=
= r =r=r mr ia nr= = ar= iara am na orar ( rcm = mr rn, =r=r mr
imr ini+r im rsr mr rn sric =rr = r ==ni=ra ===r (

(s) ==cr=r sr = s=r n i . =rr mr ===r m == = m+rrm+rr ==cr=r mr m=r sr=
si==ra ===r m s=rr m r mr s+rrn +rr r ar ( =ri=q srom= irrr = q=r
=r= r mr r imr orar , or im nr=m m r=r sr = m i=n r = =r r sr =
io=mr nr=m +r=r mr= == =mar r ( = =r=r mr rn +rr = mr= r r riq,
io== i mn == = sr =m ( scr=r m i=q ==mr= mr n==rr mr ==r m i=q
mrr = er cr =r cr ==mr= nr or =mar ( oar ==ror = inor=rrr inor=r m
inor=rr = rrr = oar n==rr mr sr=rr = =r=r ora (

(=) inaa ini+rarsr = sr n irmar sr = i=n r mr a =r-=m =-n. irrr mr = nr=m
mr inmr= m=r ( sa irrr =r n rim mr qm = = ===r nr=m m inmr= = sr =
inaa ini+rarsr mr s- m= = sr n irmar sr = i=n r m a=r-=m =-n =
==ni=ra ( nr irrr = sr n irm rr mr nc=r or =mar ( nr =r=r nrarn=r =
nr=m m n= sr n irm rr m sr=rr= = r a = = inmi=a r =mar nr im=r
+rr nr=m mr irrr m r=r m e +rr nrr or =mar ( = a= m irrr =r inr
= sr n irmar sr = i=n r m a=r-=m s= mr i=a m=a ( scr=r m i= irrr
r=r n i mr mr am inmi=a imr or =mar , qm =-n r , io=m ==n=r
= irrr =r nrimr s m s= m=m a=r mr =ar =rr (

() =r=r = si=rma= ia =r m i= s na ini=rr . ==r = = = irrr mr im r =r=r
= sr na ar ( == irrr =r nrim mr = = ===r im =r=r = si=rma= ia
ra m= m i= mr =r ini=rr =n= si=rm sna r r( scr=r m i= r
=mar im nr s m=r sr= =r-=m im r = mr in=r=r nr irrr = a=r mr
ormr=r = si=rm =r icr orr ri s=rnr =r-=m mrr = irrr =r nrimr
m s m=r, ian s imr - sr = +r = sr = = r=r =r=r mr ini=rr = r
m=m ar =r mr rcr mr im =r=r mr im i=i==riar = mr=r ini=r =
=n= se i=rr= ra im or =ma (

(c) = nr mr irrr. ina-n m =nr inmr= = = n r mr == ia sr= rc inmr= nz r o==r
( =m inr s rr=rar,inrr=rr o a=rr s m =ri=m =r am s- r a c =r ora
72

( sa sr=r im irrr mr qm ===r = n r mr irrr m sr =r=r sr= i=rr=r mr
=rr o m=r (

() n i sr = s=i-=r mr =r sr = inmr=. irrr m r=r n i sr= s=i-=r mr inmr= r ar(
== m= ia r =mar sr= im=r nr=m mr am ia mr , or m i=
irrr ini+r ini=rr sr= =rr m ==n=r = or m=a sr = =rn c a (

(s) inaa ini+rar . rnri=m =r inr inaa ini+rarsr m a= = sr=rri=a (
irrr m r = =r inr mr rnri=m r m= nr=r irrr =r inr ar =rar
im inar = mr mr sr= nr sa= r ora ( sa= a si=rm r a im
mr or inr m r= irrm sr mr= r m= =mar scr=r m i= m e =rr mr
nr im =a= rr r ar ( im s ari==rr ar nr mz r sr= =rrrrr +rr
nz r =a = r i==rrr or =mar ( c ==r sr= me nr=m a m rr n i r a im
mrr mr =r=rr=r a r i==rr smr mr= = =r ==r m i= r a r r ar sr= n
rrrr r s== =n ora ( sa irrr =r nrim inaa ini+rarsr mr =r=rsr mr ar
=rar sr = inr rr nr=mr = s=m =r mr ini=rr +rr na=rar ( sr=r im irrm
inaa ini+rarsr mr ar =r m= i+ri+r nr=mr mr inaa = = sr na r
mr r= m=ar (
(e) =r=r = ==ni=ra ===r . nr= m ic a irrr mr s m ===r =r=r = ==ni=ra (
== = = i=i=i=ra
(. =r=r mr imr mr m ia(
,. i=nnar m =a= sr= =r=r = ==n=r(
s. =r=r mr ia sr= =r=r = inaa ini+rarsr mr =-n(
=. =r=r mr imr = r nr= srai=m i=na (
. =r=r m i=rr=r mr irrr ini=rr = ==n=r(
c. =r=r mr ia m = =r m mr ini=rr (
. =r=r mr sr ri=m sr= sr ri=m ini=rr mr a=r-=m =-n(
s. =r=r nr= = =r=riom i=i==riar mr =r inrim +rrn(

((u) nri=m ===r =r inr m n= = riam r r, ni=m qm rnri=m inr +rr (
=ri= s== q =r n a=r ===r srar , or nr=ainm i=i==riar = irrm mr ===r
o = (() - m inor=rr mr m ia sr= s=m inmr= mr ==+rrnrsr mr ormr=r (,) sr=r im
= =m ia = ==rro m i= srnm inaa sr= =r=riom s m= (s) irrr sr = =r=r mr
imr = iia =r n rim mr=rr mr =rr o(
-r= =r inr m inmr= m =r=r=r=r s=m ====r ===r srar orar (
sr=r im oar ==ror = irrr =r n rim irrr mr =rr==+rn oa m s m= nr m
i= -rr= ( = r= = or +rr ===r s=m =r= srar s ===rsr mr ==r
= s= qm sr = =r n rim sr = c==r sr= s sm =r=riom inrr = =rar i==ar ( s
===rsr m =rn = r oar ==ror mr +rinr i+r = (
= mr= irrr =r inr irrm mr irrr=rr m =n+rrn,rina, inr rrarsr , srnmarsr sr=
=mr mr r m=rar , iomr =r = ==rm= n s=r r =r = srnm = =rr= m=m irrr=rr
m =nr inmr= m = mr ra m= =mar (
73




~r s=inc rrr rr

orn i=


~r s=inc rrr rr mr o= = (s, . mr +rr=a m i= = m=mar = sr =rr( m
iar mr m n= c nrr mr sr = r ==z +r o icr =rr io== n m i= s o n or ( ~r
s=inc nr = irrr ra m=a q =r = =rmr qn minr mr =r i=m =rsr mr s=
m= m i=q rm a=rr = ic +rrrrr = r r si=rmr= ra r imr sia , o= a=rr
c i=, sric s m =r i +rrrrrsr mr +rr =r=rr( (= nrr am mr sr = sr == z = =a
q inr rr- irrr ra mr( = (seu . = ~r s=inc +rr=ar i=in= =in = mr =rrr
= sarr q, =a rrz =nr=r = =i==i=a r m mr=r sr s sr mr s na rr
sr = = (ses . = +rr=a =r c sr( +rr=a sr = ~r s=inc (s nrr am nz r cr m
rmnrz m r r m=r mr( =r nr sr = =ma a=rr s +rrrrrsr mr =r=rm= s +rrnr
orn mr a r=r mr( = (eu . = n ine c m ra ~r s=inc r m=r = -r c
icr sr= =roriam r = m c z ( r r sr s nc =ra== m= r i a=rr =r= sric
==rr=r qn +rrnrr=r +rrrrrrr m r=r c r = =rrc rar mr +rrnr mr or a imr a=rr +rr=a
mr = =n=r= rrr irra imr( =roriam mrr = +rr = m mr=r n m nr= o= +rr , =a
rrrr r er z ic ( qm ic s=r= o = = sr =n = n=r sr-=r mr cr imr( sa
o= = e c r sr = (e( . = sr =roriam iaini=rr er z cr sr = sr=ri-=m orn
ar m= m i=q sin r rz =r = = or qm sr~= nrr( sr~= sn +rr
~r s=inc sr~= m r= = i= ( ~r s=inc sr r rr orn =r sr~= = =a q
sr=ri-=m =r=rr qn r = ar imr( = mr= ~r s=inc =roriam mr mar = qm
crr im n sr = crr im m = = sr oar m =r= irrr, =r=, r a=rr n r , sric
inrrr = s inr= =a a im ( = (eu . = ~r s=inc mr =n nr= r r(

orn cr



~r s=inc srcr nrcr =r ( sm cr mr sr=rr= sirrc mr ncra =rr( n orn =
sr=i-=m =r=rr, r a=rr n r mr inr rr =-n c a q inmr= m i=ra = innr= m=a =r (
sr narr im inmr= mr = m n= qm r sr = n = =r= = rm icrina s=rnr
r qn s=rz ar mr ra m=r( ~r s=inc mr innr= =rr im inmr= mr m = i=a=
=ar r =ar ( = inmr= m = mr qm q =r i==ria +rr srar on =rn sia =ri=m =a= mr
ra m=m =n sia=rn n orar ( = =a= = m= =rn r = si=rm r a=rr mrr
= si=rm mrr mr sr= na ar ( == s= srom r ria qn nr=ainm = =r mr src ra
r a q = irc m == a=rr ra =-ar mr r r r orar (

irrr cr


74

~r s=inc qm =r crr im m =r=r=r=r s mr ic m irrrrr=r +rr =r ( sr =rn
oria mr =nr sr=i-=m inmr= mr =r ic=rrr( =r c irc = s =rn m = =rcrar mr
=r +rr cr orar ( ~r s=inc s irrr ==n=rr inr=r mr s =rarim m=r i =
mrira imr a=rr narr im irrm mr = =r sm=r sa m=r r ar ( = sam=r m r=
c= s=rnr =a= r a ia, =r=, n i a=rr r( irrr mr nr=m m r=r =a=r mr si=rm =
si=rm inmr= m=r ri ( srcr nrcr r m ra ~r s=inc mr irrrcr sr=ri-=m =r=rr,
n r a=rr r = sr=rri=a ( smr innr= =rr im io= irrr = sna arr a-n =i==i=a r
s== =rn mr r inmr= rr iia ( sm s=r= =rn = m n= rr=ri=m sr-=r r r
r ar sia s=mr nr im, =ri=m, n r ==n=rr, inr rr =i=arm ==n=rr a=rr s sr=ri-=m
si=a-n +rr r ar ( r r, s== n= mr r mr rina +rr r ar ( = n= mr r
m i=q s= =nr=r =ar = == scr ri , or === mr r ( = =r sc mr ra m=
m i=q s=mr ia a=rr c nr rinar mr inmi=a m=r == srnm ( ~r s=inc m s=r=
=r irrr n irrr or nr=m m =r= =na nrarn=r =a a m= a=rr s=mr =ir m
s=r= s=mr im r-=m, nr im, iam a=rr =r cr-=m rinar mr inmi=a m=m s=m sr=ri-=m
inmr= = =rar cr m= ( sr =n i==rr =r sr = nr=ainm irrr n or =rn mr
sai ia ===a rinar mr inmi=a m=m s= == nr = =rar cr m=ar (




irrr cr m sr=rr=+r a i=ra



~r s=inc mr irrr m sr=rr=+r a i=ra i=i=i=ra

(() irrr =ra +rrrrr m =r== = cr orr ri(
(,) irrr nr=m =rr r r ri (
(s) irrr nr=m mr =r n iar a=rr =r n rim i=i==riar m s=r= r r ri (
(=) irrr mr nr=m = ier rinar mr inmr= m=r ri (
() irrr mr nr=m mr rr=ri=m r i m=r ri (
(c) irrr mr ar mr inmr= m=r ri (
() irrr mr =rn m sam=r mr inmr= m=r ri (
(s) irrr mr r icr mr irira m=r ri (
75

(e) irrr mr sr=rr= n r rr ri (
((u) irrr m inrr =r m r ri (
((() irrr mr nr=m mr ===a rinar mr inmr= m=m r =rn nrr ri(

irrr mr =rr=rr


~r s=inc +rr=a mr i=a irrr m in=r =rr =r ( n ma =r im =naar ra m= m
ra +rr=ar irrr mr == =rr = i=na ar sn sr r , =a n sn +rr nr=mr m
=i=arm, sr-=r a=rr i= qn =rrc mr srnmarsr m s=r= r ( sm =ar=r= =r=r irrr
mr sr=r im orn mr srnmar =r= r r ri ( c== r-cr = , ~r s=inc q=r irrria m
r = =r or nr=mr mr m=c ri=m nr a=rr sr=r im mr srnmarsr mr =r m=r =
===r r ( n =n i==ra =r irrr mr =rr = nr sr = a r rr ri , sia =mr
=rn m i=arm a=rr sr-=r mr rinar mr i=r r s=rnr orina s-mrr m=r ri(

irrr m sc



~r s=inc m s=r= irrr m sc i=i=i=ra

(() ~r s=inc m s=r= irrr mr =r= sc nr=m m r=r= mr r qn r inmr= m=r (
smr innr= =rr r=r== =r= =r= =r=r= s=rr a r=r= m =r== = r =r= mr =r=rr r ar (
sa sr nr=m m rr=ri=m inmr= = r n= r icr sia =m sa a rr=ri=m r i mr +rr
=i==i=a imr sr= narr im r=r= m sia inmr= qn s=mr r i m inr =rn mr sr=ri-=m
inmr= r r =mar( = c irc = nr=m m r=r= mr r inmr= qn s=mr r i sr=ri-=m inmr=
m i=q == srnm (

(,) ~r s=inc m s =r= irrr mr c ==r sc nr=m mr c irc, ~nr, rr rr, =r a=rr =nrc sric
=+rr r ic r mr r irrr ( smr innr= =rr im sna r ic r mr =n==r inmr= s=r ==
r =mar on (() =r q (,) ia a=rr (s) =r= r r ( sa irrr sr = =r=rr r=r =n=
= r icr mr r m= = r == srnm (

(s) ~r s=inc m s =r= irrr mr ar==r sc nr=m mr =ri=m inmr= ( =ri=m
inmr= = smr ar- == ia, ia, am , m=r a=rr ir sric =+rr =ri=m rinar = =rr(
(=) sr narr im inr iam a=rr = nr-=m r ar m =ri=m irrr =rn ia m i=q
rimr=m ( sa ~r s=inc =rc r-cr = narr im =rn m iam inmr= m i= (()
= n, (,) = =mr= s=rnr srca a=rr (s) =n+rrn s=rnr m ia ar nr a = = (
76

() ~r s=inc m s =r= irrr mr = =r qn =-n r sc sam=r mr inmr= m=r(
sm s =r= sam=r m r= c= s=rnr =a= ia, =r=, n i a=rr r( irrr mr sna r=r
=a=r mr inmr= m=r ri ( =a=r mr inmr= r sam=r mr inmr= (

(c) ~r s=inc m r-cr = irrr mr = = sc rr ri inmi=a r nr=r sr-=r mr inmr=
m=r or s== =nr a= , s= na m=r a=rr s= ~ rc mr m i= r nrr(
rc m=

~r s=inc - m inrr = orn mr r = r= m=m s=mr qm r = c a q ar
inmi=a m= c r ra =r im s=m r=r ~ rc =rnar mr inmr= r =m ( sa sr rcm = m
i=r r a i=i=i=ra i=ra =a a im

(() rc m = =r m r(
(,) rc m = = s =+rr inrrr mr ==rr icr or io= nr im a=rr sr=ri-=m inmr= r
=m (
(s) rc m = m inrrr = nr=m mr srmirr a m= mr rina r (
(=) rc m = m inrrr = orn mr im rrr=ar m r r ri (
() rc m = mr innr = nr=m mr =i s- m=r ri (

s na i=rar m sr=rr= = ~r s=inc nr=m m r inmr= a irrr m ini+r =a=r
= rc m = m sa a i=i=i=ra inrrr mr =i==i=a imr

(() r=ri=m =a= =ra +rrrrr, s or, , =ri-, =rrcr iar=, im=r, =r=rinr,
=r=rioms= a=rr ira(
(,) =r=i=m =a= =ra +rrrrr, s or, , ira, m=r ==rinr, +rr iaminr,
n=iainr, =nr==rinr, r=r=inr a=rr =r=riom inrr(

(s) inninor= =a= +rr=a a=rr rr- cr , ==ar mr iar=, s or =ri-,
=ri-, ==rorr=, =r inr, inr mr iar=, ira, ==rrr=, +rr iamrr=,
orninr, innqmrm=r a=rr sa=r rc r ==n=r(

(=) n=rim irrr imr=r, r cr rr, i==r , = rir= mr , ir=m=r ==n=rr z r ,
c m sr r i=i , rnao + cmq mcr=sor, mrrc m=r, ==r = m im= a=rr = nc rm=
orii=, sr=r ,eacq +rr=ar a=rr =r r= ra, si+r a=rr -(
77

irrr ia



~r s=inc irrr m i=i=i=ra i=rar = n= icr

(() nr=m mr =naar ~r s=inc m s =r= nr=m m =r= =naar mr nrarn=r =a a
m=r ri io== n si=rm = si=rm r ra m= =m ( smr innr= =rr im iia
nrarn=r = inmr= m ica r orar (

(,) nr=m m ia = a=rr =r +r ia ~r s=inc m s=r= nr=m m =r=r = a=rr =r +r ia
mr nr= m=r ri ( == n =nr+rrinm = = inmi=a r ar =ar (

(s) =ra +rrrrr r=r irrr ~r s=inc = nra = n= icr im nr=m mr irrr s=mr
=ra +rrrrr m =r== = i==r ri ( == n mic inrrr mr +rr sr=rr = == =mar
(

(=) irrr nr=m mr =i m s=r= ~r s=inc m s=r= irrm mr ri im n nr=m mr
=ir mr s= m= a=rr sm s=r= s=mr irrr mr n==rr m= ( q=r m= = nr=m
mr irrr m ia =i na ar =r, s=rr n a r er z c r(

() =n - a=rr =nr +rn r=r irrr ~r s=inc narr im nr=m mr =na a=rr =nr +rn
r=r =r=r m si=rm = si=rm sn== cr im or ( = mr= =r=rr sr r nr=m
m ina-n mr ==rrr s n orar ( q =r irrr nr=ainm a=rr =r+r c r ar (

(c) m=m =r=r = n= ~r s=inc nr=m mr im rsr mr =-n r ==rr icr a=rr narr
im nr=m mr =n m=m =r=r m sn== i== ri ( =ri=q sr irr mrr =
=rc ==r rr=r a=rr r=ri=m qn =r=i=m mrrsr = im=r mr =-n r ==rr icr(

() === =r r=r irrr smr innr= =rr im a a=rr =r=r mr mr === =r
m r=r r == r =mar ( sa sr = nra = n= icr im rc mr a ra ==
irrm nr=m mr si=rm = si=rm =r ra m= (
(s) irrr nr=m mr m ia m s=r= ~r s=inc m s =r= - m nr=m = m e n=r c
r ar a=rr m e ia+rr +rr( s=mr sr-=r mr =n a= = = inmi=a m= m i=q s=
s=mr m ia m s=r= inmi=a r m sn== i== ri (


78

-rr=m mr ==rr


~r s=inc m s=r= - m nr=m = inaa r=ar a=rr in=rrar r ar ( =
n=r c mr r= r inmi=a m=r r s=mr =r irrr ( smr innr= =rr im nr=m m
inr rr rr , r =arsr , inr=r a=rr =r= mr im=r r iia r or m s =r= n= n m inmi=a
m=r s=m inmr= mr m ica m=r , or s=m =r=r rrr = sr ( sa sr narr im irrr
mr n==rr nr=m mr m ia mr =r = ==ra q s=mr ior=r a=rr =ir m s =r= mr orr
ri io== s=m ina-n mr r inmr= r or( = ==n=r = ~r s=inc =n i==ra
nr=m mr =rariar s=rnr irrm mr er m = ar=r s=rinnr= a=rr o =r ( =rariar
== nz r +r = sr= mr r m= =ma im n = = r = nra mr n==rr m= im sm =
inirrc rr , r=arsr a=rr inr=r mr inmr= r r( m ia mr =n s =r= mr -r m= m i=q
nr= m=r s= ==rrr ri rr , s=m inmr= mr -m a m=r a=rr s=mr r ar mr c irra
m=r (
irrm mr ==rr


irrm m ==rr m ==n=r = ~r s=inc =n r i==rr irrm ic rm s=rnr =nr=r
r sia n m n= =rm a=rr =r cr m ( s=mr mr = rn c r , im r mr
=rr r( n nr=m m =i=arm mr irira r m=ar sia n s= =r=r mr imr = =rar
a=rr =rr c m= narr im n s r m =r=rr mr im= mr= == nr =mar ( n
er mr r r c ar sia n s= narar im r mr m = ra imr or =mar ( n
nr=m m saiia r mr nr= r imr=ar sia n s= m n= narar im r mr
a=rr s=mr nr= =r m i=q im= mr= srca zr=r or =mar (

sa = m =ma im ~r s=inc m ianricr a=rr r onricr mr +rr ia nr=
m ic a irrr = n= icr( sr irrm mr m n= ic rm, =rm a=rr =r cr m m = = r
=nrmr= imr a=rr s irrr i=rar mr i=r r imr iom s =r= nr=m mr s=mr =ra +rrrrr m
=r== = r =naar m nrarn=r = s=mr si+r=ir mr s= m=m = a=rr =r +r ia n m
s=mr m ia m s =r= =nr+rrinm inmr= m sn== i==a = ( = =r c mr nra im smr
irrr m sc srcr nrcr cr = r sr=rri=a = ( n=a i==ria im ~r s=inc inr srcr nrcr
=r ( smr irrrcr sr=ri-=m sr==rr, n r a=rr r = sr=rri=a ra q sr=ri-=m ia mr
i=rm ( oi ~r s=inc = rr- cr mr r a +rrn = i= +rr smr =rar =
nra = im n = =a +rr=ar r = ( sr rr- cr mr serr mr = m= +rr=arar mr
=ca nr mr r= imr = r = smr cr +rr iamar = sr=ri-=mar mr sr = = orar (


79



i=r inr=mr m irrr ==n=rr c ircmr r

= i=r =r c ==r
(MARIA MONTESSORY 1870-1952)

zr. = i=r =r c ==r, qm c i= ri=m =rr, io= mr o= (su u = sr =rr( on
=r c ==r sr nr=rn==rr ara m= =r =rr, s icr c=r =ro iam s=r= =r= = o= =r =rr(
=r c ==r n a r==+r = r c n = =i=arm nr= nrr m ==m = sr = nra or =r =rr
im s ar iim-=r mr srnmar r ioar im irrr mr( qm irrm=== = = s= sr
c ircmr r na imr( vrrrr r s= =r =n=r=r a=rr =r mr ini=rr mr s= imr sr = c n =
=i=arm nr= nr=mr m i=q qm =m= mr ==rrr mr( =rrr m r=r vrrrr r s= or i=r
im ssa irrr m s=ra c n = =i=arm nr= n s =m =r = a r =r=r nr = se
r ( s= = sr ini=r mr s =r=r nr m i=q r m= mr =rr ra mr( s=
innr= r r im s=mr ini=r = =+rr mr= m nr mr =ri=m inmr= r r ==+rn r =mr(

sr ini=r mr si=rm i==rio a m= m i=q =rc ==r r r-=m =r inr a=rr
=r=riom =rnrr= a r( irr r mr i=rrmr m = = s= nr=mr m s= mr sr= +rr
si=rm sn== ra sr sr = n sr ini=r mr sr iar m inrr = si=rm inn=a r (
s=mr m=r =rr im s=mr ini=r = nr=mr mr =r = irr mr sia inmr=, r ic r mr r a
irrr a=rr nr=mr = =naar mr +rrnr mr = r= r =m r(


=r c ==r = =r inr ==n=rr inr=r mr s r ar =rr, nr im s= == am =r inr
qm =na inrr m = = r aa inmi=a r mr =rr( inr m ini+r inrrr m ==n=r =
+rr =rrr r = =r ( =r c ==r =+rr =rrrr = i=ia r mr =rr sr= +rr or =rr im
nr mr =ri=m sia m i=q ini+r r rr=rsr = imar mr imr or mr ( q =r i==ria
= =n= s= =r+r scrr sr = =r inr srcr= mr =ar=ror = sr na rr( =r c ==r m
s=r=, s=rimr mr rr-=m =r inr mr n rim = =m ia a=rr ini=r = ioar r r
si=rm r r, sar r si=rm n orn m == a=rr si+r=ir mr sc rrrc m= =m r( ==r
nr=m m s= = n= icr =rr, =a s=m ==r mr =r n rim sr mz r =r , io== im
n irrmr mr mr inirrc ini=r na=r =mar( =r c ==r r =rr-=m =r inr mr ini=rr mr
i=ri=r m= = ===r r =mr( s= r r=r ic=r=r icr im ic irrm rr-=m
=r inr m i=rr=r m sr=rr= = sr na ar ar n si=rm ==ar ra m= =mr(

irrr c =r= r
80


=r c ==r mr i=ri=r nz r =rc ( n nr=mr m i=q =cr i=r=r r = =r = mr i=ri=r
m=ar ( nr=mr mr s=r mr= mr = =a = m i=q mr orar , io= mr= s =r=r
= r =a ( =r =m c +rr =r mr= m ==r im smr =-n irrr==n=rr r , im
crr im n ===( =r= = r nr=m mr n r cr m= icr orar , io=mr im s=
ar-mri=m srnmar ( or n=a q nr=mr m i=r=r r m = = ==rr , s =r c ==r
irrr c =r= r m m= mr=r ( =r c ==r rr=r mr s-a =r i=m a (

=r n rim rr


ini+r sn==r = nr=m mr srnmar +rr i+ri+r r ar ( irrm mr s ==r
riq sr= s=m == r r= r mr ia = = = riq ( nr=m mr =r=r si+rn i =
irrm mr im r-=m =rar c r riq( =r n rim rr mr irrr = si+r r s= rr = ,
onim nr=m sr im=r srnmar m ia or=m r or( =r c ==r mr m=r im irrm mr
ma im n s= =r nrim rr mr ir = ( =r nrim ini=r m sr mr irrm
mr =r+r scrr riq( s= nr=m mr im=r +rr srnmar mr sn =r r m=r ( ic nr=m
sr im=r im r = == r r =r ar =mr s=r im s+rr n =r nrim rr =
r sr r , sa irrm mr s= rr mr arrr m=r riq(

irrm nr=m mr na=r im ser =n r sr ri=ar irrm ( nr=m on m e ra
m= = ar ar nz r = rar ( sr-=inmr= = n =n r =i ic=rrar ( sr im r mr
==ar = s= n mr s +rn r ar ( ==ar r s=m i=q =n= nz r ri=ar irrm ( s==a,
=r c ==r sr rr=r = ri=ar irrm m i=q mr in=rr r ==rr ( n nr=m mr s=mr sia
m i= =n r sr=crr nr c ar ( nr=m m c im inmr= m =r=r r =r=r nrq =ar m=
m=a orr riq( = =nr+rrinm = = r nr=m = sr=i=+rmar, sr-=i+r=ar a=rr qmr ar mr
vrina mr inmr= r =ar ( nr=m mr irrr cr orr riq im n s ina-n mr src=
m= ( s=m i=q qm in mr nr c r riq( =r c ==r rr=r m r=r nr=m = iirm
srrmri=ar a=rr i+r =ar m ==rr = mic i=~= mr +rrnr mr inmr= r ar (


irrr i=r a

( inmr= = sr=rri=a mr =r c ==r rr=r nr=m mr m ia m sr=rr= = s=mr inmr=
m=ar ( =r c ==r =m = = snrr = nrr am mr sr m nr=m m e r ic r m s+r=r = , ar
m e ira m s+r=r = mr = =a r ora ( s m e c -ric = =r=s=r= =r=a q
ic=rr z a ( m e =or = n c ar m e r c=r = n c ( n n=rr i==ra q r
crcr, crcr, c =rr = nr nr i=r! =r c ==r =m= = =naar mr nrarn=r r ar ( = mr=
nr s rr= ==n=rr mr ===r s- r r ar( nr n =nr+rrinm r orar ( ic m+rrm+rr
81

mr ===r im=r nr=m inr rr m ==n=r = s- +rr r orar ar s= =rm = = = =r
icr orar ( irrm m i= =n nr=mr = src= +rrnr r ar ( sa nr = r n =c +rrnr mr
nrarn=r ra =ar (

, =naar =r c ==r =m = = nr=m mr s irrr c nrarn=r = , =necar n m mr
m= m i= r-=ria imr orar ( - m ==rr = qm =r= r ar ( nr nr=m sr==r n
iirm r = =mar, nr im or m e s= ser = nr m= mr s= =naar =ar ( r n
= o = n c s=rnr m=r =( m =r =o sric a =m ==r ora im s= nr=m r or scrm=
= or( so= a=rr m rz r +rr nr=mr mr c im mrr mr irrr c ar o= n= ir, n=
sar=r, rr=rr r s=rnr =r m=r -ric(

s =necar = mr= =r c ==r =m= = =naar, =necar a=rr s==r= mr nrarn=r
=ar ( mr c = rcm= r r ar( nr ar cz mr +r sr = ri=ar irrm mr s==r= rr
orar ( q = nrarn=r = s rr= mr ===r scar r r ( nr irr sr mr =n=ro r ar ( r
=necar ==r +rr =rr rar =rr( m ==r rm=c +rr sr zr=c rr=r = nr mr q =r r
=necar cr m= mr i=ri=r mr ( r nr=m mr sr irrr inrr, , == a=rr ia
=+rr m ==n=r = r =naar (

irrr m =rr

( r ic irrr =r c ==r rr=r = irr sr = r=i=+rm crrsr = =r a=rr ~nr
==n=rr r icr mr crira imr orar ( =m i=q ini+r so=r a=rr m rz rsr mr s=-=r imr
orar ( nr=mr mr io= nrarn=r = ==rr orar , nr mr n=a sr m r= a=rr == = i=ia
m=rr orar ( =n m s +rn m r=r s vrra s=rnr srr m +r c mr ==rr orar ( =r
rr=r m r=r s= = r rr, =r=rr n r =r , =r =c=r n imr, =r cr n a=r -ric mr
s +rn m=rr orar ( irrri=rar m sr=rr= = r =r c ==r sr =r= r mr imr ,
s=mr r si=rmr r =r= r c =r +rr= a=rr srmr== -ric = rn = m sr=r = i+r r ar
(
r icr m irrr m ==n=r = =r c ==r in = n i a=rr =r=r nr=mr = mr +r c
r imr ( s= s= ar == +rc =r

(() r ic r m irrr m m = = in= n i nr=m ar n=asr = s-a =rc +rc mr
r == ra , onim =r=r nr=m = = +rc r = r s= == ora (

(,) in = n i nr=m ar qm r= = r =a rc r ora sr= =rn ia mr =i =rr
n ca , onim =r=r n i nr=m ==ar i== = nr=nr= s= imr mr c =rr = c m=a (
82

(s) in = n i nr=m sr icr mr ==rr= = =n r= m=m nr=nr= irrm mr
=rar mr srrr m=ar , onim =r=rn i nr=m =n r +r= = =rr= = src = ar (
= n rr = =r c ==r irmrr imr=r im irrr c =r= r or in = n i
nr=mr mr irrr m i=q srnm , n =r=r n i nr=mr mr sr-=irrr m i= or a m=ar
(

, im r sr= i==rr irrr m iar =r r = nr=m =r =a == =mz r m r mr = c mz r
= =rr= nra s=rnr ==nrr z r =riar nra sr = = mr= ==nr n r z r m +rc mr
== mr rcr m=a ( sm r=r sr= n=a q in=r= cr orar sr= s= = s er cr n nz r
n=a sr mr er c m=r r ar ( r z r =ra r = n =r cr n a= mr s +rn +rr ra m= = a (
=riar = sa= a = smr vrr=ri=m rr= +rr r orar ( = +rc or m i=q sm i=q
ini+r = mr = = ii= a ini+r = r m c= mrzr mr er c sr= s m=r=r= =or mr
irrr cr orar ( = mr= r= m sr=rr= = smr ic mr +rr n=a = ==m ==rria r ar
( n r= m =r= n=a sr= n=a m =r= r= mr ar =r =a (

=r a==r mr =a im a = i==rr === r ar ( a = ar m e armr mr ==r
z ar sr= =r=r r =n= = +rr sar=a rn m=r rar ( mr nr=m m i=q qm mic mr
, ima i==rr qm =ri=m im r r m= =rr-= qm r im imr ( r mr=r im
=r c ==r i==r mr =r= =rr ( =r c ==r rr=r = i==rr +rr =r = m r=r i==rrr orar (
=m s=r= nr=m nr =r=r m s+r= q sr=r mr r m=ar sr = = mr= sor = r
n i==rr =r=r orar (

s srmr= r irrr m a ar =r r = srm= nr=m mr srmr= == mr irrr cr orar
( s= m e e cr = s=r srmr= m c mz =r r a ( =m nrc c irc a=rr =r ==n=rr r ic r
sr = =r= irr mr irrr icr orar ( cr = cr=rr m nrc nr=m mr r mr = srm iar mr r
m=rr orar ( q=r = =rrsr = nr orar , io nr=m c =r +rr =mar ( = mr= n = arr
= s= arr mr sr= s== r ar (
= =a= = srm= nr=m mr a mr +rr irrr cr orar ima a = =r c ==r mr
si+r r mro = i==rr m e srm iar mr c =r m= =n=sr=r m= = r r ( = ar n
er = +rr mr ,c arc o aco mar ( n rar im or m e +rr a rr or s=
==r +rr or(

= rnri=m irrr a =r =r r = srm= nr mr c im ma rr mr rnri=m irrr cr
orar o = m=r = o sric mr ini=rna =orr a=rr n inam =near m i=r mr r= m=r
-ric( =r = irr m inmr= m i=q s m e = na vrr=ri=m rr= i==rr ora ( m
siai=na m ia mr c =rm= s =r mr =rar = s=rnr s= na ini=r = i nr mr sn== +rr
icr orar ( = =a= = i==rra r sr= ira +rr i==rrr ora ( vr-cr a=rr cr mr =rar
= s nrn nrr i==rrr orar ( iar =r=r m i= s r i=r -ric i=r=r =r = mr
ic ora ( s irrm m c = src rr a=rr irrrsr mr r= r m=r r ar( - m nra sia
83

=r= r m =r= =n r =r=r =a ( =r inr rrar m mr=r =r c ==r rr=r ar =r mi r
(

= =r m=r i==rr mr =r inr = =r m=r i==rr = =r c ==r qm =r nrim ini=r
mr s ==r m=ar ( n cr=r = inrr mr si=rm =-n r =rar ( s=mr innr= im a
mr s rr i==r nr=r ina si=rm =-n r ( i==rr i==rr = n nr=m mr m e sr=i=+rm
im rsr m i= ar= m= c r riq( nr=nr= mr =rn ia m r=r imrsr mr na nr
c r ri ( =m s=ra nr=m mr i==rr = mr= i==rrr or =mar im n inr = nra
mr or q +rr i==rr =r=rar orar ( ==r s=m sc= qm +rrnr c m r ar sr= n = =r
im r = si=i=a src = =ar ( n s +rn m=ar im s= inr i==rr r m e =r=r
i=r(

=r c ==r rr=r m =

( nr=mr mr n ina m = = irrr c r(

, n i m ==rr = r ic r mr or=m m=r(

s r=i=+rm sn==rrsr = =r r mr sn=r r m=r ri s=rr n sr
r =rr n car (

= nr=m mr =r=r inmr= = imr-=m = = =rar c r riq(

io= rr= mr r imr or, n q =r r r ri im nr=m m im=r
sinr rr m inmr= mr srnmar mr ia m=(

c =r nrim rr mr arrr m=r ( on am im=r nra mr srnmar mr s +rn
r =, m e +rr =a i==rrsr (

mr oic= rcm= r (

s mr ri=ar irrm r ( nr=m mr =n mr inmr= r ri=ar irrm (

e nr=m mr +r ===rr= irrm mr sr = = r m= s= m sr=rr= = r r r ri ,
io=m r=r n irrr rar (

(u ==r a=rr = == mr +rr ia sr-=irrr = n=(

(( i=rr=r mr +rr m r=r r =ri=m s rr= srar (
84


(, nr=m mr r =naar( nr=m mr sr m ia m sr=rr= = s inmr= ==n=rr
i=r m r s rr= = =r riq(

(s s ina-n m s= na cr m i= nr=mr mr =naar i==r riq(

(() rnri=m orn ==n=rr s+r=

() n mr r=r , r=r, cr a, nc, n=r -ric m ==n=r = irrcrr= narr(
,) =na ar n m = mr irrr(
s) irr mr ==or n =r= r mr inr vrr = =r =orr(
=) =riar = a sa= = s s+=a nrr(

(,) irrr c=r= r mr =rar = r ic r mr irrr

() - m r ic mr =rr==+rn =rm irrr(
,) ~nr ==n=rr s+r= vrr ia= nrarn=r = r r , sia
m e s=rmr= r nrarn=r = (
s) srmr=r m=r m i= mrrcii= a n =, z z , rmr = c mz a=rr ini+r srmr=
m =r mr= m cr=rr mr r(

=) srm iar m i= =rra ii= a =ri=ia ==n=rr =r=r(
) no mr s +rn m=r m i=q =mz r m a=ar -ric mr
r (

c) =r r m i= s-a imr =r=ra= sr = ==r= mro
mr r(

) ar=r mr s +rn m=r m i=q vrra= s=rnr srr o= mr
r (

s) ~nr im rsr m i= n=rmr= =ni io= ini+r =nir s- r ar r (
85


e) = +rc m i= =r =mz r m m=r=r= = q c mz s=rnr ini+r =r m
c= mrz (

(u) rc mr ar =rzr = in+rro o =r im == imr (
m) r= m =r=r r icr mr ==m ==rria m=r(
=r) r= or m s=ra cr=r mr ir = = irrr(
) cr=r m =r=r r s=mr r= a = r(
(() a = n r i==rr i==rr c r(









==r
=rrn i=

r m ianrc mr =n ~rc scr=r ==r mr irrr cr ( ==r mr o= c=r m o nr = =
((, - = qm i=r i=nr= = sr( s=m o= = a r s=mr =rar mr c ra r r sr =
s=mr qm rr nz r =r=nrr = s=mr c =r+rr= mr, io== n srnr=r r r( s=mr iar
rrz r=ror mr mr= m=ar =rr sr= n mr sr = mr =r r c ar =rr( =r= =rr m z= = n =m=
r orar =rr, ima s= a mr rr m =rr( c nrr mr sr = r s= =ri-, =r= sr= iar=
==n=r = s m =am a zr=r, iomr s=m == =r +rrn z r( inor= mr nrarn=r s=m
s m = r m mr=r n inor= mr irrr mr =r mr irrr =r =r( n = r n
gia=r c mr r =m =rr sr = s=mr gia = n=rn= na ar r or im nrc = s=m
irrr==n=rr i=rar = ic=r=r z ar ( s= sr= gia m sn=r m = ==r ==nr sr=
+rrn m n r( ,( nrr mr sr am s=mr orn =r mr= siia = = =ar =r( =m
nrc s= qm c sr=r = mcr = cz +r ar z r, io== s=m c mr nz r c= r( =n
nrar = n = irmrr = r im on ina mr =r=riom i=r , nrq srz=n=r , sc rr sr=
cz m r=r gia = c= ==rr orar a+rr s=m = = inmr= cr r ar sr= s=mr =nr+rrinmar
86

rc r orar ( mr=rnr= = e cm= ==r r= nrr am qm ir=mr= m r= mr= =r=rr, ima
s=mr mcr =ar = =n m= rrrr r s= mr= er z icr(

, nrr mr sr = ==r i= = =ri- mr sr = = z r sr= s= s= r==+r imr(
s m = =rmr m ==m = sr = s= i==rr r = imr sr = s inr=r mr m =n = c
=r( n q = s m =rr m ==m = srr, io= s=m orn = =-n r +rrn z ( = ==
r= = c n = mr rr= =rr( c r = =rnr sr= i= nr m inar mr +r m= rr rrr r
=r =rr( =n mr oar c =rr sr= riz a =rr sr= s=m c =r mr c = m= mr mr sr ic=r=r
r zar =rr( ==r c =rr sr = riz a oar m ia =r +r ia ic=rr sr = s = =rr r=r rr rrr
m= or=cr= in=r=r imr( ==ro = =r n =rr mr c =rm= s= =r=riom orn = rrrr r =r
=rr, oi n =n qm =r ==ro==rr=m sr ( sr = iaim r mr r =rc m=a q
s= i==rr , - m n=a o=r im n m ia m = rcr m r=r = srar , ser r ar , =a
= r m r=rr = srm= - m n=a iaa r orar ( ==r m = nrn = qm sr= ==ro mr
in=r =r sr= c ==r sr= gia = =rc ic=r=r z ar (

ss nrr mr sr m rra = (u =r ==r mr =rq e =r , io= = s m
s-a i= ( s=mr =rsr = = = =r= ana= ni (ao cm n=cn=q =r= ac
ni c= =o= (snc z=c =r= e= +==n =q nn = -ncoano cm =s==( s=r na =amr =
=r cr = ==r rgiam orn mr ~rcar = or= icr ( n =rn=rn m nr s==rar
mr mr=r =rn =+ar mr c=rr , ima s=mr =n= i= =am =r r= mr c nc sr= qi==
=rr( =r r= mrc nc = ==r a-mr=r ==ro sr = =roria mr i =rr r ( s== s=m
==ro= =rr=m ==ni=r inr=r mr ar =ar ( s== s= ==ro m ==rr=, =r=riom ==r a mr
r mr ( =r =am = ==r m =ro iam inr= +rr ic=r=r z a (

==r mr inr= =rr im =r= = r mr inaa =r==r sr= = im=r = ==rr s=rnr rr=
r=r = r = =rr r r orr riq(
==r mr +rr innr= =rr im ser =r i=m r sr= n =r sio a mr orar ( s=
rrr rrrr mr im - m ro ser , ic n gia = i==ar ( s=mr inr= =rr im, =crr=,
inn m, sias ia mr n i, ri ar, ~r a=rr m=rr sr-=r m =nr+rrinm r ( sa
==r m ==r = =r ===r r =rr im = r = nr= = ser +r=r or, sia ===r
=rr im im= mr= ==ro mr n =rr = s=mr =rr mr or(

nr irrr= ==rrm

scr=nr rar-cr = s m cr rr r a=rr +r =r-=m =rar nr=mr mr irrr mr i=rr i=a m=ar
=rr ( nr=m mr ra mr qm er cr =r ==r orar =rr( sa s=mr =nr+rrinm =ir mr sn =r
m=m s= ra r m m=rr mr i==rrr orar =rr( irrr mr n = m e srca , r a=rr n i=rr m
inmi=a m= mr =r=r =rr orar =rr, io== =m= r=r cr oria n =+ar mr ===ra c
mr n ra m= =m(
87


s == mr cr rr r irrr mr =rz m=m ==r nr=m mr r irrr mr m c nr
icr( n mar im, = r ora im = im= mr= s sr mr nr m ==rr =
==r =ma ( = sm inr=r = n r r m= ra, =a s inr= ar s = =rc r c a (
sr irrr m sr=rr==n= s= =rninmr= mr r= ~ irr =rr r rn, nr=rn==rr,
imrr =rn==rr a=rr r a rn==rr( s=m s =r= irrr n irrr mr si+r r n = inr= a=rr se se
r s- m=r r n= nr=m mr - m inmr=rn==rr m s =r rr=ri=m, =ri=m n =i m
im rsr m i=q = sn== cr m=r (

ina s sr = qm =na mr , or im = =nr sr= io=mr ==ro mr
srnmar ia m i=q ni=cr mcri r m=r riq( ==r m i=q irrr mr m c r ===r
nr=m mr gia mr s= m=r sr= s=m rr=ri=m, =ri=m a=rr iam inmr= m i=q = in=rr
cr m=ar ( q =r m=a == nr=m mr s =nr+rrinm n i=rr a=rr =cr inmi=a r nr=
mr a =r mr c irca ==rr , or im - m i==ria = s- r a =a (

==r s inr=r = ==n ==rria r m= =mr ( s= m am +rrnrr=r r a =r ,
nr im s=mr +rrrrr siarr ina r =rr( n qm s c ircmr r mr = ar =rr sr = =r i=m = =
rina n m nr =ar =rr( ==r qm inr=m =rr sr= s= ==nr inr= icq ( n ini+r inr=r mr
in= rrr ar m= =mar =rr, =a s qm am r iro a=rr ini=rna =r = ==ina r m=
=mar =rr( am mr sn =r m=m ==r +rrn mar a=rr m=r mr +rrina m= mr r= imr
(

r m ianrc

==r mr mr im, = ircmar - m n=a mr ser nrr , =a =r m r=r =
sra r n n =r r orar ( ==r m cr mr r = = = ( s= a-mr=r m i=ar mr
sr=r r mr sr= mr im c, scr=rar a=rr n =rr =rnorn mr a m= zr=r ( n
sirirar m orn mr si=rm =rcr= a=rr = = ==ar =rr( n r a=rr mr r= mr sia mr
=c mr c irc = c =rar =rr(
==r m s=r= m ia, = r a=rr cr=r ar irrr m =r=r ( n sr a=rr r=arsr
m = nainmr= = innr= m=ar =rr( m ia = irrr ra m= mr s=mr r s=r =rr( n n mr
n i=rr a=rr r =arsr mr n a src= m=ar =rr nr im s=mr =r = r ra r m rr = i+r
r a ( irrm mr mr sn =r r m=r riq( n mr er cr ra r ==r riq, nr im
or nra ra m i=q =r+rcrm r =mar n n i=q rimr=m r =mar ( n m =i=arm
= q=r s==n r r c = c r riq, io== s= mr =i r ar irrm mr =n= ==n r
m=r im n nr=m mr - m c ircmr r = s= m= = sr= s= sr =ir m s=r= r
na m i=q er z c ( = mr= ==r irrr mr s= mr inrr nr icr( ==r m s=ra
irrr = or m e +rr ==rr= q s =n mr oz =r i=ra = iia ( nr=mm ic a =m=r a=rr
im rr=rirrr m srcrr mr s-i=r ==r m =r i=ra = io=m s=r= s= irrr mr
88

qm mr= mr nr=nrnrr mr ( r s= rn = m i=ra mr n m=r mr ( n mar
im, r=r , r rrr = sr= = r irrr = na a (

==r m ianrc mr qm === irrr i=ra nr icr , nr im n innr= m=ar
=rr im n mr m+rr mcr= vrr= = r ==rr riq( oi =- im ==r nr=m mr
===ra irrr m n=r = = na m= icr , a=rri s= sr= +rr mcr = n=r srnmar mr
na r icr( n rar im nr=m mr sr im rsr m ==n=r =r = sr nr=r =+rr rz rsr
sr = rrrnr mr = m=r riq( n mar , q=r= mr s srmr ri r = nr m
==n=r = r mr r mr srr ar = = nra = mr si=rm c =r r r im = s= m+rr r c
r cr s=rnr s= inr or q na icr im c =r nr ( rz r i=r n=a or s=
=r=rr riq sr = s= =m s +rn mr =n= si=rm srnmar rr( cr =r = n
i==rar im, nr mr irrr = =n= =-n r nra r r riq im n sr c n =ar, sr=ar
a=rr i+r =ar m nr= = == = sr = srnmar m s= +rr=r sr=cri-n mr scr = io= m ia
s = zr= icr (

= mr= ==r nr=m m i=q qm mcr = i=~= mr orn rar , io== sr=r=, +rr n
in a=r r (
irrr mr sz

orn mr s=r m n= =r = +r= =r r r , orn m= , s sr , r ic r ,
r=arsr a=rr s s sr mr r m=r orn , or = orina = mr s +r ia m=ra (
orn mr si=rm s +rn ==r nr=r ina n r or si=rm ic am orina =r , =a n
ina , io= r ar = orn mr s +rn imr ( sa irrr mr sz +rr ==r r ar =
orn ara m=r r =rr (

==r na=rr im =r=rr=r irrr r nr=m mr r mr n cr = ni=cr m= icr (
= = = mr nar = ==r mr n a nz r ~ ( nr m inr=r = n r m=r =r= i=q s-a
mic mr ( ==r mar im, = rar im mr n i=r ina = nr m i=rrr m=
mr m=r m ==n=r = m e inr= i==r m= c c m=r or im =r= i=q =r sr r rr, =a
s+rr am =r nrr n =m =irrmr mr s= m=r mr r=i=+rm r +rr r ( = mr= m m=rr
m r=r ==r = irrr mr =r= cr imr (

==r nr=m mr =r i=m n =nr+rrinm vrinar m =na n scr=ar n m inmr= m= =
innr= ==rar =rr( s=mr =r = r irrr mr =n= nz r sz =rr( nr=m mr inmr= qm r
mr m = = == n r orr riq, onim ==ro mr m +rrn s= m= irra m= c ar s=rnr
inr rrar mr rrram =r z s= inm a m= c ar (

sc rnrc mr in=r=rr
89


==r sc rnrc mr in=r =rr =rr( n =nr=r m i=ra mr =r nr=r =rr( n mar ,
= ==nr==nr r=r c r =c r m=ar( er c nr=m ar s=mr sr= =r c a sr=
s == r ra ( sa =nr=r! qm =r =nr=r! r rr ri ! = = nra mr nr=nr=
r c=rr rar im = vr-cr mr srnmar = si=rm =-n c a ( sr nr= irrr m r=r
= m n= nrr= r s- m= =ma ( irrm n =rr sc rm n ria n =a ( nr=m mr=
i=rar = m+rr +rr =i r ic=rr =mar( n ar im rrr=ar rar ( irrm m r=r ic
=+rr sc rr = n rrrr m=ar ( n =rr =rr n s= a n=a q r rar( n ar = a cr=rr mr s
r=rr = r m=r rar ( sa sc r crr irrr mr =n= si=rm snrim n s=r n rim
ini=r , =a m+rrm+rr ==r siarr ina m=m sr-==rz m= orar ( scr=rr=r mr orar
im q=r= mr inr n =ri=ia r =r=rr , s= ar smr srinrmr= m=r ( r ==r mr
sz im =na =r mr = in=rr c r =ri=m cr=ar sr = or nra nr=m =n sr
rcr = =r=rar n s=m orn = qm ==rrr n =n==r +rrn er z orar ( = =nr=r mr m e
=r=r r r riq( orn ar er cr im = =+rr nra =n r= = r =r=r =ma (




q=r= mr n=a inrr

ivrrr mr c irc = ==r mr =n= i= =am q=r= =rr( =m mr=r s=mr rr = =r= m
i= irrrrri=r = mr or =r( == q=r= r=m qm mr=im nr=m mr irrr mr inn=r
icr r ( q=r= mr ==ro sr = inor= m c nrarn=r = c= m ia mr rc = rm iam
i=r m s=r= irrr cr ( s=mr irrrn==rr = =r nrim =-r mr inr rr =r ==rr
r( s=mr ini+r vrinar m inmr= m i=q s=mr rm iam i=n r = =na er z icr r,
io== s=m a= mr =na sr= =nr+rrinm inmr= sr( r ==r mr m ianrc ( r s=m
m ia mr sr = =r cr m r= mr = a= (

or q=r= ==r mr irrrrri=r = =nr ==rr ic=rr, nr ==r m r=i=+rm orn
= =mr arn in=r=r imr r( r= sr = =nrc=o== z = = =am = =r m =r cr ( =
=r= in=r=rr =r =rm= ==rr==rr = o=rr r( i== = n m i=q ==r mr r= er z m=
= (cc = == z +rr orr z r( = ( = n i= r= nr= srr sr = s sia=
=r m r= ,-nci= nc mr =r m= = = r( =mr =r m=m = (s = n
==r mnr=r sr( ==r mr = - m nrc r= mr =r= m ria = s=m inr=r mr ar si=rm +rrn
sr sr= oar = s= ar si=rm ===r icr r im (es = = in=rrnricr s=m
vrn mr imr= m= nz ===r m =r=r qm i= min =ar = i= = c imr(

irrr==n=rr i=ra

90

==r m orn m inrr = re icq q inn=r = s=m irrr==n=rr inr=r mr +rr ar =ar (
= r = , = ==n=r = i=i=i=ra i=rar mr =r ==rr riq

(() m ianrc ==r m ianrcr =rr( s= rm iam irrr mr r =nr+rrinm =rr sr= inor= =
ii=a sr = m i= irrr rr=r mr sr=r r mr ( s=mr mr =rr im rm iam crr = - m
n=a = c= rar , ima = rr m r=rr = srm= n inm a r orar ( s==a, nr=m mr irrr
m i=q =r=riom r , ni=m rm iam i=n r mr srnmar r ar ( =i=q ==r m ia mr
sr = =r cr a=rr m ia mr s==r m=r m r= icq( s=mr mr =rr im nr=m mr irrr s=mr
m ia m s =r= r r riq sr= s== m ia = s- imr orr riq( = m ia = =
s=m ina-n m ini+r = sr mr m =r inmr= r r( = mr= m ia nr=m mr irrr mr
=n= nz r =r a (

(,) rm iam =rn mr inmr= rm iam irrr = ==r rm iam =rn mr inmr= m=r rar =rr(
rm iam =rn = s=mr ar- s==+rn = r = r , ni=m s= ina = , or =r=riom n=rr
= r , ni=m s =n+rrn m s =r= =ar ( =r mr or irrr ==ro sr= == m +rrn =
i==ar , n =rnr irrr sr= or irrr n s r=r sr= m i=n r = ra m=ar , n
rm iam irrr sr = r =r irrr ( = mr= ==r mr irrr mr sz nr=m mr rm iam
rinar sr = r =arsr mr srai=m inmr= ( s=rm mr nr=m mr s= m=r riq sr=
s=rmr mr s= = sr=rri=a m=r riq( nr=m mr irrr = s=m inmr= m =a= m s =r=
= rr =r r r riq( = mr= ==r irrrn==rr mr =r nrim sr=rr= = ==rria m=ar (

(s) cr=r mr =-n ==r irrr m ar =r a =r m ia, =rn sr= cr=r( nr=m mr
irrr = arr mr r ==n srnm ( m ia mr =-n c = ==r =rn sr = cr=r mr
sn =r r m=ar( cr=r = ar- ina m s i=n r = rq or nr= cr=rr = irrr r
m=r ( = mr= nr=m mr qm sr= =rr = c==r sr= cr=rr = sr= ar==r sr= m ia =
irrr ra m=r ( = mr= s=mr irrr = = r, cr=r sr = m ia mr ==n r r riq(
arr r nr=m = =nr+rrinm n ia, +rrnr sr = inr= m inmr= m =r=r ( m =i==i=a +rrn
= s=mr srai=m inmr= ==+rn r ar ( arr r nr=m m irrm (


inmr= mr sn==rrsr = irrr m sz

o =r im na=rr or mr , ==r m s=r= irrr mr sz nr=m m srai=m s r sr =
vrinar mr =nr+rrinm inmr= ( irrr m r=r nr=m m orina = = =rar cr orr riq(
orina = mr ar- =r = = = r , ni=m mr= m= = , ornmr m=r, vr=r= m
ini+r s r , r ic r a=rr ini+r vrinar mr inmr= sr= smr sia r m=r (
irrr m sz nr=m m inmr= mr i+ri+r i==riar m =r=r=r=r nc=a ora , nr im
ini+r sn==rrsr = i+ri+r nrar = inr rr or = c mr srnmar r ar ( nr=m m inmr=
mr ini+r sn==rrsr m s =r= irrr m sz i=i=i=ra
91


(() vr rnrn==rr o= = r nrr am mr sn==rr ( == irrr mr = = sz vrr=ri=m
inmr= ( vrr=ri=m inmr= nr=m m s - m inmr= = r =mar , io== im n r
= = =n==r sr= vrinarr=r r or( vrr=ri=m =nr==r nr=m m =ri=m =nr== mr sr=rr= r ar
( ==r mr mr =rr, ===a c rcar in =ar = srar ( nr=m mr =n= nrr orr riq,
io== im n m e q =r r m=r or im n =r r ( nr=m m =naar n m =r= n rr= sric =
= = = n =im =ar sr = s= n =r nrar m i=q == r i==ar( nr=m mr
=r = m c, =r == m mr= = =r =naar cr orr riq( s=mr = = n irr m inmr=
m i=q m e m= mr srnmar r ni=m s= =naar c mr srnmar , io== im n
sr n irr mr =nr+rrinm = = si+rna m= =m(

(,) nr=rn==rr = (, nrr am mr sn==rr ( = sn==rr = irrr mr = = sz nr=m
mr r icr mr inmr= m=r ( r icr mr inmr= s +rn = rr( s==a, nr=m mr s
i=n r = q =r ror mr -r s +rn m= mr sn== icr orr riq, io== im s=mr r ic r
mr inmr= r =m (

(s) imrr =rn==rr q=r= mr sn==rr (, = ( nrr am =rr ( s= == s=m vr=r= sr=
r icr mr inmr= r mr r ar sr= =i=q sn s=mr ii=a irrr r==+r r =mar ( =
sr = irrr mr = = sz imrr = ina mr inmr= ( i=~=, src r sr = s= m r=r
r ar ( irrr m r=r imrr = ina mr rr mr= mr sr r sr= srnm r icr orr
riq( io== n sr srnmarsr mr ia m= =m (

(=) nrn==rr mr= ( = ,u nrr am =rr orar ( == irrr mr = = sz +rrnrsr
mr inmr= m=r , nr im o=r im ==r i==rr , = s=m vr=r=, s=mr icr sr= s=mr
n i mr i=r r imr sr= s= qm c cr vr rr = orar ( +rrnrsr m inmr= = iam
sr = =r=riom rr mr inmr= r r( m =r=r=r=r =rri= m +rrnrsr mr inmr= +rr srnm (
= mr= irrr mr = nr=m m vr=r=, icr , n i sr= =r=riom, iam sr = =rri= m +rrnrsr
mr inmr= (



ini+r sn==rrsr = irrr mr rc m =

==r mr =am q=r= = na=r q=r= m inmr= mr s=r na r=r sn==rrsr = irrr
m sz r m nr = rc m = mr +rr sr+rr= r ar ( rcm = i=rr i=a m= = +rr ==r
s=r na r=r crrsr mr inr rr =r ==rr( s==a, r = sn==rrsr = nr cm= r rcm = mr
inn s na rr(

92

(() vr rnrn==rr ==r irr sr m i=q i=rr i=a a-mr=r rc m = mr sr=r r mr( s= =
nra = or = icr im nr=m mr nr=m == m= r irrr cr or, ra == m= r ( nr=m
mr er cr ra r , s=mr n irr ra inar = i+r , =i=q nr==r inr mr
==m= irr irrr mr r or nr orr riq( =r=r inrrr mr iia r c m ==rr =
nr=m m =nr== sr= r ic r m inmr= mr sr= =r icr orr riq( ==r m vr-cr = ,
nr=m mr m r= ori=, zrnc= sric nr mr inr= ar nrc = m=r riq, = s= =n==r
sr = vrinarr=r vr r n c r riq( = sr = nrara = r nr=m mr n a m e i==rrr
or =mar sr= nrara m i=q s=mr =nr+rrinm =ra +rrrrr mr r imr orr riq, ==
nr=m mr +rrrrr vrina mr inmr= r r( = sr = nr=m = im=r mr= mr srca zr= mr r=
sia r ( ==r mr mr =rr, nr=m mr qm=r r srca inmi=a m= mr s =ia cr
orr riq im s== mr srca r (

(,) nr=rn==rr nr=rn==rr = +rr ==r mr irrr mr rc m= =am r ( n q=r= mr nr=
nrr am =amr = c= ==rm= s +rn m r=r i==rrr rar =rr( = mr= s=mr irrr irr =rr-=m
irrr m i=ra = sr=rri=a ( = i=ra m s=r= irrr = nr=m m =i=arm = m e inr=
+r= m ==rr = s= s +rn = =r=r m i=q er z c r riq( s +rn = ic r mr inmr= r ar
sr= icr m inmr= = =ri=m inmr= r ar , io== innm vrina sr = am rina na ar (
nr=rn==rr = =r = mc , sc n c, c =r = sric mr =naar cr or = nr=m rr mr=
m s +rn ra m=ar sr = s m imrq =r=rar ( nr=rn==rr = +r r =, iar= s=rnr +rrrrr mr
mr +rr vrri-cm irrr r cr orr riq( = sn==rr = iam sc r cr +rr sia r ( ==r
m s =r= rm iam i=rr=r = nr=m =n iamar mr irrr ra m= = r( s==a, nr=rn==rr am
im=r mr= m rc m = mr srnmar r (

(s) imrr=rn==rr = sn==rr am vr=r= sr = ic r m rc r or m nrc sn nr=m m i=q
rc m = i=rr i=a imr or =mar ( ==r imrr =rn==rr = q=r= m i=q rm iam inr, +rrrrr,
ira, =mz r mr mr=, = ra, im=r, =r=riom orn sr= n=r==n=rr irrr i=rr i=a mr(
== +rr =amr = si=rm icr mr sr imr orr riq( c==r sr = =n m s+r= mr
= r ini+r r icr mr irrr ( inr = imrr = = ior=r, s==rr sr = sr-=irrr
mr vrina na ar ( im=r = r sr= =r= irr mr irrr r ar ( =am=r = i=~= m
=r=r=r=r n i m inmr= mr irrr i==ar ( =r=riom orn ara m= = ar =ar im
= r qm c== = i+r= ( == =r=riom sa=cri-n i+rr sr= ma r r= mr irrr i==ar
( ==r m s=r=, =am r r ni=m nra m=r i==rrar ( s==a, imrr =rn==rr = irrr
rc =amr = r ni=m imrsr sr= nr= = sr=rri=a r r riq( = imrr = mr i=~=,
sr = sr m r a sn== i== riq(
(=) nrn==rr nrn==rr m rc m = = iam sr= =rri=m irrr mr inr rr =-n icr r (
nr=mr mr iam irrr sr imrsr sr= c== m ia nr= m r=r i==ar ( scr=r m i=q
n =z = = , i+r=rr=r, i=r sr = c =rr =r r m ia cr sr = =r +r ia s +rn m=m iamar mr
rc a a ( =r mr= =rri= m irrr +rr =rri= m sc r = r r =mar( s=m i=q iar=,
r =rirm m=rrsr sr= =rri= m m=rrsr = mr= i=r or =mar ( m = = nr=m mr iam
sr = =rri= m irrr i==ar ( iam sr= =rri= m irrr m siai=na ==r nrn==rr m irrr m
rc m = = vrr=ri=m irrr, = ra m=r sr = mr= irrr mr +rr ==rr icr (
93











irrria

==r irrr mr im r = i=i=i=ra cr i=rar mr inr rr =-n icr
(() =nr +rn r=r =r=rr ==r q=r= mr =amr m r=r r , ni=m s +rn = i==rrr
rar ( n imarnr irrr m in= ( s=mr mr =rr, nr= nrr q=r= mr im=r mr= mr
imarnr irrr r cr orqr( n r or r im =am nr n=a ( qm s ==rr = s=
i==rr , = =amr = rr rr m=ar , or = r ora n s=r m nr= = = nrara m=r
i==rrar ( ima ==r qm =am mr r=r +rr mr sr= n =r in= m =r q nr im ==
=rn mr mr rm iam srnmarsr mr q = a = =a a imr r im nr=m s sr=rr =
== =mar sr = srnmarsr mr ia m =r=r +rr == =mar (
(,) m=m =r=rr ==r m s=r= vr-cr r=r i== q r mr a =r = =n imr m
r=r =r=rr sr r mr si=rm ==rrr rar ( n =c mr ini=r m in= =rr( s=mr mr =rr,
nr=m mr innm rina mr inmr= m=r , ===rrina mr r ( s==a, ==r i=a irrrini=rr
mr arn sr=r r mr( nr=m mr =n i=rr, s +rn sr = snrrr m r=r irrr ra m=r riq(
s=rm mr s=m =i=arm = sr r +r= m ==rr = s== q=r s-= mar s- m=r riq
im n =n sm nra a a imr=( == s=m =i=arm mr inmr= r r( ior=r, mr a= sr=
sn rrr mr n ia = inr mr == irrr imr or =mar ( ==r m r i=rar m sr=rr=
= sr =m= =n vrr =r rr=r mr o= sr( =n iam irrr m i=q nr=m m =im r mr
srnmar ( ==r vrri-cm irrr mr arn in=r =r imr ( ==n ==n r=r nr=m mr snr c a
, n s =r =c r m=ar ( nr=m mr irrr = nr=rr zr=a (

s rr= ia

==r nr=m mr s rri=a m= m i=q s= si=rm =naar c r rar =rr( s=m s=r=
nr=m = n=rr mr =n =rr s+rrn r r riq, nr im n s=m inmr= = =rm r m= nr=rm
r a ( nr=m mr =na i=n r = sr rm iam vrinarr mr =nr+rrinm inmr= m= m i=q
s= na er z c r riq( ==r mr r or = cz mr mr ==rr r ( s= i==rr nr=mr
94

mr m+rr +rr cz r icr orr riq n =c n smr =ar m =nr+rrinm i=rr= m = =
srr riq( cz m inrr = m ianrcr =rr=rr ( =m s=r= nr=m mr se n = mr mr
r r r ar, on n =a mr m=ar ar s= mrc r ar sr= on n =r mr= m=ar ar
s= = ar rr i==ar ( = mr= n o =r m=ar n =r r = +rr ar ( rm iam cz mr
n==rr sr= nr=m =r = s rr= =r=rr( rm iam s rr= , io=mr s=r m ia m
i=r mr r= ( m ia m i=r mr s==rr m= = mrc m = = cz i==ar ( s==a,
nr=m mr im=r mr= m sc r c mr srnmar r ( n =n+rrn = r = i= mr r ar (
s=mr sc r c m= = s= c irra m= c ( =i=q ic s= siia er z icr orq ar n si=rm
s rri=a r =mr(

inor= mr =c

==r inor= r=r irrr m in= =rr( s=mr mr =rr im nr=m o= = r vr sr =
in r ar , inor= m c irra i=n r = n inm a r orar ( s=m i=q im=r mr= m
=r=riom i=n r mr srnmar r , nr im =r=riom i=n r c irra r ar ( nr=m mr =rariar
sr = inor= = s= rm ia i=n r = er z icr orr riq( irrm mr mr m n= s=mr c =r+rr=
m=r ( rm iam i=n r = n =n sr vrinar mr inmr= m= r( ic inor= r +rr ar s==
=rr==+rn =r=riom i=n r = or= c a q rm iam i=n r s- imr orr riq, io== nr=m
mr =nr+rrinm inmr= r =m (

irr =rr-=m ini=r

irrr m = rcm =, s rr= sric m inrr = ==r m inr=r mr a = ar
=ar im n in=rrmirrr m in= =rr sr = irr =rr-=m irrr mr s na =rar =rr( s=m
== = inor= = nr=mr mr rr mr= m rcm =r mr irrr cr orar =rr( smr iam sr=
=rri= m irrr cr orar =rr, smr ini+r mr= mr =am a r orar =rr ( s er cr r a ==m=
ra orn m i=q ar= imr orar =rr( smr =nr+rrinm vrinar mr sr= =r c m= m n= sm
=ri=m inmr= mr sr = =r icr orar =rr( ==r = i=a irrr rr=r mr s in=r =r imr
sr = s=mr r ar irr =r m= mr ==r cr( s=mr mr =rr im, i=a nr= = in=m = s=cr
m=r sr= a = =c n crm m=a r ( r irr=rr-=m irrr =rr( i=a irrr mr sr=r r m=a q
==r i==rr =rr, = s= m = irrr m inrr = nr ia m= or na=r mr siia +rinr
m i=q ni=cr m= c ar , nr=m = rr mr= m n=r s= mr=im = =r m i=q =rc c ar ,
or n mcria m+rr +rr r, or n a = = r s= c =rr nrm= cr orar ( ==r
sr imr im nr=m mr s=m na=r orn mr src = icr or( =r = s=mr vrinar mr
=nr+rrinm inmr= r r( nr=rn==rr =n=r= , m n= +rrnr orn mr a r=r mr =r=r=r r (
s==a, nr=m mr sr sn==rr mr =r src = mr =naar cr orr riq(
irr =rr-=m irrr mr =rc m=a q ==r i==rr =rr, = s= in=rrm irrr mar , or
== m = =i=arm mr nrr rar sr = nr=mr mr q = mr=r mr i==rrr rar , or ra r
= ==n=r ==ra ( = s= irr=rr-=m irrr mar , or r c m = r m= nr= sr
mr c a nrar sr = icr m sia sr = innm vrina mr na rar ( irr=rr-=m irrr mr
95

ar- sr== = == inarr r , n == n a c = ( n r cr r m=ar, ni=m c rr
= nrar ( n = nr=r r i==rrar, ni=m c = nrar ( n nr=m mr =- mr sr= =
or , == sr = sr m i=q ar= m=ar ( n nr=m mr =- mr sr= am r = orar,
on am im s== =- mr r sr= s== = m= mr vrina s- r r orar(

i=r mr irrr

==r =r=rr mr qm o =r r =rr ( n =r mr =rr mr =m =rar sr=
s=mr mr =na ina-n r =rar, =i=q i=r mr irrr m inrr = s=m inr=r mr mc
sr=r r mr , ima ==r m inr=r mr sr=r r m= = = smr =rcrm=r srnm ,
i=r mr irrr mr ==r =rr mr irrr m = = ic=rrr ( =rr q=r= mr +rrnr -r
sr = ==r s= s =n nrar mr irrr c r rar , io= n q=r= m i=q si=rm = si=rm
srr r =m sr= s= = =r r =m( vrr=ri=m c irc = n s= rcrc sr = = c= nrr rar
, nr im m n= == n s ia mr = =r c =mr, ni=m =n==r sr = rc =ar +rr s-
m=r( =r r mr rr= m mr= = ir r mr rcr m=r riq, =i=q s= mra , n ,
=r i=r sr = ==rr m s mr= m= mr irrr cr orr riq( s= rrrr a=rr =i=a
m=rq +rr i==rr orr riq, ima ==r i=r mr cr , m=r sr= inr mr irrr c r r
rar, nr im s=mr mr =rr im =mr s mr srnmar r (
==r i=r mr iam sr= =rri= m irrr = inr rr or= cr rar , ima r = s=mr
= m n= s =rar sr= -r m = = irira m=r ( s=m vr-cr = , - m mr mr sr
=r mr sr = - m -r mr s ia mr srr mr r= m=r riq( iam c irc = i=r =
=rr=ar sr= srrr= m r r riq( on am a i==r = smr =n mr =i
r , an am a rr =r ( ==r mr inr= =rr im i=r = =nr+rrinm = = a i==r mr sr =
=i r r ar( n =z imr mr mcr= n=r = ==rr rar =rr, onim c ==r sr = =z mr mr r
=naar c ar =rr( = =n = s=mr sz r =rr im i=r =n =r= r , ni=m =rr mr
sia mr =r=r ( s=mr mr =rr im - m -r mr s ia m =r inr mr s= m=r
riq sr= s=r mr= =r riq, io== n s=m i=q si=rm = si=rm sr r sr = =rm r
=m ( ia mr srrsr mr r= m=r riq sr = n r mr= m= riq , or s= se = ( s=
ar r r riq im n im= == nr rar , nr =r ar a=rr nr m=ar ( = mr=
==r i=r m =r inr, =r=riom i==ria sr = irrr inrr = or inr= =a a imq , n
sr=r im ar m iara in= ( mcria =mr mr=r s=m n m mc s +rn =r ( =mr qm
s mr=r s== =r=rorm=r mr s+rrn =rr, nr im n =r=miom i=n r = rr rr m=ar =rr, =i=q
inrr s= =rirrr ==n=rr inr=r mr s-a s r sr = srnri=m mr ( i=r m ia
s=mr c ircmr r s-a =ia nrcr, = m ia sr= s=nr+rrinm =rr( mcria s= +rr sm =r inr mr
c irc = ==rm= inr= r imr( s= sr =am = qi== m r= = r =rc m= icr
im s=mr inr rr =r nr=m mr irrr mr sr = =rr, nri=mrsr mr irrr mr ar s= m n= s=r
m sr=rr= = =rrr=r m= m i=q s== =r imr (



96

sr=r im irrr = ==r m inr=r mr +rrn

sr=r im irrr m ini+r =sr irrr m sz , rc m =, irrr rr=r, s rr=,
inor== c sric = =n mr ==r m inr=r mr +rrn ic=r=r zar ( s=mr +rrn irrr
m r = nrim n ir, =r nrim n ir, =r=riom n ir sr = m ianrc m = = c =rr or
=mar ( =i=q r = s=m +rrn r vrrrr mr = nr c m= s= imr orqr(

(() =r n rim n ir ==r mr mr =rr im irrm mr irrr=rr mr s= m=r riq
sr = irrr m rcm = a=rr irrr rr=r mr s =r s= = sr=rri=a m=r riq(
s=m inr=r = irrr m r = nr==r inr sr = irrr=r inr m inmr= mr
r -=r i==r ( s=mr =rr=rr =+rr nr==r n rim =ra im nr=m mr er cr r a
r , s=mr =r=r , == , rc ==r, m=r m= sric mr ini+r n irr n=mr =
i+r r ar ( s=mr erq sr= n ia n=mr o =r r r ar , =i=q irrr mr
nr==r inr = sr=rri=a rr riq( ==r m inr=r mr =ar =ror, =nc sr = rn =
-ric =r inrnricr = =-n r +rrn z r( ==r m ==r =r inrnrcr nr=m mr
irrr = m c r ==rr c a sr = irrr m - m s mr nr==r inr m sr=rr= =
==rria m=r ra (

(,) n rim n ir ==r nr=m = ior=r mr r -=r c m= z r =rr , ornoa sr a=rr
r=r sr= mr n=a sr mr =n s +rn m= sr = sm nr= = s==rr m= mr nra mr
( n rim n ia mr sr=rr= ( inrnricr m s =r= nr=m mr n rim irrr
i=rrr sr= s +rn m sr=rr= = r r riq( r = n oa inr, n=iarr=,
sric mr r ra m= =mar (==r irrr rc m = = inr mr irrr mr =-n r
==rr c m= inrnrcr n ia mr r-=ria imr(

(s) =r=riom n ir ==r nr=m mr irrr = =r=riom i=n r mr in=m = srnm =rr
( n nr=m mr r =naar c mr i=ra m=ar , ima =mr s=r r im
s= q=r= m =r=riom inmr= mr sn =r mr r ( nr=an = s= q = s m inr=
=a a imq, iom mr=r s= =r ==ro= =rr=mr = ==rr icr r( n nr=m =
=mri=ar, =r sr= =r +r ia mr n irr mr inmr= m=r rar ( n s= sr
=m= orinmr ro m r = +rr nrr rar ( s= q=r= mr irrr = =mri=ar,
iamar sric = inr rr or = icr =rr(

(=) m ianrc ==r m irrr==n=rr inr= m ianrcr mr ~ rr = sra ( s= m ia mr
sr = =r cr mr r=r c m= irrr m r = m ianrcr n ia mr r -=r icr( irrr m
sz , rcm =, s rr=, inor==c a=rr irrrini=r sric =n mr ==r m ianrcr
=rr( =nr +rrn r=r r ra m= mr ini=r, im r r=r ra m= mr ini=r sric ==r mr
irrr==n=rr inrrr m sr=rr= = sr=r im mr= = q i=i=cm rr=r, ro nc rr=r, zr=c
rr=r a=rr nr== srcr = sric mr inmr= sr ( sor , =am=r, =i=arm sr= c
97

mr irrr m inrr = ==r m inr= r = r m ianrcr , nr im n nr=m mr rm iam
cz m r=r i==rrr rar =rr, ima ==r m ia vr-c mr r s m s=rr = imr (
s= =rn m ia mr s =ra q +rr s== sr=ri-=mar mr mr ==rr r icr( s=mr
irr =rr-=m irrr m ianrcr sr= s== m ianrc m =+rr rcrrr si==ra (

irrr m r = ==r m +rrn mr s=r na n irr = ar =ar im irrr
m sz , rcm =, ini=rr , s rr= ini=r, inor==c sric =+rr r r = ==r m
inr=r mr rm +rrn z r ( s= irrr mr nr=m ic a nrr( s=m inr=r mr r= =
inr rr = = r= sr, oi ==z m =rr mr s=m inr= inr rr =c r srq(
i=r mr irrr m inrr = s=m inr=r mr mr =-n r , ima =z mr mr irrr m
inrr = sm inr= n a =-n r ( i= +rr sm ==rrr = s=m inr= qmr r sr=
mr mr s=r=r =r== z a ( scr=r m i=q s=mr irr =rr-=m irrr = nr=m =
=r=rorm=r mr s+rrn =ar sr = ==r mic im ==ro = c= =m= m =
=r=riom r inmi=a m= r(

() inmr= = or = inmr= mr n qm m i=m rinai=r r mr im r ==r =rr( s= rrr rrrr
mr im nr=m = im=r mr s=rnr inr= mr +r=r+rr ia =r=r mr r a i=nnar sr m
n mr +rr r= = icrr = r m=r riq =r i=ra m sr=rr= = sr=r im =
mrrsr a=rr rcm = mr ~ rrm=r imr r (
(c). =rri= m irrr = =ar=r or rar =rr im =r= mr inmr= sam=r = rr ri (
=i=arm mr inrr r m= c mr inrr ( n m e innr=r == ( nr=m m orn =
=r= mr inmr= mr =ia nrcr ===rsr m r=r ni=m orn i=i==riar mr sr m= ,
inaa ==mr r=r a=rr nr=ainm s +r iar m sr=rr= = r r riq(
(). mrrirrr s= mrrirrr mr +rr qm ini=r mr srinrmr= imr s== n ar
qmqm nr=m mr mrr m = = a rm= s=s= a r =rr =rr(
(s). s rr= mr ===r =ar=r or =m=r = s rr= mr ===r m ==n=r = i=a
=rr=rrsr = m ria s- m= cr( s= nr=mr a=rr irrm r==i=m =r +r ia a=rr =m=r
= rr= mr=r nrarn=r s- m=m s rr= mr === mr i=rm=r imr(
(e). irrr inr =ar=ror irrr mr inr m = = qm r c ircmr r cr imr( s=mr
mr nz = o=r m irrmr m irrr m i=q srcr ==r r =rr( oi s=m inr=
=r=im a=rr siia =r , =rri irrr =r inr inmr= m= = sr nz r r icr (

98

or z nr
=rrn i=
z nr mr o= = (se = sr( (e nrr mr sn==rr = sr crrr= = =n= si=rm
s m ra m= n==rc inninor= = nr.q. mr izr ra mr( =m nrc n i= =r cr, i=rr
sr = mrr inninor= = cr rr= m =r=r=r=r mr r=r m=a =( irmrr inninor= =
r cr rr= m =r=r=r=r irrrrr= +rr a rr( a+rr = s irrr m r = =i r r(
z nr nr=mr mr irrr m i= irmrr = r i=n =m = r=m inor= mr ==rrr mr, io==
m=m =r=r m i=ra mr mr = = i=ira imr r( = inor= = z nr s =nrc
cr m sr=rr= = irrr m r =-n r r im ( irmrr er z m= n mr =i=nr inninor=
sr= nr = irrr sr = cr m r = s m =-n r i=rar mr iarc imr( or =
=(esu am mr= m= m nrc z nr snmrr ra imr( = (es, = n s m =r=riom,
irrr==n=rr sr = =r n rim = ==rrsr mr =+rria r r( =r == s zrnc= mr sri=r =
+rr in+r irra imr r( z nr m inr=r mr +rrn s= i=mr = nr= ==, a mr , r sric c=c = m
c rr = c =rr r( sr=r im oar irrr rr=r = z nr m inr=r mr si=c er (

= (e, = z nr mr =n nr= sr( = == smr rr ==r= m =r crr imr sr=
irrrrri=r = r =r =rr( sro = =r= m =+rr c rr = irrrn==rr = z nr m inr=r mr
+rrn c =rr or =mar ( z nr cr rr= = s m =am i==rr , io== = = = n=snna n=
cm =mnonc sr oa = irrr n==rr mr =r mr, or im s=mr = i= =am =
=r= = z ar (

z nr n a=r =am sr= s= = in=r i==r ( s=mr si=rmr r =r r cr rr=
= ( irrr = s= i=i=i=ra = =r =r mrira
(sec c= c qz q c q o i== c z c in=(
(see cr =m = qz =r=rcr(
(eu, cr r=z qz cr m=rn==(
(e(u rs nr i=rm(
(e(s c= =c qz qc qz m r(
(e( =m == sr n c =r= (qni= z m =r=r)(
(e(c z =r m r=r qz qz m r(
(e,u i=m=c nr i=r =r(
(e,, r= = qz mr znc q c r znr c =r r=
=rmr=r or(
(e, qn=ri= = qz =(
(e,e cr nn =c r = ==c icr, a=rr
(e,e =r = o sr n q =r= sr n qo m r(
99


crr im i=ra

o =r im re narr or mr , z nr =nrcr crr im =r ( =nrc, ronrc sr=
s +rnnrc ( s==a, z nr - m inr=, innr= sr = i=ra mr =-ar, s=m i=rr= = =rar (
rnri=mar r =- mr qm=r m=r cr ( cr mr=r inr==r r , ni=m qm q=r r ,
io== orn mr nr=ainm ===rq = r ar , sr= orn mr r = i==ar ( =- sr = = =
n i=rr i=a r smr =r =rnn i sr= =r-=m rina = r ar ( =nrcr n a-nnrcr r a
(
z nr m s =r= =- sr = = = c rmr= m =r=r=r=r nc=a =a ( =nrc s +rnnrcr (
z nr =rn = =nr +rn = inr rr or= icr ( =r=riom i=n r sr = s r=r sr = mr n=a sr
m ==m = srm= = r or s +rn ra m=ar , nr =- sr= nr =r r ( s +rn
r sr=r = i=n a s- m=ar ( ===a cr =r = sr=rri=a r r ri ( irrr mr =
nr=m = =r=riom orn ara m= mr r=ar s- m=r ( cr rr= =r=riom ===rsr
mr = =r = =rm ( n =r = q =r r=ar s- m=ar , io== n =im r m= s
s +rnr m sr=rr= = =r=riom ===rsr mr ==r =m ( irrr cr mr r -r-=m = ( c==r
sr = cr irrri=ra ( = mr= irrr sr= cr = rrirc ==n=r ( z nr mr cr rnrcr
cr ( s=m s =r= r = i= r m nrc r im=r nra mr =- =rr or =mar ( =
rr = =-r mr ar =rr (

=r n rim i=ra
(() =i=arm ,zcm=. z nr =i=arm a=rr n i m rm iam inmr= = innr= m=ar ( s=mr
inr= im n = r mr s im rsr m i=rr= , io n orn mr ini+r rnri=m
n =r=riom ===rsr m = =r m i= m=ar ( =r =r = orn mr c im im rsr
m m= = =ri=m rinar mr r m=a , -r -r smr =n r inmr= r ar orar
( =i=arm r n =n= = =r =r=r , io=mr =rar = =r sr ===rsr mr =
m=ar ( =r inr rrar m mr=r = r =+rr ornr = =n ~rc (

qm =r=r m = = =i=arm m ar = =r = iaq s +r iaq a=rr = m= ( z nr
r mr =i=arm = i+r r =rar( inr=r mr n =i=arm mr im r ==ar ( = r rz r =
n a=rr = arrr r m i= s nrarn=r mr ir m=ar sr = =r r= = s=m inr=r
mr inmr= r ar ( =r mr z nr =i=arm mr i=ra mm= mr=r (

(,) r =. z nr r =rr im m= = n r mr sc r ar ( r ar m= mr
i=rr= ( m= s +rn = n srar ( s +rn r mr =r a ( io= mr= nr=m s +rn
= nra ra m=ar im si= r=r o=r car , s=r mr= s=mr == r r s +rn
= sr=rri=a ( s +rn, r s=rnr inor =+rr m= m s= ( =r=rr=r = = =r r
mr inr= im m= m inr +rr r ra imr or =mar sr = r qm =na si=a-n
100

==rar , ima z nr = nra = ==a r ( s=mr m=r im inr m= m r s-
r r =mar( im=r im=r mr= im=r m= = ==n=r sn r ar ( im=r r mr
=-n s=rnr s=r m e +rr r , =mr =ncr ==n=r = nra = r ar im ina nr m=ar
s=rnr nr m=r rar (

(s) =r i=m n iar =+rr r inar mr s imrsr m ==n= ra r ar , or n s
si=a-n m i= = rrrr m= = m=a ( ==rr, +rr o a=rr n= m i= =rn or = rrrr
m=ar , s=mr i=rr= r ar m e im rsr mr r==+r, sr = r im r =r=r s n iar ,
=r i=m +rrnrsr a=rr =ir mr o= c ar , or im, = sro sa=ri=rmr= = s=-=r (
=r i=m n iar n =ir = r = ar c = n oic= r r ar, ioar im r sr =
r ar ( n iar r =r=r n =r=r s-mcr , or im nrarn=r = ino=r ini+r
sc rmr mr iaim r m = = mr rr= r ar ( r == n iar a=rr s-mcrsr m
cr m r=r =rnn ic mr inmr= r ar ( sa z nr mr inr= im n iar m
=nr+rrinm si+rinam=r mr r = nr=m mr irrr mr qm r=i=+rm inc ==r ri(

(=) ia mr imr. sr i= =r +n on =rcr = z nr ia im r mr r=r mr
( s=mr inr= im ia r = r r =mar s=rr a ia m n= mr =r = s=rr a
ia m n= mr=r = m= = r r r orar, sr= +rrnr == = r =mr
s-ia r ar ( ia mr m e mr=r r ar ( im=r a m sr=rr= = = r =r r r==+r
m=ar ( ic =r mr imr ===ar n m =ar =ar ar s= =r mr srnmar r
r z ar, ima on s=mr ia = nr=rr z ar , n =r m i= nr= r scar (
sa = m =ma im ===r mr r r r ia mr sr==+r ( z nr m s =r= mr
io=mr sa= i==r ri s=rnr mr -=rr or ==rr ri , = =r = cr c ar
, sr= =r=r inr==rr=r qm = iia icrr = n =ar ( - m irmrr or = =
mr= imr=a , s=mr =r = m = c+r = =rrr r ar im n im= =r=r am =r=r
na =r ===r = =r= o= ==rar ( z nr ia mr im r mr r qm =n= ==ar (
iar im r m m = = =r im=r ===r mr =r m= = =rr o m i= ini+r
=rrrr mr ~ =r=r = r m= o=ar (

(() im=r r mr, iimrc, micr s=rnr ===r mr s +rn m=r(
(,) == r i=i==ria = c ircra m=m s=m ini+r =r mr in=rrr m=r sr= ac =ra ===r
m nr=ainm = mr ==r(
(s) = rnr mr =i=arm = scr sr = =rr ia = r m i= s = rnr mr s==r m=r(
(=) - m = mr i=rr= a=rr =n= si=rm ==+rn = mr =rrr m=r,a=rr
() s= = mr =nrm a s=rnr s=nrm a m= m sc = sr i=rrr n =rrr m=r(

- m =r=r =i=arm ===r mr = a a = r r crrsr = r m= o=ar (
m= i= +rr s -r = = r r nr rr mr sr = = m a imr , ima irrrri=r mr
101

mr sr nr=m m =ri=m inmr= m i= m= m i= s-=ria m= mr ~ z nr mr r (
=r i=ra m sr=rr= = z nr mr m=r im nr=m mr or irrr cr or, n =ri=m im rsr
mr r =r=r crrsr m s=r= r rr ri( r i=ra r o nc ini=r ===r ini=r a=rr
im rmr m = mr oz = iia (




irrr mr s=r


z nr irrr mr qm sinr =r=riom ia =rar ( s=m =ar=r= inr irrr m ==ro
ia r m= =mar( =r m sr=rr= = =+ar mr =rr n inmr= r ar ( irrr s +rn m
i=rr n = r mr qm m= , or im = r mr r=ar = n i m= m r=r s +rn mr sr=
+rr si=rm =r=riom =-n cr m=ar ( = r m nr r n srai=m s +rn =cr i=nia a r a =a
( s= ==== = nr s +rnr n ===rsr mr =r=r m=r r ar ( sa s=m imrm=r
+rr sr m s =r= nc=a =a ( =r mr= s +rn mr = rr =r, =c s=rnr i=r r r ar
=ar ( z nr =r n i, i=na s=rnr = rr =r mr irrr m m= mr=ar ( = mr= n irrr
mr s=r m = = = iia m=ar ( n r =rar im n m =m = or = r irrr mr
sr=++r r ar ( irrr ar s=m o= = r r==+r r orar ( sr = orn +r= =ar ( irrr orn
mr a r=r r m= =n orn (
irrr mr sc
z nr m s=r= irrr mr qm =r sc nr=m mr rinar mr inmr= ( n inmr= im=
mr= = rr, =m i= mr =r=r i=ra iia r imr or =mar, nr im i+ri+r
=ir sr= r=arsr m nr=mr = inmr= i+ri+r mr= = r ar ( srrm mr nr=m mr
r rarsr = c irc ==ra s= icc r c r ri ( z nr irrr m = mr s= na erz c r rar
, nr im ic = = iia m= i=r orr sr = nr=m mr s=r sr= or mr mr irr mr
orr ar s== ri r =mar ( irrr nr=m m i= , nr=m irrr m i= r ( irrr mr
sc , q=r nrarn=r a r= m=r , io== im -m nr=m mr ===a =rnoria mr =r=riom
or ia = =im =m= r cr m= mr sn== i== ( =nrcr c irc = irrr mr sc nr=m =
=r=riom m r=ar s- m=r ( = r qm =r=riom rrr sr = ==ro = nr= =m= s=mr
inmr= r r =mar( =r=riom orn = =+rr mr inmr= r ar , =i= irrr mr sc
=r=riom orn = crar ra m=r (

=nrcr irrr mr sc oar = =r mr ==rrr ( nr=m = oar = =r mr
inmr= imr orr ri ( irrr m r=r = q = ==ro mr i=r r m=r ra , io== ina =
mr +r c r , =+rr r =naar sr = =r = mr= m= ( - m = r mr sr =nr+rinm
n iar , ersr sr = srmr rrsr m s=r= inmi=a r mr sn== i== , =+rr mr ==r si=rmr=
ic or ( q =r ==ro a+rr n =mar , onim ina sr = ==ro m ia = mr =r i=m sa=
=rr or( s==a, irrr m r=r = r = === =r sr= =r= o= mr ==rrr rr ri (
102

inor= oar ==ro mr qm == = ( s== nr=m = oar rr mr inmr= imr
orr ri ( = inmr= = iamar = = ( iam inmr= =im ar = r ar ( == ina =
m r=ar sr = i= mr i=r r r ar ( inor= m ini+r mr m =r = +rr = m= nr=mr =
sa=cri-n n m= mr rina na ar ( irrr m r = =+rr nr=mr sr= nri=mrsr mr ==r
sn== icr orr ri sr = smr r =ar m s =r= s=r inmr= r r ri(

=nrcr irrr mr sc rnri=m ( s== ina mr orn m i= ar= m=r r ar ,
io== im n sr ini+r srnmarsr mr =a rc m= =m ( r = orn = ar- m n=
inaa orn r , ni=m =r=riom orn ( z nr a-mr=r i=a irrr rr=r mr sr=r r
mr, nr im n oar orn = c = = orar ( s== =rr z = r inar mr =r+r r ar ( s==
=amr irrr mr sr = si=rm =r icr orar ( s== irrr=rr irrm m r=r=r = a
io== , smr nr im =imar rc r orar (
irrr mr rc m =
z nr irrr im r m cr s =rar =rr =r nrim sr = =r=riom(
(s) =r n rim irrr mr rc m= sr= ini=r nr=m mr = = n iar sr= rinar m sr=rr=
= iia mr orr ri( nr=m mr irrr s=mr =ir m s =r= r r ri ( s=mr
=ir mr ar =rm= r ini+r sn==rrsr = inor= mr rc m = i=rr i=a imr orr
ri (
(n) =r=riom s ===a irrr oria mr =r=riom ar = rina m +rr = = r==+r
r ar , =i= inor= = q =r nrarn=r nrr orr ri , io== =im =m= nr=m
=rnoria mr =r=riom or ia = ==ar n m +rr = =m ( == s=m sr=r = = =rr=
r ar ( sr= s=m ina-n a=rr rinar mr inmr= r ar (
rc m = i=rr i=a m= = z nr i=i=i=ra r= i=rar mr =r = ==rr srnm =rr
(() sr iar nr=m mr rcm = q=r r, io=mr sr iar r s=rr a i+ri+r sn==rrsr
= s= io n=a sr sr = inrrr = =i r sr m sr=rr= = rcm= nrr orr ri (
nr=m mr r= mr= mr =ir ic=r=r z ar =rr nrara sr = inr=r mr srcr cr,
=rr o, =r sr = m=r-=m si+rn ia( =ir mr sr=rr= = s=m rcm= mr =r mr
orr ri ( = mr= rc m = = a r i==rr, ir, =am=r, ia, inr, =ra
a=rr s m=rsr mr r =i==i=a imr orr ri ( sr==+r = r =+rr inrrr mr qm
=r=r a r sia r , nr=m m inmr= m =r=r=r=r ioio inrrr mr s=r
srnm r i+ri+r sn==rrsr = n r inrr a r or ri (
(,) =rar = mr= rcm= =r r r ri ( s=mr r = r = iia sr = mcr =
nrr sia r ( n nr=m mr =ir sr= sn==rsr m s =r= nc=ar =r ri (
(s) s +rnr-=m rcm= nr=m m na =r s +rn = ==ni=ra r r ri ( ini+r im rsr
mr ===rsr m = = =a a m= = nr=m mr s +rn ra sr = s=mr s +rn
mr +rzr= na ar ( s +rnr = =r s +rrnr mr i =rr r ar ( - m inrr mr
s=r =rr==+rn nr=ainm s +rn = ==ni=ra m=m imr orr ri (
103

(=) orn = imcar rc m = = sr n=a sr sr= inrrr mr =i==i=a imr orr ri ,
iomr nr=m mr inirrc sn==rr m nr=ainm orn = ==n=r r( na =r orn =
==ni=ra r m mr=r ini+r inrrr = qmar sr orar ( sr = = mr= +rrrrr, ira
sr = iar=, +r r= sric = ==n ==rria imr or =mar ( z nr a-mr=r
irrr rr=r = r mr ini+r inrrr = nr c m r= mr arn sr=r r mr( s=mr
mr =rr im r mr s=s= rr=rrsr = r nrcr or =mar( nr=m mr sr=rr= nrm=
rc m = m ini+r inrrr mr ==n imr orr ri (
irrr =n orn z nr mar im irrr mr mr n iia si-a= sc r
r ar( nr=ainm sc ar ar-mri=m mr r ar , or im im=r inr rr == = =r=r =r srmirr a
im =rar ( irrr mr mr r ar , or im im=r inr rr == = =r=r =r srmirr a im =ar
( irrr mr mr s +rn mr i=r r m=r ( saqn nr mrr a=rr s +rnr m = rr =rr m
sr=rr= = irrr i=a= sr na ar =ar ( z nr mr m=r im, irrr mr m = ar n==rr mr
qm i=a= m = , io=mr - m =a= = sc rar inmr= mr r=ar = si+rn i m=r( ina
mr =cr s nrarn=r m s m = s mr ar=r r ar ( on am n==rr mr m = =ar
, irrr mr m = +rr =ar =ar ( n==rr m+rr =mr r( saqn irrr mr mr q =r =r=rar
=ar , irrr +rr orn = m+rr =mar r ( saqn irrr mr mr q =r sia= = i=rr i=a
r imr or =mar, or orm= irrr mr r =r i=r or ( irrm mr irrr m sc mr
i=rr =r r m=r ri ( =n nr=m mr r s= sc mr r (

z nr = nra = n= icr im irrr orn m i= ar=r r m= =n orn ( ic
nr=m m ==r irrr mr mr = c = sc ==rr orr ar n s= ser =r( m n= ar-mri=m
sc r s= =ii r =mar ( ic nr=m m ==r mr q =r =c= sc ==r icr or r,
io=mr s=mr ar-mri=m srnmarsr = ==n=r r ar nr=an = irrr mr sc r rc r
orr sr = irrr mr == r im r nr=m m i= i=rrrom r orr( nr=m mr inr= ar
na =r = r ar ( +rinr s=m i= i==r m ( sa s== im=r +rrnr sc a r=r m i= mr
m= m i= mr =r ( irrr mr m = na =r orn mr im rsr m m = mr r c==r r= (
z nr irrrm = m cr =r i=m a-n na=r , qm ar n inam sr = c==r =r=riom(

irrr = ninam mr=m

z nr nr=m mr == r irrr m = mr m c r ==r= ==ar ( s=mr m=r im, irrr mr
==r==+r nr=m mr r =arsr , =ir a=rr srcar mr =r n rim s= m= m s=ra r r
ri ( rinar , =ir s=rnr srcar mr i=a= in= rrr m= =r ri im smr nr
si+r r ( s =r=riom r-cr mr = cr m= c r ri s=rr - r s r-cr = nc= zr=r
ri , iomr ==ro = nr m i= m e s=r r ( z nr ==ro m = = nr=m mr r=arsr sr=
=ir mr s=r == mr rcr mr , nr im m n= =r = m sr=rr= = smr inmr= imr or
=mar (
z nr nr=m mr r= =r i=m n iar s=rnr =r i=m si+r=ir na=r (() nrar =r =
si+r=i (,) =rr o r or = si+r=i (s) =r = si+r=i a=rr (=) m=r-=m si+r or =
si+r=i(
104


z nr =rar im nr=m mr nrar =r = si+r=i qm =n ~ rc irrr =r=r , ima s
=+rr si+r=ir mr +rr =m = = rc m = mr sr=rr= nrr or =mar , nr im si+r=ir =rn
mr = =+r a im rsr o = inr=ini=, +rr o ra m= mr rcr a=rr = =rr sr= n= ra m=
m r= mr arm ( z nr mr innr= im ic irrr =r i=ra m sr=rr= = cr mr r
ar n nr=m m ina-n m =n==r n =nrrr inmr= = r r cr sr = q= rr mr o= c r,
iom sr=rr= = n nr s +rnr mr ra m= =mr(

irrr = ==riom mr=m

==ro = =rm z nr ina mr m=r r m=ar( n =rar im ==ro a=rr ina crr
mr =r=r=r=r r si=a-n ( on = im=r ina mr m=r m=a ar im=r mr= m =r=riom
= = r m=a ( ina mr =rm mr si=a-n r =ar( ==ro = r n o= = ar ,
=ar=ar sr = ==ro = r orn ara m=ar ( ==ro m s =ri=rr m ==m = r
srm= n sr ini+r rinar mr inmr= m=ar ( ==ro = = = r s== =rnr rr mr
inmr= r ar sr = s= s srnm srr=inr=r mr ria r ar , or s= qm ina nra (
ic qm ina ==ro = i+r = ar ==ro mr si=a-n +rr inar = r r ar (
inar m im rm=r =r=riom ==mr , ==n=rr a=rr iaim rsr = i+r = =a (

(() i=nr= z nr m s =r= i=nr= n =r= =r=riom = ==rr , or nr=m mr rinar mr
or a m=m s im rsr mr = c ar ( rr= m mrr = nr=m =i= =i ic=r=rar ,
nr im n orar im == s= a=rr s =r r mr =ar rr ra r ar ( o= m ==
nr=m mr r=ar sinmi=a r ar , s=mr s r=arsr = sa=r a= n i r ar orar (
r==+r = ar r = r ar orar , s=mr s r=arsr = sa=r a= n i rar orar ( r==+r
= ar s=mr imr sr-=m ic a r ar ( sa srnmar = nra mr im ==ro m
sc r a=rr ma r mr == = smr =rar mr or ( =m i= r =mr=r mr m
sr=rr= = =m= mr ==rrr mr orr ri( z nr =r mr=, =m= mr ==rrr = n=
icr ( ==rorm=r mr inr= z nr mr irrr oa mr =n= =r c (

(,) =m = zrnr =m = mr =r=riom orn m i= qm srnm = ==rr =rar ( =m= qm
sinr =r=riom srnmar ( =m= n ==rr r , or m n= irrr cr orar ( sr=
nr=m = m e srcar m i=r r mr r= imr orar ( z nr m s=r= =m= n ==rr ,
or ( nr=m =n m r= = orn ==n=rr ini+r =rrr m=m = nra mr r ra
m= im s=mr orn im= mr= ==ro mr i=a= ia = i+r = ( qm =r=riom = ==rr
m = = =m= nr=m = =r=riom or ia s- m= mr r= m= r, io== ==ro mr
c = n si=rm = si=rm =r+r scr =m( =m= mr nr=m = =+rr rinar mr inmr=
m= c r ri , io=mr s= ==ro= nr = srnmar z =mar (
105

=m = nr roa mr iaii=r r ar ( ==ro mr srnmarsr n ===rsr mr iain=n
=mr im r q=r r r ri im nr=mr = =mri=ar a=rr r==i=m orn mr +rrnr s- m=
=m (
=m = mr orn = = r scr ri ( nr=m m rr= s=rnr =m = mr im rsr =
srmi==m i=na r rr ri ( r==+r = r =m = mr ri i mn nr=m mr s im rsr mr
r or=r ==r, smr =rr m= a=rr smr i=rr m= io nr=m rr= = =r=rr (

irrr ia

s=mr =n= i= i=ra m=m =r=r mr i=ra , io=m s =r= =n= ser irrr
ia n , io== nr=m =n mr m=m ini+r inrrr mr =r=r ( irrm mr +rrrrr m r=r
s inr= nr=m m = = r +r= , ni=m s= q= mr= m= mr c , io== s=mr
ini+r rinar mr =nr+rrinm inmr= r =m ( mr= m=a == r s= s== ==ni=ra nrar mr r
m=rr orr ri sr = rnri=m ===rsr mr = m= m i= r -=ria imr orr ri (
===rsr mr = m= = nr=m m s +rn = n i rar (
z nr m s=r= irrria = nr=m m orn, imrsr sr= inrrr = qmar ==rria mr
orr ri ( nr=m m orn mr im rsr m r=r sr = =n inrr = a= nr =r ic or ri im
im rsr m r=r smr r ra r =m (

oar irrr rr=r = nr=m mr =r= im mr= ic or ri , nr im =r= im = =
mr m= = nr=mr = =r=riomar sr = =mri=ar mr +rrnr mr inmr= r r(

inor= sr= ==ro

z nr m s=r= =m= == cr mr =rr = ( irrr mr sc nr=m mr = mr= = inmr=
m=r im n sr =m= ==ro mr sa=crr =c= n =m ( nr=m or m e m=ar , s=mr
=r=riom =-n r ar ( c == r-cr = , - m ina mr ==ro = srsr +r i=mrsr m s =
mr m=r ( nr=m mr irrr m r=r =r=riom in=r=a cr mr orar ( =r= im mr=r = +rr
= = nr=m mr n i mr inmr= r ar sr = s +rn na ar ( s +rn r irrr mr sr=rr= (
=r = nr=m = i= m ini+r rr mr inmr= r ar ( sr= ina-n mr i=r r r ar (
oar ==ro mr ==rrr m i= inor= = oar i=rar m sr=rr= = inor= mr =c
imr orr ri(

==ro = i+ri+r inar mr i+r mr= m n=r m= r a ( sn ic inor=
==ro mr =rr = ar s== +rr i+ri+r nr=mr mr i+ri+r n=r m= m i= ic
or rir , == smr iam inmr= r r sr= sn rrr rina a=rr =r-=m n ia na r, ==
s= q =r ar sr= = ia s- rr, io== nr=m sr=rr = =r=riom mr = s m = m=
=mr(
106


inor= ==ro mr =rr = ( =mr qm s=r +rr ( im n ==ro mr nc=ar
srnmarsr mr iainina m=ar ( s= ==ro mr srnmarsr m i=na m =r=r=r=r nc=a
=r ri ( sr=r im mr= = ==ro m oar ==r mr =n= = r ==rr icr orar ( c ==
r-cr = , =naar ==rar sr= +r ra -n sro ==ro mr =r ( q=r i==ria = inor= = q=
mr m=r mr srr o imr orr ri , io= inori=r r = oar rr mr inmr= r ( inor=
= ini+r = ==rrq =n inori=r r m r=r =rr orr ri sr = m = in=rr oar-=m r
ri ( == = ==rrsr = +rr = m= inor=rr oar orn mr irrr ra m= =m (
inor=r m r=r r ==ro = r = rr=mr sr = arsr m= ( = nra mr =r = ==ra
inor= = s=r=, irrr ia, rc m = sric irrr m ini+r s r = q= i=ra sr or
ri , io= nr=mr = oar a -n mr inmr= r(

irrm mr ==rr

z nr irrm mr =-n r ==rr icr ( irrm ==ro mr = nm ( s= inor= = q =r
nrarn=r i=r r m=r , io== =m= nr=m m =r=riom ina-n mr inmr= r =m sr= n
oa mr r = ri=m n =m( zrnr irrm mr r am =-n icr im s= ==ro =
n= mr iaii=r r m icr (
irrr=r inr m r = z nr =-n r inr= si==ra im ( inor= = irrm mr
im= mr= nr= m=r ri ( = inrr = z nr irrr =r inr sr = oar = =r mr
ic rm =rr ( inor= = =naar sr = ==rar m = = mr nr ==r m i= irrm mr
s mr nr=mr = nz r r ==r ri ( s= srrsr sr= sc rr m r=r s inr=r sr =
n iar mr nr=mr = =rc mr r= r m=r ri ( s= nr=mr mr i=rrr m=m smr
=ir , r =arsr sr = iaini=rr mr ==m= sm s= mrr = =rr ri(

s rr=

irrm m s=r na nr= = s rr= nr ==rr sr=r r orar ( z nr s rr= mr
i=a ini=rr mr sr=r r mr( s= na=rr im s rr= nr ==r m i= nr=m mr
=nr+rrinm n iar mr m ica m= mr r= s ia ( nr=an = , s rr= m n= nr=m m ior
ina-n = r i+r = r , s=mr =r=riom i=i==riar = rrirc ==n=r ( =r s rr=
=r=riom s rr= sr= nr=m m inor= m =r= im mrr = +rr = = s- r ar (
s==a, inor= = q=r nrarn=r s- imr orr ri im nr=m === =r = = mr
s+r= m= ( inor= = qm = sc = m= =r=riom, iam, nr im sr= rr=ri=m mrr = qm
=r=r +rr = = nr=mr = s rr= s- r ar sr = s ii=a = = mr= m= mr srca
z ar ( inor=r m mr m=r mr nr=m m i=i=r r = =-n r rcr ( s==a, nr=m mr
-r = = sc r c m= s= q=r =r=riom i=n r icr orr ri sr= s=m =r= q =
scr=r si==ra im or ri im s== sr-=r rr= sa r sr= n =r s=rr = =r=riom
rrr n ( crm im inor= = rria r nrarn=r r = mr= si=rm ser r ar , ima
ria =r=r , =r= r ( irrm mr ar sr sr= = nr=mr mr +rrnr mr inr rr =-n ( s=
107

s- m= m i= inor= m si=rma= mr= =n inori=r r mr =r ic or ri ( = +rr
= = s= s rr= mr +rrnr s- r r(
irrr mr im r = z nr =r=riom mr = +rr = mr s-a =n r =rr (
inor= ==ro mr r qm er cr = sr= ic s== nr=m mr =r= im = = s =n mr= m
mr m=r = +rr = mr sn== ic orr or s= nr= m ==ro = m= ar s== m n=
inor= = ni=m inor= = nr= +rr s rr= nr ==r mr r=ar s- r r(

sr=r im irrr = z nr mr +rrn

z nr m s m inr=r mr sr=r im irrr = =-n r +rrn z r ( = ==n=r = = = nra
i=i=i=ra
(() irrr m =r mr +rrn srom= irrr m =r = oar = =r mr =-nr ==rr
icr r ( z nr inor= = nr=mr = =r=riom rr m inmr= = inr rr or = icr (
sr=r im inor=r = sc r mr irrr m =r = rri== m= i=r r (
(,) irrr ia = +rrn sr=r im irrrn==rr = z nr mr =n= si=rm +rrn irrr rr=r
= ic=r=r z ar ( z nr irrr mr nr=m m s +rn = sr=rri=a im or mr =rn
icr ( n irrr rr=r mr nr=m mr inaa =ir sr= r=arsr m s =r= nc=r
rar ( s=m inr=r m +rrn = sr=r im inor=r = =im irrr cr orar ,
io=mr qm i= scr=r qncrincr =m = ( r oria z nr m inr=r mr r i=rr= (
sr=r im inor=r = s=r nr==r inr mr inr rr =r ==rr orar sr= q = nrarn=r
mr i=r r imr orar , io== =im =m= nr=m =rnoria mr =r=riom or ia =
+rr = =m (
(s) rc m= mr +rrn z nr m +rrn = sr=r im inor=r = =am=r==n=rr inrrr =
=rrar cr orar ( rcm = = rr mr= m =r =r , =rsr , n=a sr sr= sr or=r m r
a=rr i=rrr sric mr inr rr =-n icr r ( rcm = m inrrr mr rn m=a ==
nr=m mr inaa =ir sr= r =arsr mr inr rr =r ==rr orar (
(=) =rn +rr = irrr z nr m +rrn = sro =n mr irrr mr sinr sr = =rn +rr = nr =
or = icr orar ( irrr mr = inaa mr inmr= sr = - m ina mr s=m
ina-n mr inmr= m= m i= irrr ra m= mr sn== icr orr ri ( sr=r im
irrr = n rim sr= =r=riom n ia z nr mr r cr ( s=m s=r= irrr qm =r=riom
srnmar ( n orn mr ar=r r , ni=m =n orn ( s=mr = ina sr= ==ro
cr r mr inmr= ( s== ina mr rr=ri=m, nr im, =r=riom sr = iam m=rrr inmr=
r ar (





108

mr ,
irrr, =roria qn ==ro
=r=riom = =r mr s=r
=r=riom ==r mr n==rr ==ro = ra ini+r mrr m sr=r = n =rr m = = mr or
=mar ( = mr= ==ro = ini+r mrr m sr=r = n =rr n ar=== mr r =r=riom ==r
mr r= icr r ( ini+r mr r , =r= , oria, +rrrrr, = =m ia m = = r orar ( - m
==ro mr sr inivrrc ==r r ar ( = = =r = =r m= nr= - m s== r mr
mr s= ==ro = srsr ==rr r ar (
+rr=ar = =m ia ini+r = =m iar mr sr-==ra imr sr = = iur m mr=r
s =n= mr nrq ==rr( =r=r = =m ia mr oz =r =r ( =r mr=r nc=a q i=n vr =
s =n= mr sro am nrq q ( +rr=ar ==ro = m e invr rr nra , o=
(. +rr=a s m +rrrrrsr mr c vr (
,. +rr=a s m oriar a=rr oriar mr c vr (
s. +rr=a s m = =m iar mr c vr (
=. +rr=a s m =r=r mr c vr (
. +rr=a s m =r=riom nr mr c vr (
io= mr= qm i=nr= = =rariar, n, +rr , , r qm i=nr= mr mrr
, s=r mr= mr ==ro mr ==r = oria, +rrrrr, =r= , n , = =m ia s= ==ro mr mrr or
==ro mr ==r = =rm (
+rr=ar ==ro mr = =r
+rr=ar ==ro mr = =r = oria, +rrrrr, =r= , n , = =m ia = ==ro mr mrr
, iomr +rr=ar ==ro = inivrrc ==rr ( =nm nr === s a =n =r r ar=== or
i= a= =ar =ar ( - m mr m =c= sr invr rr s=i-=rr mr srcr cr mrr
= m=a =a ( +rr=ar ==ro mr ==r mr == a ==ro = si==ra mrr mr
==r n sm s a==n=r mr orr srnvm r orar (
+rr=ar ==ro mr = =r n =r=riom n
+rr=a = =r=riom n mr sr=rr= sri=r m = = i=r r ( =r=riom n =
ar = = n (. s n , ,. === (nr mr) n , s. i= n (
109

(. s n = n = n ina sra or sor ia, n=rr, =roria
a=rr s cr = ==mr=r n rn c r mi=r = = q ( +rr=a mr
o= =r mr iavra = n m =r (
,. === n = n = q= m= r=r, n=rr n im=r sra iomr
sr s n = m= r ar n ==nmrrr r a n s n mr a=
orn ara m= mr er ==ra ( = n = m= r=r = =r r a (
s. i= n == vrr=ri=m n =ri=m c irc = =a m= nr= =r vrri==
( iomr sr s n n === n = mrr m= r ar n == m irr,
sr or im r r = =oc=r m= mr mr =r m=a ( c im n a +rr r
m= r=r, i=nvrr r=m, r c=r , arnr n s n m rr=r = mr= m= nr=
=r r a ( =r r mr =rnr, +r =r==r, nr=r=r, sivrrr, n =r or=r mr
=r=r m=r z ar (
s na nr m siai=na cr n sr= +rr
=. s === n = n m =r r n =rm, nmr=, zr nc=, ori=,
r==, s =romr s== -ric r a ( smr =r=riom, sri=r m =a=
s n m =rr = m= r ar ( =a smr == mr a =+r
sr m o = r ar (
. ====== n ====== n m =r vn a m=rmr= r mi=r nr=
r a , iom r= = =r=r ar =ri=a r a , =a = =r= in=rr ria mr
== === n mr +rr ia r ar ( =i=q smr i==ria q =r nr =ar
, smr =r=riom =a= i= r ar (
+rr=ar ==ro mr = =r qn oria
+rr=ar ==ro mr = =r mr c ==r ==nr rrcm , or im = mr= i=+rrirra
mr or =mar "on qm n =r a= = n vrr a r ar , ar s= oria mr r= icr orar (
oria m sa a n vrr a iurq , o = =rrr, ==, n=r a=rr innr
sric m = n =r sric sra (
===ra +rr=ar ==ro = = = = = r= oriar r orar =rr n rr, ri,
vr c qn n v( = nr m=r mr sr=rr= m= =rr( == m =r=r nr mr +rr sr nr m=r r
r sr= s m oriar mr o= sr( m n= ic sr = r ini+r oriar r , ni=m = i===,
o , nr =r= mr =r nr= sr= +rr=ar =r +rr srsr ini+r oriar = n c q (
- m oria m sr i= soriar ( +rr=ar ==ro = ar oriar , soriar , iomr s== =r
m=r n a mic ( qm inr oi m e s=r icr im +rr=a = =+r scuu oriar
110

n soriar r orar ( - m oria mr sr iar=, = =m ia, =rrr, =n= a=rr = n =r n
s s a =n =r r ar (
+rr=ar ==ro mr = =r qn =r=
=r= mr s=r =r= vr-c = =m a mr =r =rra = i=r r , io=mr r =rr=r
m=r = s=r = r ar ( = mr= = m =ma im =r= n or ina r ==ro =rr=r
m= r =r= =rr m i=ra = sr=rri=a ( nr im =+rr rirr mr =rr m=ar , io= =r= mr
=r cr ( m o=, "=r= = = =r si+r r s vrinar = or =rn = ~ rc a=rr iom nr=
= invnr= imr orar im n m ia a=rr =rn orn mr =rcvr n i r m=ar (
qznz , "=r= sr=ri-=m vrinar = invnr= (
+rr=ar ==ro mr = =r = mr r im, "ic = =r= mr =rr m=a ar
=r= =r=r =rr m=ar ( invn = =+rr =r=r mr =r nr= =r +rr=a = i==a ( +rr=a =
(ee( mr orr m s =r= m = o= =r mr s, iavra ic =r= , (, iavra ====r =r=,
s iavra =r =r= , , iavra i=n=r =r= , ( iavra nr =r= m =r +rr=a = =a ( =+rr
=r=r mr srsr invr rrarq (
+rr=a m ic iaic m orn = =r= mr n a ==n ( +rr=a mr ini+r =r=r mr
+r i= m r= = orr orar ( invn m =+r =+rr =r= +rr=a = rq ora ( invn m r= = =r
=r= ic =r= , nr =r= , o =r= sr = i=n=r =r= mr sc +rr=a = r sr =rr( orn mr ==n r
rrcrsr , o= o=, innr sr = = - = =r= mr ==n r +r i=mr ( =r= ina m c im mrr mr
m ia mr iiva m=ar ( qm a= ar ini+r =r=r m mr=r =r=r = =m ia na =c a , =a
c==r sr = r m mr=r m=or= n orar ( r m mr=r =r s=rinvnr=r n =ia nricarsr =
= =a ( =roria +rr =r= m sr=rr= = =rr mr vrr rrr m=a ( ini+r =r = c =rr or
nr=r =rri= m sn=rr=rr +rr=a m ini+r =r=r mr =r=riom ==r mr i=rr i=a m=ar (
=r=r mr inin=rar = s m cri=rr= +rr c =r mr i==a
(. (e= = ic = i===r m nr =z r =r= mr sr=rr= r =rr( sro +rr c vr
m ini+r r ar = =r= m r= = =z r z c =r mr i==a ( sr=r
= =r== ic= i=r r mr = m= sc z n innrc s+rr +rr r == (
,. =r= s aa =rn =r= mr = c vr c a ( i= +rr = c==r mr a =r = s
=r= mr =rcr ser =ra ( == =r= crim rrrr n rr mr +rrnr
=rcr inmi=a r =r (
111

s. =r= mr n=rr , o= =ar =rr, c nrc narsr mr = m= a = ni=
n s m =rr s=rinvnr=r = +r== , io = erz r rr(
=. sr=r im ==ro = =roria iia =nr=rr mr ia a ==ro mr =r= m
r= = ==r m=a ( =r= m sr=rr= = =roar =rri= m =a+r cr a=rr
arnr n z r mr na rnr c a (
. =r= mr m srz n= =rrsr mr = er z m= s== iia serr mr srr
riq(
irmrr a =r= mr +rr=ar =r=riom ==r = =r +rrn z ar (
+rr=ar ==ro mr = =r qn =rn oria
=rn oria s=rnr oria (=rn oria) vr-c ( oria) vr-c = nr ( io=mr s=r
oria +rr i=r orar ( = mr= =rn oria mr s=r vr irm vr-cmr rr m s =r= i=
(. im=r m =c=r = rq or nr= vrr=ri=m n =ri=m r =r ora
(
,. =r =m iam ===rsr mr sc im=r invr rr == m sa a orar,
+rrrrra n =r =m iam = n =rr = r ar (
ivrn ai m s=r=, "r =rn oria qm =rn oria == = n =i==i=a r a ,
or im=r im=r = = ==r n or = o z r a a=rr io c ==r m r=r +rr ==r r ==r
orar ( on n = n r-=m n =rr = o z r a sr= s mr= m ==rr = = n i=ra r a ar
r =rn oria n==rr (
m= m s =r=, "r =rn oria qm == = = +rrnr r qm-n mr +rrnr =
= n i=ra , q=r == or s == = q =r +rrnr mr r qmc== m =r=r nr ca (
+rr=a mr - m ina =rn oria = o z r ( scr=r=n= +rr=a mr o= =r mr
ic == = nr cm= io=m r=r sr= s r , o= = i===, =r a=rr s ino=r r q =
mr or =mar im ic == n a = =rn oria r = ii= =r (
+rr=ar o= =r = s m oriar mr =i==~r ( oriar ==== =
+rr=a = sr sr= qmc == = i=i~a r ar =r ( +rr=ar =r=riom ==r q=r =rr im - m
oria == sr inivrrc ==rr nr i=r sr = s=mr o==r s n ( im=r +rr oria m
i=q invr = mr nrq ==rr = +rn r =rr( =nmr === =i==~r r r, r mr=r im
112

sro +rr=a = mr (uu iavra invr oria r ( =i=q mr +rr r , "mrr == =
+rr=a === in=r =rr oriar n =+arsr mr = = ==r= =r sr = == =i==~r n ==n mr
iur =ar =ar (
+rr=a = imim oriar m =r =a = = n =r = s mr =a ( zr r
e oriar m ==r mr +rr=a = narr ri=cr , r cr, sr=c =rz, =rr =rz, = izc= i,
n rr =r= a=rr r iz m sr (
oria mr = =rr=rr m mrr c ri=rr= +rr ( on qm orar == c== oria
== mr rr rr mr c irc = c =r =ar , io== ==ro = mc ar, in rr qn rr rr mr +rrnrq
=ar ( oria vr-c invn n=r -n mr +rrnr mr +rr c = r (
= =c+r = = e= - mr = rrr rrrr = o== =r c , io== mr r
(. =+rr n rimr mr mr im =nr = ioa +rr = r = = n =+rr
qm r oria (=rn oria) m =c= n - m =r mr src= rr riq
n s ==r sn== cr imq orq (
,. =+rr = r ==r n - m =r mr src= r r riq n s ==r
sn== cr imq orq (
invn vrria a =+rr ina qm r oria m , io= =rn oria mr orar (
sn=rr=rr srr sia srnvm (
+rr=ar ==ro mr = =r qn +rrrrr
+rr=ar ==ro mr = =r = ==n r rrcm +rrrrr +rr ( = =m a mr +rrrr =rra =
nr , io=mr s=r na nrrr(
"+rrrrr ini+r s=rr = = m iam vr-c == mr si+rina , io=m r=r = s
=r +rrnr mr ===ar = c ==r m ==r mc m=a (
=c=c n c m vr-cr = , "+rrrrr = = sr=r imq or nr= = m ar mr n n==rr (
io=m r=r qm =r=riom == m =c= =r a=rr s a iur m=a (
qm +rrrrr mr nr i=r r =mar ( nr=r +rrrrr m = mrn= m= ==n r ( invn =
im=r o == mr ==n on im=r mr=rnvr na ar ar smr nr = r= mr nr =r +rrrrr mr or
=ar (
113

+rrrrr mr c irc = +rr=ar ==ro rr mr= = r inin=rar r c vr mr orar (
+rr=ar = in=rr = ,, = =r +rrrrrsr mr =rar ra = im +rr=a = (s, nr i=r ar +rrrrr
i=nr=r = ==n=r ==rar
(. zr sr i=nr= ,. c rinz i=nr= s. =r i i=nr=
(. zr sr i=nr= == = =m a, icr, n r=r, ornr, o=rar, siz r,
inr=r, =ro==rrr, s==r, i==rr, mv=r=r +rrrrrq =i==i=a ( +rr=a mr s.e
o= =r +rrrrrsr mr nr =ar (
,. c rinz i=nr= == ai==, a= , ==r== n mz +rrrrrq srar (
s. =r i i=nr= == s or, ar=r n m +rrrrrq srar (
(ee( mr orr m s =r= +rr=a = icr =n= si=rm =rr m r=r nr =r
orar ( +rr=ar = in=rr m r=r = =ro+rrrrr mr cor icr r ( onim s or mr =mr
=r r +rrrrr mr cor icr r ( onim s or +rrrrr invn mr sa=r rc r +rrrrr , = =m a +rrrrr
+rr=a mr r r , invn mr rra= +rrrrr (
crm im +rr=a m si=rma= =r icr +rrrrr mr r m=a = im =+rr
+rr=anr=r =r i=rm r i=i=ra = = icr +rrrrr mr r r m=a ( n sr =ra +rrrrr mr =r=r
= a ( mr cr=r srr +rr i+rrrrr r= = mr r imr (. =ra +rrrrr, ,. =rrc +rrrrr (icr) n
sa=r rc r +rrrrr (s or) ( s na arr +rrrrrsr mr r - m +rr=ar ri=m mr r r
riq(
+rr=a = nr =r or nr=r ini+r +rrrrrsr qm sr = +rr=ar ==ro mr ==r
= sr rcr icr ar c ==r a= +rr=ar = =m ia mr mr=ar =r=r = nar or =r = im
+rrrrrr inin=rar m c r +rrn +rr s mr , or = mr=
(. +rrrrrr inin=rar s m ===rsr mr mr=r =r ( s m +rrrrrsr mr =
+rr s=rn cr m=ar (
,. s m =r=r mr n cnr=r c +rr +rrrrr m sr=rr= = sr ( i=rrr mr
+rrrrr m sr=rr= = r = orn = s= m= icr r( =r=rrc mr
in+rro +rr +rrrrrr sr=rr= = sr( == qmar mr +rrnr +rr m= (
s. +rr=ar = in=rr onim icr mr =rrc +rrrrr mr ==n == = cor icr
sr n ( nrr m +rra= =rrc +rrrrr icr mr ==mr=r mr=mro mr +rrrrr
mr cor = = r =rr = s m =r=r m in=r=r m mr=r q=r r r =mr,
114

onim iin = =c= c== m =r== = icr m =r=r=r=r s or mr
+rr =rar cr ( +rr=ar ==ro mr ==r = o==r im = =
c vr = ==mr=r mr=mro mr +rrrrr m = = icr mr srq n =+rr =r=r
= = srnvm = = a rr orq( ini+r +rrrrrsr m =ri- mr s
+rrrrrsr mr srcrcr imr orq arim = +rrrrrsr m =r== = r mr
in=a a = = s c vrnri=r = nr c =m (
irmrr a =rc im +rrrrr +rr=ar ==ro mr = =r = ==n r rcr icr
(
irmrr
+rr=ar ==ro mr = =r n , oria, =r=, =rnoria ( oria) n +rrrrr = i+r =
( sro = q=r ivrrr mr srnvmar or =r= = in=rr m orar im, ==ronrcr n =r= i=r
= =r = sr=rri=a ( io== =+rr oria, =r= , oria, +rrrrr n n m +r cr mr +r =rm= = qmar m
= = n =rm= qm = c= +rr=a mr i =a a m= =m ( r=rr n = or m =r mr =rmr= m=
=m ( =r=r c vr qm siar c vr a+rr mr or =mar on = oria, =r= , +rrrrr, n , oriar =
== scm= =rn oria mr srm= qmar m = = n =rm=, qm =r=r i==o =m= orn r
m= ( =r=r c vr = invn = qm srcvr scr=r m = = i=a r (
+rr=ar ==ro mr ==n r invr rrarq
vrari-cr mr cr=ar = =na r m vra s m ===rq = scr =rz r =rr (
+rr=a ora mr vrr= rr=r a=rr orn cvr m = = srr( ==ro mr +rr iam
s=i-=rr n = =r == = =r m= m i=q c vr sr=r imrm=r mr sr = s == r =r ( - m
==ro mr m e invr rrarq io== n orr rr orar (
i=i=i=ra
(. orarim n==rr ora mr sr m mr=r +rr=a ==ronrcr
=r mar-=m ==ro mr ==rrr m=r rar ( c vr n r ==ronrcr ==ro
mr sr = s == ( = in=rr mr =arnr or im ora mr r n mr =cr m
i=q ca ar c r, i= mr=
ora = ina mr i==r mr src= m=a q ri=mr mr m mr= m
=r i=m si=rmr= icq ora ( +rr=ar ==ro mr = r= = = =r m i=q
= in=rr i=i=i=ra =ra =naarq cr
(. nrrr n si+rina mr =naar
115

,. =+rr m= mr =naar
s. = rr nr mr =naar
=. +r =r mr =naar
. srnr= mr =naar
c. ==i=r mr so n n mr =naar
. vrr n=r nrir= sr= rr= mr =naar
=naarsr m =r== = inmr= mr n==rr mr ( ==ro = =+rr +r c+rrnr
mr ==ra m= ==rar m i=ra = n= icr r ( =r , ==ia, si =r, r, ==rar,
=r= i=rar ora = = sr=rri=a ( ==rar m si=rmr=r mr = in=rr = =rr=r (= = (s am
= narr r ( =r mar im sr=rr=+r a r m mr=r ri=m m =r=r =r= , oria, nr , n vr u=,
i= m sr=rr= = rra r +r c+rrn r imr orar( == ==rar m orarim i=ra mr
=rar cr (
,. =r=riom, =ro iam a=rr sri=r m r = r mr n==rr == - m ri=m
m i=q r mr n==rr m=rr ( +rr=ar ==ro = n +rc m mr=r
s==rar sr ( ==ro m s n mr invr rr si=rmr= a=rr i= n mr
s ira m= icr =rr( =i=q =r=riom r mr n==rr mr (
(m) =r=riom r +rr=ar ==ro m= =rr r m mr=r ina o =r n=r
m=ar , s=r = orr orar ( sn nr =rr r m mr=r ina n vr = orr or =r( r
mr ==rr sr m = = vrr= n==rr inz sr = ==ro orar n=rr = n =rar =r r(
==ro r m i=q ian r m mr=r = in=rr r ic=r mr rn=rr imr ( = in=rr mr
=rr=r ( m s =r= =r= oria, = , =, =r= a=rr r sric m sr=rr= = +r c+rrn r m=r
a=rr - m ina mr ==ro = ==n r ==rr r m mr=r =+rr mr n=rn= cor icr orr(
ivrrr ra m=r ina mr o=i= si=rmr= ( c = (= nrr am m nr m i=q ivrrr ivr =m
a=rr sinr ( - m ina mr a m n=r m i=q nr= r m= =ror= ra m= mr
si=rmr= ( e sre a mr ==ra m= iez r n ooria mr ==r r n si=rmr= ic q( =
mr= +rr=ar ==ro =r=riom r mr sr= na =r (
(=r) sri=r m r sri=r m r m inr =r=riom r r r =mar( =+rr ina
mr s = =r si=rmr= ( =rnr n i=r mr =rr rc mr r= imr or =r ( s n
mr =r=r m= m i=q iez n mr sri=r m =rar cr orar ( ivrrr rr=r = =rnr nr=rm
r ( sm n vr = ian=r =rm= =rrc ia = =rr or =mar ( ina mr vrr rrr m
in= si=rmr= ra ( =r=riom r mr sr=rr=ivr=r sri=r m r a=rr =mr r n +rr n a
=r ( na=r ==ro = sri=r m r =r mr r= imr or =r (
116

() =ro iam r =ro iam ==rar m inr ==ro mr sia ==+rn r (
(s nrr mr sr nr= ina nr c zr=m= sr iaii=r =ma a=rr , nrr =n n =ma
( ina = mr cnrn r ( =ari=rmr= r=r n r = s==rcnr= mr =r c m= =mar (
ri=m ==mr=r c = srn c +r=r r +r= =mar ( n ri=m ==rr = = =r =ro iam
rcr mr sr=r r m=m s inr= ==r =mar ( ri=mr mr r ic=r m i=q ==nr =rr=rq
(
=rr=r =c == m=or= n a=rr s = ia oriar m cri-nr mr =rr m=, vrr rrr
= =r=riom r mr ==rr cr m=r(
=rr=r ( == iez nr a=rr s= ia ooriar m =r=riom a=rr vr irm s-=rr
m i=q mr inivrrc rr=rr m= = r =r mr orr( i=r n nr m s-=rr m i=q inivrrc
rn=rr = r =r m r(
=rr=r ,u im=r ri=m mr =r= s=rnr s cria ivrrr = ==rrr = m n= =r=,
oria, n, +rrrrr sric m sr=rr= = = im=r = +rr n vr m i=q =r r imr or =mar(
(rr) ==ronrc = sr=rri=a ==ro == q = ==ro mr i=r r m=r or =r m
m=rrmr=r r ( ri=mr mr inr +r c+rrn im =r-=r r =rr mr m=r s =r= = = si=rmr=r m
s+rr mr = in=rr cr r ( c vr m si=rmr vr =r =rnr mr = =rr = r mr orn inar = (
ri=mr = =r=riom i+rarq r orar ( io== s=ar rr cr r m mr=r c vr mr s=rzar mr
=ra=r =ar ( sro m inor=rr mr r m= ==ro mr nrzr= ==+rr=r ( =i=q inor=rr mr
==ro mr == =rr = sna m=rr orq (
(c) =naar - m ri=m mr =naar mr =r i=m si=rmr= ra ( - m
ri=m mr inr=, rr, =+rr, = rr, rr=, n=r =+rr = =naar ra ( =rrc ia = = =
ian=r +rr =rr or =mar ( =r= m r= = nvr = mr ivrrr n ia r m=ar( ivrrr r=r
r =mr=r-=m sr=r r mr c ircmr r a=rr ri=mr = or=mar s- m= =ma ( =naar mr
si+r r c== mr =naar mr m=r r ( s=mr ===r m=r m=r ( ==ro mr
==nr invr rrar (
() ==rar mr mr c irc = =+rr ri=m n=rn= ( =r invr rrar = ==ro mr
==rrr = =r i==ar ( ivrrr ri=mr = ==rar mr +rrn or a m= =mar ( a+rr ==ro
==ar = mrivra r r a=rr in-r mr =r=riom r ra rr(
(e) +r ra -n +rrn =rrc mr qmar = invnr= m=ar ( ivrrr r =rrc = qmar n
ina mr i==r mr cr m=m ==ro mr =r = =r c =mar =rrc ia = inaa iar mr
117

-r m= = r = = =ira n == n =ma ( inori=r r = s=rm =rrc r qmar mr +rrn
ivrrr rc u= rc =r=r iursr r=r inmi=a m= =mar ( ivrrr mr =rrc r qmar =
==nr ==rr ( +rra-n +rrn vrrrr m m +rra= irrr m rcr mr crr r sia r (
(o) =r= i= rar =mr ==ro = n a si=rm invr rrar ( =mr r =r nr=
(enr vrar-cr = oro o m= imr a=rr vr-c = ic +rrrrr m nn=s vr-c = i=r io=mr
s=r =r a==co =
(i) (nnnamc on inam. "=r= i= rar = ar- i=ra im iamar
sr=r im orn = m n= ser = invnr= m= =+rr mr= -r m= =rnar
mr +r=r = sr=rri=a r r riq(
(ii) (nnnamc on =o=a. " i=ra = q =r nr= or im=r =r= or
sr = sr==rr = invnr= r ==rar(
(iii) (nnnamc on o e=ra. "=r= i= rar mr =rri= m = mrr ar r sia
=rri= m rmar (
(iv) (nnnamc on na (s=mr a. "=r= i= rar = m n= ar si+r r im
= =c vr rr inar = n= n m im=r qm =r= mr r =rc r r(
=r= i=rar mr s=r im=r +rr =r= mr in=r =r m=m =+rr =r=r m i=q ==r
sn== cr imr orq( =r= =rr r mr s=r=r n orar ( =r= =r= m r= = +r c+rrn r
m= =mar( s=rm orina srcvr r m ra inor=rr = =r= i= rar mr c ircmr r inmi=a m=
=mar ( s= nr mr =r= mr s=r =rnar mr = nr m=r narq a=rr =r= ar z ar r or z ar (
sa =r= m r= = cr = =rrc m=or= r orar ( =r= m r= = orn = r = c
=r= i=rar = qm m= m ( n =r ivrrr r=r ==ra r =mar ( ivrrr =r= orn mr
sinr s n =mar ( a+rr =r mar-=m, =r= i= r, ==ronrcr ==ro mr ==r r =mr(
==rorm=r
= =r= = mr +rr ==ro q =r r io== =+rr ina qm ==r r s=rr a
= r mr +rrnr - m ==ro = im=r im=r = = snv r rr orar ( =rcr=a,
iarcr a=rr ==rr mr ina=r - m ==ro = s==r = = rr orar a=rr =r s==r ina=r
m i= ==rovrr= = =r=riom =a=rm=r vr-c mr r imr orar ( ic ini+r ~ irr = =
r mr sr+rr= r ar ar n =a=rm=r ( ==ro mr ini+r =a=r = in+rro =a=rm=r m=rar
( =a= vr-c mr s=r inar mr == , ==ro m ini+r =a=, = r m sr=rr= = qmc==
= s= r a (
118

=r=riom =a=rm=r mr s=r qn i=+rrrrr
==ro mr = =r invr rrar == ==rar a=rr s==rar cr r r rr orar
( sr , i=, r =ar, =r a=rr oria m sr=rr= = ==ro = =r=riom s==rar rr orar (
=r = r mr +rrnr m sr=rr= = ==ro mr or nr m=r imr orar s=r mr =r=riom
=a=rm=r m r= = mr=r orar ( = =r=riom =a=rm=r = oria, n a=rr nr sric mr
=i==i=a imr orar (
s=s= inrr =r=riom =a=rm=r mr i=+rrrrrq s s inr=r m
s=r= s=s= r cr or = mr=
(. =c== z qn n znz m s =r= "=a=rm=r m n= saiursr s=rnr in+r crm=r
mr qm iur , io== m e inar mr c== inar mr a =r = s
i==ria ra r ar (
,. i =nc m s =r= "=r=riom =a=rm=r mr si+rr ==ro mr m e q=r ==rrr
~ irr qn == r = in+rrioa m=r io=m sa a =+rr == n n sar
n s=rrar m ==n=rr m r=r qmc == = o z =a (
s. = = m s =r= "=a=rm=r ==ro mr n u=n in+rro , io== == r
==ro mr s s=rnr i= =r=riom mr r = in+rrioa m= icr orar (
=. sr n qn i=mr m s =r= "=a=rm=r s= iur mr ma io==
ina r == qm i==r= i==ria mr u=nar = nrc ora (
. im=== z in= m s =r= "on = oriar , nr sr= =r=riom = =a=r m
inrr = =r a an =r= = = n == r a or im =r=riom n==rr =
i+ri+r ==rr ==ra sr= i+ri+r =rr = src= mr sr m=a (
c. cr=mc === m s =r= "im=r ==ro n==rr = inar mr = sr = r
u= inr= = in+rro r =a=rm=r (
. =r nr = = m s=r= "=r=riom =a=rm=r in+r crm=r mr ini=r io==
=r=riom cr mr n vrr u= iia r ar io== cr m =nr=r qmc== m
=c+r = , ==n r =r=riom nrar = , ~ rc, ==r r i= ==r orar (
s. = zn m s =r= "=a=rm a ==ro n io== s==rar =ar a=rr q =
in+r c r a or sm r=r i= a=rr = sr m ora (
119

s=r na i=+rrrrrsr = =rc r ar im - m ==ro sar a=rr i=ar m sr=rr=
= ini+r nr = n cr sr sa sar i=ar m sr=rr= = ==ro m sc= n q =a=r mr
r =r=riom =a=rm=r ma (
=r=riom =a=rm=r mr = =r invr rrar
(. c =r ru= =r=riom =a=rm=r = = r mr +rrnr rr orar ( =n=
= r n oria r n rar io=mr ==ro = si=rm ===r r , si=rm iarcr
sr = sri=r m = = == r ( s== r s== m= ===r ==r nr=r oria
r n sr= i= =a= = =n= m= ===r nr=r oria mr r= =ar s=rr a
=r=riom iarcr sr = sri=r m ==ar m sr=rr= = =a=rm=r r ar io=
mr= = qm =ra r m zzr = u= r ar s=r mr= mr =r r (=rra r) u=
=r=riom =a=rm=r = r ora (
,. iiva i==ria n mr =r=riom =a=rm=r = - m oria, n n nr mr mr
n iiva r ar sr= s=r m s =r= s=mr ==ro = i==ria i=rr i=a r ar (
+rr=ar ==ro n rr nr mr mr in ==r orar , sa =r m s =
s=mr =r=riom i==ria +rr = r r (
s. nr r =ar mr =rrr =r=riom =a=rm=r = n n==rr rr orar ( n
= i=na vrr=ar mr r r ar ( i=~= m=m qm ina i= n = s
n = orar ima s n m ina on i= n m ina mr s
= i==ra ar s=mr =rrr m=m c =r i=r orar im ina s n
m r = r r ( =r mr= r =ar =rrr m nrc r n im=r s n m
ina mr s s n mr =c= =ra (
=. mr mr =rrar =r=riom =a=rm=r = mr mr =rrar cr orar ( mr m
s=r= r ina r s=m n mr =r=riom ===r i==ar ( = mr m=
nr= ina mr = r c a=rr rr mr m= nr= mr rr c i==ar (
+rr=ar ==ro = n rr, ri, n v r vr c sric nrr mr i==ria sm mr m
s=r= r =rr(
. nr sai+r =ar =r=riom =a=rm=r m s=r= ==ro nr = in+rrioa r ar
, s= r==i=m i+r=ar rr orar , o = oria n , a=rr ~i=m n ,
=ri=m n, =r=r n sric qmc== = i+r= r a ( =r i+r=ar m mr=r
s= =a=rm=r rr orar (
120

c. =r=riom = =r mr =rnar =r=riom =a=rm=r = r or nr= ini+r
=r=riom nr = ini+r =riai=nro n ini+r =r=riom = = c =r mr i==a
( = mr= =r=riom = =r = =rmar =r=riom =a=rm=r mr invr rrar (
. =rn +rr i=m iur =r=riom =a=rm=r = ==ro mr in+rro nr , oriar ,
==r , n nrr = rar ( = mr= mr =r=riom nr m=r = == rr orar
= r( oi mr= =rn= n inr ==ro mr m=r mr , =a =rr=r =
= ==+rn r =ar( = mr= =r=riom =a=rm=r qm =rn +rr i=m iur
( iur =nr+rrinm = = = ==ro = =n r =ar =ar , ==
mr mr= r m=ar(
s na inn=r m sr=rr= = mr or =mar im =r=riom =a=rm=r = r
mr qm iur or im - m ==ro = im=r im=r = = rr orar ( =r=riom =a=rm=r
mr = =r sz v ==ro = mrr mr in+rro m=m ini+r inar mr mrr mr m= mr =rr
c r arim =r=riom qmar mr nr ==rr or =m ( =+rr mr smr r =ar =r= mrr mr ina=r
==ro = i=a=ar nr ==r = =rar c ar (
=r=riom =a=rm=r mr srnvmar
=r=riom =a=rm=r mr srnvmar mr s i=i=ra = ira inn=r m r=r =rc m=
=ma =r=riom =a=rm=r =rn +rr i=m iur s=rr a = r mr n==rr - m ==ro =
im=r im=r = = rr orar ( =mr s=r im =a=rm=r ==ro mr im=r im=r
srnvmar mr ia m=ar ( - m ==ro = m e cr mr s a=rr m e mr i= =rr orar
nr im im=r c = ==ni=ra +r i=mr mr i+rr m i= si=rm r =ar mr srnvmar r ar ,
onim m e cr = inr sia ivrrr m +rr mr imr or =mar ( ini+r cr = ==ni=ra
s=r=cri-nr mr =rr +rr s=s= r ar ( =ri= - m c m ==n m s=r= r s==
==n in-r mr si=rm r m= ri=~i=m +rr icr orar ( r i==ria ==ro mr ini+r =a=r
= in+rna m= c ar sr= = in+rro mr im=r +rr mr= = =r mr r or =mar (
ic im=r ==ro = =+rr inar mr ==r i==riar cr m= cr or s= i==ria
= m e =r sr r =ar = si=rm ==mr= ra m= = , onim m e inar mr m vr=ar sr =
r =ar m= r =r( == ==ro = s=a = ==rria r or r( ic ==ro = =r=riom
=a=rm=r r ar ina = sr na qn invr rr c r mr er a=rr s c m s m=
+r i=mr i+rr mr er ==ra r orr( on s= ar rr im r = sr= sr = ina = ==ro
mr +r c r m= =r ar n mic i=~= m=r er z c r sr= = mr= ==ro mr inmr= =m
orr( sa ==ro mr i=a=ar a=rr ==rri-n m i= ==ro = ==rar m ==rr = =a=rm=r
121

srnvm ( a+rr =r r = qmc== = sr im= mr r z = orr sr = ==ro mr inmr=
r r sr = ==ro = =a= +rr nr = r(
im === z in= m s =r= "=r=riom s==rar s a = = inmi=a qm ini=r ,
io=m r=r ==ro s =c=r mr invnr= ic=rar im =n= si=rm ==n r cr = =n=
si=rm r = ina r mr m= = ( z in= r=r narr r i==ria a+rr ==+rn r =mar ,
onim ==ro = - m ina mr sr r =ar=r= mr m= mr sn== i== , = sr=rr= = +rr
=a=rm=r mr qm srnvm =r=riom iur =rr or =mar (
== ic inn=r = =rc r ar im =r=riom =a=rm=r mr s=r ==ro =
rr or nr=r = r mr n==rr = ( = r =+rr ==ror = im=r im=r = =
snv r rr orar ( =r = r mr n==rr = ==ro = i=a=ar qn ==rri-n nr =ar (
== ina mr s i==ria qn c ra m= mr =rr i==ar (
o nmr r rrrvrr=r sr=rr=
(. sr - m ==ro = sr m sr=rr= = =c=r = m e m e sa= rr
orar ( r n inar mr ==ro r=r si=rm ===r icr orar sr=
nr = nrsr mr i=nnar m sr=rr= = si=rm ===r icr orar (
,. i= i= m sr=rr= = +rr =a=rm=r =+r =+rr ==ror = rr orar (
si=rmr vra =+rr ==ror = i=r mr a =r = =rrr mr = r ==rr ra r ar
( m n= =ra ==rr-=m ==ror = r i=r mr ==rr =rrr = = r r ar (
s. oria orar sr=rr= = = r s m ==ror = rr orar ( oria invr rr
vrr=ri=m =rrr m sr=rr= = nr inar mr == , o = s= i=mr = i r
oria m =rr mr i= ==rr icr orar , sr= s= i=mr = r r =r =z r
nr=r oria mr s ==rr ra ( =r mr= cirrr smrmr = +rr vr=r= m
= m sr=rr= = i+rar rr orar (
=. o= o= m sr=rr= = = r mr i==ria =arai=a r ar =ar , o =
+rr=a mr oria n==rr = ina o= = r im=r invr rr oria = cr r m
mr=r = r r rr ==rr ==rar ( o= = sr=rri=a =a=rm=r nc ==ror =
rr orar ( s=rr a sric= ==ror mr invr rrar (
. nr im r=ar r vrr=ri=m r=ar sro m = vrr=ri=m a=rr nr im = =
~ rc ina mr = r =rr orar ( sr=r im ==ro = iarm ==n=rr mr
si=rmar m mr=r ina mr i==ria mr i=rr =r sr, i= a=rr o= m sr=rr=
122

= r m= s=mr r =ar m sr=rr= = r ar ( vrr=ri=m = = s src=r
mr srrm a i= =a= = ==rr orar (
=r=riom =r =m iam sr=rr=
(. rn=rim i==ria - m ina s r=r m ==n= s=rnr n vrr a =
= io= n=r mr srar , s=m sr=rr= = s= ==ro = s s=rnr i=
==rr ra r ar ( m e n=r s n=rr mr a =r = s rrm a =
=r ora sr = =ri= n=rr = = q inar mr s ==rr ra
r ar (
,. =rri= m i==ria r r =ar - m ==ro = =r= mr ==n r +r i=mr r ar (
===ra sr= oorar ==ror = =rri= m r =ar ==r nr= inar mr
sr mr srr = r ==rr ra r ar ( =r= =sr , =r= r=mr a=rr
=cr=rrvrr , io =r= ==n=rr nrar mr invr rr r rar , mr ==ro = s
==rr ra r ar ( onim =r=r inar mr =rri= m arsr mr a=r = m=
==n ra r ar ( icsr = vr m=rr mr c =r= m r = =n= = r
=rr orar ( =r mr= =rr = +rr =rri= m ==a=r = r mr ==rr =nr
=rr orar (
s. =roriam sr=rr= r i==ria io= n s=rnr ina m r= =roriam vrina
s=rnr ==rr r ar , s=mr ==ro = s i==ria r ar ( =m in=ra ==rrr
n vrinainr =r r mr ==rr ==ro = rr r ar ( srom= m oic= ==ror
= =roriam i==ria =r=riom =a=rm=r mr qm = =r sr=rr= n (
=. sri=r m =a=rm=r.==i=r ==i=r ==ro mr s-i=r m == = r =a=rm=r mr
sr=rr= =r ( =m sr=rr= = inar mr s=r= sr = =rn nr = nr cr or
=mar ( ==i=r na m =r=r=r=r ina mr =r=riom i==ria = +rr nc=rn
srar =r orar ( =rn= = cr +rrr = nr cr
(. =rr n io=mr s-rc m =r=rr = si=rmr= rar (
,. =n r=r or sr ~= n m= sr orinmr m=rar (~i=m n )
. ivrrr ivrrr m sr=rr= = +rr ==ro = sar sr= i=ar mr ==rr ra r ar
, o = ivrira inar mr sivrira mr s rr si=rm ===r ra r ar (
ivrrr m sr=rr= = r ina mr s c +rr ra r a io=m mr=r s
i==ria ra r ar (
123

c. sio a c ina s rr m sr=rr= = io= c mr sio a m=ar , s=m
sr=rr= = +rr ==ro = s=mr s r i= i==ria i=rr i=a mr orar ( ==ro
= +rr=a =- n s cm r nr= inar mr ==rr ==ro m s
in-r = = r r ar (
=r=riom =a=rm=r m mr= s=rnr =n=
=r=riom =a=rm=r m = = = = i=i=i=ra r= =n= r mr= r ora
(. orar = =a=r +rr=a = rr or nr=r oria n==rr =r=riom =a=rm=r mr
qm = =r =n= ( si=rma= +rr=ar ==ro = orar = =a=r r rr orar
( oria qm sain nrr == io=mr =c=ar o= r=r i=rr i=a r ar (
ini+r oriar mr i==ria qm ==r r r ar sia s= = r mr qm
=nrm a u= r ar ( im === z in= m s=r= oria n==rr mr = =r invr rrar
i=i=i=ra
(. oria qm nc n sr= =mr =c=ar o= = sr=rri=a r ar ( oria =
= r mr +rrnr rr orar ( or ina s oria mr r ar s=mr
=r=riom i==ria = r r ar ( io inar mr oria i= r ar s=mr i==ria
==ro = rr r ar (
,. r =ar n =r mr ==n oria m =c=r = or +rr ina m vr=, r = n
=rr r ar , s=mr i==ria s= oria m =c=r = =n= s r ar ( s= oria
m =+rr ina s=mr src= m=a (
s. = r mr +rrnr oriaa =a=rm=r = r mr +rrnr = sr=rri=a r ar
( ic ina mr o= = r oria = sr r ar s n mr sr= ic i=
oria = sr r ar i= n mr =c= m=rar (
=. ==rri-n oriaa =a=rm=r ==rrr a=rr si=na vrr= r ar ( or ina
io= oria = o= = ar n o= +r= s=r oria mr ==rrr =c= nr =ar
(
,. nr =a=rm=r r =r =r =a=rm=r q= =a=rm=r nr= ==ror = ini+r =a=
==r mr =c=ar mr sr=rr= o= r n vrr u= rm= ina mr r =ar, r
a=rr s=i-=rr r ar ( =m i=rr==n= +rr ina mr im=r n mr =c=ar
orn +r= mr r r ar, ni=m +rinr = ina s i=~=, rr a=rr r =ar
m sr=rr= = sr invr rrarsr = n i m=m im=r +rr s i==ria nr= n mr
124

=c= n =mar ( =r mr=r = = =r=r =a=rm=r ma ( n =c=ar
mr i=rr =r = = = = ina mr sri=r m i==ria m sr=rr= = r ar (
=roriam vrina sr = =r =m iam r = ra invr rrar +rr ina mr n i==ria
mr s m= = rcr m=ar ( = mr= m ==ror = nc ==ror mr
srrm a =r=riom iavrr=ar si=rm rr orar (
s. cr= =rr = sr=rri=a =a=rm=r cr= =rr = = r mr =n= si=rm
s==rar rr orar ( r nrs= m vr-cr = , "cr= n ina io= mr
sr = ===r crr c == mr ==i=r =ra ( = mr= cr= qm mr= =
inaa ==i=r io= =r=rcr n n r or =mar ( cr= = =ri=m mr
si=rmr= =rr orar ( cr= mr i==ria =+rr inar = i=a= r ar a=rr
=mr = =r sr=rr= sri=r m =r (
s==a m s=r= cr= ora ora sm=r sr = smr +r i=mr vr sr m ==r
=rr orar ( s==a cr= =rr mr sr i- ==rria m= m i= am icr im m e = rr
= iam s-m rcar mr si=rm r=ar r orar a=rr m e = m=( =r m sr=rr= = s =nr=r
sr = cr= mr +r i=mr = +rr= = r riq, io== cr r mr m=rr r ar ( sro m orarim =
cr= =rr ==ra r r
=. ==crsr = sr=rri=a = =a=rm=r ==cr (orr= ) +rr =r=riom =a=rm=r mr
qm =n= ( == m =r = rr=r i=a =r a=rr =rr
mr r=r =r =rr( icr ==ro ar = =r ==rr nr = n cr sr =rr
m =r n, =r ia n a=rr mrrm n ( =rr z r n a iavrr=ar mr er z m= ina
mr =r=riom i==ria s=m n vr = r sr=rri=a r ar =rr( sa ==rcr =a=rm=r
mr n = io== ini+r nr mr =r=riom i==ria qm o=r r r ar sr =
= =a +r i=, o= a=rr = vrina m =r=r o z r =ar ( nr cr = = m
s=r= = crq mr ar invr rrar =r
(. ==crsr = =rc ~= in+rro =rr(
,. - m ==cr mr qm =rc qn i=+rrirra i==ria =rr(
s. ==cr =roriam == =rr ( invr rrarsr m sr=rr= = ==crsr =
ini+r
=a= r n r ora (


125

=a=rm=r qn ivrrr
ivrrr a=rr =r=riom =a=rm=r = =r ==n=r ( ivrrr or qm sr= =r=riom
=a=rm=r mr +rrina m=ar , nr =r=riom =a=rm=r +rr ivrrr mr +rrina m=ar ( +rr=ar
==ro = ina mr i==ria oria, =r= , ==cr, n vr a=rr sri=r m i==ria = r ar ( =+rr ivrrr mr
sar ser n==rr r ( a=rrmi=ra i= oria m nr=m rr mr=rr = si=rm ivrrr ra r
m= ra ( onim s oriar m nr=mr mr ivrrr ra m= mr s rrm a ser = in=rrq ra
r ar (
r i==ria ==cr =r= m =r=r ( == cr =r= +rr ina mr i==ria i=rr i=a m=ar
=m =r=r r +rr=a = =+r - m ==cr sr ivrrr = ==rrq ==rria m= ==rr io=
s= ==cr invr rr m nr=mr mr n vr n=rar m sr=rr= = icr orar ( +rr=a = = i===, =r
sric == crr m s s inor= or == cr s == cr m nr=mr mr r=ri=mar m
sr=rr= = n vr c a a=rr s ==cr m inar mr s=rm m = = i ina c m= ivrrr
= s ==cr mr er zr=a (
r r sr=rr= = +rr =a=rm=r mr i=rr =r r ar a=rr r ivrrr mr +rrina m=ar
( r=rr r r = srrm a ivrrr mr m= = in=rrq ra r ar onim =r = ivrrr si=rm (
i=rr==n= =r m nr=m ser ivrrr ra m= ser i==ria nr = a (
ina mr sri=r m i==ria =a=rm=r a=rr ivrrr cr r mr +rrina m=ar ( =rra
ina s nr=mr ser= ser ivrrr cr m= mr n==rr m=a ( =rr ina s nr mr
i=vr =riz= a=rr i-=m =m =r = s ivrrr c m= ivrrr cr m=ra onim i= sri=r m
i==ria m ina s nr=mr mr ==mr=r inor= +r om= r =ar rr m= = a ( == +rr nr=m mr
i==ria i=rr i=a r ar (
+rr=a ==mr= ivrrr r=r =r=riom =a=rm=r mr m== m= m= m r= m= =r
( scr=r m i=q r=rr r r = nr c inor= sn r=rr =a= = ser ivrrr c m i=q
==rria im or = ( =rrc r ia+rr =rr o ror ia+rrvrr=r nr=mr , r n im=r +rr oria, =r=
n m r , mr ser ivrrr cr m= m i=q =r or =r ( =rrc r ivrrr ria (esc r
=+rr m=or = nr mr ivrrr m ==r sn== cr m= mr n==rr m= sm =r=riom =a= mr
nc= mr rcr mr (
=r=riom =a=rm=r qm =rn +rr i=m a= sr= iur , io=mr mr mr =
=+rr ==ror = =+rr r = rr orar =r ( ic im=r ==ro = s==rar mr = ==rra ia
r rr orar, ar s= ==ro mr si=a-n mr= =r mic ( - m ==ro = cr m ==n =
sa= r a=rr inar mr r =ar, n i sr = m vr=ar = +rc r m mr=r r m e ina ia
126

m= = a , onim m e ina iez ora ( = mr= ==ro = =a=rm=r =n r cr r orar (
=r=riom =a=rm=r m mrr mr s= = i=i=i=ra vrrrr mr m sa a m= =ma
(. ina m i= =r=riom =a=rm=r mr ina m i=q =r=riom =a=rm=r m
i=i=i=ra mr r a
(. srnvmar mr ia = =rm ina mr sa srnvmar r ar , io
mr ia m i=q s= s =rr mr =rar ra m=r z ar ( =a=rm=r m
r=r r - m ==ro = mrr mr in+rro r ar ( - m ina s iiva
mr mr m vr=ar n m == m=m =r r mr srnvmar mr ia = =r c ar
(
,. =r = n i =a=rm=r = r =ar m sr=rr= = inar m c ic ora
, io== = rrrr mr i==ria s- r r ar a=rr =+rr ina r==i=m =r
m r=r ==ro mr ni==ra = = = ri=a m= = sr =r cr m=a
(
s. si=rm mr m= nr= mr r -=r =a=rm=r = ina mr si=rm mr
m= mr r -=r i==ar ( - m ==ro = ==n r cr m i= ==mr= mr
n==rr r ar ( - m ina = =r n mr er r ar , =ri= n
sr mr =r m=m s c ra m=m ==mr= ra m= mr r= m=ar
( sa or ina i=~= = sr i==ria = =rr= mr mr ivrvr m=ar s=
r -=r icr orar (
=. s=r=cri-n mr +rrnr mr inmr= =a=rm=r mr iur =r= on qm ina
mr qm iiva c cr m= icr orar , ar n s c mr nr ==r m
i= s m=r r n cri-nr (or ) mr r= =r ircr = m=ar ( ==
ina = s=r=cri-n mr +rrnr inmi=a r ar (
. i==ria a=rr +r i=mr mr i=rr =r =a=rm=r m r=r ina mr ==ro = qm
==rr i=rr i=a m= icr orar a=rr ina mr = i==ria m s = r s=mr
c r mr cr im ora ( == ==ro mr n==rr nr =ar (
c. =r n i=rr mr i= sr == mr mr im =a=rm=r = ina mr
=r n i=rr +rr iiva r ar ( qm ina io= im=r oria, n a=rr == mr
=c= r ar , s=m inr=, iur a=rr =r n i=rr +rr s=r mr= mr r ar (
127

. vrina =a = nr ==rr =a=rm=r = m e inar m r= ==nr c
r a ar sm r= vrina +rr r ar ( c==r sr= vrinar =r r mr = =r
si=rm r ar ( r =r ==ro = vrina == =rr mr vrina mr c=r
m= = =r ma ( =m =r=r r vrinavrr=r ina =r=r =rr mr iia
m=a a=rr s ic ivra +rr m=a ( = mr= cr r r n ==ro =
qmc== mr iia m=m vrina =a= nr ==ra (
,. == m i= =r=riom =a=rm=r m mr .=r+r == m i= =r=riom
=a=rm=r m mr i=i=i=ra
(. ~=in+rro =a=rm=r mr iur=r= ==ro = mrr mr in+rro ini+r
=r r = m= icr orar ( ~=in+rro a=rr invr rrrm=r m mr=r =rr mr mr
m vr=ar a=rr r=ar na ar , ini+r mr m= nr= inar = r==i=m
=r a=rr i+r =ar mr =rr = +rr n i r ar , io== =r=riom =c = c a
r ar sr= =r=riom qmar mr r -=r i==ar (
,. =r=riom qmrm=r =r=riom =a=rm=r r=r ==ro = mrr mr in+rro
m= icr orar , io== - m ina a=rr == s s mrr mr r
m=m =r=riom qmar a=rr = c = qmar nr ==r = =r c ar (
== =r=riom = rrrr mr i==ria s- r r rar (
s. =r=riom ia =r=riom =a=rm=r = s a=rr i= cr mr r=r r ar
( - m ==ro = ina s cr mr ria m i= ia==rr m=ar , io==
=r=riom i=r r mr mr r ar , srinrmr= r a a=rr ==ro ia
m=ar (
=. =r=riom =rczr mr r= =r=riom =a=rm=r = - m in-r s c
mr nr ==r m i=q iurvrr= a=rr or=m nr =ar n s c =
==ni=ra =r=riom =rczr mr r= +rr m=ar , nr im q =r m= =
s=mr sr iarcr i= or mr +r nr =ar (
. srnvm = rrrr a=rr ia==rr = ==rr =a=rm=r = ==r m mrr ,
si=rmr=r a=rr n=r sric mr in+rro r m ==n= - m ==
srsr iiva mr m=ar ( == srnvm = rrrr a=rr ia==rr =
nrn r ar (
128

c. =r=riom i=na mr r -=r =rr=rr crm r im =a=rm=r i=na
mr in=r =rr ( nr=ainmar ar im =a=rm=r =r=riom i=na mr +rr
r -=ria m=ar ( - m ina sr r =ar = n i m=m ==ro = s c
r ia ra m= mr - m=ar a=rr s=m r=r i=na im ==rr mr
ina m r=r r m= i=r orar ( =m siai=na cr m s =
ina s nr=, sr=r, ==n=rr , inr=r , =rn i=rr sric = srnvm
i=na =rar (
=r=riom =a=rm=r m cr rr s=rnr smr
=r=riom =a=rm=r m =r+rr m =r=r=r=r m e crrr.smr +rr iomr = ira
inn=r r icr r
(. ina-n m inmr= = nr=rm =a=rm=r = i= n m =r r = r +rrnr
= sm ina-n mr r inmr= r r rar == ==ro = n inam
inrrc mr r -=r i==ar (
,. ==rar mr in=r=r =a=rm=r mr i=ra s==rar = sr=rri=a r m mr=r
==rar m i=ra mr in=r =rr (
s. iiruar mr inmr= =r=riom =a=rm=r = r ina c ra m= m
s=ra iiru r ora ( = mr= mr iiruar s =r r = si=rm rr
orar , or s c = i na r a (
=. i=rvrr mr r -=r =r=riom =a=rm=r mr iur = m e =rr mr s-i=rm
==nr c n mr =r ora , ar m e mr m=( io m= ==n r c sr=
mr cr im ora , s= =n r i=rvrr sr= s=ar rr mr +rrnr s-
r ar (
. n ar sr = rra =a=rm=r mr iur = ini+r nr mr i=r r r ar ,
io== - m n = ar =ar sr= =r s s n m ia
rra a=rr c == nr m ia +rc+rrn m=a qn smr s rr +rr m= =a
(
c. +r sr= s= =rr mr o= im =a=rm=r = ia==rr rr orar , sa ina
mr =c n s==rr s +rn r ar ( m nr= s c = or m nrnoc +rr
ina mr s c mr nr ==r = micr s +rn r ar a=rr m+rrm+rr
ar n i=n = orar (
129

. = rrrr mr r -=r =a=rm=r m mr=r n ini+r =r=riom nr = m e mr
si=rm sr= m e mr n a m= si=rmr= ra r a ( s n , i= n = +rr=
=n= r ar a=rr n s=mr vrr rrr +rr m=ar ( == crr nr = = rrrr
s- r ar a=rr == =r=riom qmar mr =ra=r s- r orar ( =m
siai=na ini+r nr m == =r=riom c =r na ar orar , io== s= in=r=rr
+rrnr ar ( s n m =r =r ==i=r mccr m= = = =a ,
onim i= n m =rr mr c+r= +rr o +rr m+rrm+rr ra r r ar (
=r=riom =a=rm=r mr ==n
=r=riom =a=rm=r mr n==rr - m ==ro = im=r im=r = = rr orar ,
io== =mr sr iar mr ar =ar ( ic =a=rm=r mr n==rr ==ro m i= srr r
r ar ar =rn +rr i=m = = =+rr ==ror = rr orar( =mr ==n i=i=i=ra vrrrr mr m
sa a =rc imr or =mar
(. n inam ==n =r=riom =a=rm=r mr n==rr n inam c irc = n a r
==nr r ar , nr im mrr sr= cr mr i=rr=r m=m n==rr inar
m ina-n m inmr= = =rar cr m=ar ( s= mr m= mr =rr ar
i==ar r , n ninam =rrrr = +rr n orar ( =a=rm=r m ==n=
s=m si=rmr=r sr= m=rr mr =rc i=+rrrrr r orar ( inar mr
srnvmarsr mr ia = +rr =rm (
,. =r=riom ==n ==ro mr c irc = +rr =r=riom =a=rm=r mr n==rr mr
s-i=rm ==n r ==rr r ar ( n==rr ini+r =a=r mr qmc == =
sri~a nr c ar sr= == ==ro = = c nr =ar ( ina = n==rr
m r=r i=rr i=a cr m s=r= mr m=m =r=riom = c nr ==ra ,
nr im n iiva sz vr m s =r= mr m= mr =rr c ar ( sa
n==rr =r=riom ia = +rr =rm ( == i=na mr +rr r -=r i==ar
( qm mr= = ~=in+rro mr +rr n==rr ( - m n sr mr
m=ar sr ==ro mr nr ==r = sr r cr c ar sr= == =rrrr =
+rr =rr r orar (
s. =r n rim ==n =a=rm=r =r nrim c irc = +rr s-i=rm ==n r ( qm
ar == - m mr= m ina, == r =a= mr =r=riom = arrr ra r ar
, c == =a=rm=r m r=r r ==ro = inar m mr a=rr =r n i=rr mr
130

i=rr =r r ar ( n==rr ina mr sr mr m= m i= =rr +rr c ar
(
=r=riom iavrr=ar , nn= zn= onc
- m ==ro = inar m ini+r == qn s== r ora iomr
=r=riom =a= qm ==r r r ar s=rr a =a=r = = r rr orar ( ina =+rr ==r
mr =c= r r =mar sr= =i= m nr= n qm == mr =c=ar -rm= c == == mr
=c=ar r m= mr r= m=ar ( r= inaa =a= = +rr r =mar sr = =r= im
=a= = +rr( inaa =a= = qm ina s=rnr me ina qm == mr =c=ar er z m= c ==
== mr =c=ar r m= mr r= m=a a=rr r= =r=r iarcr na r m i= imr
orar ( = =m iam=r = =r= im iavrr=ar mr qm scr=r ( iavrr=ar = si+r r ini+r
mr= m == r m nr =r r m sr or mr sn=a iur = (
=r=riom iavrr=ar mr s=r qn i=+rrrrr
zn= onc vrri-c c irc = s or mr vr-c = ic +rrrrr mr =rra =r in= = nr
io=mr s=r = ri=a rr on mr n=a r ina s ==rr = sr re , r == ia=r
r ar ar s=m i= iavrr=ar vr-c mr r r ar ( s=rr a im=r mr mr n r=ar
io=m r=r n ia=r r ar (
i=+rrrrr ini+r inrr = i=i=i=ra a=rm = i=+rrirra imr
(. =r =r im m vr-cr = "=r=riom iavrr=ar mr si+r r im=r ina, =r=riom
inrr s=rnr =r=riom = = s=rnr im=r +rr s= n=a mr, or im = r m
-r m r=r ii= =r r = vrr i=ra , qm =r=riom i==ria = c==r = = u=r
(
= i=+rrrrr m s =r= im=r ina r im=r =r=riom inrr s=rnr
= = mr qm =r=riom i==ria = c==r i==ria = =r orr r iavrr=ar ( c ==
vr-cr = , = m =ma im =r=riom iavrr=ar = =r=riom orn = r or
nr= s= ==rrra=r mr iur mr nr =r r ar io=m sa a ==ro m =c= qm
c = c == c s=rnr qm ==rr = c == ==rr = im=r s c = ==rrrai=a
r a (
,. nr rz = m s =r= "=r=riom c = mr +rr i=na =r=riom iavrr=ar (
131

s. rc qn c m s =r= "=r=riom iavrr=ar mr ar- s r i=
=r=riom i=i==riar = = m=r (
=. r= m s=r= "=r=riom iavrr=ar ina, == r ~ rr m qm =r=riom
c r =a= = c == = ia m= mr ma (
. = r=z m s =r= "=r=riom iavrr=ar = si+r r r inar mr qm
== = c== == mr sr= ia = (
c. =rc a=rr m == =rc m=a q i==rr im "=r=riom iavrr=ar = =r=r
ar- =rr mr qm =r=riom i==ria = c == =r=riom i==ria = ia=r r
orr (
=r=riom iavrr=ar mr s= im=r +rr ==ro m inn =
srnvm s n r nr im ==ro mr = =a=r mr n==rr mr a+rr crm a=rm
= ==r or =mar on = or im nr =c=r mr qmc == =a= = or
m i=q ima sn== ra ( s= s r=r = c nc= r =mar ar s=
nc n==rr ma ( s= sr =r=riom i==ria mr nc=m= c==r =r=riom
i==ria ra m= =mar ar s= = na n==rr ma ( srom= m sr or im ==ro
= = na n==rr rr orar (
. c i= m vr-cr = "q =r iaini=r mr s=s=m mr=rr , = r ar , ia=rr
sr = i=rr=r mr=r=riom iavrr=ar mr s= m=rar (
s. zi=mr m s =r= "=r=riom iavrr=ar ina mr qm n = c == n =
==rrra=rini+r =rr = =+rr ==ror = rr orar (
i=+rrrrrsr = =rc im
(. =r=riom iavrr=ar mr ==n=r ina r == m c r i==ria = (
,. =r=riom iavrr=ar = ina r == mr =r=riom i==ria = i=na
srar (
s. i=na qm == r ==ro mr ==r m saa r r ar (
=. =r=riom iavrr=ar mr mr iiva icvrr r , == n r mr
sr = ==ra= +rr r =mar (
132

qm ina rn oram= =r n orar , qm er sr s=
=r m=m mr si=rmr=r n orar , qm =oc= ==ria n orar ar =+rr
i==riar iavrr=ar mr mc m=ar ( oria n==rr nr= ==ror mr a=r =
orar n==rr = =r=riom iavrr=ar m sn== si=rm r a (
=r=riom iavrr=ar mr invr rrar
== cr r i=+rrrrrsr m sr=rr= = =r=riom iavrr=ar mr iur =
i=i=i=ra invr rrarq rr orar
(. =rn +rr i=m iur =r=riom iavrr=ar qm =rn +rr i=m iur or - m
==ro = rr orar ( im=r ==ro = iur m= a=rr im=r ==ro =
si=rm rr orar (
,. s m mrr =r=riom iavrr=ar mr mr ina, i=nr=, == , mr qm
=a= r r ==ro +rr r =mar ( mr mr circ = r iavrr=ar mr
inv= rrr ==+rn (
s. =r = micr =r=riom iavrr=ar mr =r +rr mic nr im ==
a =r-=rm ini=r mr r r r =mar sr = cr i==riar mr a=r m=r
mic (
=. =roria = ==ni=ra =r=riom iavrr=ar =roria = +rr ==ni=ra ( qm
oarim ==ro = srvrr mr orar im =r=riom iavrr=ar m sn==
inr +r c+rrn m =+rr mr ra r =m ( c==r sr=, qm =roa nr= =r=ar
==ro = =n+rrna r m e q inar sr= nr mr r iavrr=ar m
sn== ra r =m (
. ini+r a=rm =r=riom iavrr=ar m a=rm +rr i+ri+r r =ma (
= =a=r m =rr u= = ==rrra=r m i= sr=r r r i=nnar a=rr
n =rrm=r =m m or =ma (
c. oic= rrcr =r=riom iavrr=ar qm oic= rrcr +rr nr im == icvrr,
== sr= =c+r arr m r a=n =r oc r a ( icvrr mr c irc = iavrr=ar
== mr sr =, r mr sr= r ==rra= r =mar ( == mr c irc = , =a=
mr i+rar qm ra r = c ==r ra r = r =mar , o= iar qm m=m r
sr = s== m c = i na r or r qm r ina m orn mr= =
= c =rr or =mar im s= im= c = sr orinmr r==+r mr sr= sro
133

im= c = r ( r i= +rr c =rr or =mar im inar mr qm
i==ria = c==r = or = imar == =ar ( =c+r mr c irc = c =rr
r r im iavrr=ar im= = ==rr r r = rrica , o = n=r = r
vrina m r = r +rr iam =r=rr m r r = = +rr ia, =r=riom iavrr=ar
qm === iur r a=rr == qm = si=rm srr= o z (
. n=a irc qn inairc m ia =r=riom iavrr=ar m cr = n=a irc a=rr
inairc( n=a irc c irc = c =rr or =mar im qm ina mr = c
= nr n a =rr sr = sn c = s= imar na i==ar ( ic si=rm
n a nr= c = n r ar mr or =mar im == mr sr= =r=riom
iavrr=ar mr ( =a inairc c irc = c =rr orr o==r im nr n
= c = =a rc nr n =n +rr ==ar im =a= = = r
r == scr +rr r =mar im = mr a =r = sn =r ar
na r im ina ==ar r im s=mr nr=ainm i==ria = mr i=na
r sr (
s. =r=riom = =r mr ia= =r=riom iavrr=ar inar r ==r m iio
r= = r sr=rri=a r s=rr a =r=riom ==r mr +rr = nr im
=r=riom = =r r q= sn== = cr m= =mar or iavrr=ar r =m (
qm iez q ==ro = n=r m sn== +rr srrm a m= r a qm sa
sr = sr or im ==ro = sn== si=rm ra nr im == ia n=r
r r m=r m r cr r a ora (
e. m i= iavrr=ar m+rr m i= iavrr=ar m +rr scr=r i==a ( ini+r
==ror = q = a=rm imr= i= ora im sm =c=r mr mr= m= mr
=rr sr= iam n= = r nr = a=rr s= s=ar rr mr +rrnr ,
onim sm =r=riom c r ri=ar irrmr = nr=ainm n i mr or ,
o = =rr =a= m m= ri=r m mr= m ==n mr nr=nr= ==rr m=m a=rr
smr rc =r=rr m= sm s== smr r ==r na r ==ra , onim smr
c a m e r ( r m+rrm+rr cr m r= r nc= m= si=rm = +rrnr m= icr
orar , o = sr n=i== m c mr sn o i= ori= mr orar onim
== smr i==ria = mr m r z ar(


134

=r=riom iavrr=ar m mr=
=r =r im =r=riom iavrr=ar m cr = =r mr=r mr s== =r imr
(. r iao r === i=rm =r=riom iavrr=ar
,. sc r = i=rm =r=riom iavrr=ar
(. r iao r === i=rm =r=riom iavrr=ar = mr= mr =r=riom iavrr=ar =
qm ina s=r =a= m qm == = c== == = =r orar ( =
i=+rrirra m=a q r =z qn mr n i==ra "inr =r=riom n a=rr c =
i=na im , i==ria qn +r i=mrsr = invr rr = = rn=rim r =
i=na mr r iao iavrr=ar ma (
i= m s =r= "r iao =r=riom iavrr=ar mr s=r qm r =r=riom =a=
m , qm r mr= m =r=riom == r i==ria = c== = sr r re =
m=r (
=r =r im m s =r= "r iao =r=riom iavrr=ar mr s=r qm ina r
=r=riom n=a mr qm r =a= = i==ra qm == = c == == = ==rrra=r
(
n c r z m s =r= "=r=riom ==r m inr nc= qm =r=riom c = c==
= =r orr r r iao =r=riom iavrr=ar m=rar (
== cr r i=+rrrrrsr = =rc r ar im r iao =r=riom iavrr=ar = qm
ina ==r =r=riom =a= m ==r r cr = =r orar ( o = qm ina m r=r qm r n
er z m= c == r nr = =r orr, ~i=m r=r qm nc r = mr= er z m= c==r nc r = mr= m=r
sr = qm ori= mr qm i== = c == i== = s=r n a sr= c = mr= m=r r iao =r=riom
iavrr=ar (
=r =r im m r=r r iao =r=riom iavrr=ar m m e scr=r ic or = mr=
( oria, = im qn sr ==, r i ==, i=nr=, ra cr=r, =r=, n=r =roriam c= sric(
r iao r === i=rm iavrr=ar m mr= =r=r im r iao r === i=rm iavrr=ar
m i= mr=r mr s== =r imr
(. orar, = im a=rr sr == r = r iao iavrr=ar oria, i= qn sr
o inmr a= ( m sr=rr= = =r=riom iavrr=ar mr inr= mic ara
135

r ar , nr im invr rrar vrr=ri=m qn nvrr a , =i= = i=na
==+rn r ( ima oria, i= sr= sr == on =r=riom == r m =
= =ica r ora ar m =c+r = =r=riom iavrr=ar = inr= imr or
=mar , o= mr q =r = c io== m n= r =r oria m =r r mr r
=c=ar ra r ar sr= in=rrr r rn=rrr m r=r r r oria m =r r
mr +rr s= =c mr =c= nr icr orar ar orar iavrr=ar
m=rr( =r mr= = im=r = c = m n= =rrr mr =c=ar ra r a=rr
i=r m i= +rr r= =rr = ic or ar =r i =r=riom iavrr=ar =
srr( ic im=r c vr = ,( nrr =acrar m i= a= sr sr= ic
s= rrcrm= (s nrr m= cr orar ar sr == = =r=riom iavrr=ar
mr scr=r r r(
,. r r == r = iavrr=ar ini+r == crr m =r r mr qm r mr
er z m= c==r o orm= n= orr =mr scr=r ( na =r ==ro =
iavrr=ar si=rm rr orar ( nr im srom= in-rr mr qm r r
==cr = srrorr i=a= =r =ar (
s. sari=nri=m a=rr sara cr=r iavrr=ar innr ==n=r inec, c nr=r
innr r m s=rnr r c = = ina mr ri=nri=m n ra cr=r mr i==ria =
nc=rn sr orar ( r ri=nri=m a=rr racr=r iavrr=ar (
=. rn=rim iavrr=ar srorcr = = oria n==rr m sa a = oria
m iiva n=r r a =r sr = ina er r = +rr sr oria m
n=r mr m= m i=q =on = =rr( sro ina sr er=r= mr +rr
n=r m= =mar ( on ina qm n=r mr er z m= c == mr srar
ar qm rn=rim iavrr=ar m=rar (
. sa=r rc r iavrr=ar on ina s c vr mr ri=mar mr er z m= c==
c vr mr ri=mar r m=ar ar iavrr=ar sa=r rc r iavrr=ar
m=rar ( qm +rr=ar m r=r s= i=mr ri=mar r m=r =mr scr=r
(
c. =rri= m iavrr=ar on ina sr =r= i=na m=ar r n sr
er = r =r=, on=c=ar r z= = r =rri= m iavrr=ar m=rar (
136

. c=r iavrr=ar on mr ina im=r c= mr =c=ar mr er z m= im=r
c== c= mr =c=ar r m= = ar ar iavrr=ar c=r iavrr=ar
m=rar (
s. =r=r iavrr=ar on mr ina sr =r= er z m= c == =r= = orm=
n= orar ar s= =r=r iavrr=ar ma (
,. sc r = i=rm (==nna ) =r=riom iavrr=ar on im=r ina r == r=r
qm =r=riom =a= = c== =r=riom =a= = =r orr sc r = i=rm
=r=riom iavrr=ar m=rar = i=+rrirra m=a q r =z mr n i==ra
"ic im=r i==ria qn +r i=mr = q=r i=na io== =r=riom n n c =
+rr i=na =i==i=a r ar s= sc r = i=rm =r=riom iavrr=ar ma
io=m sn = == qn r mr sr= iavrr=ar =i==i=a (
i= m s =r= "sc iavrr=ar m =r r mr qm =r=riom i==ria = c ==r qn
qm =r=riom n = c == = = m = = i=+rrirra imr or =mar (
=r =r im m s =r= "== q =r si+r r im=r ina s=rnr =r=riom n=a m qm
=r=riom =a= = c == =r=riom =a= = r nr= i=na mr sc =r=riom
iavrr=ar ma (
= mr= mr iavrr=ar = ina =r=riom =a= = c== =r=riom =a= = orar (
ina s mr , r =ar a=rr r=ar = sr == nc= = ar ( =rn mr =z mr a i==r m=
vrr=m n orar ar s=mr i=i==ria = nc=rn sr orar ar +rr s=mr sc iavrr=ar (
=r =r im = iavrr=ar mr cr s+rrr = nr cr
(. s=n r=r.sr=r r iavrr=ar = iavrr=ar mr =r=riom s-=rr +rr ma ( =
iavrr=ar m sa a ina sr r =ar sr= r=ar m n= = ==ro =
sr i==ria mr = r scr = ar ar sr=rr iavrr=ar m=rar , o =
=rn =oc= mr =z mr a i==rm= im=r mr=o = r=rm = orar ar
== =r=riom i==ria nc= orar =a =r=riom ==r = mr i=na r
srar (
sr=rr iavrr=ar = on mr i= oria r ooria sr =roriam,
sri=r m sia m=m ==ro mr s oria m = =mr=, invnr=r a=rr == mr
sr = ar sr = m e == nrc i= oria r ooria s = r
mr crnr m=ar ( iavrr=ar sr=r r iavrr=ar m=rar ( ~r inr=
137

= =m iam=r mr iur r=r oriar mr sr=rr iavrr=ar mr na imr (
sr = =c+r = m =rr m r=r n rrr = i=rar m ==m = srm=
ri n mr nr imr ( =m s=rnr mr==r or = =r m == = ar
= sra =r n sro n rrr m nrc mr ~ rr = sra (
,. s=rr r=r r sn=rr iavrr=ar = iavrr=ar mr =r=riom a +rr mr orar
( on s =r=riom i==ria nr= ina r == i= i==ria = sr ora ar
s=rrr=r iavrr=ar mr = m , o = n rr mr =r=riom i==ria =n ~ rc
, =a on i=oria m vrr=mr , =roriamr a=rr s = i= oria m
si=rmri=r m r m=m, =r=r n s i= cr = mr m=a ar
n rr oria mr sn=r r iavrr=ar mr scr=r (
s. orar iavrr=ar orar =r=riom iavrr=ar m cr c ircmr r ( ( iarcr r
c ,. i==ria
orar iavrr=ar r iao n sc =a=r = rr orar ( r iao =a=r = or
iavrr=ar , n ==r =a=r oriar sr= soriar m = cr
saor ar innrr a=rr ==n=rr mr na rnr icr(
sc iavrr=ar = sri=r m, =r=riom sr= =ro iam +rrnr sr= cnrnr
m=or = n mr oriar = sa= imr( m=or= n m =r sr= in=rrm +rr
s oriar = sr inivrrc ==rr nr = ( n ==ro a=rr sr ==ro
=+rr oriar mr orrc m= mr si=rmr= c icr(
iavrr=ar m iiva m= nr= sr=rr= (mr=m) im=r +rr ==ro mr iavrr=ar mr
c= s=mr =r=riom cvrrsr = i+r= m=ar ( nc z =r=riom iavrr=ar mr c= mr +rrina
m= nr= r= mr=mr .sr=rr=r sn== ==r, or im mr iur , =nri=a r mr +rrn qn
==nmr rr mr =a=mr s== =r imr (
(. sn== = =r roo mr =a im im=r +rr ==ro = =r=riom iavrr=ar mr
=rr qn c= ==ro = ino=r sn== ==r = i+r = m=ar ( ===, m rrm
qn ===ra ==ror = =r=riom iavrr=ar m m e m= sn== r a ( c ==r
sr = oic= ==ror = rr=, ivrrr, = r qn s rr = r m=vrrr mr rm
n==rr r m mr=r =r=riom iavrr=ar m sn== si=rm r a (
,. or immr iur =r=riom iavrr=ar mr mc == sr=rr=.mr=m o= =r-=m (
= = qm mr=m sr nr=( o= =r-=m mr=m r=r =r=riom iavrr=ar
138

mr +rrina m= nr=r c ==r a=rmr o= =r mr srai=m iavrr=ar (
=r=riom iavrr=ar mr +rrina m= nr=r ar==r o= =r-=m sr=rr= ,
o=c= = i+rar(
s. =nri=a r mr +rrn =nri=a r m mr=r nz r =rr = s-rc r
=ar ( =nri=a r =r=riom iavrr=ar mr cr mr= = +rrina imr
( qm a= = ~i=m n = n mr=r cr mr sr = n ornr m i=
c== n=rr mr sr= = ( c==r sr= = vn a n= =rr=r n=rr
mr o= c m= sc =r=riom iavrr=ar m r=r =rr = ic ( =r =r
=nri=a r mr r qn inmr= r r, s=m =r=r=r=r = mr= mr
iavrr=ar = +rr n i r r(
=. ==nrmr rr mr =a= =r = n nr= ==ror = iavrr=ar = nra = +rr i+r =
m=ar im nr =rr = ==nmr rr imar = r sr= s =r m= m
i= n imar - m=a ( s er r = ina s ra m= m
i=q mcr= - +rr m=a ( r mr=r im s==rmr = === n =
=r=riom iavrr=ar si=rm rr orar nr im smr er s , sa sm
i= n -vrr= +rr =a (
n = a=rr = =oim =r=riom iavrr=ar mr +rrina m= nr= r mr=r.mr=m
r a=n nar
(. rn=rim qn sri=r m ==r = i=na
,. =arr -i=r mr c= = sa= srr
s. nr=r =rr mr m c rm=r
=. ivrrr = n i r = sc iavrr=ar na ar (
. =r r mr ==nmrrr = n i r = =r=riom iavrr=ar na ar
=r =r im =r=riom iavrr=ar m ar +rrnr m nr= = narr
(. == ==ro mr orar ==r = nc=rn srar (
,. == =rn nr= qn =r inr = i=na srar (
s. == =r=riom iursr o = =r, ia=r , iar iar qn qmrm=r
a=rr =r=riom = c +rrina r ar (
c =rr = sr-=-r m s= m cr =r =r=riom iavrr=ar mr s== =r m=a q
i==rr im s=n r=r qn s=rrr=r iavrr=ar ==ro = i= inrar mr o= c ar io=m
139

i=rr==n= sr-=-rsr mr c= na orar ( m e inr ma im =r=riom iavrr=ar ini+r
mr= mr nr=ri=r mr mr=r +rr (
=r=riom = cr = +rr =r=riom iavrr=ar mr +rrn z ar ( iavrr=ar
n in-mar a=rr iar iar mr +rrnr mr inmi=a m=ar iavrr=ar mr c= na = r=ri=m == r
mr c a ar ==ra r =ar or im iavrr=ar ==ro = =r=riom i r mr n==rr mr +rr
+rrina m=ar ( =r=riom iavrr=ar r=ri=m ==r mr ==r invr rra i=nr= qn i=ar mr
inrrica m=ar onim iam == = =mr +rrn m= z ar ( =r=riom iavrr=ar i==ria
ia=r, =roriam n==rr, sr, s+rr ia=r qn = = n==rr mr +rr +rrina m=ar (
iavrr=ar ina mr == =c=ar = i=na m i= s=r=crr ( on srom= m
iavrr= ==ro qm ina, qm i==ria r n=r = c ==r i==ria r n=r mr srar ar
s= nr=r a=rr = =r mr =r=rr z ar ( q=r ina s = mr srcar = =r a=
= ina r r =mar( c ==r sr = = s= r i==riar = +rr s m= m=r r ar ( q =r ina
=r a= = ar =r == mr sr= r == mr =c= = rar n cr r m nr
mr i==ria = r ar ( = i==ria mr =r=raar qn q = ina mr =r=ra =rn mr orar (
=r=riom iavrr=ar ina mr s i==ria ra m= qn ia=r m i=q i=a
m=ar ( i==riar ina = arn qn i=rvrr +rr cr m=ar ( srnvm r im ia=r
= =c n r = inar mr r r= ic or( on sr = ina s c r ora ar r =
inar = arn qn i=rvrr cr r ar (
ivrrr qn iavrr=ar ivrrr iavrr=ar mr qm = =r sr=rr= , nr im ina mr
s i==ria ra m= = a=rr se c = i ina = =rm ( ivrrr = si+r r r m inmr=
= a=rr srri=m a=rr sr ri=m cr r =r = r =mar ( = sr ri=m ivrrr si=rm
==nr =rr =a sro sr ri=m ivrrr (or =m=r n mr =or = cr mr orar ) si=rm ==n r
r ar or =r ( =r ==crr = =naar ria m vra srri=m ivrrr m sn==r = mrr
n i r ar or =r a=rr ivrira =r r r m=r ra m= qn rr= = sia m= = =mr
=r+r +rr scrr (
ivrrr mr sn=rr=rr mr =rc m=a q =r-=r r=rr i==rr im "ivrrr = = =r
si+r r n m vr=r=, = sr= sr-=r = ino=r =nr =r= =nr rr inmr= = ( sa qm
q =r iur io=mr sz v =rn = r or nr= vrr=ri=m, =ri=m n sr=ri-=m rr mr
=nr =r= inmr= m= =rn mr qm =r=riom rrr nr = =rar cr m=ar (
i= ==rovrr=r c =rr = ivrrr mr sn=rr=rr mr =rc m=a q i==rr im
"ivrrr si=rm sr m =r r r=r q = =r r m ia mr or nr=r iur , or s+rr =r=riom orn
140

= n vr m= r = r ( =mr sz v n m s nr im, +rr iam a=rr iam invr rrarsr mr
inmr= m=r or s=m i=q == r ==ro n rn=r = s m= m= m i=q srnvm (
nr=an = c =rr = mr i=+rrrrr ivrrr m sr ri=m n sr ri=m crr =r mr s = =i==i=a
m=ar (
c =rr = mr i=+rrrrr = =rc r ar im ivrrr mr mr n mr ==ro =
s m = m=r i==rrr ( = s=r = iavrr=ar mr qm =r== r si+rm=r.=r=r r m=
==ro = = = ino=r =r=riom =a=rm=r m ia=rr mr ==rri-n cr m= = +rr =rm
( ini+r ==ror = or sr mz qmia im s= ar =ar im ivrrr mr sr = s
oriar m =r r srmirr a q a=rr sr s ivrrr mr =r+r scrm= s cr mr ra m= =
==ar ra m= =r =rr( = mr= s or vrr= mr= = ivrrr +rr=ar =r=riom =a=rm=r mr
n==rr mr =on a m= a=rr = ==rrr nr = =rar mr (
=a a n s a = = ivrrr =r=riom =a=rm=r = i=na a=rr iavrr=ar
mr +rr qm =r== n orar ( o = o= ivrrr m sn==r mr inmr= sr , i= oriar +rr
ivrrr ra mr a=rr r m=r ra m= s=rnr n=r = sia m= = =mr =r+r scrr( sro
i= oriar m ina s m ==n r cr = i na ( ===ra =r=riom = =a=r mr n==rr
= ==+rn r =rr, =a ivrrr oriar m i= =r=riom iavrr=ar mr sr=rr= =a a
imr a=rr ivrrr m mr=r r = =r=riom iavrr=ar = n i (
sr=r im ==ror = ivrrr mr srr o r = c irc = imr orar im == ==ro
mr sri=r m srmr rrsr mr rorrn = = ia r ar = ( sro ivrrr ar ic ivra r ar or =r
im m n= =r=riom iavrr=ar mr r =r== r , ni=m =r=riomsri=r m inmr= = +rr
==nr ==rr ==rar a=rr sro im=r +rr =rrc mr == i ivrrr m inmr= = sr=rri=a (
ivrrr ==ro = ia+rrsr mr m= qn smr s na ivrrr c m= s
==ro mr c irc = ==n r +r i=mr i+rr = +rr =rm ( inmi=a c vrr = ivrrr m inmr= m
mr=r r s r r = sia ==+rn r rr a=rr =ri= inmr=vrr= c vr +rr sr ivrrr
riar = i=na m=m =m in=ar= qn ==ro m i= = si=rm srr nr mr +r==m
r= m= = (
== m inn=r = =rc r orar im ivrrr =r=riom iavrr=ar mr qm = =r
=r== ivrrr mr in=ar= =+rr c vrr = =r r r = si=rm sr nr im =r r r = r m=r
qn +r i=mr i+rr = +rr =rm ( inmi=a c vrr = ivrrr m inmr= m mr=r r s r r =
sia ==+rn r rr a=rr =ri= inmr=vrr= cvr +rr sr ivrrr riar = i=na m=m
=m in=ar= qn ==ro m i= = si=rm sr r nr mr +r==m r= m= = (
141

== m inn=r = =rc r orar im ivrrr =r=riom iavrr=ar mr qm = =r
=r== ivrrr mr in=ar= =+rr c vrr = =r r r = si=rm sr nr im =r r r = r m=r
qn n=r mr = in=rr +rr si=rm rr orar , =ri= =r ivrrr mr +rr arn ar = inmr=
sr ( sro +rr +rr=a = =r ivrrr mr c= r=rr ivrrr mr c= = mr si=rm o = o =
r=rr r r = +rr ivrrr m sn== na a or = , r=rr ==ro = =r=riom = =a=r mr
n==rr mr nc= qn iavrr=ar mr n i = si=rm srr r ar or =r (
+rr=a = =r=riom iavrr=ar
+rr=a = iavrr=ar mr r==+r s or vrr=mr= = sr( +rr=a = sro r iao a=rr
sc crr mr= mr iavrr=ar mr =rca c =rr or =mar ( si=rma= iavrr=ar sc m ia mr
a=rr == +rr sr=r r =r=riom iavrr=ar si=rm c =rr or =mar ( s or vrr= mr= = i=
mr=rr = iavrr=ar = n i
(. sr=r im ivrrr
,. r m=r m sn== a=rr n=r
s. srnr= a=rr = r= m =r=rr = n i
=. =ca vrr=im ar mr c
. =rm=r a=rr sr orim=r
c. sr=r imrm=r mr iur
. oar = =roriam ar mr n i a=rr
s. ==ro= =rr= srcr =
+rr=a o = nc ==ro = =r=riom iavrr=ar r==+r = ar m= ia = =a
o = o = o ar naar r sr= ivrrr n r mi=r m sn== na a , =r=riom iavrr=ar =
+rr i=a= n i r =r( +rr=a = s or vrr=mr= a=rr =naar ria m nrc =r=riom
iavrr=ar = i= i=na sr
(. = na i=nr=r mr inrrc sr , nr im r m=r vrr m= nr= ina sr
-r sr = nr mr = m=m sr r m=r m= m ==rr = = =a a=rr
sm i=nr= m nrmr =c= r n r s=r ==rr = = ora or m n =
nr= (
,. =c=r = i=nr= mr ir m= sr , nr im a i==r ina = na
i=nr= = m=rr m i= m vr vrr= = r =r ra (
142

s. oria n==rr = i=na q ( qm sr= ar oria n==rr = ==ni=ra
=rrrr m ian=r ==ra r ar c==r sr = saor ar innrr mr
+rr r -=r i==r (
=. innr mr =rarsr = i=na sr ( qmrmr i=nr=r = = nr= a i==r
nm a=rr niar sro =n s orn =r=rr m m i= a-= =a (
. ===ra rn=rim ==r == +rrina , nr im iavrr=ar m mr=r
ra rc=ra r qm r n=r m= rr mic r orar (
c. == =rm=r mr iur mr r-=r i==r ( r m=r m si=rmr vr sn==
=r a=rr sror im r r = r r a ( sa r nr = ina r m=r mr a=rvr
= =r = ora sr= == iavrr=ar mr iur mr r -=r i==ar (
. +rr=ar ==ro mr ===ra ==r +rr == +rrina ( =+rr ===ra
sr=rr= == +rrina q sr = nc n==rr = qm =r=r n==rr n
( m e =r r mr ar r am mr im sro oria n==rrn n==rr =
nc= =r (
s. =r=riom iavrr=ar = +rr=a = rn=rim invr rrrm=r = +rr n i ( sro
ioar invr rrrm=r = ini+r n=rr = ic=rrr car sar +rr=ar ==ro
= = m+rr r =rr(
= mr=, =r=riom iavrr=ar mr n i = +rr=ar ==ro = ==n r i=na q
( =a i= +rr s m inr sro = nra mr =nrmr= m=a im orianrc, r rar, +rrrrrnrc
-ric mr=mr +rr=a = =r=riom iavrr=ar mr ia mr sn= imr sr ( =rr= =rr= =+rr
=r=riom ===rsr = cr r nr=r ivri=r=ar = =r=riom iavrr=ar = m e n i =a
iavrr=ar = n i s+rr =ar rrom r (
=r=riom iavrr=ar m i=rr=
=r=riom iavrr=ar m se sr = n = crr r i=rr= im=a ( =m =r+rmr=r
i=rr=
(. == r= ina sia ==rr ra m= = == r ora (
,. == =rr mr i=~= n - m= mr =rr i==ar (
s. == ==ro m inmr= mr =r =r r ar (
=. == ==ro = ia m sn== na ora (
143

. =r=riom r m i=ra = sr=rri=a (
c. == ===ra=m qn inmr=vrr= ==ror = iez =rr m i=q m=rrmr=r
mr m=m , s sr na qn r =r=riom n==rr = =i==i=a r mr
=rr i==ar (
ima =r=riom iavrr=ar = vrr r =r+rmr=r i=rr= s- r m=ar ni=m
m+rrm+rr ==ro m i= m c ri=rr=r m i= +rr s=r=crr r ar ( =m = =r c ri=rr= =
mr=
(. or =r =r=riom iavrr=ar m mr=r ==ro = =r scr ra , ic
s s =r mr ria r r ar ar n ==ro = in=r =rr ==r sr
= a , ino=r n==rr mr ar z mr - m=a ( ==n= i=a
==ro n==rr m ===r mr qn in=r i=rr = = rrrr cr r orar ( c =mr
qm = =r scr=r (
,. iavrr=ar mr cr z = ar =r srnvm = = =vrr sr = iiaa =
=a , == =ri=m =rr = n i r ar (
s. ==ro = iavrr=ar = c ra m= nr=r qn =r cri=rmri=r m
nr arn qn cncr cr r ar (
=r=riom iavrr=ar sr=r im = - m ==ro mr sinr srnvmar r r
sr = mr +rr ==ro == = na r = =mar(
=r=riom iavrr=ar m i== c a=rr ioc=n m r=r narq q =ro iam i=rr=
(. on =r=riom =a=rm=r = rn=rim sr= s+rr ==n=rr rr mr ==n na
orar ar = nrsr mr = =rr sr = ==i=r a=rr sr mr in a=r m= m i=
=ro iam mc= scr ora ( iavrr=ar m mr=r =ro iam = =r a=rr
===rsr = nc=rn sr orar (
,. =r=riom iavrr=ar m mr=r inar mr =r=riom i==ria = +rr z nz r r
orar ( =m ini+r rr = ina mr i==ria ==r = = ~ rc a=rr i=
r ar ( =ri= im=r r = n sr i==ria = r ==ar sr= im=r =
rr( = si==r= sn==rr = i==riar mr =r=r =a= r orar (
s. =r=riom iavrr=ar =ro iam inr=r sr= c=a=rn = +rr i=na cr m=
c ar ( rn=rim n sri=r m i==ria mr s rr io inar mr =r=riom
i==ria i= r orar n =roriam c irc = nr= =rr c=r mr sr = m ora (
~i=mr m n ivrrr m mr=r or === n = n vr m= ora r scr=nrcr
c=r mr =r=r c a (
144

=. nr n n c mr n i==ria ioar si=rm i==r= r ar a=rr s== ioar si=rm
i=a=ar =ar sar r si=rm = =r = =oc= n m= r=r, s n m
rr =ro iam ia=r mr r= m=a (
. m e inar mr srnvm = = i= i==ria = =r z ar ( n s +rn
m= =a im smr o= i= i==ria = = m i= r sr sr= sr
na mr mr s==rc sm = = r =ar =ri= n i=rvrrnrcr r ora
, s s sr = rrrr sr = sr-= ==ri r orar ( m+rr n =
sr-===ri mr inc r m = = ic=rra , ar m+rr =r, vrina sric iam = =r
mr mr= c a ( =r=riom iavrr=ar mr i=rr= ==rr= srcr= +rr r =mar
(


=r=riom iavrr=ar n =r=riom i=na r = sa=
=r=riom iavrr=ar qn =r=riom i=na = rrirrc ==n=r ( qm sr=, =r=riom
i=na =r=riom iavrr=ar mr r -=r c ar , ar c==r sr = =r=riom iavrr=ar =r=riom
i=na +rr =rar ( =ri= =r=riom iavrr=ar mr =r=riom i=na mr i=rr= a=rr mr=r
cr r =rr orar ( cr r mr sr=r im ==ror mr =rr =rr orar a=rr crr r =rn +rr i=m
iur ( cr r r m s m ia=r r a ( =a cr r sn=rr=rrsr = ==rar a=rr rrirc
==n=r r a q +rr mrr sa= r ora ( cr r = r or nr= = =r sa= = mr=
(. =r=riom i=na qm in=a a sn=rr=rr , onim =r=riom iavrr=ar srrm a
=ri=a sn=rr=rr ( =r=riom i=na m ini+r i=rr= r a io= =
=r=riom iavrr=ar qm (
,. =r=riom i=na =nr+rrinm a=rr snv=+rrnr r ar , onim =r=riom
iavrr=ar mr q =r r r sinr r (
s. =r=riom i=na == r ==ro s=rnr == r invn m =a= = r ar onim
=r=riom iavrr=ar m n= =r= im =a=r = r r ar (
=. =r=riom i=na =r=riom ==n=rr = r nr= i=na r m mr=r s= a r ar
( onim =r=riom iavrr=ar qm = a iur , nr im inar sr= ==r
mr qm =a= = c == =a= = ora q = a = = c =rr or =mar (
. =r=riom i=na qm ac==r sn=rr=rr nr im cr ==rni=rr m sa=r=
= im=r ==ro = s- i+rar =r , onim =r=riom iavrr=ar =r=rar
sr=rr r ar a=rr =i= ser =rr orar ic sn=r r ar ==
145

ina s=rnr == mr sn= = r ar ( =i= =r=riom iavrr=ar mr ac==r
sn=rr=rr r =rr orar (
c. =r=riom i=na mr mr iiva =rcz r r ar , onim =r=riom
iavrr=ar mr =r ==+rn (
+rr=ar ==ro=mr rm =r=riom, sri=r m n =ro iam invr rrarq r in=rrq
+rr=ar ==ro qm q =r ==ro or r mr = =n= = =mr( invn m
s c vr on s=+ orn or = =r r = =m a o=r +rrrrr nr= mr +rrrrr =rr( r n c vr
or m+rr invn = m=rar =rr a=rr inc vrr r ivrrr r m= sra =r( sri=r m c irc = ar
== =rr im =r mr iiz r m=rar =rr, = im o= r inc vrr srurarsr mr r sr= sr
=r=r =r=riom i==ria z=r =r( srurarsr = =rn = cr sr= =mr s=r n==rr mr oo=
nr icr( vr irm c irc = +rr =r=r a sr( s or m +rr=a = sr= m nrc =r=r i==ria =
sr = si=rm i=rnc sr ( sr nr cr sr= vrr= m=r mr ria sr sr = =r= ==ro mr oria
n =r= sric m sr=rr= = nr ca q r ==n == am vrr= imr(
sr or ivrrr n==rr r =r mr n sm sz vr mr =r m=a q +rr=arr =
rvr- =+ar n = =m ia mr = a r = == =r( +rr iamnrcr n i=r ar si=rm na r im
n==r n m c =nm= s=rr a =r=r invn =r=r i=nr= =c vr c nr= +rr=a m =r sr= =
r =z = ( c vr m in+rro m == i =r mr or arzn sr =mr =rr (
sri=r= +rr=a =na sr( = sr = in=rr =r m= m nrc q = r= imq
io== = s rr r=n mr i= = ra m= =m ( ivrrr m r=r =r r mr sm r =n=
sara m inrr = narm= s=m sr=rr= = s na=r qn +rinr mr s==n= nr mr =rr cr
or =r ( +rr=ar = in=rr invn m ini+r c vrr mr ser nrar mr r m=m ar= imr r (
nrrr r orsr r=r sri=r m inmr= mr ria mr srr r( sro on =
s = ==ro = o= zr=a ar = =mr i=i=i=ra =r=riom, sri=r m qn =ro iam
invr rrarq ic=rr c ar
=r=riom invr rrarq
=mr m e = = invr rrarq = mr=
(. ==rar mr si=rmr= = in=rr r=r r ==rar = sr=rri=a ==ro n==rr mr
==rrr mr = m= imr r ( oria n==rr =r=r = = invr rrar =r (
=r r mr er z m= =+rr =r=r m =r i=or mr i= c irc = c =ra = (
s se a ==r orar =r, = im = in=rr r=r oriaa +rc+rrnr mr ==ra m=
146

icr r ( inr im=r +r c+rrn m =nmr ==rar mr =r i=m si=rmr= icr
r ( s= ia oria, ooria a=rr s iez r oriar m =r r mr ==rar
m =a= = =r m i=q ini+r r r = invr rr = in=rrq cr or =r ( r =rr or
m =n mr =rmr= m=a q = qm q = =nr c ==ro mr ==rrr m i=q
-vrr= io== =+rr =r vrr= r a=rr =nmr ==r sn== ra r ( =
mr= sro m +rr=ar ==ro mr = = invr rrar =mr ==rar n irrar =
sr=rri=a r r (
,. =r= i=r +rr=ar ==ro mr c ==r ==n r invr rrar =mr =r= i= r
=n=( =r= i=rar mr s=r =r= mr r r r ( =mr si+r r =rri= m
ac==rar( c == vr-cr = =r= mr sr mr =r= r sr = n s =+rr
ri=mr mr =rri= m =naar mr r =cr c ar (
iza = m vr-cr = "=mr ar- =rri= m = mrrar r sia =rri= m rmar
(
nr=an = +rr=a = =r= i= rar mr srcvr r r ( r =mr oz n a =r
( +rr=a = =r= mr s=r =c n m=r m = = i=r r( rr mr= = r +rr=ar = =m ia
n==r n m c =nm= a=rr =n=r= ==+rrn mr = c vr c ar =r ( ==mr= = =r= = =r= i=rar m
srcvr mr c = r( oi = = == rc smn= =rri= m =irr ar mr ria mr =nrmr=a q =+rr
=r=r m =r=r ==r nr= imr sr= sr =on =r= m r= = n a s-rr= imq, = vrrrr r
s=mr a r r( =r mr= = s m =rri= m srcr = q a=rr ic n = i=== = ar =rri= m
=irrar mr = c vr icr(
in icvr mr= = =r=r =rri= m =irr ar mr +rrnr mr c = r( s or +rr=a mr
=rri= m inin=rar mr =r+r scra q =rr mr =rri= m +rrnrsr mr +rz mrr sr = invn n =r -n mr = c vr
c nr= +rr=a = =rri= m s=irr ar mr sr +rz m scr( rim=ar mr sc =r =rri= m s=irr ar
mr i=rr= =rr( = mr= in icvr mr= = =r=r =rri=m =irr ar mr +rrnr mr c = r(
= im =naar m nrc sr rr ===rsr m s= = =r= i= r c ircmr r
mr srr( = in=rr r=r =nmr =rri= m =naar mr =r i=m si=rmr= icr r( qm nr= i=
+rr=a sr =n =r= ==+rrn mr sc rrrrr m=a q =rc m= icr im =r= ==ro = =r=r rr
= =m ia sro +rr orina ( = mr= =r= i=rar qm +rr=ar orn ia ( qm = =mr= o
in=r=a ( =r= orn mr qm vr =r ( qm q=r =rr=rr or =na mr a= =r=r =r =
nria r =r (
s. =r=riom r qn +r ra -n mr +rrnr =r=r ==ro +r ra -n qn =r=riom r
m i=rar = sr=rri=a ( +rr=ar ==ro = rr mr= = r +rc+rrn = or
147

= ( = nr r==rr mr sr=rr= m= =rr nrc = o= r r( vr c r mr se a
==r orar =rr( i=r mr oi =r=r = =m ia = = narr r = smr
cvrr +rr =rr= =rr= vrr r r ar =r ( s or m vrr= mr= = = +r c mr
+rr na rnr i==r( = mr= oria, nr , i= qn =r= m sr=rr= = r s m
inrr=arsr mr o= sr or im =r=riom sr mr i=rm =rr(
= im =naar m nrc r =r=riom r = sr=rri=a ==ro n==rr mr ==rrr
mr = ==rr r ( s= var mr mr r = = ==ra m= icr r( r r =r=r ==ro
orsr sr = or cr m i=ra = sr=rri=a s ri=mr = s rr m=ar im n
=a+r c r = +rr qmc == m inr=r n +rrnrsr mr src= m= ( rm, mnr=, n a=rr =r =+rr
r rm =rn =r= qn +r ra-n mr =c vr icr(
=. si =r rr mr= = r si =r ==r =r= ma q r =, m= qn n
= im=r mr mr c =r mr =c vr icr r ( sro +rr =r=
==ro mr = = invr rrar ( si =r m n= = r = s c vr mr =na
m=r = == q( r=rr or mr sro +rr vrria c a m = = rc imr orar
n c ==r m ic= mr =, invnr= n ~r = ora m r = =r ( sro oi
+rr=ar ==ro = i=r n vr m= i=r = =mr == sr-=r sro +rr
si=r mr +rrnr = s rira ( sro +rr = ===rsr mr ==r=rr vrr ia r
srr = m= m r=r= i=r = r (
. = =m arm=r qm n i=r or im sro =r= ==ro = c =r mr i== =r
a=rr =mr ==n r invr rrar nar or =r n = =m arm=r( =mr vrri-cm
s=r i=rm a m=r( o=r im = +rr mr or mr =r= ==ro = m e
oriar mr i= ==r orar =r( = =m arm=r qm q=r iur io=m mr=r
a=rrmi=ra i= oria m =r =n mr ==ro = ===r r ==rr ic=r m
i=q a=rrmi=ra s oria mr ornvr =r mr sr =a ( s= ia oria,
ooria m =rr r=r s r= m =r=r vr=r a=rr =r = mr sric orz r =mr
scr=r ( = mr= +rr=ar ==ro mr invr rrar nar or =r (
c. sr=r imar qn = =r mr =i==~r +rr=ar ==ro mr qm s ==nr
invr rrar im r = sr=r imar qn ===r mr sc +r a =i==~r c =r mr
i==ar ( +rr=ar ==ro = u=r m cr = = o= =r ( qm sr = m e =rr
=rarq c c =r ar c ==r sr = q inr= qn invnr= o= = = ( = =r
= aor = i=na r =r ( =r=r ==ro rr mr= = r =r= =rr =r
( =mr sr =riai=nro r , orn = =r sric mr orina ==ra q =
sr=r imar m =r = = ( sr=r imar m r= = q= = =r mr srq or
148

=r=r = =m ia mr = = sr-=r m in= r ( oi sro mr nr ra r sr=r im
m=r mr r z = iv= mr inr =r == m= m= =r = r smr
icvrrrar qn a m mr=r n =mar ( ivrrr r=r q = ==ro m i=r r mr
r= imr or =r ( or rr = =m ia mr orina ==ra q sr =r mr
n rim nrq a=rr mr= m= m q a=rmr mr srm= ==ro mr ia mr
sr = = orq(
. sr=ri-=mar +rr=ar ==ro mr qm ==n r invr rrar sr=ri-=mar( +rr=ar
= =m ia = ser orn ara m= m i=q r= =rrr=r narq q =r= , s=r ,
mr= n =r r( = =r= n =rr sr=ri-=m = = ( sro +rr =r=r ==ro
= s rira ( =r r ria mr r orn mr = = = ==r orar sr=
=r= == =cc m=ar ( =rr orar im =r= r = r mr a = nrar
a=rr sr-= s +r ia = =cc m=ar ( +rr=ar ==ro mr r invr rrar inc ivrr
mr r srmirr a m=ar ( =ri=m vrria mr =rr o = n +rr=a r sra (
+rr=ar ==ro =n+rrn = =r= +rr= sr = =r= mr r +r s iam a =
=r m ==r = =rm (

sri=r m invr rrarq
=r= ==ro mr m e = = sri=r m invr rrarq = mr=
(. m irr =rr s=r n==rr +rr=ar ==ro mr ==n r invr rrar im r mr
s=r n==rr m irr =rr ( r m =+r u iavra =r =r ar m=a (
=ri=q ==r orar im m irr mr inmr= imq inr +rr=a mr sri=r m
inmr= r imr or =mar ( =r mr=r m n= qm nrrr ror mr er z m=
vr rr =+rr = m irr m inmr= mr r=ri=mar cr ( m irr mr =r= =rrc r inmr=
= qm iar i==r , = im ==mr= r=r = r = == ia =r c m
mr=r = s = r = srrm a s-i=rm iez r (
,. =rr qn m cr= sor =rr sr= m cr= +rr=ar s=rn==rr mr =ra m ora (
i=r= =r= s-rc mr =u iavra i==r =rr sor r = ra r ar (
=+r qm m=r z =u =r=r =r =rr sorr m =r== = sr orn r
m=a (
+rr=ar s=rn==rr = mr ==n r=rr or m = m=r = =rc "+rr=a mr
=r r =rr qn m cr= sor r = r iia (
149

sor n =ror=r mr ===r mr ==r=rr m= = =rm r =ma , nr im
= nz sorr m in=ra m= =r =rm= =r or= cr imr or =mar ( sro mr +rr=ar
ivr=m=r io== =-oiz a sr+r rrr, r=r = n q n= a=rr =rm=rrr r=r ii= =r = ar qn = vr=r
n=r mr rr-=mar invr rr ==n ==rar , sor r mr r c ( ie= s m nrrr = sorr
+rr=ar s=r n==rr mr =on ar cr m= = ==n r rcr icr (
s. ==ronrc =r=r = +rr=a = ==ronrc =rr ( ==ronrc r=rr n =
m =r mr ==ronrc ( =mr qm sz v sri=rm ==rar =rr +rr (
= in=rr r=r r vrr rrr = na a=rr sri=r m r = sr=rri=a ==ro n==rr mr
==rrr mr = ==rr r ( ornrc mr in=r =r m=ar ( n mr mr
=rrc rm=r, o=rcr=r =rr mr ==ria = sric m e q= r= io= i=
r ar im =r=r ==ronrc = sc c invnr= ( r mr= m si=rmr= mr
=r i=m si=rmr=r = ==rr c mr r= imr or =r (
= mr= sri=r m c irc = = +rr=a = qm q =r ==ro ==rria m= m i=q
m a= m= io= r=rr or =nr c ==ro mr ( qm q=r ==ro io== =nmr sr
na m ==r sn== s=-=r r , io== mr im=r mr vrr rrr r m=r a=rr =nmr +rr o, ivrrr
a=rr iim-=r o =r orn mr a= = in=rrq s=-=r r r( = mr= sri=r m ==ronrc =r=r qm
=n io= =rmr= m= m i=q = =n -vrr= (
=. sri=r m scr=rm=r ie= m e nrrr = +rr=a = sri=r m inmr= mr c irc =
sri=r m scr=rm=r mr ria mr srr r ( inc vrr m ir mr +rr=a =
in vr m i=q r -=ria imr or =r (ee( = nr sri=r m = =rr= sr= +r
imq q( mr sz v sri=r m inmr= mr ia c r (
. = rm iam n =rnr = =r=r im=r +rr =rrc m inmr= = rm iam = =r=r
==nr +r i=mr i+rra ( +rr=a m r= rm iam = =r=rr mr = +r zr= (
=r r, mr=r, =ra a=rr s =rio = cr r r a =rr = ino=r (
=r=rr mr r m= m i=q ovrina +rr =r= r= , = im
rm iam ==r=rr mr == ia cr r m mr=r =r= sri=r m inmr= mr
ia s ira = = r na r c == ia+rr =r m = = =r=r m vr=
ia+rr m inc vrr = n= or m mr=r +rr =r=r ia +rrina r =r =
mr= =rc im = == ino=r rm iam qn =rnr ==r=rr mr =c r
m=m = inmr= m =r = s== r =ma (
=ro iam invr rrarq
+rr=ar ==ro mr =ro iam invr rrarq i=i=i=ra
150

(. ora +rr=a invn mr =n= nz r ora ( = in=rr r=r = orar im
r=r= rrr irra imr r ( r mr = i=rr n vr ==r m sr=rr= = r
nrr orar( oar m iaii=r s=mr rn m=a ( ora = =r=r invnr=
= vrr nr =r ( c vr mr s m nr= ==rni=r rnr m cr= = o=r z r =
ora = =r=r sr==rr m+rr m= r ( r oar s iaii=r ar
sr =n r c vr mr vrr= =ra ( ora r qm =ro iam n==rr r r
, qm orn vr =r ( =ro iam ora a+rr == r =mar on =
sri=r m qn =r=riom r = +rr = =rq ( =ri=q +rr=a = = =+rr r r =
=r m r= imq or = (
+rr=ar = in=rr s ri=mr mr s m =r i=m si=rmr= cr m=ar =naar,
==rar, ivrrr n = =m ia, =rri= m =naar, vrr rrr m in= si=rmr= a=rr = n=rrim sr=r mr
i=ra s ri=mr = srr m=ar im n s si=rmr=r a=rr m=r r m ia =o =
a=rr srcvr ri=m n =rrc mr sia m i=q mr m= (
,. == r +r -n == r=r= = in=rr r=r +rr=a mr == r +r -n ==
=r ma r-=m r=r= rrr irra imr r ( =mr si+r r im +rr=a s
sr ai=m qn inc vrr =r==r = =r a= =na ( n s c vr m +rra= vrr=
=r qn inc vrr ria m i=rr =r = im=r c == c vr mr nra r =r r( nr im
sn +rr=a = r +r=ar = =r= ( =mr sr = in=rr io=m s=
c vr mr vrr= =rr orqr(
s. = rrr-=m vrr= = in=rr r=r +rr=a = = rrr-=m vrr= rr=r sr==+r mr
( =mr si+r r im +rr=a =r=r mr = rr ( = rrr-=m vrr= m =rrr
m s = r m c n =r=r mr cr ==r ==rrq ( cr r m == inrrr mr
n cnr=r ( m e mr m c r = r = , m e =r= = r = a=rr m e ==nar = r
= , = im = in=rr = n==rr +rr mr im = mc mr= = = rrr-=m
vrr= mr qmr-=rm vrr= = nc=r or =mar (
=. i=i=ra qn ii= =r = in=rr =r= c vr mr vrr= =r= = in=rr m s=r=
=rr or =r ( = = in=rr mr i=r r = in=rr =+rr r=r imr r( =
=+rr = c vr m =+rr =r=r m iaii=r ( ,c nn=, (e=e mr = in=rr =+rr
= =nrm ia cr a=rr ,c on=r, (eu mr =r sr( +rr=ar = in=rr
invn mr qm s cr = in=rr ( = nr = n = in=rr i=r arsr invn m
=+rr c vrr m = in=rrr mr s= imr sr= s= or +rr ser =r s= r
m=m a=rr s rr +rr=ar =r =m iam = =r mr =r = ==rm= s
151

= in=rr mr i=r r imr( = mr= = in=rr r=r +rr=a = srcvr vrr= rr=r
mr r n ==r mr mr imr r (
. r +rr=ar = in=rr s =+rr ri=mr mr =r=riom, sri=r m qn =ro iam
r s=-=r m=r m i=q ian ( =ro iam r mr si+r r im
=r= =roria m r = s ri=mr m =r=r im=r mr= mr +rc+rrn r
m=r( =+rr ri=mr mr ==r si=rmr= cr imq orq ( (s nrr = si=rm
sr m =+rr ri=mr mr nr c c mr si=rmr= ra ( =nmr rn =z mr
+rr =naar ( nvra n i=rr i=a r =arq ==ra r ( ==mr=r r mi=r m r =
+rr =nmr sn==r mr ==rar cr mr (
=rc im =ro iam c irc = +rr=a invn mr srcvr inrr= i=i==riar m nrno c
=r=r sr==rr ora = nr ( =i=q = r =r=r = = =ro iam invr rrar mr or =mar (
+rr=ar ==ro mr =r=riom, sri=r m n =ro iam invr rrarq a=rr ivrrr
+rr=ar ==ro mr s na =+rr invr rrarsr =r=r ivrrr mr n a si=rm +rrina
imr ( ivrrr r=r q = r= imq or = io== = s =r=riom, sri=r n qn =ro iam
=r mr ra m= =m (
= r = ivrrr = sm +rrn mr i=i=i=ra = = c =rr or =mar
(. ivrrr mr sz vorar im ri=mar mr inmr= m=r +rr=ar ==ro mr
=ro iam invr rrarsr mr +rrn im sro =r=r ivrrr mr = = sz v ina mr
ora m r = ri=m m = = ar= m=r a=rr s= = r = nrr
im n s si=rmr=r m ia =o = a=rr c ==r m ia s m=r mr
ser mr= = r= m= (
,. ivrrr qn sri=r m inmr= sro =r=r ivrrr sri=r m inmr= m i=q mr m= =r
( ivrrr r=r m vr= ovrina mr i=r r imr or =r ( io== =rrc m
+rr iam n sri=r m =r=rr mr == ia sr m=m = inmr= mr sr= = or
=m ( ivrrr rn=rim m vr=ar mr +rr inmr= m= =r n =ror=r mr m=
imr or =m ( ivrrr =r r mr mr= m= m q nrim a=rmr mr +rr ormr=r
cr m=ar ( io== n s-rc mr na r = =cc m= =m (
s. ivrrr qn sr=r imrm=r ivrrr r=r qm sr = rr =r =m iam = =r mr orina
==r m r= imq or = ar c ==r sr= =r r m mr= m= m a=rm
nc=m= qn smr =r mr nrim nrm= sr=r imrm=r mr iur mr ia
cr m= mr mr imr or =r (
152

=. ivrrr = ==rar qn irrar =r= ==ro mr ==ronrcr inr==rr=r mr r
+rrn im ivrrr m r = +rr ==rar n irrar mr ria mr srr or
=r ( =n= r ivrrr m ==r sn== ra ( iez nr , s= ia oria
qn ooria m =r r mr ==ro m s nr m =r=r ==rar m =a= = =r
m i=q invr rr vr irm = in=rrq cr mr or =r ( ivrrr ria = =i=rsr
mr ==rar m i=q ivrrr = n= icr r( =r sr=rr= = smr ivrrr m
=r = sr nr=r =mrncr mr c = m= m =nr r=ri=mar cr or =r (
. ==mr=r ivrrr = ==rrq =rri= m inrrr = ac==r =+rr =a=r mr ==mr=r = ==rrq
=rri= m =r==r = ac==r ( +rr=ar = in=rr m s=r= nr im=r =r= invr rr mr
ivrrr r cr or =mar( m n= iam ivrrr m =r== = =n =r=r mr = =+r a
nrar mr ormr=r cr or =mar =r sr=rr= = ini+r =r=r = inor=
rc u= = iam ivrrr mr qm inrr m = = =i==i=a imr r (
ini+r =r= =rnar = n= c a ( =i=q = = ivrrr r=m inrr +rr s m
=r=r m =m =r rc u= = ==rr r (
c. =r=r inor= rr=r = n= n inor= or ivrrr ==ar, = im se
=a= mr r a=rr or ini+r oriar , =r=r n nr m n im=r +rc+rrn m
==r = = ivrrr r m= =m ( +rr=ar ivrrr srr a=rr i= ivrrr
ria = c vr = = mr= m inor= =rr = mr =rn icr r =rr( oi =
iurina r imr or =mr = c vr m ini+r +rrr = =rr= or = nrc
inor= =r mr= m inor= m or =ma (
. =rrc r qmar m inmr= = n= +rr=ar ==ro inin=rar r ( =i=q r
=rrc r qmar mr n a si=rm srnvmar ( sr=r =a+r c =rrc mr si==r= nra
( sr= =rrc r = =rr m i=q =ra=r n =ma ( sa =r=r ivrrr mr sz v
nr = =rrc r qmar mr +rrnr mr inmr= m=r ( ivrrr err mr = r =
nr mr mr m=ar im rm =rrc r iar m i=q s = m ia =nr=rr mr
er z m i=q ar= = (
s a = mr or =mar im =r= ==ro mr =r=riom, sri=r m =ro iam
invr rrarsr ivrrr mr s m =r = +rrina imr (
=r=riom i=na s=r , mr=m qn ivrrr mr +r i=mr s=rnr ivrrr=r=riom i=na m =r=r m
= =
i=na ==ro mr i= ( ==ro = = vrr i=na r a =a ( ==+rna mr
+rr ==ro q =r r io= = i=na q r ( r , ar srnvm im im=r ==ro =
i=na aor m =r=r rar sr = ==ro vrrrr r i=na mr =c = srm= qmc= = nc= orar
153

, im=r ==ro = i=na =rr= =rr= r ar sr= im=r ==ro = =r=r ia = ( sa ==ro
i=na vrr= ( on = ==ro mr s-i=r an = ==ro m == sr= =rrr mr
ini=rr , ri=nri=m sr= n nrim n==rrq , =riar sr= i=nro, = = sr= =rarq nc=ar =r (
c==r vr-cr = = m =ma im - m ==ro mr =+ar sr = = =m ia = i=na r ar =ar
(
=r=riom i=na mr =n=
= =r=riom i=na m =n= m sa a =r=riom i=na mr i=+rrrrr,
=r=riom i=na mr si+rna m= nr= vr-cr , =r=riom i=na mr invr rrarsr sr= =r=riom
i=na m i=rar mr s== =r m=
=r=riom i=na mr s=r .sn=rr=rr
(. im === z in= mr inr= =r=riom i=na mr s=r n i=na or =r=riom
=c s=rr a ==ro m ar sr= mrr = ica r a (
,. q= zr o = mr inr= =r=riom i=na mr =r r m mr m= sr=
inr= m= mr iar = = vrr =r m = = i=+rrirra imr orar (
s. or = mr inr= or = m s=r= =r=riom orn m im=r +rr r = mr +rr
i=na =r=riom i=na r ar ( s= m s vr-cr = , =r=riom i=na
n vr-c or =r=riom iurr , =r=riom ia=rr , =r=riom sa iur
s=rnr =r=riom =c m im=r s = sa= r =ra= mr nr m= m
i=q r imr orar (
=. = i== sr= q=z o mr inr= =r=riom i=na mr s=r im n a nz r
= =r = =r q = mr m= = or m e == = s=rnr s m nor m
mrr = i+r ( on =rn nr= = vrr i=ra r =r ar = nra mr
= m a im =r=riom i=na r =r (
. = mrn= n o mr inr= =r=riom = =r s=rnr =r=riom ar = r nr=
i=na mr r =r=riom i=na ma (
c. ii== sr = ii== mr inr= =r=riom i=na orn mr =rr =riar
= r nr= i=na mr ma ( r i=na +rr r i=m cvrrsr m i=na
= q r r =r =m iam =r=rr = r o= =r mr =r r i=rar m i=na
= sr = r =r= = r == m sc= r srinrmr=r m i=rr==n= r
r (
154

. i=n mr inr= =r=riom i=na = ar- =r=riom = =r s=rr a
==ro m srmr=, s=m +rrr mr c s=rnr =a= s=rnr s=m =c m
mr= mr i=na (
s na i=+rrrrrsr m mrvr = mr or =mar im =r r m orn r ==ro m
mr = vr mr r= =r=riom i=na ( r vr r ar =r mr = vrr m=ar ,
r i= s= in=m= nc= car ( =r=riom i=na = =r=riom ini=rr , ==n=rr a=rr nr=r ,
=r m=riar , = ==rrsr sric mr i=na =i==i=a ( m+rrm+rr i=na crvr im c ircmr r mr
+rr i=nia a m= c ar ( c== vr-cr = r mr or =mar im =r=riom i=na =r=riom ==r
a=rr n==rr m i=i=i=ra r r m i=na mr sr= ia m=ar
(. =r=riom ar qn = ==rr
,. inar mr +r i=mr
s. =r r m === =r=riom ==n=r
=. =r=riom saiu rsr m =n=
. = = qn =rn
c. ini+r == r a=rr = ==rrsr m mr
(. sri=r m i=na sri=r m i=na r = =r ar, sor=r=r, rr= sric vrri== (
,. =roriam i=na = =roriam vrina, vrr= a=rr =r=rr = i=na
vrri== (
s. =rri= m i=na =rri= m i=na n r a iomr +rrn =r=r, =ic= sr =
=rri= m = ==rrr s=rnr =rr m =rri= m r = z ar (
=. iam i=na iam i=na r m sa a iam inr=r a=rr srcvrr mr
i=na srar (
. n rim i=na n rim i=nar = nrim =r=rr = i=na vrri== (
srinrmr=r r=r n rim i=na r a (
r nra rc ==rr riq im =r=riom i=na m sa a m n= sri=r m,
=roriam, =rri= m, iam sr = nrim i=na r vrri== r =a = = =r r m ==rorm=r
mr ini=r = i=na a=rr sm ina-n m n ircr i=na +rr vrri== (
=r=riom i=na mr si+rna m= nr= vr-c
=r=riom i=na mr si+rna m= m i=q i=i=i=ra vr-cr mr r imr
orar
155

(. =r=riom n i on i=na im=r iiva icvrr = r ar ar s= n i mr
orar ( o= o= =r mr na r qm iiva icvrr = ( sa = n i mr
r= icr orar (
,. =r=riom iur ==ro = =rar= =a =rr= =rr= r nr= i=na mr
=r=riom iur ma ( =r=riom iur im=r +rr icvrr = r =mar (
=r=riom iur, =r=riom inrrc sr= =r=riom = c cr r = r =mar (
s. =r=riom inmr= n =r=riom iur or i= =a= = s =a=r mr sr = r ar
s= =r=riom inmr= mr orar ( =r=riom inmr= mr ar = =r
invr rrarq
(. =r=riom iur ( =rar= sr= =rr= =rr= r nr=r i=na (
,. qm iiva icvrr = r ar ( i= =a= = s =a= s=rnr ===
sn==rr = oic= sn==rr mr sr = r nr=r i=na (
s. inmr= srai=m ( sc= = r nr=r i=na ( i=na
ina sr= ==ro m sc= = r cr r orar io= mr= qm nro
vrr=rr sr = svrr=rrsr = inmi=a r ar , s=r mr= qm =r=riom = ==rr
vrr=rr sr = svrr=rrsr = inmi=a r ar ( s-rc m r = =rar= r
nr=r ~=in+rro mr iur =r=riom inmr= mr r scr=r (
=. =r=riom ia on i=na im=r iiva =r=riom sz v s=rnr srcvr mr
sr = r ar ar s= =r=riom ia ma ( =r=riom ia mr =n= =rc
m=a q r == = mrn= i==ra , on = ia mr nra m=a ar = =
=r=r si+r r i=na mr iiva icvrr r r ni=m q = sz v mr sr= na r
io= ser ==r orar ( r== srn mr m=r , ia im=r =
mr sr = i=a ia or im=r == r=r sa= ==r orar (
. =r=riom uria =r=riom i=na mr s = =r=riom uria m=rar (
=r=riom uria =n m e nc= m= ==r c ar ( o = =r=nrcr uria ==ro
mr sri=r m n==rr, n , ria, =roria, =r= , =ri-, = =m ia =n m e nc=
m= ==r c ar sr = =r ==ro m =rz=r = qm ==ro mr sc r ar
( i=na srm sr= n ircr r ar ( mr = sr = == mr uriar =
m scr=r (
=r=riom uria sr= =r=riom inmr= = sa= = mr= =
(. =r=riom uria qm in=r c mr a= srm r ar , =a =r=riom
inmr= =rr= =rr= r nr=r i=na (
156

,. =r=riom uria m re - sr= ror r ar , =a =r=riom inmr=
s sr =r=riom iur m = = r ar (
s. =r=riom uria nr=r n= m cnrn m r=r r ar , =a =r=riom inmr=
srai=m iursr m r=r r nr=r i=na r ar (
=. =r=riom uria = =rr =rrsr sr= = ==rrr mr oz = s=rrz icr orar
sr = s m ==rr = =rrq sr= = ==rrq ==rria mr orar , =a
=r=riom inmr= = nrar m =r=r=r=r =rr nra +rr =ar =ar (
c. =r=riom ==rr= =r=riom uria m in=ra on i=na =rr= =rr= r ar ar
s= =r=riom = =rr= mr orar (
. ==rro qn ==rn vr ==ro m nrarn=r = i=na r ar =ar sr = = r
s= m =r=r ==rro ra m= m i= s orn = i=na = srar (
=r ==rr o m s=r= inr=r , srcar , n rr+r rrr, =rrr -ric = i=na
r ar ( qm -r s ia m nrarn=r m s=r= s sr mr ar= = ar
sr = s= m orn = i=na sr orar ( ==rn vr nra mr s sc=
==r = mr r= r ( o = qm ==ro c== ==ro = qm =rr s=rnr mr
sr = ar (
s. ur-=m i=na ==ro = i=na ur-=m +rr r =mar ( ur-=m
i=na = i=na qm =a= = vr = r m= sia= =a= = ar sr= i=
=r= =a= = sr orar ( ur-=m i=na =r mr n vr+r rrr = =rc ic=rr
c ar (
=r=riom i=na m =r=r =rr
(. =rn +rr i=mar i=na m ia mr vrrvna i= ( =r=riom i=na srnvm
qn sc= r a ( invn m =+rr ==ror = i=na r a =a ( sa
=rn +rr i=mar =r=riom i=na mr ==n r a=n (
,. i=a=ar =r=riom i=na i=a= = nr=r iur ( im=r qm ==
= r r ar ni=m = == = ==rr = or=r =ar ( r , = i=na mr
icvrr mr +rinrnrrr snv m= =ma (
s. inin=rar =r=riom i=na == =r r ( == mr inivrrc i==riar m
s=r= i=na a o +rr r =mar sr= =rr=r +rr( qm ==ro = i=na mr
157

ia sr= =rr c== ==ro = i+r r ar ( i+rar - m ==ro mr
i=i==riar = i+r = r ar (
=. o= =r mr n =ar mr =rcz s i=na r mr =r=riom i=na mr
orar or si=rmr vr o= =r mr +rrina m=a r ( on ==ro m si=rmr vr
=r i=na r mr s orn, nr= a=rr invnr=r = =nrmr= m=a a+rr s
=r=riom i=na m = = =rar ra r ar (
. =naar =r=riom i=na =rr mr er = i+r = r m=ar, ni=m =na
r ar (
c. mr=m vrinar =r=riom i=na =r = srai=m sr = nrq mr=m mr=r na
(
. ir ioa qn sir ioa m+rr == =rr on i=na sir ioa qn sic ivra
sr m=a =r , =a sn ==ro m =r mr ria m i= i=na r mr
srr ioa +rr imr orar
s. = =r-=m s=rnr mrr-=m =r=riom = =r a=rr s= m mr m=r = i=na
=r=riom i=na m=rar (
m e inrr =r=riom i=na mr iur mr = mr= na imr

=r=riom i=na qn =r =m iam i=na
(. =r=riom qn =r =m iam i=na = ==n=r n a = ==rovrr=r a=rr
==roinr=m o= ii==, = i=r n=mr, ==r n iznc, i=c sric =r=riom
i=na a=rr =r =m iam i=na mr r nra =ra ( smr inr= im
=r =m iam i=na r m mr=r =r=riom i=na r a =i=q = mr sa=
r (
,. =r=riom qn =r =m iam i=na = sa= =r=riom i=na a=rr =r =m iam
i=na mr === ==n=r ar r =mar , =a nr=an = qmc == =
i+r ( = ==n=r = m e inr= i=i=i=ra
(. z in= mr inr= =r=riom i=na =r =m iam i=na mr qm +rr (
=r=riom i=na = m n= =r=riom ==n=rr mr i=na iia , =a
158

=r =m iam i=na m n= =r=riom ==n=rr m i=na r am =ri=a r
ni=m = = m=r, r, invnr=r , i=r , inr, iamar, cvr , anr =ror
sric mr i=na +rr =i==i=a ( sa =r =m iam i=na srrm a rm
r ar (
,. = mrn= qn o mr inr= mr +rr r inr= im =r=riom i=na
=r =m iam i=na = i+r r ( ==ro mr inin=r mr= m ==n=rr
mr or= =ra sr= =r=riom ==n=rr = im=r +rr mr= mr i=na
=r=riom i=na mr m=r n orar ( c ==r sr = m=r, =ri-, =r=
sric = i=na =r =m iam i=na mr sr= ia m=ar ( = c ircmr r
= =r=riom i=na =r =m iam i=na mr srr si=rm -r-=m nr im
si=rm ao ia = r ar (
n=a a = =r= m - m ==ro mr sr = =m ia r ar ( = =m ia m cr r r a
+rr iam qn s+rr iam( crr rr = i=na r a =a ( crr m i=na qmc == mr +rrina
+rr m=a ( r = =m ia m s+rr iam r m i=na mr =r=riom i=na mr orar (
n=a a crr mr= m i=na=r=riom qn =r =m iamqm o = r a +rr qm
c== = i+r ( ==ro s=rnr =r=riom ==n=rr = i=na m i=rr==n= =r=riom i=na
r ar ( =a =r =m iam i=na inr=r , =r= sric m i=na m =r=r ==ni=ra ( cr r m sa=
mr i=i=i=ra vrrrr mr m sa a s= imr or =mar
(m) =r=riom ==n=r =r=riom ==n=rr = i=na m i=rr==n= =r=riom
==r = i=na r ar ( =a =r =m iam i=na = m=r, inr, =ri- sric mr i=na
iia r ar ( = i=na m i=rr==n= = =m ia m ini+r rr = +rr i=na r orar (
=a = = =r=riom = =r s=rnr =r=riom ==n=rr = i=na rr srnvm r r ar(
(=r) =r=riom i=na =r =m iam i=na mr qm s =r=riom i=na = =m ia
m s+rr iam r m i=na m =r=r ==ni=ra onim =r =m iam i=na mr ==n=r +rr iam a=rr
s+rr iam cr r mr= m rr m =r=r ( = mr= =r=riom i=na =r =m iam i=na mr qm
s ( =r =m iam i=na si=rm rm onim =r=riom i=na mr r s rrm a =ri=a (
=r=riom i=na =r=riom ar a=rr s= m mr m=r m i=nar = i+r= m=ar (
() mr=r mr=rr m c ircmr r = +rr crr = sa= ( =r=riom i=na +rr iam
mr=rr a=rr = a -r = r ar ( =r =m iam i=na = a qn ir ioa -r mr i=rr= (
159

(rr) ia or am ia mr ==n=r =r =m iam i=na mr s rr =r=riom
i=na mr ia a o r ar ( srinrmr=r a=rr amr =r iom= inmr=r m i=rr==n= =r=riom
==r qn ==n=rr = +rr i=na r ora ( i=nar mr s rr =r= , ===rsr , = =r
sricor = =m ia m s mr i=na =rr=r ia = r ar ( cr r = sa= r a +rr cr r
sa==ni=ra sr = cr r qmc== mr +rrina m=a (
=r=riom i=na m i=ra
=r=riom i=na m i=rar mr s= m= = =r=riom i=na mr =n= sr =
si=rm =rc r or r( =r=riom i=na m = =r i=ra i=i=i=ra
(. inmr=nrcr i=ra = == m inr=r =r= =r=riom i=na ui=m qn iavrr=
=ar ( s= mr inr= im =r c =rc s +r ia = m= c =rcrm
s +r ia mr sr= inmr= imr sr= =r=riom i=na +rr =r icvrr mr
s==r imr (
,. sz vnrcr i=ra mr= =rn= =r=riom i=na m sz vnrcr i=ra m ===r m
( smr invnr= im =r=riom i=na n i sr= = m= vrin- = =rr orar
( =r m =r= m = r a io n ra m=r rar ( s ra
m= mr mr ivrvr = n smr icvrr = m e =r=riom i=na m=ar ( = =
=rc r ar im =r=riom i=na mr iur m re mr iiva sz v r ar
(
s. amrmnrcr i=ra = amrmr inmr= mr i=ra +rr mr orar ( ini==
sr nr =r=riom i=na m i= = i=ra mr ===r m ( sr =r=riom
sr = amrmr inmr= = ==n=r ==rria imr ( ==ro = amrmr inmr= r=r
=r=riom i=na r a (
=. sr=r-=nrcr i=ra =r=riom i=na m = i=ra mr sr=ri-=m i=ra
+rr mr orar ( sr =nr sr =am = =r=riom i=na = srai=m
sr=ri-=m vrin-r mr +r i=mr mr r=r mr ( sr=ri-=mar = invnr=
=r=riom iur mr sr=ri-=mar mr sr= =r z =mar sr= +rr iamar mr
sia= =-ar =r = orn mr =r +rr iamnrc mr sr = = z =mar (
. ronrcr i=ra ronrcr i=ra nrz iarica imr( = i=ra m
s=r= =r=riom i=na =r=riom inmr= mr +rr ia =nr+rrinm = = r
r ar, =a = = srr ioa r ar ( srr ioa sr= i=na = r ==ro mr
160

sia r =mar , =nr+rrinm sr = sni==ra i=na r = r( i=ra
=r=riom i=na mr ==r = r r nr im m e i=na inr ror
m srm +rr r ora (
c. ur-=m i=ra =r =m iam sr= =r=riom i=na m i=q ur-=m i=ra
mr ===r = == sr= =r=r im sr=nr=z m=ar , i=na m s =r= i=
s=r = ar ( +rr=ar r mr r =rirm in+rro =r i=ra mr sr =
= m a m=ar ( = = =- , ar sr= mi= mr u= sr = mi=
= i==rr im rrcrsr mr qm u =r s- r ar io= = o=, n,
i=nnar, n rn==rr, = - sr= q iari=m mrr mr n ir a vrri== (
=r =r im sr =am = ar =r=riom sr= =r =m iam nr inr=r-=m,
+rrnr-=m sr = srcvrr -=m mr u= nar m= r u narr ( - m = =r
=r =m iam == = = o=ar (
. n a=nr i=ra =r=r im m s =r= =r=riom i=na = s m
a=nsri=r m, =r=riom, =r =m iam, =roriam -rici== m= mr m=a (
= = m a=n si=rm +rrnvrr=r r a sr = n =r=riom i=na = si=rm
==nr +r i=mr i+rra (
s. iar= m =r inar mr i=ra = i=ra m s=r= =r=riom
i=na iar= m =r inar m inr=r sr = mrr m mr=r r a (
mr=r = mr , invn mr iar= =r inar mr ornr (
e. =r-=m iur-=m i=ra = i=ra mr r= sr = =rc iarica
imr( = i=ra m s =r= - m =r=riom n==rr m cr r r a
(. =r-=m r (
,. iur r(
=r-=m r mr si+r r ==ro mr ini+r mrr s=rnr = ==rrr = io
= sr=r =r ==n=r r ar ( im=r mr s=rnr = ==rr = on i=na r ar
ar n c== = ==rr s=rnr s = +rr i=na =r c ar ( +rr=a = ini+r = ==rrr
a=rr = na i=nr=, innr, =r= sric mr r scr=r =rioq( sr= = i== m=
mr m= = ( iur-=m r ( =r=riom i=na m = i=ra mr
=nr =r= =rr orar (
=r=riom i=na m =
161

(m) =r or = mr inr= =r or = =r=riom i=na m r = sr mr
s== =r imr
(. =r=riom = =r = i=na
,. = ==rrr-=m i=na
s. ==cr a=rr ==mr=r m ina=r = i=na
=. inar = i=na
. inar m nr= = i=na

(=r) m =nr=r mr inr= m =nr=r m inr=r =r= =r=riom i=na m cr =
(. =r=riom nr= = i=na
,. =r=riom =r = i=na s=rr a =r=riom i=r , =r=riom cinr sr=
=r=riom +r i=mrsr = i=na
(. =roriam = sri=r m i=na r = =roriam vrina a=rr =r= m vrr= =
i=na =i==i=a s=rr a ==rar, r, =naar sric =r mar im = =r mr
srr orr s=rr a = =r , =r= i rar, ==ronrc, =r=nrc s=rnr im=r nrc
mr =r r r(
,. =rri= m = =rri= m = = n i=na =i==i=a or =rri= m = ==rrr o =
=r=r, =ic=, , =i=oc sric = ra ( na=r = sr=r imrm=r m
mr=r mr ==n m= r =r (
s. iam = == iam = =r , inr=r a=rr invnr=r mr i=na =i==i=a (
scr=r=n= rrmr= = =ivrrr mr ser r ==r orar =rr, =a
sr=r im = q =r r ==r orar(
=. n rim qn amr=r orm= = nrim qn amr =rorm= s==rrr qn
srinrmr=r = m n rim qn amr =r orm= i=na r a ( scr=rr=r inr
mr = cr z = sa=rrc r ==n=rr mr na rnr i==r ( +rr=ar a=rr inc vrr
n nrim ==n=r ==rria r = (
+rr=a = =r=riom i=na mr +rrina m= nr= mr=m s=rnr mr=r
162

=r=riom i=na inr mr=r rrica r nr=r rrcr r ( im=r +rr =r=riom
i=na m s m mr=m ra ( ii== sr= ii== m s=r=, =r=riom i=na orn mr
=rr =riar = r nr= i=na mr ma ( r i=na orn mr +rr r i=m cvrrsr m
i=na = q r r =r =m iam =r=rr = r o==r mr =r r i=rar m i=na = sr=
r =r= = r == m sc= r srinrmr=r m i=rr==n= r q r ( = m=r = or qm
sr = =r=riom i=na mr s=r =rc r ar nr c ==r sr = =m m e m mr=mr (+rr r i=m,
=r =m iam, o= =r-=m, srinrmr= ==n=rr s=rnr amr =rorm=) = +rr mrvr rz ar ( m
siai=na +rr =r=riom i=na m s m mr=m ( = r m e = =r mr=mr mr nr s= =
= m=
(. +rr r i=m s=rnr rm iam mr=m rm iam mr=mr o = a r, +r r=, nra , = =rr,
smr=, =r=r=r sric mr =r= =rn qn =r=riom orn = =r +rrn z ar
( mr=mr m siai=na =nr=r= =rr m c = , ====r= m in=ar= =, icr
m nrn mr icvrr nc= = , =rio cr=rr , mr =r, a= sric m +rzr=r m
==ra r = =r r m orn = n a +rrn zar ( rm iam s=rnr
+rr r i=m i=na r m +rrn = r n m r n sr= vr= m vr= soz ora (
a r, +r r=, nra , smr= sric m ia m +r m= = m =r= =r rr c c m
c ar ( m nr=nr= sr = n c nrc narsr = invnr= m= = orar
sr = smr or, sr=r=rr qn ncr = i=r =rar ( =m i=rr==n= minar
a=rr =r= mr =rrar a=rr inr mr s rr r ar ( = m in=ra or mr
rm iam s=rnr +rr r i=m cvrr s m= r ar , icr, n==cr, =rio = cr
sric =r+rcrm r ar sr= m ia vrr a =ar nr inr sia mr r ar
sr = ==ro mr +rr iam ia r ar (
rm iam s=rnr +rr r i=m mr=mr mr (. o= =r, ,. n vr+r rrr, s.
=rrr, =. n=r, . == sr= c. =n+rrn = +rr +rrn z ar
(. o= =r = +rrn r q= ==rrr = o= =r m= =ar or =
=rr r m orninr m =r=rr mr m=r =ar ( = im ic im=r
==rr invr rr = =rio cr=r im= sra ar nr m n=r = +rrn
z ar ( nr mr m= nr=r mr srnvmar si=rm r orar ( nr =r r
mr sr =r o r sr=rr = i== orar ( =i=q q = ==rrr = srnrcr mr
na orr =nr+rrinm r r orar ( = im on nr = =rio cr=r ==ra
r orar ar =r nr = +rr =a ( =r mr= im=r ==rr invr rr
mr =r=ar mr on =or= vrina = r= r orar ar =nr+rrinm r
163

im =r nr =r r ra sr = nr = o= =r s ==rrr mr sr=
+rr =ar ( +rr=a = r m sr=r= =+ar mr inmr= =i=q
si=rm sr nr im nr =rr r m cr=r si=rm =r( i== r= cr m
imc =+ar mr inmr= =r nr im n +r i= = cr m mr=r sorq n
mr =rr, =a on = cr sr mrn nc=r ar nr mr srnrcr m=
r ( =n =r=riom i=na r ar (
,. n vr+r rrr = +rrn or mr o=nr = r ar nr =r = ar mz a
sr= or mr o=nr czr r ar nr =r = mz a ( ==
or =cr n a r ar nr =r = m mr c a ( cz c vrr = q =
n= mr i=nro or vr=r= mr =+rr sr= = ama ( s=n c vrr =
+rrm ar sra sr = smr n vr+r rrr = i== = r n am, r am im
mrr a=rr = =r mr +rr am i=r orar (
s. =rrr = +rrn +rr r i=m mr=mr mr =r r m =rrr = +rr +rrn
z ar ( n r= sr= =c r= = == c imc r m mr=r =r =e=r mr
si=rm r m=a ( r cr m imc = nr= si=rmr vr +rr=ar
vrrmrr=r (
=. n=r = +rrn +rr r i=m mr=mr mr n=r = +rr +rrn z ar (
=c r= sr= n r= = ==c imc r m mr=r nr m n a =r =ei=r
mz nr= sr = == c r oro r = mr m= nr= ( i=r= n a m imc
= nr= m =r ivrmr=r sr= r cr a=rr s nz rnz r icr m
imc = nr= n a =r im=r (
. == = +rrn iv=r c vrr = n a si=rm =cr r m mr=r +r i=
= n cr s==+rn r orar ( sa nr m =+rr =r =o, m=r , =rr
-ric mr r m=a , =a =r= c vr m n a =r +r i= = n cm=
+rr o m=r sr= i=r = +r i= = r =r r =c m=a (
c. =n+rrn = +rrn cz =rmr = = nr= =r n a =ar a=rr
i===r= r a nr im =a = s =r ra rar ( =a = c vrr
m =r inr=vrr= a=rr qmra =c m= nr= r a ( = mr= o=nr
mr =r r m =n+rrn = n a =r +rrn a ar (
,. o inm mr=m =r=riom i=na = o inm mr=mr mr +rr ==n r ==rr ( r
= o inm mr=mr = =r=r ar- o= =r m rr-=m r = ( ic im=r
164

==ro mr sr n ivrmar = si=rm c n = s=rnr =r =a = ar ra r ar s=rnr
n =ri=m = = i= =a= mr r ar ar s=mr +rrn =r=riom orn =
snv r z r( q = ==ro = m vr= inar mr m=r r r sr = ia a=rr
n rim srinrmr=r mr ==+rrnr m= r or r(
s. o= =r-=m mr=m o= =r-=m mr=m s=rr a o= =r m srmr= qn rr-n
mr rrcrna r +rr =r=riom i=na mr qm = =r mr=m ( o= =r m
=n= = i=na (. o=c= sr= =- c= m rrcna , ,. =rr m sr
c vr er z m= = or sr = s. c== c vrr m =rr m sr m= n= or m mr=r
r ar ( o= =r-=m mr=m i= mr= = =r=riom i=na mr +rrina m=a

(. o=c= nar ic im=r c vr mr o=c= na =r sr = =- c= rrc =r
a=rr c == c vr = +rr =r srm= n= = ar nr iiva r o= =r
= n i r r( q=r r=a = nr +r =r==r, s mr m=r a=rr s m
nr=ri=r mr mr ==ro = +rr=r i=na cr m= c ar ( q= ==ro =
i+rrrn ia, ivrvr -r sr= n vrn ia sric =r=riom n=rr qn s=r=rr mr
o= rr( = m =r=r=r=r q= ==ro = r=r, +r rcrr=, =r=mrc sr =
-rq si=rm r =ar (
,. o=c= mr rrcr =m in=ra o=c= rrc sr = =- c= na mr r=a
= s= ==ro = ovrina mr m=r r r, m vr= sr= mr vrr= inar mr
s+rrn r r sr= rm iam =r=rr mr r r imr or =m r( =a
==ro mr sri=r mi==ria i= r, i=nr= mr srmr= ercr r r sr= ri=nri=m
a=rr =r=riom ==n=rr = uriamr=r i=na rr( =a o= =r m= r
= =r r = =r mr +rrnr na ar sr = n i==o=o = m= =a (
s. o= =r mr s ra= r ina=r r r o= =r mr s ra= r ina=r
r = +rr =r=riom sn==rr = i=na srar ic im=r ==ro =
i=r mr = =r =rrr mr = =r = n a si=rm r orar ar nr
n-rinnr =rr i=a r mr = +rrnr si=rm r orar sr = io=
==ro = =rrr mr = =r i=r mr s rr n a si=rm r orar ar
nia innr =rr = r mr ==+rrnr =ar ( =rrsr m mr=r
==ro = i=r sr= =rrr m mr sr = i==ria = +rr mrr sa= sr orar

165

=r mr= (m) sr s=rr a ==ro = n, nr a=rr n a r mr s ra, (=r)
oria o = smrmr = s o r sr= i-vrr mr s ra, () n nrim =a= s=rr a
innr m r = in-r = innria sr= sinnriar mr s ra, (rr) sa a=rr
a i==r =r r mr s ra =r=riom i=na mr +rrina m=ar ( ==ro =
ic sa r mr a =r = a i==r =rr mr = =r na ar ar =r=riom
i=na iavrr= nar ( = mr= o= =r-=m mr=m =r=riom i=na
mr ==n r mr=m (
=. amrmr (sr or im) qn n rim mr=m amrmr qn nrim mr=m =r=riom
i=na mr ==n r mr=m ( r , =vrrr sr= srinrmr=r m
i=rr==n= =r=riom r = uriamr=r i=na r ( c nc= m r
m irr uria cr m= cr , mz m mr==rrr ==ro = r i=na m= icr
, =r c=, ==rz r sr= nr oro rarra mr sr=r nr m= ini+r
==ror mr imc m= icr sr = rr= mr na r icr ( = izr , c =rino sr=
==rr= r=r = iaic =r= ==r= mr rrcrsr mr or =ma , c=rr
r=r nrara sr = rr= m=a a=rr ar= r=r qm ==rr = c== ==rr =
=c vr +r oa , m= c=, m== sr = = imo= c= mr r m=a ( = =r
im== , mrir sr= arvrr z = r sr ic= n=ra =r =a sro i= =r
sr = i==r rar = =r = o imr orar ( srrri=rr sr= iim-=r m r =
+rr srinrmr=r =rn m c =rr sr = mrcr mr n a m= m= icr ( inr
s=rr mr sr =r cr , n=r mr mr ic , = z r mr cr cr ni=m mr
riq im = amr mr orn icr ( ic srmr mr= m srinrmr= mr mrr
ar ar = mr=r = iz= r ar =rr, sa an mr= m n= =rr r =ra =r (
sn n =na ri=a (= = =crc ) r ar sa i=r +rr mr= =r =r (
=n =r=riom i=na r ar sr= nr sro sr or m e +rr c =r =
s= i=na mr =n = nz r mr=r inr sr = amrmr inmr= r (
=vrrr r sr= srinrmr=r m ==n= nz =r = s-rc
vr = sr , rr= = sia , == mr =a= = r sr , ~=
in+rro sr = invr rrrm=r mr srnvmar io== n mr=r na r , r n mr
r=rm=r vr = sr , = na i=nr= c c = , i=r rr= = nr=
mr==rrr sr= ca=r = mr m=r vr = imr , inr= ==rrr mr m=r ,
cr ni=ar mr si=rmar , =r= = sr==rr m= , ia==rr na r ,
s mr m s=r=rr = n i sr= =r mr= ==ro m s =sr = +rr
uriamr=r i=na q (
166

. sri=r m mr=m sri=r m mr=m +rr =r=riom i=na m ==nr mr=m (
sri=r m = = =ca ==ro = inr sr = amrm mr sia r ar , rr= =
n i r ar , =r r mr orn =a= = r r ar ( = m in=ra sri=r m = mc
=a ==ro = +r =r==r, r =r, s=r=r, z , sivrrr sric mr rc +rr n r ar (
c. =roriam mr=m =roriam i=na +rr =r=riom i=na r m i=q io== cr= (
on =ro =r=ro =r= m=a =r ar n =rr mr +r=r m i=q n a m= mr
m=a =r sr= =r=riom i=na =rr= =rr= r ar =rr( =a +rr=a = =naar m
vra ora ==rria r r sr= =rr mr +r=r m i=q n a mr imq
or = a=rr s m i= = =r= in=rr mr =r=r ar= imr or =r ( or
=r=nrcr ==mr= nr =r=riom i=na sr= +rr arn ia = r = ( +rr=a
= =naar m =r=r c vr mr in+rro +rr sr io= m mr=r =r=rr =r vr=rr=rr
r (
. =rri= m mr=r r== q=n z m s =r= =r= r =r=riom i=na mr qm =r
mr=m n ma im ==ro a=rr =r = = vrr r vrinavrr=r ir r ar
sr= ir =r= mr r ar ( i=nc i==rr im s==rmr a=rr
mr =r=r cr r uriar = =r= mr er =r =rr a=rr ==r uria = +rr =r=
mr n= +rrn =rr( sr=r im = =r-=r r=rr a=rr inr nr +rrn m a -n =
r nr= =r =r=riom a=rr =rri= m ==rr=r mr sr=rr= +rr =r= r ( ora
=r= = =rr mr =n mr= m = = inmi=a m= mr =naar r ar ,
sn==r mr ==rar cr orar sr = s = oria, =r= , n=r sric m sr=rr=
= mr +r c+rrn r imr orar( =r= m r=r =rr = = ar, =vrr=ar,
==rar, =r +r ia, r= sr = ==ro = nr mr +rrnr inmi=a r ar ( m nr=
=r= =r=riom qmar m =r=a = nr=rr i= r ar iar= = nra mr =rrr
im =r= m r= = =rorsr sr oar = s m s-rr= im, n rrr
i= nr mr sinmi=a ==rr, o r=r i=r mr cmar sr = am= m= =ar
r m i=q nr= imr r a=rr nr= in=rnrsr mr sro +rr =m a = orn
ara m= m i=q =on = imr orar ( =r= m vr = ic sr sr =
= ===rr = =r= crim z q io=m i=rr==n= or=r =rarsr m =r=r
mr i=c = i=cr sr= c vr mr n cnr=r r m= = (e= = rim=ar nr(
cr rrr m r a q +rr =r= mr invr rr ==n ( ic =r= r ar ar sro =rn
mr cvrr vr sr m ==r r ar( sa =r= mr r=r =r=riom i=na = n a
si=rm r ar (
167

s. =r=riom mr=m =r=riom i=na = =r=riom mr=m +rr sr invr rr ==rr
==ra ( =r=riom in=rr s=rnr i=r r=r m =r=riom i=na r a ( o =
=ar =rr, in=rnr innr, invr rr innr mr mr , nr=innr irr =r mr , e srea
mr inr=r =r=riom in=rr =r=riom i=na m mr=m r ( r esre a
mr inr= sn +rr =r= ==ro = rr= imq q =a = = m iz-nr ,
i= =rrr=r , =m =r , mr= or sr = ca=r = oriaria m n=r ar= z a or =
( mr=o m nm niar +rr innr m r = oria m n=rr mr =nrmr= r
m=a sr= saor ar innrr mr = na =r ( =n =r=riom i=na r
ar (
e. =r =m iam mr=m =r =m iam mr=m +rr =r=riom i=na = ==n r ==rr ==ra
( ==ro mr = =m ia =r=riom i=na mr icvrr i=rr i=a m=ar qn ia
cr m=ar ( zr = a=rr ic = mr m=r , =r=m iam i=na =r=riom
i=na r , nr im ===a = =m ia sr s-i=r, s=r sr= r = =r=riom
( = =m ia = m=r, =ri-, = ra, = =, srcvr , srr=, mr , =r= , =rr,
===r, =riai=nro sric vrri== io = r ==ro mr =c= r m ra ,
=r=riom in=r=a = ra m=ar ( m=r mr ==ro = =r +rrn z ar (
==r, nr=c = sr= z z=r m =ri- mr = mr uria =r = ==n r rc scr
imr( minar sr = = ra = = =r= = uria =r mr vrina ( =r =m iam = =r
m nc= = r=r ivrrr mr =r=, r=r r=r orinmr ro , cr =rr, nr= innr
sr = = na i=nr=r mr sa, c = = innr m= mr n i=r na orar ( sa
=r =m iam mr=m =r= =r=riom orn = i=na =ra (
(u. =r n rim mr=m m e inrr n rim mr=mr mr =r=riom i=na m
==nr mr=m =rr ( = r = o=ora == ni=rr r ar io= i=a
r m= n iaic ==ror sr= srinrmr=r = =r =ar ( = ior=r mr
= = n i=r sr = =or-=mar mr == n i=r = =r ( = m siai=na = r mr
=r=riom nr= =r=riom =mr r=r +rr = ri=a r ar ( = r sr = =
n i=rr , =mr , ersr , +rrnrsr sr= inr=r m s=r= =r=riom nr= m=ar
( = rn, m=, qmr-=rm=r -ric =r nrim vrinar =r=riom nr= m
i=q s=r=crr sr= =r= crim inr=r , +rrnrsr sr = iursr = s m i=na
=rar ( na =r = s=a irc +rr =r=riom i=na =rar ( on ina s=arc
r orar ar n ==ro mr nc= zr=r rar ( iar= =rrr im ==ror
sr = =rrc r = ==rria n==rr m in= inc r s=a irc m mr=r r sr(
=r=riom uria =r n rim mr=mr r=r +rrina r ar (
168

((. =rrc r = mc =rrc r = mc +rr =r=riom i=na m i=q io==cr= ( o =r im
= = m m im a r, +r r=, nra , smr=, = =rr, =r=r=r, inc r
-ric s m mr= m =r=riom i=na =ra ( r n m r n sr= vr= m
vr= soz ora ( mr =rr m sri=r m, =ro iam, =rri= m, =r=riom sr =
=r =m iam orn = n a +rrn z ar (
(,. =r=riom i=na = sr = uria mr +rr inivrrc ==rr ( r ==
sr n mr =r=riom i=na mr = r cr ( mr =r=riom inrrc
mr +r m= = =rr r ( = = o sr= =r cr r mr ri r ar (
or imar mr or =r orar ( i=rr==n= o= =r = mrr m=r sr
orar ( s m iam =r=r inrc r ora , s m mr= mr nr=ri=r =ar
sr= ==ro = nz r i=na r ar ( i=na r am r orar im
==ro qmc= nc= orar ( = ==ro = =roriam, sri=r m, sr= nrim
i=na +rr r a ( or vrina inor r ar s= m =r= r=r vrina m
orar ( orar vrina s m i=na =r mr - m=ar ( m mr=r
o= =r qm ==rr = c== ==rr = =r orar ( o= =r m qm ==rr =
c== ==rr = = or m mr=r +rr ==ro = i=na r a ( m mr=r
c vr mr sri=r m n==rr ora m i=q s = mrr i=na =r car (
= = +rr =r=riom i=na r ar (
(s. inr= sr = =r=rrr mr o= inr= sr= =r=rrr m o= +rr
=r=riom i=na = n a =rm sr m=a ( crvr im, nrim a=rr
=roriam inr=r mr =r=riom i=na = n a +rrn rz ar ( nr cvr ,
nr =rri= m =rr=rrsr , nr n rim inr= a=rr nr =roriam inr= = =r=
= uria s- m= c a ( nr =r=, =r=nrc, ==ronrc, r=rnrc sric
inr==rr=rsr =rn=i=arm = orc +rrn zr=r sr = s m ia =rn m
c ircmrr mr i=nia a m= icr( =r = im =r =rrr mr o= r nr
inr=r , i=na s=rnr uria mr = m a ( mr = mr uria, ==r sric crvr imr
m inr=r = ==+rn ( sr=r im = mr= =rn= =r=nrc =r mr or
inr= sr =am = mc imr, s=r = = == = , sr = i= =r a=rr
qivrr m nz nz c vrr = uriar ( uria = = =, inr=, ==, orn
ini=r, mr m= mr a, sri=r m n==rr, =roriam n==rr -ric =n m e
nc= orar (
169

(=. si==ria == inar r=r =nrm ia ==ro q= im=r +rr i=na mr
sr=rr = =nrmr= m= = ar io= si==ria == ina =nrmr= m= = (
im=r +rr i=na mr =r=r =nrm ia m i= srnvm im = anm m =r
= s= =nrmr= m= ( er c anm r=r =nrmr= im i=na r mr ==ro
o=cr =nrmr= r m=ar( s m =r= = mrr == =ar (
(. ini=rm=r ir ioa =r=riom i=na = ini=rm=r mr ==n r +r i=mr =ar
( s==rmr = =r=r mr s= = mr r=r imr r =rr( = m
i=rr==n= m n= s==rmr = r r ni=m = =r= m s m +rrr mr
=r=riom ==r qn n==rr = m i=na =r( iv=r a=rr qivrr c vrr
= sinr r ==r qn = mz=r ivrrr si=ri=, e sre a in=r=rr si=ri=,
mr r=r innr mr sr mr na rr, +rra mr n =r nrr, =i=rsr m
si=rmr=r mr mr r=r iiva nrr sric n==rrsr r=r +rr=a a=rr s
m c vrr = m uriamr=r =r=riom i=na (
(c. ivrrr ivrrr =r=riom i=na mr s-a vrinavrr=r =r=r ( = mr s=
= inn imr r (
(. s =rm =r=r (. i=nr= ,. =m = s. ==cr =. =r= . = izr
c. c =rino . i= =r s. = e. =rri= m = ==rrq (u. ==ro m=rr m c ((.
n nm =c -ric =rm =r=r =r= orn sr= ==ro mr n a +rrina
m=a ( =+rr =r=r =r=riom i=na =r m =rm =r=r (
sr=r im +rr=a = =r=riom i=na =r nr= = = mr=m
(. iv=rm=r iv=rm=r mr s=r iv=r c vrr = ra =r=riom =riar a=rr
= =r mr s=rr=r =r s m=r m=r( +rr=a m =+rr r r =r=riom, sri=r m,
=roriam, =r =m iam, =rri= m, vr irm sric = iv=rm=r mr n i=r ic=rr c ar
( =r=riom r = = iv= mr n vr+r rrr, ornvr =r, =ror sric mr
s m=r m= = ( iv= m nra= vr mr = a-mr= sr = a (
amrmr qn n rim r = +rr = iv= mr s==r m= = ( +rr=anr=r
iv= mr m n= amr=r or mr r s m=r r m=a ni=m nr mr
ornvr =r, srcar , =r=o, innria =r=riom ==n=rr sric mr +rr
s m=r m=a (
,. sor rm=r sr=r im c vrr = sorrm=r mr n i=r a or = na =r ( +rr=a
+rr sor rm=r mr = m= m= ==rr ( r +rr a or = sorrm=r r =r (
170

sor m irr mr ==rr = = ( m irr +rr qm sor nar or =r ( sor r =
inr qn amr=r or mr r na ar or =r ( =r=rim =rrc, inmi=a nro,
r im sm=r, mrcrvrm sric mr r na =r ( sr or im r = =nri=a
r mr r r =r ( er c sorr m ==rr = nz sor ==rria r = (
qm =vrr m =rr mr mr= m= =mar ( s-rc = n i r =r ( mr +rr
q =r sr=r im sor r or +rr=a = inmi=a r =r r ( +rr=a m
m=inmi=a c vrr mr sor rm=r = =rar cr mr ( sa +rr=a =
sor rm=r +rr =r=riom i=na mr qm ==n r mr=m (
s. =rm=r =rm=r sorrm=r mr i=rr= ( = m siai=na +rr=a = na ar
o= =r m mr=r +rr =rm=r mr n i=r na r ( =r = r nr mr srr
si=rm = in=rr r ar ( =r or= m si=rm sn== r m mr=r =r =r =
=r si=rm =c m=a ( =r = s ivrrr a=rr iim-=r mr si=rm = in=rr
s=-=r ( =ror= m sn== si=rm sr= orn si=rm = in=rr r ( r=rr
vr=r mr =m c=m mr sr= i=r = sra ( =rm=r m i=rr==n=
sr or im =r mr = =r = n i r =r sr= r n m =r =r mr sr = sr
= (
=. =r= i=rrm=r =r= i=rrm=r m mr=r +rr i=na mr r -=r i==ar (
+rr=a m =rr =r= i= rar m srcvr mr =nrmr= imr sr ( = m
s=r= =+rr ina =rri= m c ircmr r = =na ( =r sr er = im=r +rr
=r= mr =r =ma ( rm c ircmr r = =r= i= rar = =r +r ia, =irr ar,
ini+rar, scr=ar a=rr =ia rar =i==i=a (
. rm=r =vrrr mr =r= orn = n a +rrn ( =r=r iaini=r, orn
=a=, = r= =r=r, rarra, s-rc, rr=, sor sric =n = r mr +rrn
( rm=r sr= =r=riom i=na mr === =r ==n=r (
c. =r marm=r +rr=a mr a or = =r marm=r r =r ( r - m =m mr
nr c c mr si=rmr= qm iiva sr ra m= = - m ina mr sr
iaii=r mr si=rmr= ( =+rr ina mr mr c irc = n=rn= sr= =+rr
mr ==r si=rmr= ra ( si+rina mr =naar a=rr =irr ar = =r mar im
c ircmrr iia ( =r ma = im=r mr s inr= c== = =rr mr si=rmr=
r r ar( =r mar im c ircmr r sr m mr=r orn si=rm = =rc r r (
=r mar-=m c ircmr r = invnr= ==r = +rr =r=riom i=na r a (
171

. qmri=rmr= or mr n i m mr=r m e =rr nz nz rr=r = sr
qmri=rmr= ==rria m= i=r (
s. =roriam=r =roriam c=r , arsr , si=rmr=r qn m=r r , r r =rrc r a=rr
sa=r rc r ==n=rr m mr=r =roriam=r mr n i=r mr r -=r i== =r (
inori=r r = s=arrr, s=rmr = s=ar rr, oar = s=ar rr sric mr mr=r
=roriam=r (
e. ornrc s-rc = n i, rr= = sia, ivrrr mr in=ar=, invr rrr mr = =r
= n i, nrim sinrmr=, =ri-, =ra, m=r mr inmr= =n ornrc mr
c ( ornrc m i=rr==n= c ircmr r mr +rr n= i==ar (
(u. = =m iam=r =r=riom i=na mr ==n r a=n = =m ia( =r =m iam r =
=rr=ar, =r= i= r ivrrr m =r= a=rr nr =r =m iam c ircmr r m sc +rn =
i=na mr ar =ar ( =r =m iam c ircmr r = ia, = =rr=, =ar a=rr
n inam r =arsr qn = =r mr =nr+rrinm si+rina =i==i=a ( = m
siai=na ina m s rr mr inmr= +rr =r =m iam i=na mr or am or
==ro m rm =r= = ==rro ==rria m= = =rm r a (
((. +rr iam c ircmrr = +rr iamnrcr na or = ( = =r m or=r n = (
= sr=r im orn mr =+rr = =r= in=rrsr c=cvr , nr =r sr=, = mro= c=,
nrar m = , nr sric= == r r ra ( +rr iamnrcr c ircmr r
+rr =r=riom i=na mr ==n r mr=m (
(,. +rr=arm=r +rr=ar ==ro m inmr= = rr ===rsr a=rr orn m s=r=
= =r m ia sr==rr i=a= nr =r( i=nia a ra +rr=ar ==ro =
rr iar= mr =m, =r=r +r ===r a=rr srcvr =rc = =
iaini=na r = ( =r, r=r r, vr-cmra, +ro sric +rr=arm=r = =rc
= = =ma ( +rr=a = = nr= m inc ivrr +rr=ar vr =r mr n vr+r rrr
sr = mr nr= mr srr sr (
(s. sr=r imrm=r sr=r imrm=r q =r iur io= m r=r +rr iam a=rr
s+rr iam = =m ia = nr iea i=na =r ora ( =r=riom, sri=r m,
sr or im, amr=rorm=, =r =m iam, iam, =rri=m a=rr vr irm r =
=nrmr=r-=m i=na cr m=ar ( = =r mr nrrm=r m=ar sr=
si+r =rrsr , s=i-=rr a=rr srmr rrsr = i=na m=ar ( sr=r imrm=r mr
iur r=r =rr =rr=rrsr m ==rr = r =rr=rrsr mr srr orar (
172

sr=r imrm=r mr r i=rr= im = iv=rm=r, sor rm=r, =rm=r,
=r= i=rrm=r, rm=r, =r marm=r, = =m iam=r, +rr iam inmr=, n rim
c ircmrr, n i =aia, r m in=r c, sa=r rc r c ircmrr, sr=r im
orn vr =r, s=rinvnr=r m -r, esre a m s= =, oria =rr m s= =,
nr=innr a=rr =ar =rr o =r n =r r m s= = mr sr = s == r = (
irmrr
=r=riom i=na m re m mr=m mr= m=a o = +rr r i=m, o inm,
amr=r orm=, sr or im, sri=r m, srcvrr a=m, =r =m iam, =r n rim, vr irm a=rr inar m
=n = nr mr sric( iv=rm=r, sorrm=r, =rm=r, =r= i= rrm=r, rm=r, =r marm=r,
qmri=rmr=, =roriam=r, ornrc, = =m iam=r, +rr=arm=r, sr=r imrm=r sric = =a +rr=a m
=r=riom i=na mr +rrina imr ( mr mic im = = mr =r mr=m si=rm
==nr =+rr a=rr s +rr m mr=m =r=riom i=na mr +rrina m=a ( = zr m m
m=rr =r=, =r =m iam i=na r mr invr rr = = +rrina m= nr=r = = rrcr o= =r mr
nar r m= r r( +rr r i=m i=nar mr invr rr = = +rrina m= nr= = = rrcr
o= =r mr na r r m= r r( +rr r i=m r n=r = i=na , r n=r mr sr = =,
ini+r = =m ia m =r r = ==m , rm iam qn =r=riom srcrsr o= nra, == mr rvr,
=r=r=r, , sri=r m =cr, crr cr a=rr im=r =r =roriam ar mr = - s=rnr im=r =r
ar mr sc +rn( sa mr or =mar =r=riom i=na m re mr qm mr=m r r ar( r=
i==rr , i=na m = ra = n in=r ==+rrnr mr =a r ar (
ivrrr=r=riom i=na mr =r=r
ivrrr =r=riom i=na mr =vrna =r=r ( ivrrr r io= m r=r ==ro
s sr mr sr=r imar mr sr= s == m= =mar ( ivrrr ina mr nc=a ==ro mr
srnvmarsr m s=r= ==rr ioa m= mr r =ar , s +rn a=rr sn== cr m=ar ( =ca
=r=riom ia m i=q orn m - m r =r=riom, =r =m iam, sri=r m, =roriam = = a
r orsr mr srnvmar r ar sr= = = ivrrr ==nr +r i=mr i+rrar ( = m i= ivrrr
mr =r r mr srnvmarsr qn srmrrrsr m s = srr ioa m=r s-a srnvm (
+rr=ar ivrrr srr c vr mr srmr rrsr mr =r m= m i= =rr m r,
mr vr=r , =ir a=rr = =r = i=na m=r srnvm =rr ( srr m m=rr =r=, ic i =m
uria m inr = i=na mr rm =a= = ra m=r , ar =mr m n= qm r =r=r
sr = n ivrrr=a ivrrr mr =rrc r ia r q=r =r=r or =rr am =mar
qm = iiva qn sro=rr sr =r=r io= m s c vrr mr s m inmr== rrrr =
173

srr =r icr ( ic = er n m qn m vr=ar n m na imr or ar +rr=a = +rr
n =r mr m= =mar (
==rovrr=r, ==ro =r inrr, crvr im, =roria, ivrrrvrr=r,
ivrrrsrr om=+rr ivrrr mr =r=riom i=na mr =vrna =r=r =ra ( zr =r=rrm rr m
m=rr =r=, ivrrr =r=riom i=na mr si+rm=r ( =r=r === ==ror = or m e i=nr=r a=rr
=rri= m, =r=riom qn =roriam = ==rrr r=r imr orar =rr n srom= ivrrr= ==rrr mr m=r
r r(
=r=riom i=na m r = ivrrr m mr i=i=i=ra
(. nc=a c ircmr rr = =rar ivrrr sr=r im orn m r = =rr m
c ircmrrr mr nc= = =rar cr m=ar ( s = mc c=ar, s=rinvnr=r
a=rr =ia r m in= c ircmr r inmi=a m=ar ( s = er cr i=nr= mr
=rr=rr mr =vrna nr =mar sr = s oria+r c, n+r c a=rr =rri= m mc =ar =
=rn=rr m= m s =r= i=rar mr sr = s== m= =mar ( = mr=
=r=riom i=na mr ia mr a o m= = =rm i= r =m=ar ( ivrrr
=r=riom inmr= mr iur = saiu r m=ar or n=a a =r=riom i=na
mr r i=rm ( ivrrr =rr = =z ar , er c i=nr= m r = c ircmr r
inmi=a m=ar , na =r iim-=r = invnr= ii= =r m=ar sr= ==ro m
ini+r ==r = === ==rria m=ar =+rr =r=riom i=na mr sr =
s == m=a (
,. i=na mr er m i=r r = =rar ivrrr ==ro = i=na m= mr er
s- m=ar or =r=riom i=na mr =r vra ( =rr mr vr=rn,
o sr, i+rrrn i=r, c o, n=rsr~= sric =r=riom n =rr m ia = a m=ar
sr= c = m= mr er s- m=ar ivrrr vrr irra, ci=a a=rr iez
=r r mr smr i==ria = = a m= m s = sr i==ria = =rr= mr er
s- m=ar ( = mr= ivrrr i=na mr er mr i=r r m=ar ( ivrrr
=r=riom ar mr m=or i=r a=rr =r=riom n=rr = sna m=rar sr=
orn m =+rr r r = ia m i= srnvm r qn mr vr= mr ria mr
==+rn nrar (
s. =r=riom i=na sr = =rar or mr +rr =r=riom i=na r ar ,
m e =r ar s= sr=rr = =nrmr= m= = a =a m =r s= m s =r=
s mr ar= r ra ( ivrrr se =r=riom i=na r m =r=r ==rr o
174

==rria m= = =rar cr m=ar ( =r m n= s i=na r mr =nrmr=
m=a io mr sr iar m ia s r invnr= r orar sr = invnr=
s- m= = ivrrr ==nr +r i=mr i+rrar ( sa ivrrr =r=riom i=na r
mr =nrm ia m i= =rm r n=r mr i=r r m=ar (
=. i=na m ia nr=rr mr =r mr m mr=m =r=riom i=na r mr =nrm ia =
nr=rr s-r m=a ( ivrrr nr=rrsr mr =r m = =rar cr m=ar (
ivrrr iur = =rr mr =r=riom i=na m ==n = sna m=rr orar (
ivrrr =r r mr s=rinvnr=r qn nr=r r mr er z m= i=na r mr =nrmr=
m= = =rar cr m=ar (
. i=na mr inv=rrr ivrrr ina mr q =r nr im r=ar cr m=ar io= =
n crm sr= =a = +rc m= m srcvr ==rria m= =mar ivrrr s = =r
mr i=rr i=a m=ar or =r=riom i=na m inv= rrr mr =rcz na ( =
inv= rrr = snr iea =r=riom i=na r mr s=nrmr= m= icr orar sr =
nr iea i=na r mr r -=ria imr orar ( - m ==ro = inv=rrrr-=m mr
ivrira inar r=r imr orar (
c. i=nar mr sc +rn ivrrr ==ro= =rr= m si+rrr mr = ra, =rcvr
qn ir m=ar ( = vrar-cr m sr==+r = =r=riom ==rr= si+rrr mr
or nra =r sr =rr, s= mr = = mr=r sr=r im ivrrr =rr( ivrrr m
=r=riom n =rr o= (. e sre a, ,. nr=innr, s. in=rnr innr in=r =r, =.
r=r si=rmr=r mr s==rar, . =ar =rr, c. s=rinvnr=, . mc c=ar, s.
+rr=nrc, e. =r=riom sr sric m ia o ar or a m= = ==n r
+r i=mr i+rr =rr ( ivrrr m r=r r =r n =r m in= o=a ar= imr r
=rr( n r ==ro, sr ==ro, =r=r m rrri=vr, =r i=vr sric =r=riom
==rr=r m i= ivrrr mr r imr =rr( or zrnr m m=rr =r=, ivrrr
=r=riom ia qn ==rr= mr n ircr ini=r (
. =r=riom i=na = a-n ic =r ma m s= =r=riom i=na m=
ar ivrrr mr - m =a= = sia a-n mr i=r r m=r rr( m n= ivrrr
r=r r r= arsr mr i=r r imr or =mar ( =ro =r= =r =r, =nr=r
crc ===nar, =nr=r inn mrc, =r-=r r =rr sric ar s ivrrr ==
a=rr or a ina =r ior =r=riom i=na r m i= = a r= im =r (
=r-=r r=rr =r r = ra i=r=ar, sr, i=rar a=rr =nr==rar o=r
175

n =r r = =z m i= n ircr ivrrr mr =rr=rr =a a mr( n ivrrr mr =r
=r=riom uria mr ==n r =r=r =ra =r (
s. rr = inmr= s ==rr qn srinrmr= ivrrr = i+r = m=a nr im
m n= ivrira ina r s==rrr mr sr= s== r a ( q = ina r
+rr iam qn s+rr iam = =m ia m inmr= = =rar cr m=a ( rr =
nr s ==rr sr=r r m i= sia sr=rr= cr m=a ( sr=r r m
i=rr==n= i=na mr srnvmar =rc = = c ircr = r =ar ( =
mr= rrr m inmr= r=r ivrrr =r=riom i=na = ==n r rcr c ar
(
e. vrrvna = =r mr i==r= m=r - m ==ro m me vrrvna = = r a or s=
i==r=ar qn ca ar cr m=a ( on = =r mr mz ar=r r =ar an
==ro mr a qn inrrc sr==+r r orar ( q=r = mc r i==ria = ivrrr s
= =r mr ==rr m=ar , s m r mr =r= m=ar sr = =r=riom
i=na r m nrno c s = =rr mr invnr= nr ==r = =rar cr m=ar
( =r= ==ro = vrrvna = = iamar qn sr=ri-=mar m =r=r ==ni=ra
( ivrrr r=r mr = =ira ==rr riq sr= mr =ri=a imr orr
riq(
(u. = =m ia mr = r= ivrrr qm ra r = c ==r ra r = = =m ia mr = r= m=ar (
= r= mr iur i=a= =ar =ar = mr= ivrrr ==ro mr i==r=ar
a=rr i=a=ar cr m= = =rm i= r ar ( m n= ar r r ni=m
ivrrr ==ro mr srnvm = =rr=r m i= +rr a r= m=ar ( sa ivrrr =+rr
=r=riom i=na r mr = rcr a=rr =rcvr m (
((. =r mar im = =r mr i==r= m=r ivrrr =r ma m =r= mr =r=r (
=r mar im c ircmrr m inmr= = =rar cr m=ar ( =na +rr=a =
=naar, ==rar, +r ra +rrn, r, =irr ar, === src=, vrria r =r=rr =
invnr= sric =r mar im = =r mr ivrrr r=r ==rria imr r ( = =
=r=riom i=na =r = =rm i= r a (
(,. =rrc r qmar ivrrr =rrc r qmar m inmr= = s-a sr r i= r ar
sr = =rrc r qmar =r=riom i=na r mr =vrna sr=rr= (
(s. sri=r m = n i ivrrr sri=r m inmr= a=rr amr=rorm= ia mr a o m= mr
s-a ==n r =r=r ( = = =naar, =r=riom r a=rr sn== mr
176

==rar m i=rar = sr=rri=a ==ro mr ==r = =rar i==ar ( ivrrr
s=r n==rr m =+rr r r = +rr iam qn =rnr ==r=rr mr inmi=a m= m
==ro = nr iea i=na mr ==+rn nrar (
(=. =rrc r inmr= ivrrr =rrc r inmr= mr n ircr sr=rr= ( =rrc m ini+r
r r sri=r m, =roriam, =r =m iam, nrim, =r=riom a=rr n inamm
=n ar = =rr inmr= = =rrc r inmr= iia ( sa ivrrr sri=r m, =roriam,
=r =m iam, nrim qn =r=riom i=na mr =vrna =r=r (
ivrrr m r=r =r=riom i=na = aor =r m i= srnvm im
(. - m ina mr ivrira imr or = mr si+r r im r ==r a=rr
= mz=r ivrrr mr =rn +rr i=m qn sinr nrr or(
,. iez nr mr ivrira imr or ic iez nr mr ivrira imr or r ar
n =r=riom i=na = rcr c , s=rr n =r=riom i=na mr in=r=r
m= (
s. ri=r mr ivrira imr or +rr=a = =r=riom qn =rrc r inmr= m i=
r=r ivrrr sinr ( r=r ivrrr r=r r = = =rr ri=nri=m orn, =ne
i==riar , o= =r = ir a=rr sri=r m == i mr srr m= =ma (
ivrira ri=r c vr = nor ia s- m= =mar (
=. r a ivrrr mr n==rr mr or r a ivrrr mr i=ror mr =+rr=ar n m
mrr ina m=r riq( zr nr m sr= nr =rsr =r=riom inmr= = n
ia qn =r=riom inmr= = n ia qn rmar r sr =mar, or =
ra (
. ini+r mr= mr ivrrr mr n==rr mr or ra ivrrr m siai=na
rn=rim ivrrr, amrmr ivrrr, o= =r==n=rr ivrrr, iam qn =rri= m
ivrrr, r n=r ivrrr, =aa qn orn a ivrrr, c=sra ivrrr sric
ini+r mr= mr ivrrr mr m vr=ar n m n==rr mr orr riq(
irmrr
irmrr =n= mr or =mar im =r=riom i=na sri=r m, =roriam qn
n rim qn amrmr inmr= a=rr crvr im ia r=r =rr or =mar ( im=r +rr =r=r =
177

=r=riom i=na nr =rr or =a s= = ivrrr mr s-a ==n r +r i=mr =ar ( =
ivrrr sr = =r=riom i=na m r==i=m ==n=r mr i=i=i=ra = = = ira nr m= =ma
(. ivrrr ina mr =r=riom i=na m i=q ar= m=ar (
,. ivrrr s = =r mr i=rr i=a m=ar or =r=riom i=na m inv=rrr mr
=rcz na (
s. ivrrr =r=riom i=na mr = ra qn =r cvr m=ar sr = =r=riom n =rr
m s= = = =rar cr m=ar (
=. ivrrr ==ro ==rr=mr a=rr arsr mr i=r r m=ar or =r=riom i=nar m
i= = a r= m=a (
. ivrrr r qn mr vr=r = i=na a=rr iavrr= c ircmr rr mr inmr= m= m
=r=riom i=na = ==n r rcr m=ar (
c. ivrrr nr iea =r=riom i=na r mr m ia mr i=rr i=a m=ar (
sa = =n nra mr sr= =r c r s-a srnvm im ivrrr vrri=r ,
s=rmr a=rr =m =r = =r=riom i=na mr s-i=rm cri-n ( cr rrr ivrrr cr rr r =r=riom
i=na r mr sr= = or r( sa ic ==ro mr crm icvrr mr sr = i=na m=r ar
ivrrria mr sr = =r cr s-a srnvm nr im ivrrr =r=riom i=na mr =r +rr
sr = =iar +rr(
s=rm mr =r=riom i=na =r = +r i=mr
s=rm im=r +rr sr ri=m ivrrr ia mr m c r ar ( s= = vrr m=r mr
mr= = r riq( n =r=riom i=na mr +rrnvrr=r mr m=rr ( s=rm m inr =r=riom
i=na mr =r m=r m siai=na m e r( s=rm mr ==ro mr srnvmarsr a=rr =r=riom
i=na mr m ia qn icvrr mr r rr riq( na=r =r mar rim ==ro s=rm = =r=riom
i=na = =iu rcr mr s rr ==rar ( =r=riom i=na = s=rm mr +r i=mr =
==ni=ra i=i=i=ra nra s== =rr
(. sr=r imar mr ia= =r=riom i=na mr iur = s=rm == +r i=mr
a+rr i+rr =mar on n =n sr=r imar mr ia= r s=rr a n sr=r im
= =r mr sr-==ra m= m s s sr=r r=r na m= ( c== vr-cr =
s=rm m nr= = r r riq (. n rim c ircmr r, ,.
r =a inr=, s. =r +r ia, =. iavrr=ar, . =r mar im vr =r, c.
178

ina m ia src= mr +rrnr, . =r= i=rar, s. i=na = invnr=,
sric(
,. r = qn mr vr= r s=rm mr r = qn mr vr= == r r riq nr im
s= nr ra r s=rr a +rrnr ri=mr mr a-n m=r (
s. =r nrim nrarn=r s=rm mr nr c ircmr rr qn = =r m i=
=r nrim nrarn=r a r= m=r riq(
=. nrm=r s=rm mr =r=riom i=na mr iur mr ao m= m i= sr
nrm=r m=a =r riq(
. i=na m i= = rn s=rm mr =r=riom i=na m i=q s inn m r
= rn c riq( s= =nrmr=r-=m qn =r-=m =rnr m i= = vrr a-=
=r riq(
c. i=nar mr =nra inn m r = rn c m siai=na s= =nrmr=r-=m i=nar
mr =nra +rr m=r riq( s= =rnoria mr ic q inr qn amr=r or
m n=crr mr =nra +rr m=r riq( s= =rnoria mr ic inr qn
amr =ror m n=crr mr =nra m=r riq sr= inori=r r = sia c ircmr rr
a=rr = =r mr inmr= m=r riq( s= sr ri=m ivrrr, amrmr ivrrr,
o= =rivrrr, r=r ivrrr a=rr iez nr mr ivrrr mr r -=ria m=r riq
sr = = ==ni=ra mr u=r = =iu +rr = r riq(
. nr=rrsr mr c= m=r s=rm mr =r=riom i=na m =r = sr nr=r
nr=rrsr mr c= m= = =rar cr m=r riq( scr=r=n= ==mr= i=nr=
ir o m mrr n r=r =r=riom i=na rar ( s=rm = m =r =
sr nr=r nr=rrsr mr c= m= = =rar cr m= =mar ( =ia nrcr
=r=riom i=na r = nr=rr =a a m=a ( s=rm s nr=rrsr mr c = m= m
i=na m =r mr vr=a m=ar (
s. inori=r r = n rim c ircmr r s=rm mr inori=r r = am = a, iavrr=,
=nrmr=r-=m, =r-=m qn nrim c ircmr r inmi=a m=r riq( = m i=
s= mrr = a=rr rc =rm iursr = inori=r r mr nrcinnrc a=rr inr=
in=vr m i= r -=ria m=r riq( s= =n +rr =ia nrcr r r r riq(
s= =+rr mr= m mi=a invnr=r , s=rinvnr=r a=rr rrar = =na =r
riq(
179

e. =r= i=r c ircmr r s=rm mr =r= i= r rr riq( s= m = = =+rr
=r=r m ia src= rr riq( s= oria, =r=, ==cr a=rr n = == sc
m= s =mi= r a=rr inori=r r m =r=r mr nr= m=r riq( on
s=rm =+rr =r=r m =r =ar m o=ic qn vrrcr icn= m srr o
=ica m=a , on n ramr=r =+rr = in =rri= m =rr mr = inar mr
rc m=a , on n =rnarnrc (s=rr a vrria, =c+rrnr, +r ra +rrn sric) mr
==n c a ar iiva = = n =r= i=r c ircmr r m inmr= = ==n r
r cr cr m=a ( = mr= mr iursr r=r s=rm iiva = =
=-mr=r i=na m= =ma ( = mr= s=rm =m = m == nrarn=r =
sr=r imar mr ==rn vr m= m =r=riom i=na mr iur mr =vrna ia
cr m= =mar (
(u. =rrc r qn sa=r rc r c ircmr r s=rm =rrc r qn sa=rrc r c ircmr r =
== r r riq( s= inori=r r = +rrnr-=m qmar, =rrc r qmar a=rr
sa=r rc r nr =r mr inm=ia m=r riq( s= i=r a=rr inrvr mr in=r =r m=r
riq sr= inori=r r = =mr=r-=m, =r-=m, =rr=r nrcr a=rr =rnarnrcr
c ircmrr mr inmr= m=r riq(
((. inor=rr m ic a qn ==crm ic a ivrrr s=rm mr inor=rr m ic a a=rr
==crm ic a ivrrr cr m=r riq( s= inori=r r mr si=rma= =nr =r=
inmr= m sn== cr m= riq( s= =m = a=rr == cr m +rr iam qn
=rnr = =r=rr m =rr ==+rn r r=r =r=crim orn m = =rr= m i=
i=a= r= m=a =r riq( =r=crim orn mr ==rr= =r=riom = =rr= mr
iur mr ==n r +rr ( = mr= =r=crim orn m ==rr= r=r s=rm
=r=riom i=na mr iur mr =vrna ia cr m= =mar (
(,. sr=r im s c vr amr =ror mr r s=rm mr =m = mr c im iursr
= inr qn ammr=r or mr m vr=ar n m r m=r riq( = mr= n
inori=r r = s i==riar = inr qn amr =r or m r mr srca mr
inmi=a m= =mar ( mrrivrrr m =m m = = inrivrrr m i=
imc = sr=rri=a sc vr, +rrrrrivrrr m i=q +rrrrr mr rvrr=rsr , =+rr
inrrr m i= si+rui=a si=r= = izr a=rr c=cvr = =a a rc,
ivrrrimrsr sric mr +rr r m=r riq(

180

orarim c ircmr r m inmr= m i=q ivrrr
ora i= m vr, s-rr=r, nr=mr=r qn =n err=r vrr= m in= inc r or
vrinavrr=r r=r m=or = m vrr rrr mr =rz m=ar ( oranrc sro m mr i=a =rar
io= ini+r = =rr=r im q , o = =roriam ora, sri=r m ora, =r=riom ora
sr = ivrrr ora( ora m nr=ainm s=rr mr == m i=q ora m =r mr ==r
o==r (
(. =roriam ora ora vr-c r m cr vr-cr rn=snr sr = ra on r =
nr ( rn=sn r mr s=r or sr= ra on r mr s=r vrina( sa
ora mr vrri-cm s=r =rr mr vrina( sn rr= i= m m vr-cr = ora
oar r=r, oar m i=q, oar mr vrr= ( =r= m vr-cr = , ora qm
q =r vrr= io== - m ina mr +rr = r ( ora = - m n=m
c vr m vrr= = +rr = ar ( =roriam ora mr i=+rrrrr m=a q =rz
n r= mr , ora qm q =r vrr= io== =r= mr vrr=mr vrin-r
im=r qm ina r n m r=rr = r r ar ni=m r == cr m =c=r =
iia r ar (
,. sri=r m ora sri=r m ora mr s=r im ==r oar m r=rr = sri=r m
vrina r r im m e oriar m r=rr = ( orar-=m ==ro = =+rr
inar mr c==r m si=rmr=r = nr=rr n inr =r m=r mr si=rmr= (
sri=r m ora im=r +rr mr= m sri=r m vrr rrr m in= (
s. =r=riom ora oria, =r= , = r i= m sr=rr= = +rc+rrn m r =
r =r=riom ora mr +rrnr iia ( - m ina mr sn== mr ==rar
i==r riq( orar-=m ==ro mr =r=riom +rrnr mr c m = = =nr =r=
= = mc , - m ina = ino=r =r =rnar mr =r= =rr
riq, =r=r r ( n =r= mr i rar mr = +rr =r mr= , - m in-
mr qm ==r ==r riq, im=r mr +rr c == = si=rm r ==r riq(
=. ivrrr-=m ora ivrrr-=m ora qm sr=r im inrr or =r=r
ivrrr= ==rrsr = i=a vrr=, s vrr=, i=rrr a=rr ivrrrini=rr =
ino=r i= m vrar m in= (
. oraqm ornini=r =r=rrm rr ivrrr srr m m=rr =r=, ora qm
ornia , m n= =roriam n=r r ( oria, =r= , i=, n=r
sr = sri=r m +r c+rrn m inr =+rr =c=r m i=q ==r =naar sr = ==r
181

si=rmr=r m i=ra = sr=rri=a ( = ior m vr-cr = , r =a= qn =nr =r=
a-n = mr ia ora (
s r s=rr = ora mr ar- ==ro mr s= orn qn cini=r =
io=m =ro iam, sri=r m qn =r=riom r r = qmar r ( qm mr= mr ornia or
ina mr +rar sr = =rn ina-n mr inar = n= c ar io== ina =r , =irr ar,
=== src= +rrnr, +r ra +rrn sr = rr ia nr= m sr=rr= = s =r=riom ==n=r ==rria
m=ar (
r = nra mr sr = =r c r o==r im r=r=riom, sri=r m, =roriam,
=naarsi+rina, inr=, invnr= qn =r= mr, ==rarsi=rmr=r sr = sn==r = , sr = +r ra +rrn
io= = ina mr +rar qn =rrc mr qmar iia , m r=r r = ora mr ria r =mar
(
ora m = = s=rnr srcvr
(. ina mr =rar mr src= =r ma ina mr =rar = invnr= m=ar (
- m ina mr =r= ==r riq, m n= =r=r r ( = n rz = - m
ina mr qm ==n r ==rr ( ora = oria, =r= , invnr=, n=r sric
m sr=rr= = imq +rc+rrn mr mr =a=n r( orar-=m ==ro mr
= ina mr sa= inmr= ( = = mr ria a+rr r =mar on
- m ina mr sr-=r +r ia mr r sn== icr or ( =a im=r +rr ina
mr c== m inmr= = nr=rm r nr riq(
,. =naar ora =naar = sr=rri=a ( in-r mr s in-r-n m inmr=
m i=q inr=, si+rina, invnr=, =r= , +rina a=rr n=r mr =naar cr
orr riq( =naar mr orar-=m =rar mr s=r m+rr r im ina
or r m= =mar ( == r a =rr = sr-=ir, s=r=cri-n a=rr
c==r m m=rr mr sr = =r c mr +rr srnvmar ( inaa =naar mr
s=r sr-=ir mr s+rrn r ( = = ==cr m =r= im ia mr rr
r r r riq(
s. sn== mr ==rar orar-=m ==ro = - m ina mr sr =nr =r=
s +r ia m i=q ==r sn== cr im ora ( =+rr ina =r=riom = =
==r sr = ==r =r smr si=rmr= ( =mr s=r m+rr r im
- m ina mr qm o =r ivrrr cr mr or , ni=m =mr s=r im
- m ina mr s=mr r =ar m s=r= ivrrr cr or( ia+rrvrr=r in-r
182

mr ia+rrr inar m i=q ni=cr r m= cr riq( ina ==r o==
cr q =a n qm o= r ( - m ina mr ini+r r =arq , n i=rr ,
=ir sr= ===r r ar (
=. =r= im orn ora =r= im orn = invnr= m=ar ( n = =rr =cr
m i=r r mr r -=ria m=ar ( =a =cr mr si=a-n ina m i=q
r r ar im ina m i=q( =+rr ri=m ncc =a ( =i=q =n m
ia ==r r a ( n s=r= orn ara m= m i=q qmc== mr =r c a
( s = r m +r ra-n = invnr= r ar ( sa =r= im orn, =r ,
=+rrnr a=rr +r ra -n ora m =r cvr m i=ra (
. =irr ar = invnr= ora mr s=r =irrar( ora mr srnvm
a=n ( =r ma = =+rr mr= mr vrr=ri=m, =r=riom, sri=r m, =r =m iam,
=roriam, =rri= m a=rr inar = ino=r +rrrrr, inr=, srcar , =rrr,
rnr sric = ==ni=ra ini+rarsr mr = imr orar ( orar-=m
ri=m c==r m inr=r mr = m=a ( qm =r orar-=m ina
m+rr r =r ar im s=r mr nra crm , nrmr =+rr mr nra =a ( n
inr=r mr ini+rar mr =nra qn r -=r m=ar ( c ==r m orn = s= or
m e ser =ar , s= n sr mr - m=ar ( n orsr sr= or cr
m n ircr i=ra = invnr= m=ar (
c. i=na = invnr= ora i=na r m ia scr= c ircmr r ==rar ( s=r=
==ro m i=r r m i=q on +rr i=na mr srnvmar r ar , n s=mr
=nra m=ar ( i=na on=c=ar =rcr r orar ni=m === inr=in=vr
sr = ==ia = srr orar ( orar-=m ==ro = i=na s-a
srnvm ( mc c=ar r =ia nricar ora m vr (
. vrria r ini=rr = invnr= ora vrria r ini=rr = invnr= m=ar ( n
= = = invnr= ==rar im mr srr vrria mr ==arq si=rm +r
( s=mr +rr invnr= im =rnr rr sr , = rrrrr a=rrin=r =rr mr vrria r
=r=rr = = imr or =mar ( ora s =n ===rsr mr vrria r
==r=rr a aar io = =rn orn sr = si=a-n mr =ra=r r (
orar-=m ivrrr mr = = invr rrarq
(. =rn +rr i=m qn sinr ivrrr ora = ivrrr =rn +rr i=m sr = sinr r ar
( ora = - m ina mr ivrrr cr mr orar arim n == cr m
183

=r=riom sri=r m sr= =ro iam orn = n i=ar = +rr = =m ( ivrrr =rr
mr s si=rmr=r sr = m=rr m ia = a m=ar ( sa ora = a=
=a= am mr ivrrr ivr =m, =rn +rr i=m sr = sinr r ar (
,. rmar = sr=rri=a ivrrr orar-=m ivrrr rmar = sr=rri=a r ar (
ivrrr ioar orar-=m rr, sar r s=mr sr=rr= rm r r(
orar-=m ivrrr cvr, =r inr, ==rovrr=, ornvrr= sric = sr=rri=a
r ar ( cvr s=m sz vr mr i=rr i=a m=ar , =rinr s sz vr mr ra
m= = =rar c ar , ==rovrr= s=m i=q nrarn=r cr m=ar sr =
ornvrr= s=m i=q sr mz =a a m=ar (
s. ivrvr m ic a ivrrr orar-=m ivrrr ivrvr m ic a r ar ( ivrrr n m
=nr =r= qn si=rma= inmr= m i=q cr orar (
=. ==crm ic a ivrrr orar-=m ivrrr ==cr m ic a +rr r ar (
==cr mr srnvmarsr , =ir a=rr ===rsr m s =r= cr orar ( n
m =r=riom nrarn=r m =r=r ==ni=ra ( sa oraar-=m ivirrr mr
==n=r =r=riom qn inaa crr mr= mr srnvmarsr m =r=r (
. ivrrr mr =r =m iam sr=rr= ora = ivrrr mr sr=rr= =r =m iam r ar ( ==
+rr iamar mr ==rr icr ar orar , =a qm=r s=r = n= r icr orar(
orn mr ==n=r =-, ivrn , = c= o = s qn sr=ri-=m = =r m =r=r (
sa orar-=m ivrrr = s=r-=nrc sr= +rr iamnrc mr = c= ==n imr
orar ( == ina mr orn =a= +rr = c= nar ( sr= n orn m
sa= srcvrr mr ra m= mr r= +rr m=ar (
c. ivrrr c = inm c rm=r ora mr s=r inr=r mr =na srcrcr
sr = a+rr ==+rn r =mar on vrina mr inm c rm=r r ( = = qm=r
=r=ir m i=q mr ==rr r( ivrrr m r = ior- mr +rr
=rar cr orar sr= sia = = ivrrr cr m= m i=q =rmscr
mr n==rr mr orar (
. r = ri=m m i=q ivrrr orar-=m ivrrr r = ri=mar mr inmi=a
m=ar io== s sr= s =ri=rr m ia m=r r mr =nrm ia sr= ia
=i==i=a ( ora = ivrrr mr nmr = =r =r=riom = ncvrr=ar,
=irrar, s vrr= mr +rrnr +r=r riq(
184

s. snmrvr, =rrc r qmar a=rr sa=r rc r inn m m i=q ivrrr orar-=m ivrrr
srr sr= +rrnvrr=r r ar ( m n= =ornc m i=q r r ar( snmrvr,
=rrc r qmar a=rr sa=rrc r inn m m i=q +rr ivrrr cr mr orar
e. n=m ivrrr mr n==rr ora = m n= nr mr ivrrr = r =r r icr
orar ni=m n=mr mr ivrrr = +rr =r icr orar (
(u. inori=r r mr ==n=r orar-=m ivrrr = inor=rr +rr m e =r=r am =m =
mr iursr = =i = a (
ora sr = ivrrr m ini+r r
(. +rr=a m =c+r = ora a=rr ivrrr m sz v = mz=r ivrrr srr =r=
c vr m i=q ivrrr m sz vr mr s== =r s i=i=ra mr= = imr
(. orar-=m ri=mar mr inmr= ora = ri=mar qm mic a=rr
r arr cri-n io=m s =r= - m ri=m mr =r n m ivrira
m=r r ar ( == m nr im, =r=riom a=rr iam r =i==i=a
io ivrrr r=r inmi=a imr or =mar ( = mz=r ivrrr srr =rn
icr im orar-=m ri=mar mr inmr= m= m i=q ivrrr m
i=i=i=ra rr mr inmi=a m= mr = s =r= ==rr riq
(. =rc ia ivrrr mr =rc ia a=rr nr inr=r mr sr mr
r =ar mr inmr= m=r riq arim ina = =- sr = c a=rr a=
qn rzr = +rc m= mr == a=rr nr im r=ar r sr = n
=rri= m = mrr ar a=rr rra m =ra=rm +rrn mr =rz m= =m (
,. nr = sr = i==r = =rcar inr=r mr =rcar m =r=r =na
inr=in=vr sr = vrria r inr=ini= m i=q nr= sr= i==r = +rr
=rcar r r riq(
s. == cr m =r=r = mr m=r ivrrr mr riq im n in-r mr c ==r
m =r=r =r i==rrq arim ina rnri=m s +rn a=rr s =r r =
=na nr= m r=r ra =rrm=r mr vr =r m= =m ( +r,
=a i=a a=rr m vr= orn m i=q srnvm rr mr snv inmi=a imr
orr riq( r
(. s vrr=, ,. =r , s. =r=riom = n cvrr=ar, =. =irr ar( rr
mr ivrrr r=r inmi=a imr orr riq(
185

=. =r c vr+rina mr +rrnr = ==n=r = ivrrr mr =n= nz r =
c vr+rina mr +rrnr mr inmi=a m=r( =r c vr+rina = i=i=i=ra
nra =i==i=a
(. s c vr mr =r=riom qn =r =m iam s=i-=rr mr =r vr =r
m=r(
,. s c vr mr m=or i=r mr scr=ar = =nrmr= m= m i=q a-=
=r sr = s c = m= m i=q mr= m=r(
s. sr =nr =r= r=arsr = c vr mr = nr mr = m= = r sr=
inaa iar mr c vr m rm iar m s=rr m=r(
. invn ri=mar mr +rrnr mr inmr= "==r c vrcrm r =a ==
=rcr =ra=rm i=ra sro sr = mr r ( = =r= m c vrr mr sro ===
ar imc ==n=r im mr +rr c vr s==r= = mr =r= r m=
=mar sr= invn ri=mar sro sar r ==n r ioar =rrc r
ri=mar( nr=an = m n= =rrc +rina r r a r, = =n mr = nra
mr s +rn m=r riq im = =n qm r invn m =c= (
,. rn=rim m vr=ar mr inmr= =r=r ivrrr rr=r mr qm sr = ==n r
sz v inori=r r mr s-rc s=rnr amrmr sr = rn=rim m vr=ar mr
na rr( == i=i=i=ra nra =i==i=a
(. mr= m ia c ircmrr mr i=r r = inori=r r = mr= m ia
c ircmrr mr i=r r m=r riq io== =+rr mr= m mrr r n
imar +rr =rr=r ia = = nr= nr r m ==n m ia vr =r
mr +rrnr iia r (
,. amrmr m=r qn m vr=ar mr inmr= mr= m ia r c ircmr r cr
m= m =r=r=r=r ivrrr m =+rr =a=r = amrmr m=r qn m vr=ar m
inmr= mr +rr srnvmar arim sr or im sr= amrmr r orsr mr
mrr ina m= m i=q ivrira qn m vr= inar mr = nrq ra mr
or =m (
s. ina-n mr inmr= = mz=r ivrrr srr m s=r= ina-n mr inmr=
m=r =r=r ivrrr rr=r mr ar==r = =r sz v ( == i=i=i=ra
nra =i==i=a
186

(. inori=r r = =r-=m vrina m =r=rr mr or a m=r arim n
sr =r =m iam in=r=a mr vr =r m= =m (
,. = n =ir mr i=r r m=riomr n s snmrvr == =
s m=r m= =m sr = iom r=r s +rrnr orn = sr in=r=a
m inmr= = rcr c =m(
s. m=r, ivr=, = ra, - sric inrrr mr src= r ==rr cr m=r
sr = =r m mrr mr inmi=a m=r(
=. a -n m rr mr inmr= ora m == = m i=q a -n m
r s-a ==nr ( ivrrr mr riq im n inori=r r mr
m vr=ar n m s m=r i+rr mr ivrrr cr m= ( s a -n sr=
s m=r mr m=r = ivrira imr orr riq( =r=r ivrrr mr q =
ina ivrira m= riq io= s == cr m =r=riom,
=roriam, sr or im r =r =m iam r r = a -n mr cri-n i+rr mr
r =ar r (
,. ora sr = rcu= ic = orar-=m = ra m= ar =
- m =a= = rc u= = uriamr=r i=na m= r ( = ==n=r =
i=i=i=ra i=rar mr sr = =r c r riq
(. rmar = sr=rri=a rc u= orar-=m ri=mar mr inmr=,
rn=rim m vr=ar mr inmr=, ina-n mr inmr=, a-n m rr mr
inmr= sric orar-=m srcvrr mr ria m i=q srnvm im
r ==r, = mz=r a=rr invninor= =a=r = rcu= mr rmar =
sr=rri=a imr or ( = = n m == r s +rn =i==i=a r riq
io n mrr, =amr=, rvrr=r r =r = m =cr = ra m=ar (
=m sa a rc=rmiursr , =r=iursr , mrr iur a=rr
=rrr rr=r mr +rr =i==i=a m=r riq( sa rc u= inrrn=a =
m e si=rm (
,. inin=rar qn =r=r ivrrr m ini+r =a=r = rcu= mcr = r ni=m
=r=r qn inin=r r r r riq( rcu= m inin=rar a=rr =r= =
ia+rrvrr=r a=rr sr =a cr r mr= m inori=r r mr ivrrr cr mr or =mar
( = mz=r a=rr invninor= =a= = ar sr = +rr srnvm (
iavrr= c vrr = =+rr inori=r r m i=q a= srnvm rc u= mr
187

n==rr ( siai=na inrr ar inor=rr sr srnvmarsr a=rr r =arsr m
s=r= r = a (
s. ==rrr srnvmarsr mr i=ra orar-=m rcu= mr ==rrr
srnvmarsr mr sr= +rr +rr =r c r riq( c== vr-cr = r mr or
=mar im n ==cr mr srnvmarsr m =r=r ==ni=ra r sr = s==
==rrr srnvmarsr mr =r r r c vr m ini+r +rrr = = nr=
nr mr r ==r ivrrr smr sr =ra +rrrrr = c r si=rm sr r rr(
= mz=r sr = invninor= =a= = s icr sr= s or cr r i==rr orr
riq(
=. =r=riom c ircmr r rcu= =r=riom c ircmrr = sr=rri=a r r riq(
ivrrr = ==ro mr =r+r r r riq( s= ivrrr mr = m+rr +rr
orar-=m ivrrr r m =ma or ==ro mr srnvmarsr sr = =rr =
s= ( sa =r=riom = r rc u==r mr = = i=ra r r
riq(
. rn=rim srnvmarsr mr n==rr rcu= mr rn=rim sr=rr= +rr
r r riq( == =r=r qn rn=rim ivrrr mr =a = r r riq(
c. = na rc u= rcu= mr i=rr = naar m sr=rr= = rr riq(
= mr = mr= ii= =r m=r riq im == invn mr qm ===ni=ra
r mr, orn mr qm = na ini=r mr sr+rr= r ( == r =rr r r=r mr
ivrrr = na rcu= r=r r ==+rn ( == ivrrr mr inori=r r m
s +rnr a=rr nrarn=r m =r=r +rr ==ni=ra imr or =mar (

+rr=a = orar-=m ivrrr= ==rr m i=q rcu=i=r r ==n=rr s na i=rar
m sr=rr= = = rcu= m i=q i=i=i=ra inrrr mr = rn c a (
(. m ia inr o = +rr iam inr, ==r inr, orn inr+rr iam
nrarn=r mr == m i=q(
,. ==ro sr= =r=riom nrarn=r mr == m i=q =r=riom inr o =
iar=, =roriavrr=, s=r vrr=, =r=riom=r inr, ==rovrr= sric(
188

s. nr mr +rrnr-=m ivrrr cr m= m i=q a=rr s =rn orn m s
srcvrr = sna m=r m i=q m=rsr , +rrrrrsr , riavrr=, cvr a=rr =r= mr
s=(
=. inori=r r mr =r=riom = = m vr= qn rn=rim = = i r nr m
i=q rn=rim ivrrr (ivr= =ia) mr rcu= mr si+r s nrr riq(
=r mar-=m orn mr s =a=r rn=rim ivrrr = sr=rri=a (
s. ora sr = ivrrrini=rr ivrrr = orar-=m n i=rr m sr=r im
iavrr= ivrrrini=rr mr o= icr or inaa ini+rarsr , mr= r=r
=r=r a=rr =naar m i=ra = sr=rri=a ( =r c ==r ini=r, r onc ini=r,
zr=c ini=r, qi=i=cm ini=r, r ini=r, ==rorm aini=rr , = =rr=, r ircr
sric orar-=m n i=r = r sr=rri=a ( orar-=m ini=rr inaa
ia m =r=r=r=r =r=riom srnvmarsr mr +rr s === =r ==rar (
=na ia m =r=r=r=r =r mr r -=r c ar sr = ina mr
=r= im inr=in=vr = ivrrr cr m=ar ( q= n=r z= =rm= or m
inr=r =r=, ora mr m=r =na = = i== m= ia mr m=r (
=. ora sr = s vrr= ora = inori=r r mr =r r-=m iursr r=r
s vrr= ==rria imr orar ( =naar mr s vrr= mr s =rr orar (
inn m r=r iia =naar = s vrr= mr =r= iia ( = c ircmr r =
sr-=r vrr= r =r s vrr= ( == == cr s=rnr ==ro mr
srnvmarsr sr n i=rr mr i=nia a m= mr srnvmar r ar (
sr-=r vrr= r ora mr =r= ( =na, =nrmr=r-=m qn rm iam r ar
( srai=m qn i=rr i=a rar ( im=r nrq si=rmr=r r=r ic q
src vr = i=rr i=a r r ar( sa ora.r-=m s vrr= =na qn
=nrmr=r-=m s vrr= or =, =r +r ia a=rr =rn ==n=rr = sr=rri=a
r ar ( =r c ==r mr =rr, s vrr= ra m= m i=q =naar cr m=r(
orar-=m ivrrr = s vrr= = invnr= = sr=rri=a r ar im crm ==
=, crm ini=r r=r, crm mr= imr or(
=m = = inor=rr = rr, inor=rr =i=iar, inor=rr i=rrc a=rr inor=rr = =c
o =r =nravrr= ==n=rr mrr mr i=r r m=r riq( inori=r r mr
= ==rrq =n s i=r mr nr r sr = s i=r mr ar z nr=r m i=q
cz mr ir +rr =n m= r( n mr = nra mr s +rn rr im io
i=r mr n r= m=ar , n s=r m s nr q =i=q n
189

=r vrr=r vrr s =nrmr= m= r( r sr-=r vrr= or orar-=m orn mr
m c (
. ora sr = s=rm
ora rr=r = s=rm mr qm i=, crvr im, = n=rm,
=r +r ia r =rcvr m r = ai=rrm mr +r i=mr i+rrr r ar ( n m
=r=r = n srnvm = = =arr r m=ar( s= n mr ==r r ar
sr = s=m ina-n m inmr= m i=q nrarn=r mr i=r r m=r r ar ( s=
=naar m nrarn=r = inori=r r mr =r cr m=r riq sr= sm =r=a
= sr nr=r nr=rrsr mr c = m= m r= m=r riq( ==ro m =r=r s=m
i=r rr-=m ==n=r r riq sr = s= orar-=m ornini=r mr ===r
m=r riq( s= =n +rr s= nra mr s ==r m=r riq io= mr n r=
m=ar sr= sr-=r vrr= mr scr=r =a a m=r riq( s= ini+r
orar-=m i=rar mr nr=ainm nr= = =rr riq(
c. ora sr = =m= vrr=
orar-=m =m= vrr= mr i=i=i=ra invr rrarq
(. s=rmr mr si=rm si=rmr= c r orar-=m =m = vrr= = s=rmr
mr =m = ria m i=r r = si=rmr= cr im ora ( rcu= mr =r a=rr
s m inrrr = s m e si=rmr= icq ora (
,. s=rmr mr si=rm =naar c r =naar m inr =r-=m qn =r i=rm
mr mr srvrr r mr or =mar( orar-=m vrr= = s=rmr mr ivrrr,
s= a=rr s==rr ini=rr m rn = =naar cr orar (
s. =m=r = orar-=m nrarn=r mr ==rrr =r sr= +r ra +rrn m sr=rr=
= r s=rmr qn inori=r r m === ==n=r ==rria r a ( s=rmr qn
vrr=mr r n=rmr a=rr sm=ia a=rr invninor= m s=rmr m ===
==n=r +rr r = sr=rri=a r a ( ic im=r orar-=m vrr= mr im=r
s=rm m mr= mr sr=r r m=r r ar ar n i=r rr-=m qn =irr arr
ini=r = sr=r r m=ar ( =rr-=m +rrnr = = ==rr mr iam =a= = r r
orar ( inor=rr +rr =r +rrnr = +rrina r a (
ora m i=q ivrrr=r=r sr = in=rr
190

ora m i=q ivrrr c m i=i=i=ra =r=r
(. inaa r =ar mr =nrm ia ina orar-=m orncvr mr c ( sa n m
ina-n mr =nrmr= m=r riq( = s= nra ==rr riq im n orar-=m
==ro mr ==cr ( = sz v m i=q = i=i=i=ra nrar = =rar = =ma
(. =rn +rr i=m ivrrr inr im=r oria, =r=, =, i= sric m +rc+rrn m - m
ina mr ivrrr cr orr riq( =rn +rr i=m ivrrr mr n==rr m=m = inaa
r =ar mr =nrm ia cr m=a (
,. ivrvr m ic a ivrrr = inaa ini+rarsr mr =nrmr= m=r riq sr =
ivrvr m ic a ivrrr mr n==rr m=r riq( ivrrr n m c ic rr=r riq(
n m =nr =r= qn si=rma= inmr= m i=q sn== cr imq or riq(
ia+rrvrr=r nr , iez q nr , sr =a nr a=rr inm=r r (vrr=ri=m sr=
=ri=m = = inm=r) m i=q ivrrr mr n==rr r r riq(
s. inin=rar r rc u= inori=r r mr srnvmarsr , =ir sr = n i=rr m s m=
=m = = inin=r rcu=r mr n==rr rr riq(
,. sr=r r-=m qn n=a irc ia mr inmr=
ora m == = m i=q sr=r r-=m qn n=a irc ia mr
inmr= s-a srnvm ( =m i=q i=i=i=ra scr or =ma
(. =ra +rrrrr = ivrrr ivrrr =ra +rrrrr = cr orr riq( =ra +rrrrr sr=r r-=m
qn n=a irc ia mr = in=rr r nrar (
,. =nravrr= mr mrr mr n==rr =m = = inor=rr = rr, inor=rr =i=iar ,
inor=rr i=rrc a=rr inor=rr = =c = =nravrr= ==n=rr mrr mr ==rria
m=r riq( sr=r r-=m qn n=a irc ia m inmr= mr +rrnvrr=r
=r=r sr= == ora m i=q ivrrr +rr ra r ar nr im ==
inori=r r mr orar-=m orn mr m=r m ivrrr m sn== i==a (
s. sr-=ri+rina ==n=rr iursr mr n==rr inori=r r mr er crer cr cr i=r =
nr c m= s im=r inivrrc ===r = inr= m= sr= s=mr ==r=rr a a m
i=q mr riq( == sr=r r-=m qn n=a irc ia mr inmr= r ar (
. -r-=rm qn iavrr= ivrrrini=rr sr=r r-=m a=rr n=a irc ia mr
inmi=a m= m i=q r-=m qn iavrr= ivrrrini=rr mr r m=r
191

riq( =r c ==r ini=r, r o nc ini=r, zr=c ini=r, qi=i=cm ini=r, r ini=r,
==rorm aini=rr, orar-=m n i=r = sr=rri=a ( orar-=m ini=rr
inaa ini+rarsr m =r=r=r=r ==ro mr srnvmarsr mr +rr =rar cr
m=ar ( ina mr =na ia m =r=r =r= im inr=in=vr mr +rr
ivrrr cr m=ar (
s. =rnr==n=rr mr ivrrr or zrnr m vr-cr = , ora r=i=+rm = = ==ni=ra
orn ini=r , s +rn cr m= mr =rr-=m ini=r (
ora m == = m i=q =rnr ==n=rr mr ivrrr s-a srnvm
( =rnr ==n=rr mr ivrrr cr m= m i=q i=i=i=ra scr or =ma
(. =r= im orn mr r -=r m=r =r= im orn mr r -=r m=r riq(
=m = mr =r=r , rrsr , am inam , rcmr sric =r= im iursr mr = mr=
srr ioa m=r riq im - m inor=rr mr im=r im=r iur = +rr =
mr sn== ra r ( iurq =r, =irr ar a=rr =r=riom = ncvrr=ar mr
inmi=a m=ar (
,. srnr=r =m = srnr=r =m =r mr +rr n==rr r r riq( srnr=r =m =r =
inor=rr mc c =a sr = s= se rr mr inmr= r ar ( srnr=r =m =
=rnr ==n=rr = +rrnvrr=r ivrrr cr m=a (
s. =r=riom inrr mr n==rr ri=mvrr=, =roriavrr=, iar=, s=r vrr=,
==rovrr=, ==ro =r inr a=rr =rninr o = =r=riom inr mr
n==rr rr riq( ==ro sr= =r=riom nrarn=r mr == a=rr =rnr
==n=rr m inmr= m i=q inrrr mr r r o==r (
=. i= mr ivrrr i= orar-=m ==ro mr invnr= ( i=nr ina r
im=r c vr mr =vrna qn == nr =ma ( q== m vr-cr = , s=rr a =r r
r ni=m m n= ina r im=r =rrc mr =r sr = vrinavrr=r nr =ma (
sa orar-=m ==ro = =vrna i= m = sr= ri=r mr r r s-a
srnvm ( inori=r r m i= mr i=r r m= m i=q i=i=i=ra = rn ic ora

(. srcvr =a a m=r s=rm mr sr i= ser r r riq( n mr
scr=r = = i==rrr riq nr im scr=ri=ra = si=rm ser r ar (
192

,. =r arsr m scr=r s=rm mr riq im n nr m =r= iar=
m =r arsr m scr=r =a a m= arim n sm srcvrr sr = inr=r mr
s m=r m= ( =r=r crm r mr
s=rr a =r inar mr orn = = nra mr rc ic=rar im = s
orn mr =r nr =ma (
s. =r=rrr mr ornir s=rm mr riq im inori=r r mr =r =rrr mr
ornir a=rr =rri= m =am a m i=q r -=ria m= ( == nr = ser
+rrn z r(
=. ==ro m srcvrr = i=ia m=rr s=rm mr riq im n inori=r r mr
==ro m srcvrr a=rr smr ===rsr = i=ia m=r arim n s srcvrr a=rr
===rsr mr s orn = sr m i=q i=a r (
. in-a =r s=rm mr riq im n - m inor=rr mr sr = in-a
= = =r c ( == smr ri=im invr rrarsr mr inmr= r r( s= nr mr
ini+r n i=rr a=rr +rrnrsr mr i=rmr= qn scrarm=r m=r riq( s=
inori=r r mr ser srca a=rr =rcr=r, =r, r sr = ==ro = nr o=r
=nrmr=r-=m +rrnrsr m i=r r = =rar c r riq(
. rn=rim m vr=ar +rrnvrr=r ora m i=q rn=rim m vr=ar s-a
srnvm ( ivrrr mr riq im n ina mr = =rr orn inar a=rr =na
ia m i=q rn=rim = = m vr= nrq( = ==n=r = +rr=ar ivrrr
srr i=i=i=ra = rn icq
(. inr mr ivrrr inr mr ivrrr mr =m = ivrrr mr si+r s nrr
riq sr= sa = s= invninor= m =+rr mr =r mr +rr srnvm s
nrr riq(
,. mr s +rn mr s +rn mr +rr =r=r qn rn=rim ivrrr mr si+r
s nrr riq( mr s +rn = ar- =m =, nm vrr, mr==rr , rr=
r im=r s s-rc= ==rr m s-rcmr = +rr = r(
s. n=rrm=r = mz=r ivrrr mr =rcr = =rcr n=rrm=r r r riq
sr = sa= ivrrr = m irr qn amrmr ivrrr = si=rm n= c r riq(
193

c. orar-=rm ivrrr vrr= =m= mr ora mr m c nrr riq( =m =
vrr= m - m r o= ivrrrini=r, inori=r r mr iursr mr c,
inor=rr = =r qn i=rrc mr i=rr, cr=c n= =r, s vrr= sric =
orar-=m i=rar mr s==r m=r riq( =r , +r ra +rrn sr=
=== src= mr +rrnr mr s=rmr a=rr vrr=mr m ==n=r mr sr=rr=
nrr riq( ic orar-=m vrr= mr s=rm m mr mr sr=r r
m=r r ar s= q =r =r-=m qn =irr ar r ini=r = m=r riq(
=r = = ==rr mr iam =a= = r r ar sr= inor=rr +rr == +rrina
r a (
irmrr
orar-=m srcvrr = ina mr src=, =+rr mr =naar, sn== mr ==rar,
s== =mr m iar mr = =rr, vrria r ini=r = invnr=, r m i=rar m s =r= nr= a=rr
=r r-=m orn =i==i=a ( ivrrr =r ma mr =r=r , ora = ivrrr mr - m ina =
s =ir r =arsr , srcar a=rr srcvrr mr inmi=a m=r riq io = s= ==ro = ser
==rr ra r sr= n =n mr a=rr ==ro mr =r , =irr ar, === src= a=rr =+rrnr m
sr=rr= = sa= =r mr sr = = or =m (
+r i=mr
sro mr nrim ( inr mr +rrn orn m r = ic=rr c ar (
inr m s= = =r m ar=a=rmr = , = rr m == sr= nrarn=r = n a i=na
sr ( =rn m orn mr = =rc sr= == nr = inr mr =-n r rcr ( = mr=
inr =rn = nr = qm =r =r=rm mr a= =r sr (
inr mr sn=rr=rr
inr mr =ri=a vr-cr = i=+rrirra m=r mic ( i+ri+r inrr inr
mr sr c irc = c =rr sr = si+rna imr ( me inr ma im orn mr -r-=m r
r inr ( mr mar im =- mr =rr o r inr ( m e ma im m ia m ==r mr
orr r inr (
inr mr s or rnrr vr-c =r= = ic m =r icr vr-c a=rr = ic +rrrrr
mr iur nn = nr , io=mr s=r orr( = mr= == r r mr ==rn vr =m
sa a r r riq( m ia m = n =r = ii=a r r inr (
194

=r r=r rm iam u=r sr = rr m i=rrr r=r ra sr r inr
m=rar (
inr rr im rrr mr n = ia sr= sn=a u= or q=r sn=rr=rrsr sr=
i=r ar mr o= c ar , or srr=r rrr m mrvr = sn=a = vrr i=ra r a ora (
m ia m snrrr sr= s== ra =ni==ra r mr inr ma ( c== vr-cr
= , m ia m u=n s= = sio a qn rr = rc nr ma r mr inr ma (
vr-cmr vr m s=r=, inr vr-c mr s=r rr = sr=rri=a a=r sr= i=r
mr = ni==ra r(
inr mr i=+rrrrrq
r mr u=n = inr , =r=r r mr = ica = inr , inr =r
mr = m= ( im=r +rr n=a mr = ni==ra, ==ica sr = u=n s= inr m=rar (
inr mr i=+rrrrr ini+r n rimr s=s= s s =ar=r= cr (
(. o q rm= m =ar =r=, "inr a= = ii= a r ar , o = cr =
i= a rr=, =a a=r mr == inr r r ar, o = cr mr a = rr= r
r ar(
"r mr u=n = inr , ==ica a=rr u=n qn = ni==ra s=
im=r n=a mr inr m=rar ( inr =r mr = m= a=rr =r=r r
mr = ica = (
,. nr q i=m mr , "inr =n= = c ircmr rr mr qm == ,
qm m ia , or a=r = = n i=ra im m=rr =, or inr mr = m= m
q (
s. sr =cr mr im, "=r=r r s +r iar mr s=a=a ini+rarsr mr
am r a=rr qm= inr= rr=r nr m r= mr inr ma (
= a= = =n i=+rrrrrsr mr i==rm= m =ma im, "inr qm =ica
sr = u=n r , or = r oria s s=rm r=r , s +rnr a=rr =rrrr m sr=rr= = ra
imr (
mr = inrvr-cmr vr m s =r=, " rm iam ==r r u=r m i=q =r=r nr= =
i ia = a=rr = ni==ra si=r= inr (
195

s na i=+rrrrrsr = inr m =n= m ar sr=rr=+r a i=r ar mr rr or
=mar , or = mr=
(. = qn =ni==ra r m s vr
,. sn rrr mr n rim ini=r
s. n rim c ircmr r r si+rn ia
inc = =r (() inr m s-rc r r m = ia mr rr m = mr civr a m=ar
, onim (,) n (s) inr mr iur m = mr civr a m=ar (
s na nir a i=+rrrrrsr = =rc im inr = ia r qn r m = mr
ini=r a=rr +rinr m i=q snrrr mr =r cvr =a a m=ar sr q r mr sr= s == r ar
=ar ( = ia r m m= n= = === ==n a=r , i=r sr = i=r ar mr == =i==i=a (
inr s +rnr = sr=rri=a i=rrrr mr qm ~ =r=r , or im -r a=rr i=rar mr i=r r
m= mr mr m=ar (
n rim c ircmr r
===ra inr=r = cm= =na qn =na ia mr n i=r = nrim c ircmr r
mr inmr= r ar ( nrim c ircmr r mr = mr= i=+rrirra imr or =mar
"=o, ior=r, scr= =r n i=r, =- m ia ircr sr mr ia (a=) = r
invnr=, mr qn ia mr n rim a sr= s i=rr= s=rnr sia= inr=r mr =-ar mr
r = =rm= =rira m=r sric r n rim c ircmrr.si+rn i=r m sa a sra ( nr =
n rim c ircmr r mr inmi=a m=m r n=r ==rr mr ===r mr == ia = = ==r=rr imr
or =mar (
n rim c ircmr r m == a-nr mr nr i=r ima mr= =
(. ior=r
,. s=rinvnr=r = = na
s. ===rsr mr u=n ==r=rr
=. =r
. scr= =r n i=r
196

c. =rcr=r
(. ior=r =r= r=r sr = r n=r qn m ia mr ini+r iurm=rr m ==n=r =
si=rm = si=rm or mr s-mcr qn nr r mr ar =rr r s=mr
srmr rr ==rr r ior=r ( n rim rn r mr r m= = r r mr
si+rn i m= = =c n r s==a qn ira=a =a (
,. s=rinvnr=r = = na ===ra sr= =ia nrcr inr=r r nr=r mr =r mr
-r r =nrmr= m= = r s=rinvnr= ( o = in==r m r=r =r=ar mrc = rr=
= r im=ar, er m sr = q mr r= +r r m=r sric s =rinvnr= m
scr=r ( i=a =rr=rrsr mr =-ar qn s=-ar mr ==r m= s =nrmr=
m=r r r m=r r s=rinvnr= = = ina r mr =r (
. scr= =r n i=r nrim c ircmr r ==r nr= er s =i=arm nrr = = na
==ra ( nri sr inr==rr=r r i= =a i= r or = q inr=r
mr =nrmr= = = m+rr r iimrar(
c. =rcr=r n rim s r=r iarica irmrrr mr =r = r r =rcr=r =
c a (, io== s ina =rr =rr =rrm= s = =rr mr mr nr=ainmar mr
== =m( s= orn = srmr= m= =m sr = sr na =m( n rim s
irmrrr mr sr =i r s=ir = +rrina r r c a (
n rim c ircmr r mr sa m= a na=r +rr=ar ==ro = ivrrr m sz v
ivrrr = r m orn a = nr=r =r=riom iur ( ic ==ro m === =r
=mr =rc a=nr= r im s= sr sr nr=r ra r mr nr i==rrr sr = nr r , ar
s=mr ivrrr = r= = = r = =mar( sz vr m s+rrn = = ivrrr mr m=r r mr or
=mar( sa srnvm im nr mr im=r +rr mr= mr ivrrr c = = s=m sz vr mr
iiva m= icr orq( nr zr +rricr i==rr im, "sc vr m r m s+rrn = ivrrm s=
rinm m ==r or s = r = io= mr r orar sr = nr=m s= anr=inr r mr m
==r or ==r = =r z =rrm= im=r imr= = or = r(
ivrrr m sz vr m inr s=r rr=r crm = = r =mar( ivrrr mr =r=rr
==n=r si=r= = ( si=r= m i=rr==n= inor=rr m nr= = s ira i=na r ar (
ivrrm mr er m nr= = s ira i=na =r a ni==ra = = r= m=r r ar io=m
i=q ivrrr m sz v qn = i=rr i=a m=r srnvm r ar ( i= ivrrrvrr=r or zrrr mr m=r
197

, "sc v =ia mr m=r n i=ar n m mr m=r ( iiva sz v m r=r r = ivrrr m
r o s=rnr inor= mr ia mr == =ma (
na =r mr= = ic ivrrr m sz v ==ro m s=r= i=nia a r a ar ==ro mr
sia iiva ( na =r +rr=ar ==ro mr sm ===rq ( i=rar sr = n =ror=r o=r
===rsr +rr=ar ==ro m sri=r m ar mr z=r icr ( =r=r ==mr= m =rnr crsr m
r= =rnr cr m norq s=r= sr= =rn = sr= si=rm sa= cr m= icr ( n =r or=r mr
= =r = s=r=r =r= n i r =r sr= ==mr= r=r s=-=r =ror= m =r=r = c m = = or=r
=rina i= r = ( n =ror=r s m =r=riom ===rsr mr +rr o= icr (
c vr mr o= =r na ar or =r ( o= =r mr =r m m i=q imq q s m
srr m nrnoc +rr +rr=a o= =r = c== =n= = ( m= sr nr=r mr iar ic si=rm
r r, ar =m i=q ivrrr rr=r = = =rr= mr +rr srnvmar r r( =r=riom a=rr =rrc r qmar
sro m mr =r ( ==ro ini+r nr = n cr sr sr = =rrc m +rrr = ( =r= , +rrrrr,
c vr oria m sr=rr= = +rr=a m =r c vrmr= m s =r= i=nia a r a = ( iza = +rr
mr =rr, "c vr = =r i=na r mr , =i=q ivrrr rr=r s= s =r= r r riq( ivrrr =
r = = ur ia =r mr srnvmar ( ivrrr m sz vr mr i=rr i=a m=a == = sr=r im +rr=a
mr srnvmarsr , srmr rrsr , r=arsr , = =r , =r =m iam ===rsr sric mr =r = ==rr riq(
na =r +rr=ar ==ro = ivrrr m sz v
=naar ria m vra +rr=a = ar = = ivrrr srr ==rria imq q( sr
sr=r im +rr=ar ==ro m i=rr = ivrrr m sz v i=rr i=a imq q
invninor= ivrrr srr m s =r=, "=n ora mr orn, =r=r rn=rim
sr = orinmr sro ==n=rr ivrrr m =nr =a= = i+r = ( sa =r= ==ro mr srnvmarsr
mr =r m= m i=q invninor=r mr mr rr riq inn m mr in=ar=, q r m i=q si=rm
er, orn m s=r mr or m i=q si=rm r= sr = rn=rim ivrrr mr n==rr(
=r=i=m ivrrr srr m s=r=, "ivrrr n==rr mr srcar , c ircmr rr sr= i= m
rr m inmr= = r cr c r zr, io== im ri=m oar ri=mar m cri-nr mr
r =ar = inr m= =m sr = s =n=r-=m n i=rr mr in=r =r m= =m , or rm sr= =rrc r
=r= i=r c ircmr r m inmr= = nr=rm (
mr cr=r ivrrr srr m s=r=, "ora = ina = ivrrr =n =r= sr=
=i=q ivrrr mr = =r mr s=mr sr vrinar m r inmr= m i=q si=rm = si=rm sn==
cr m=r (
198

= mr= = c =ra im ivrrr m =+rr srr = nra = ==a im sr=r im
+rr=ar ==ro =r mar +rr=a mr srmr rrsr , srnvmarsr sr = =rarsr mr =r = ==r ( =m
i=q ivrrr m i=i=i=ra = = sz v r riq
(. ivrrr mr n=rim sz v
,. i= i=r r mr sz v
s. ri=mar ==n=rr sz v
=. n rim c ircmr r mr inmr=
. =r=riom a=rr =rrc r qmar m i=q ivrrr
c. sa=r rc r =c +rrnr m i=q ivrrr
. sr=r imrm=r m i=q ivrrr
(. ivrrr mr n=rim sz v ivrrr mr qm =r+r orinmr ro +rr ic r= =
c =rr orq ar na =r == = ivrrr r m= mr r sz v si=rm s+r= m=
=r= srar ( sa srnvm r orar im ivrrr mr rn=rim nrr
orq(
n=rim m vr=ar = = = nra mr sr= snv =r c r riq im =rrc
mr sia amrm ivrrr m inr ==+rn r , =m = m - m mr u= =
n=rim ivrrr mr r=ri=mar cr orr riq(
+rr=a mr sri=r m sn==rr ser r ( si=rmr vr oar =rnr = =rr = r
=ar ( ~i=m mr s mr mr sia n a r i==ar( ivrira n =r or=r mr
= =r i=a= na =r ( =r=r ivrrr m si+r s m = = sr mr
i=ri=vr mr ( mrr +rn = s=mr si+r r =m=, rr=, mr==rr , =r a r s
im=r +rr o = ivrrr sr = mr mr qmrm=r r r riq( vn= +rr c=
=i=ia = ==ror rr s-rcm mr mr r= icr ( = mr= ivrrr mr
n=rrm=r m= = sr=r im +rr=ar ==ro mr n=r or=r mr ===r mrr
c am = r orqr sr = err = vrr=ri=m ~= m ia ircr nar, s-rc
mr = sr==rr rr sr= c vr mr s=r n==rr = = =rr= r r(
,. i=i=r r mr sz v ivrrr srr n=rrm=r m =r=r ivrrr mr qm
sz v err = =r=riom, iam qn sr=ri-=m = =r mr inmr= m=r i=rr i=a
199

imr ( iam = =r = i= i=rr mr nra mr ( ivrrr m r =
i=nr ina n r ar , io== =, =r +ria, =r, cr, r=r,
=vrr=ar, -r sric m r r a ( =r=riom n inaa c ircmr r = i=
mr sr ==n ( i= m srrrn = ina ==ro r c vr mr +r=r r m=
rar( =i=q r sro mr ivrrrvrr=r i= i=r r m sz v = si=rm n=
c ar ( o= ivrrr vrr=r =nc = == sr= s o inr n=c z === +rr
i= i=r r m sz v = n= icr ( sro =r= = =+rr mr= m mr m=
nr= o= im=r, =oc=, zr nc=, ori= r a =rr = s=-=r ( =a
s-rc mr mr ia =rr=r =mr mr=r i= mr s+rrn(
sa ivrrr mr sz v se i= mr i=r r r r riq( oi =+rr srrr
i= i=r r = n= icr , =a = sr = mr ==n r mc= r scrr
r ( = sz v mr ia m i=q m c r a=rr =r= ==mr=r mr sr = ==rrsr
= rn c = ==rrsr mr +rr nr mr i= ==n=rr nrar mr r c r riq or
a=n =m in= mr= m=a , sm =rn=rr = m i=q srr m=r riq(
= mr= =r=r r = = m =ma im ivrrr nr=mr m i= i=r r =
=rar m= , arim n +rrnr +rr=ar ==ro mr i=r r m= =m (
s. ri=mar ==n=rr sz v sr=r im +rr=ar ==ro mr inmr= s=m ri=mr =
i+r = ( ic ==ro m =c= se ri=m r ar n ==ro mr i=r r m=
= =rar c =m ( =ri=q m e inrr m s=r= ivrrr mr sz v = r mr
~ rc ri=m nrr ( - m =rrc s ri=mr = m e r c =rr rar (
r ivrrr m =r== = inmi=a imq or =ma ( qm se ri=m mr
mr =r=riomar mr +rrnr = sr a r a rr riq( on am orarim
ri=mar mr inmr= r imr orar, an am =rrc r ia mr m=r r mr
or =mar( ri=mar ==n=rr ivrr m sz v m =r== = nr = =rc =r
mr vrina, c vr+rina mr +rrnr mr inmr=, sa=r rc r =c+rrnr mr inmr=,
== r m =r=r = mr m=r -ric rr mr inmi=a imr orr riq(
= mr= ri=mar mr sz v qm ==n r =r= ( =m r=r - m
=rrc sr srnvmarsr m s = inar mr i=r r m=ar qm =r mar
c vr = ar ri=mar mr ivrrr ==rnvm r orar ( on am c vr m ri=mr
mr s m=r r sr= si=rmr=r mr r r r ar, an am n c vr m s-=rr =
=rm r r =ma (
200

=. n rim c ircmr r mr inmr= sr=r im inr mr ( sr=r im ==ro =
inr = sr=rri=a amrmr mr r si=rm r =r ( nrim c ircmrr mr
inmr= m= m i=q inr mr ivrrr = si=rm or = c r sinr ( =m i=q
mr cr=r srr = nra mr ===r imr im inr ivrrr mr =m = ivrrr
mr srnvm s nrr orq( srr inr ivrrr m rr-=m =a= mr = r
m= = +rr n= icr ( - m iavrr= c vr mr sia mr == s= c vr mr
n rim ia ( =i=q +rr=ar ==ro mr sia m i=q +rr = ivrrr
c ircmrr = mrvr zr=a q =nr=r inn mrc +rr mr =rr, "=r= i=q
inr mr s= srnvm , = amrmr ivrrr mr srnvmar , io==
=r= c vr m sorr mr inmr= r =m ( inr m s= = n m
inv= rrrr-=m mr vr= mr =r=riom orn qn +rr iam nrarn=r mr ===rsr mr
==r = sr m= =ma ( +rr=a mr sri=r m n==rr mr =ca m= m
i=q sr= se +rr=ar ==ro mr i=r r m= m i=q inr = sr=rri=a
c nr=r or mr sr imr orr riq(
. =r=riom a=rr =rrc r qmar m i=q ivrrr ==ro mr si=rm ==n c nr=r m
s=r= ivrrr mr sz v =r=riom +rrnr mr inmr= r r riq( sro +rr=ar
==ro = s m ===rq ( =r=riom = r, orianrc, c o =rr sric s m
=r=riom m =riar ==ro mr sia m =r = =mrnc zr= =r , sr =
+r rcrr= na =r ( sr=r im ivrrr rr=r = m n= =rrr sr= =c mr n i=r
= r n= icr or =r ( == =r=riom inmr= ==+rn r r =mar(
==ro m inmr= m i=q = nr mr ==ro mr icr m inrr = narr
r r( ivrrr, =r=riom i=na =r, ==ro mr sr na r a=rr =r=riom uria
=r m i=q a+rr =rar m=ar , ic =mr =vrna =r=r m = = imr
orq(
=r=riom +rrnr m inmr= m i=q inor=r a=rr =rinor=r mr =r=riom
mrr mr m c nrr orr riq( =r=r ivrrr ===rrq =r=crim m c r mr
=n= r m= = , io== im n =r= crim orn mr si=rm = si=rm sa
nr =m ( == =r, = nr, =irr ar sric mr +rrnrsr mr inmr= r r(
=r=riom orn = sia =r m i=q ivrrr m =r== = =nr== = nr
mr u=, ra ivrrr, n=rim n sr or im inmr= sric mr u=r = n= icr
orr riq( =r=riom sia m i=q = =+rr nr m i=q sinr qn
ivr =m ivrrr rr=r = or= c r riq( =r ivrrr mr r -=r cr riq
a=rr iez nr mr ivrrr mr sr = invr rr =r c r riq( = mr= = ivrrr
201

m =r== = =r=riom qmar =r mr r= m= =ma ( =r=riom sia m
i=q = =+rr nr m i=q sinr qn ivr =m ivrrr rr=r = or= c r
riq( =r ivrrr mr r-=r cr riq a=rr iez nr mr ivrrr mr sr=
invr rr =r c r riq( = mr= = ivrrr m =r== = =r=riom qmar =r
mr r= m= =ma ( =r=riom qmar =rrc r qmar m inr s=r =r ( =r=r
er im = qm =vrna =rrc mr i=r r m= ( =m i=q ivrrr mr sz v
=rrc r qmar mr ria m=r r r riq( = sz v mr ria m i=q mr cr=r
srr = rn icr im im=r im=r mr= mr =r=riom sr= =rrc r = nr
mr =+rr err m i=q sinr imr orr riq( =rrc r sr= =r=riom qmar
m i=q +rrrrr ==n=rr qm == ia ria mr inmr= imr orr riq( =rrc r
sr = =r=riom = nr i= i=rr mr =r=r n =mar ( s vrr= = ==rr= +rr
=r =mar ( =r=riom a=rr =rrc r qmar m i=q +rrrrr ==n=rr qm == ia
ria mr inrm= imr orr riq( err = =rrc r ar mr na rnr icr orq(
=rrc r qmar m i=q =rrc r ar mr na rnr icr orq( =+rr sr=r im +rr=ar
+rrrrrsr mr ivrrr m =r== m = = =rar cr mr orq( =rrc r = nr
mr u=r mr crm = = =r= c vr = =r imr orq( =rrc r qmar m i=q
ivrrr m =r== = =r ma mr =ca nrr orq a=rr =rri= m =c +rrnr mr
inmr= imr orq(
= mr= ivrrr mr sz v =r=riom a=rr =rrc r qmar mr inmr= r r
riq( =r=rio a=rr =rrc r qmar sr=r im ==ro mr i=r r m= = r a
=rar m= =mar (
c. sa=r rcr =c +rrnr m i=q ivrrr sr=r im +rr=ar ==ro mr sia m i=q
sa=r rc r =c +rrnr mr ivrrr +rr sia srnvm ( or = = =rrc r qmar
mr nra m=a , nr = = sa=r rc r =a= = +rr=a mr +r i=mr mr sn=r
r m= =ma( onr==r= = mr =rr, " rr ==r= nc= r sr =
rr nr=rrq ==ra rar or =r ( orn si=rm sa=r rc r r ar or =r (
= sr nr=r sa=rrc rar = sr r cr c r =i=q ==r= = ==m
srnvm ( sro = invn n=r -n mr nra m=a ( = =r= = =rm =m= =
+rr=a mr sia mr sr = r = or =ma ( = iavrr= c vrr mr =r =m iam,
=r=riom, =ro iam sr = rri=m iar mr s= =i=q m=r im =
s= = =r+rc nrar mr sr =m ( = c == c vrr mr sr = ==rrsr sr=
iar m inrr = ormr=r c r rr(
202

invn = arn, sra mnrc, i=rr=r mr cr z , er c =rrc r mr +r =ar mr r ar
sric mr i==ria = sa=rrc r =c+rrnr m inmr= mr srnvmar ( inr qn
c nr=r or mr sr vrr ia r qn inmr=r-=m mrr m i=q imr orr riq(
=rnr qn ==ro inr m inrr mr =r=r s= = mr= = rr riq
im = invn ri=m n = =rar i== =m( rcu= = z r=r =r=r a=rr
invn m s =rrc r mr invr rrarsr mr ormr=r cr orq, io== im smr ==
qn smr r ra m= = =rar i== ( sa=rrc r =c +rrnr m i=q ivrrr
+rr=ar ==ro mr sia = a+rr =rm r =mar , on = rvr- c vrr mr
inr qn ivr= inr = sr=rri=a sr=r imar = ar== = incrq , nr im +rr=ar
==ro qm ===ra ==ro ( =i=q = m =ma im ivrrr mr qm
==nr s= v sa=r rc r =c +rrnr mr inmr= m=r (
. sr=r imrm=r m i=q ivrrr sr=r im ==ro inr sr=rri=a amrmr = sri~a
( r m in=r c m i=rr==n= na =r vrar-cr, inr sr= sor m r =
n a sia m= =r ( +rr=a ==mr= r=r ivrrr ria = +rr sr=r imrm=r
= n= icr r ( ivrrr mr ria ==n=rr i= ivrrr mr r ar = mr
r im = nr c nr=ror m inmr= mr c=ro = =rz ( c nr=r or
m r = ivrrr = ==rrq "i==rr nr=r ivrrr = ==rrsr mr norq =r=r mr
= ==rrsr = i=nia a r =mar ( ivrrr m in=ar= m i=q c =cvr mr +r i=mr
mr invr rr s== =r srnvm ( = =r== = m n= sr ri=m ivrrr m i=q,
ni=m sr ri=m ivrrr m i=q +rr q =r =rr = (
sr=r imrm=r m r= = rz n= mr = r= m= sr = =r cn= mr
inmi=a m= mr srnvmar ( s-a i=rm a amrmr = sr=rri=a s-rc
sr = n=r mr or n==rr , n a+rr = =mar on = nr r sr= sr=rr=+r a
ar mr +rr sr=r imrm=r imr orq( = sz v m i=q ivrrr mr in=ar= imr
orq sr = nz =r = c nmr =r or mr r imr orq( sr=r imrm=r r
=r=riom sri=r m a=rr =r =m iam i=na r mr = iur mr si=rm arn nr
m i=q s=mr ivrrr = ==n=r ==rria m=r srnvm ( = ==n=r = mr cr=r
srr +rr s inr= mc imq =r , sro m +rr=a s=r=ri=rmr= = =r
= =m ia r , =a c +rr = im n qm == ia = = ivrira =rrc r
= r sr= on am n ivrira r r ora, an am n s srmr
sr=r im r nr rqr a=rr =rrc i =rr mr r iar mr sia = =
=r=r r m= =m r(
203

=+rr ivrrr m sz vr = ar =ar im c vr mr i=i==riar m s=r=
ivrrr m sz vr = i=na r a = ( sr=r im +rr=a mr ivrrr m sz v s=mr
=r=riom sri=r m a=rr =roriam srnvmarsr mr =r = ==rm= imr orr
riq(
=r mnr= m s =r= "+rr=a = ivrrr m r=r =r mar ar, nrim
=rr o sr = crvr im =irr ar mr i=r r imr orr riq( m n= a+rr = s
===rsr m sia s=r=ri=rmr=r r , iomr i=r r = c vr = sara = sr
( m n= a+rr = s ===rsr m sia s=r=ri=rmr=r r , iomr i=r r =
c vr = sara = sr ( m n= a+rr = s= sr=r im in=r=a = sr +rr
r m si=rmr=r r , or invn m ===a =rrc r mr in=r=ar mr qm m= mr
- m=ar (
= mr= rr +rr=ar ==ro = na =r +rr=ar ==ro mr ==r =
i=na sr ( sro sr=ri-=mar m =r=r +rr iamar mr ==n = qm
nr ==ronrcr ==ro mr =r m=r ra , io== =+rr mr r,
=naar, src=, =r, +r ra-n+rrn sr = inmr= m ==r sn== ra r (
= =r mr i=+rrirra m=a q r== mr "= = =r=riom = =r m
ini+r nrrm=rr = = im=r qm nrrm=r mr ia m= mr =rcz
(
mr m s =r=, "im=r m srcvr invnr= sr = ia=rr mr r= r = =
(
= mr= = = ==ro m =rr mr i=na m s = sia inm= m
s=r= nr= m= m i=q =rcvr m mr mr m=a (
sa na =r +rr=ar ==ro m = = i=i=i=ra
(. inanrc +rr iamnrc m ==n= =r=riom == m = = inanrc mr
inmr= sr( sro - m ina sr sia mr =n m r=r mr i=rr=
=rar ( n = ==ro mr = na r= r =rar( n =na ==rr sr=
=na ir = invnr= m=ar ( =r +rrn = +rr=ar ==ro mr = na
i=nr= rr=r inrrica r r sr= qm i=nr= mr na rnr i==r( ==ro = r=r
sro =rr m n=rn= mr cor ==rar ( n =rr =rr =r=riom n==rr mr
cr=r r =r( n =ro iam orn = or=m ( s= inr im=r +r c+rrn
204

m =acr m= a=rr rn = =rz r mr si=rmr= ra ( s= =r i=m
si=rmr= cr imq q, io== s== ina mr i==r mr +rrn inmi=a sr(
sro ina sr-=i+r= qn s sr=r m i=q =n s=r=crr ( = mr=
= = =r=riom n==rr m i=r r = =r c =r (
,. r ==ro m - m ina mr =r=riom sri=r m, =rri= m sr= =ro iam r
ra r , n na =r +rr=ar ==ro mr = = ( = in=rr r=r c=r r mr
=r i=m si=rmr=, r m = = = nc= r ( +rr=a ==mr= =mr ria =
=== ( =r=riom r mr ria m i=q =+rr r r = +r c+rrn mr ==ra
m= mr r= imr or =r ( arim n r ==ro mr ==rrr r =m ( mr
mr c irc = =+rr mr ==r =rr r ( =r= , oria, nr , i=, o===rr, n vr,
= sric m sr=rr= = ri=mr m =r=r +r c+rrn r imr or =mar( iez n
mr inmi=a r m invr rr sn== cr imq q( =+rr i==m= =rrc i=r r =
sr r =ar =r= =r-=m =r c =m ( = = = m orn = sr =
=r=riom r mr ria r =mr(
==ro = s=r=r sr = i=r ar mr =rr mr rc m i=q a=rr sri=r m
s==rar mr ==ra m= m i=q sri=r m r m sr=rr= = sri=r m = = mr
ra m= mr r= or=r ( sri=r m vrr rrr mr ==ra m= , =r qn s-rc
m =r=rr mr inm c rm=r m= , =+rr mr =ror= m sn== cr m= , sia
ri=~i=m c , orn =a= = =rr= sric mr n==rr mr ( iez n mr
orn ==rr= sric mr n==rr mr ( iez n mr orn =a= ==rr= m
i=q s sri=r m =r icr or =r (
==ro = vrr rrr mr ==ra m= m i=q n r=, cr= =rr a=rr i=r m
vr=r= m rr= = ian=r =rr r , arim =rnr i==r mr +rrn ==ro
= ==rria r ( iez =rn =r r mr sri=r m vrr rrr =r m sr= orn =a= =
==rr= a ~i=mr mr sor r = +rrrcr=r, (= nrr = m= s= m nr r=r
mr==rrr = mr m= = rn cr, =r m = nrsr = ==r sn==, =+rr =r r mr
n=r, rr= mr =naar, a=rr sri=r m =r mr n==rr mr ( =
mr= na =r ==ro = sri=r m r m = = mr ra imr or =r (



205

mr .s

vrria ivrrr (Peace Education)

= s+r a n i=r m cr= = or = , = cr= = s=irrar, mc=nrc, innrc sr= in=n=ar
mr i= a= sr rmrq ( iam mr vrria sr = m=rr mr m =r= r r iar r sr =r (
s= = innrcr = sr= i =r cr r ar r=rim innrc = = rr sr= i=r cr r
r ar( i=r sr = innrc mr m = +rrina iaim rsr = = ( inar ==r sr = =rrc m =c+r
= innrc = =r m i=q si=r-=m sr a a m mr r=r m rrrr mr o==a ( n inm, =rrc r
qn ==rrr =a= = na ar i =r m =a =rrc r =m=r rc r = vrria mr irrr mr ==rr nr=
= = =rc ( vrria ==rria m= mr crrr mr=r imr = irrr qm =-n r srr= ( irrr
m = =r m = = vrria, rc r m =+rr rr = o z r sr= s= iia = =r mr =m
sr = s or z ar ( vrria m i=q irrr iam inmr= m =r=r s = =r c ircmr r sr= mr r=r m
r rrr = n= c ar or m ia sr= =rn oa m nr =r= o= incr m i=q srnm ( sa
vrria mr irrr qm q = ==r mr= m = = inmi=a r or == =m=r orn = er orq
rc r , mrr mr nrarn=r, =m = n =r, irrminor=rr = n =r sr = =m= = o z r a=r= iaini=rr
(
vrria mr =-n
r ia, == i a=rr r or ( Progress prosperity Planning )
= i-ar, +rrnr a=rr ==rar ( Eternity Emotions and Equality )
( =rn=rar, s m=ar (Attention Adaptability)
- qmr ar, =a irca ia, =r=ar ( Concentration, Contentment, Calmness)
= ==a =ar, ==ar ( Equipoise, Equilibrium)
vrria m +r c na =r inn m = c+r = vrria mr = mr= in+rna imr or =mar












(. srai=m vrria
srai=m vrria qm mr= = vrina = ni=r a ( na) =r=ar , ==a =ar mr sn==rr
sr = =rnr == r ar sa i=a ( = aar mr s ri=r ( =r vrria m n= sr-=r mr
ar = r ra mr or =mar ( = m svrr= s invnr= a=rr -r n araar m
=r=ra= = +rr ri== mr or =mar ( ===a rrr n mr s sr-=r =n= c =rr, = m=r,
vn= m ia =n= c =rr +rr vrria m iiva =r ( sr ai=m n nrq = sa= ( nr im =
nrq vrria m = = r =arrr ==r r ser ic=rr ar ser nr sr= ser m=
= r = +rn ( on = = mr er r , s=r sn==rr mr r= vrria ( ic vrria mr n=
vrria
nrq
srai=m
vrr=ri=m =r=riom =ri=m sr=ri-=m = n r-=m
206

m=r ar m n= a+rr ==+rn on +rrnr-=m =a= r ar ( =r = ina =r s=rnr
srai=m vrria ra m=ar (
,. nrq vrria
nrq vrria ina m =r=riom qn vrr=ri=m sn==rr n i=i==riar = sr=rri=a r ar ( =
nrq vrria mr s=r im on =r = in=rrom rr= s=rnr r m=r = r s=rnr =nr== n = =rr mr
c irc = s= mr =ra=r r s=rr a r a sr=r=c orn r ( vrria ina m srai=m r =r=r
= sri~a r ar im s=m mr vr= r =r =( or vrria n = =r nrq cr=rr = ri== imq ora
n ==rr r r a ( vrria qm =nr+rrinm gia ( vrria m inr ina mr ior orn,
==ro, c vr r =rr = ia, ==ar n = =r mr m=r r mr or =mar ic - m rrr
= =rr r ar ==r= = vrr ia ==+rn r (
sa srnvm iur nr=m mr sia sr ==m sr = r==+r r orq arim rr=, ==ro,
=rrc sr= saa invn = vrria ==rrr mr or =m ( vrria ==rrr m n= ivrrr r=r r ==+rn (
=m i=q =+rr mr vrria mr irrr c r rr(
vrria ivrrr mr s=r (Meaning of Peace Education)
vrria ivrrr = =n =r= = mr vrra n i==r= a=rr in=na m=r ( m n= in=na n vrra
= = r =r ar n vrria sr=r ia mr or =mar nr=an = vrria ==r=r = =nr=r =
r (
vrria irrr nr=an = qm inr , n inr or =rn mr =r i=m srnvmarsr
a=rr ==ro mr =rr=r i=i==ria r =n= mr s= m=r ( io= srnvmarsr mr ia
m= =ma ( o = im =r r m inr=r a=rr = =r mr ==r, === =rcr=r mr +rrnr mr
or a m=r, im=r mr icr n sr=r r m=r, c==r = invnr= m=r, ur =r m=r, =o
r a=rr m=rr, cr, =, =crr= o = rr mr inmr= m=r a=rr = r m ===a r vrria
a=rr = ar rr = sr=rri=a r riq( ivrrr =rn mr s si=rmr=r a=rr m=r r m inrr =
r cr m=ar ( sr = =r=r r s= +rr narar im im= a= = ri=m qn =r c vr mr
vrria mr ==ira ==r =mar ( sa vrria ivrrr n ivrrr or si=m sr= ri ==ro mr
i=r r m=ar ( ina s si=rmr=r mr nra = m=m m=r r mr nra = m= ( ina
s m=r r mr = i+rr s=m nrc s si=rmr=r mr =r m=(
= = c+r = s= i=mr m =nr =rrc ia or m zr mr im =a er im a=r=
c vr a =r= i=q nr imr ( s sr = er im a = c vr m i=q nr imr
("Do not ask, what your country can do for you. Ask, what you can do for your country.)
=r-=r r=r or +rr = nra = sr = si=rm =rc = = mr im si=rmr=r sr=
m=r r mr = n =r ic=ra mr a= ( ic m nrc =ra +rr snv srqr sr= =ra m nrc ic +rr
snv srqr(
or ina qn = r vrria ivrrr = invnr= ==ra n snv r ri, ==ro ia rrr, =r mr=r,
crnr sr= =rrc =r r a (
zr . ==r sn r= m s=r=, vrria ivrrr vrria i =r r m i=q or im = =nr = vrria
nrq ==r = == r invr rr = = +rrnr-=m ivrrr , =rri= m ivrrr , =r=r = r
=n = ivrrr (
m . q=. nr==ro m vr-cr = , vrria ivrrr qm mr u= sr= iur , io== =rr
(n nmr sr= ra r ) = vrria m = = mr ==rr sr = ==cr=r mr +rrnr mr inmr= imr orar
207

( n ar=r io== =r= crim orn mr ri, ni==ra sr= =r =o= r nrr orar
(
s na i=+rrrrrsr m sr=rr= = vrria ivrrr mr invr rrarsr m inrr = or +rr r n
= arrrom i=rr= =r= srq , n i= mr= =
err = sa=rrc r =c +rrnr, +rr r= mr +rrnr mr inmr=(
err mr i=r, a=rr = rrrr sric m i=rr=r = sna m=rr a=rr io = n s =
n m i=q ===r r =m (
err mr =rri= m a=rr iam = =r mr src= mr c irc = c =r m r = nrr(
err = scr= c ircmr r inn m r , ia mr inmr= a=rr invnri r mr =rr o m i=q
=i cr m=r(
err = =+rriar sr= === =, gr, cr, m=rr sr = r=r m=r, sr =r= ==r
sric rr mr +rrnr cr m=r(
vrria ivrrr m = sr = sz v
= ivrrr mr r==+r = (esu = n == m sa=r rc r mr=o = =arina m=m imr r
=rr = ivrrr mr arr =r = cvrr r r or = mr= =
(. vrr ia m = n =r = ivrrr (Education Concerned with Peace)
= = = = = ivrrr mr = n =r mr ==r=r r = ( mr nra m= sr = = =
+rr ina svrria mr s +rn m= =ar ( inrvr sr = vrria ia ( = c ircmrr
mr iarc i==-= sr mr=r cr (Milbus Ocamoto) m r=r imr r(
,. vrria m i=q ivrrr (Education for Peace)
ivrrr mr r= r s= vrria ar =rc im ivrrr vrria nrq ==r mr =r=r
c ar ( ivrrr =mr=r-=m =rr=rr ( = ivrrr m r=r = r mr =c +rrnr mr rc a rm=
si=r m =r = = m i=q i=a imr orar ( =r=r = =gia = si=r ==r =r= narr r
( nra = a= mr sr= i=a m=ar im on =rn =i=arm = m mr=r-=m +rrn mr
orr or =mar ar s== m ia =a mr nro m = r nr r or =mar(rria irrr
rria m i=q = irmrr im=ar im vrria ivrrr m r=r =r r = vrria m +rrnr mr or a
imr orq sr= s +rrnr mr rnri=m = icr orq(
s. =mr=r-=m ivrrr (Positive Education)
=mr=r-=m ivrrr ina mr mr=r-=m c ircmr r -r = n= c ar ( ivrrr ina mr
=mr=r-=m =r m i=q r -=ria m=ar ( =mr=r-=m =r ina mr si =r-=m =r=riom ia
m =r = = m i=q =rr c ar nr im == q =r rr im n sr mr=r-=m =r io=mr
= n =r i=r, vrr rrr, +r c+rrn, =r= crimar, s==rar o = c in r=r = , sm r ia=roi= c =m (
ivrrr srcvr ==ro mr ==rria m= sr = s=mr n i=r r mr =rr c ar (
sz v (Objectives)
vrr ia ivrrr m sz v = mr= = rq q =+rr sz zr .m . q=. nr==ro m m=rr =r=

(. inori=r r mr i=nr=, ==ro, c vr sr= invn = vrria ==rria m= = smr +r i=mr mr
s=r= m=rr(
,. =rnr m ia =mr=r-=m =r mr inmr= m=r(
s. =rn orn = vrria m = =r mr ==r(
=. ererrsr mr svrria m i=rr=r = sna m=rr(
. n nmr sr= ra r = vrria m iam qn s=ri-=m = =r mr inmi=a m=r io== sm
= = srai=m vrria mr s +rn r (
208

c. er c nr=mr = r sr= sr, si =r.i=r, ==rars==rar, c= m inrr =
or=mar cr m=r(
. sa=r rc r =c +rrnr mr inmr= m=r(
s. +rr r= mr +rrnr mr inmr= m=r(
e. inori=r r mr i =r, sr= sr=r = rrrr sric m i=rr=r = sna m=rr(
(u.mr vrria ivrrr m = =r = sna m=rr(
((.inori=r r mr =ri= m, =irrar, s oriar mr src= m=r, =rri= m qn iam = =r mr
src= mr c irc = c =rr(
(,.errerrsr = scr= c ircmr r, inn m r i a a=rr invnrr r mr =rr o m
i=q =i inmi=a m=r(
(s.= =si=a-n mr +rrnr mr inmr= m=r(
vrria ivrrr mr =-n (Importance of Peace Education):
=r= == r orn mr r= r ar vrria ra m=r, vrria r srai=m r r nrq(
cr r mr= mr vrr ia mr = r orn = s-ri=rm =-n m n= =r sia vr rr n s
=+rr mr= ornoa +rr vrria mr ra m=r ra ( == r = irc +rr on =rr=r vr r ar , an
=ar im n +rr sr=r= rar ( vrria qm src r sn==rr io= ra m=r = qm orn
mr = ( vrria ivrrr = = r m sc= iam rr mr orr or =mar sr= s rr m
or a r = =rn orn =r vrr n =ar = +r= orar ( s== qm r s-=r or scar
sr = n s a=rr c==r m =r=r =mr=r-=m nr= m=r vr = m= c ar ( vrria ivrrr m r=r
= r sia vr irr = +rr qm = r= vrina mr o= r orar sr= =r =, =-ar vrria,
=crr=, si=r sr= === =+rriar sric rr r=r sio a vrina = qm q s-=r m =r=r s
==cr, ==ro, c vr a=rr invn m m=rr m i=q =mr=r-=m =r = mr sr==+r m=ar ( =m
in=ra on am ina = vrria ivrrr mr s+rrn r r, an am ==cr a=rr invn mr vrria n
m=rr ==+rn r r =mar(
vrria ivrrr m s+rrn = = r m sc= cr, =r , invnr=rar, =r +r ia, =vrr=ar,
=== =, -r, =rcr=r, =rcr=r, m=rr sric rr mr sa r orar ( io=m i=rr==n=
= r orn = s=rmr= er orar sr = s=m sc= c, rr, rr rr, svrria, s=r= sr = i =r o=
sn r i== scr =a ( io== i=nr=, == cr, c vr a=rr invn = n=in=r=r sia o =r
i==ria s- r orar (
vrria ivrrr =n i=i==riar = qm =r=nrr mr mr= m=ar ( on +rr = r mr
mr m=ar ar s= qmar m =r=r m=r s-a =-n r =ar ( io= mr= qm r=r = r
s i=r r ar ic s qm =r=r i==r c ar n arma mr = c cr n orar ( =r mr= vrria
ivrrr m r=r =+rr mr= m sn rr = ino ra m= = =rar i==ar ( = ivrrr m r=r
= r = = = =m ivrrr mr cr =oni=a m=m orn mr mrivra imr or =mar ( n = +rr
vrria vr-c mr ic r a inv= rrr imr orq , ar i= vr-cr mr =i==i=a imr or =mar (
P Peaceful
E Environment
A Among
C Communities
E Everywhere
s=rr a ===a ==cr = vrria r nrarn=r mr ==rrr m=r r vrria mr = =r mr =rr
r ( sro c r = io= mr= sra mnrc a=rr +r rcrr= mr na rnr i==r , =mr i=cr a irrr
r = vrria irrr cr m=m = +rrnr ri=mr mr i=a m= =ma ( sa qm inr mr
209

m=r im=r mr c =r =a cr, n =m ar = =r cr = =- m= a = vrria mr ==rrr
m=r rr or im irrr r=r r ==+rn ( = inrr = irrmr m r=r mr r im
Peace is precious , Peace is sweet , and its medicine that gives sweet sleep

vrriaivrrr m = c+r = s=rm mr +r i=mr
s=rm r ivrrm n ina or r mr ia= ia r ar ( s= ina mr ==ro m
r=r ===r a=rr src= mr c irc = c =rr orar ( =mr mr=r im = r s=rm mr cor
r inc s=rr a vn= = +rr nz r r ar s= ==ro, c vr r =rrc i=r ar m = = c =rr orar (
ivrrr r mr +rr nr r , s= inr =rcvr m r = m inr r r imr or =mar( on
nr=m er cr r ar ar s=mr r s=r =r, siiva sr = sni==ra r ar ( s=rm s n
sio a r mr =r=r = m= nr=m m r mr == r iiva sr = = ni==ra m= mr mr m=ar
( vrr ia ivrrr m = c+r = ivrrm mr s= +r i=mr r ar ( ivrrm r=r =n =r= nr=m mr inv= rrr
imr orar a=rr s= == m vra n nr=m mr vrr ia ivrrr m =c+r = ivrira m=r vr =
m=ar ( n inori=r r mr =ri=m qn nr im inmr= ivrrr m r=r m=ar a=rr s== se n =,
sias ia mr r m=nrar a=rr err mr =na = = i a, =, =r inr= m
sn== cr m=ar ( err m ==r mr ===r ==rm= s=m ==r=rr mr ini=r ear sr=
srnvmar z = im=r invr rr mr= m nr= mr nr m=r r ar s=rm =n +rr +r i=mr
i+rr mr mr ivrvr m=ar ( ivrrm ini+r mr= m im rm=rr r=r s err mr vrria ivrrr m
=c+r = ivrira m= =mar (
nr=mr mr ini+r =r=r , r r sr= = =giar = =n i=ra ormr=r cr m=m s= sm ia
===r n src= mr +rrn s- m=r(
orn = = n i=ra iam sr = =rnr = =r mr inmr= m= m i=q mrr, rcm sr=
minarsr mr sr=rr= nrm= s== orn m ia =mr=r-=m =r s- m=r(
nr=mr mr vrria ivrrr mr sn=rr=rr a=rr s=r mr ==rm= sr= vrria m =-n m nr= =
ormr=r c m= ==ro, ==cr, i=nr=, c vr a=rr invn = vrria ==rrr a ererrsr mr
r cr ra m=r(
ererrsr mr n i =r m cri=rr=r mr ==r=rr m =r== = narr(
err mr q = =r =rrr ior invn vrria a s m mr imq ( smr ornir a=rr
i= m nr= = sna m=nrr(
ivrrmr r=r inor=r = =r=rrr m o=icn= =rq orq a=rr vrria inrr = ==ni=ra
nrcinnrc iar iar a=rr = i=r= mr srr o imr orr riq(
inori=r r mr ~=cr m =-n m nr= = ormr=r cr(
err mr =r n cm mr =-n narm=, s=m r=r ra =or mr r invn vrria m i=q
m= =ma ( s +rr narr or =mar im inr=r mr inar qn vrria r =r
vrr ia (
err mr s=rm m r=r rcm i= =r r +r =r = = orm= sm =ri=m i=na
m=m s= ini+r =r=r , = =gia, oriar sric m ia =mr=r-=m =r s- m=r(
vrria irrr m =
( ior sr= io cr = sc c innr= (
, si=r ==r =r= (
s inn n=r -n mr +rrnr(
= inn ri=mar = innr= (
cr =r= mr == (
210

c =-= n oa (
inn ia =n= nz r ia(
s s rr= = =r, vrria mr = m(
e =on r =r=rrar sr= = n = ==rr(
(u in= ar sr= ==r =ar = =nmr orar or =mar (
(( c==r = n=r nr= m=r o =r sr s ia c==r = ra r(
(, m= sr = mr n ia = rrrr m=r (
(s im=r +rr orn mr =a =arsr (
(= mr irc r m= mr m=r(
( = ncrr= nr s=rr a c ==r m c =r mr sr c =r ==r (
inor=rr srria
qm o=rr =rr orn mr r= sn==rrsr = = inor=rr orn=nir = =r m i=q =cr rc
= nr=r, m n= qm = r so , irrmr m ia ===r, +rinr m == =r mr sr=rr=
nrq, =rariar m innr=, =r = nr=r, ie= cr =ar mr =r rnr= nr = sz
nr=rn o=rr sr =rr =rr( sro +rr s= nna m i=q r= n ==m nr ( or nna
mn sr = m =r m=nc =r( = =m ia m =r r nc= q, ==ro mr o==a , r n mr =or = m e
m= ser m= mr o=nr r nc= r, =rr mr nra im er rina a ro m cr= =
+rr qm = m =r=+rr =r c i=q =m=, mr = o sr= inninor= m rr = = = rn==rr m
r =r = =rz r ( qm q =r rn = =nr= io== anr= r , nna m =r z s= si sr=
sr~r i=rm mr a= i=q or = , or mr +rrnrsr = i= r = +r i=mr mr s=r m n=
r im = or im sro mr inor=rr ar srra nr
sara mr r =n r =rr mr = ra n , n i=r r r == cr =r r ( mr r im
im=r c r s=rnr ==ro mr rina mr s cror =rr r ar nr mr nrrina mr or r , ==rr n
im= icrr mr sr = or =r srmr sr =rr m sr =r cn=rc qm =r a=nr= sr orqr(
==mr=r a a r mr == na r c = srq ic r nr=r r= nror, +r =rz ar=, cr a r
m rrcr = = r =rq ora sr= i==ria nr mr nr = orar , =rrr mr == ocrm sr
orar sr = err mr a r=r s=r =r i= m e r=r=ar a-n =r= = n c m= =r= nrarn=r mr r rirm
r = c a( =rr= nc= orar on=c=ar =rrr m c = or r icr orar( err mr =rr z r
= =r =mr irmr= r orar = = ==r= m= = orar nr im =r ma = n =a mr
nr =nr=r (
s=rmr = srnm =rrirm mrr mr nr n a rq r a r = mr =r c=
==n=rr mrr mr = =rr or =rr ==r ( n rcr = o z r ormr=r ra m= m i=q =nr=r m=
=m q=r mr n==rr r , == r sr= ra +rr r nr im ==mr=r a = iomr q =
c qm s=rm =roria mr ar= i=q =c n = =ira ( smr a a r = mr rar r (
irrm mr ircr err m ia ==r mr +rrnr = si=rm = si=rm ormr=r c mr r=, smr
=r =rcr m=r, = +rrina rrcrsr = +rinr m nr= = srr m=r, i= m =r = innr=
211

cr m=r, sro nra o=r mr =r n ( s er c , =nr=rr m i=q inor=rr rina mr
=roriam rr rrr s +rr sr i=a = = = ar (
nc=a orn= = err m ina-n = mr=r-=m +r i=mr scr m= = ( =m= n
=rinor= =rnr = =r mr inmr= =r=rr m= rrz r mr sz zr n q ( inori=rr m mr==
=i=arm i =r, = n sr= s=r mr +rrnr = orq ( ==r inor=rr mr iam a r orar (
n rr m = ia sr= z == mr c = sr orar sr = +r = orar s==r orn mr sc c (
=mr io== nr= mr =rariar, er, irrm r ==mr=r a = nc r ar s= =r +rr r
= c ar(
r rirm ar r im= a= mr irrr c =r nr n s= orn or mr =r ic=rr =r (
+rr qm =-n r or n a =r ( nr n ornr rr n s=mr orinmr mr n=r
m=r r n =r or=r mr irmr= r orqr( er mr r=ar m s=r= irrr c r, m n= =amr
r =r=r ria r r r riq( irrr = =r mr or nr=r =r cr =m= er mr =r or= s=-=r
m=nr =m irrrincr , ==mr= n ria i=rr =r m= nr= a mr = =r io==cr=r , err m ==
sn=rc, i=rrr cr m= = n =ror=r qm n a iar mr inrr ( siia +rinrer
srria, =r=riom = =r m sr = s=a = mr = = mr=r ( =r-=r r=rr or == acc
= mnc s=rr a amrmr irrr mr nro= an c icr =rr on na ar srnrcr, n =ror=r mr +r anr
=rr mr=r c= =rr( sa rcr i=r r m == irrr mr orn = ==n=r = = ia inc
r r riq(
er rina +rinr mr srrr , s= sr nr= +rr=a mr a=nr= ier ( sm ia
=r +r ia r nr= s ira ( smr srm r r =r=riom, sri=r m -r=rr =roriam =a= = rr
orr riq( n a= io = smr irmra, srm rr sr = rr +r ( n a a or = ==rq or
riq( =mr sr+rr= smr ia+rriar r=r =rr or =mar ( =rrc i=r r n ria i=rr =r =
smr +rrrcr=r +r= r qm er c =a= = r srnm (
err mr =roria = +rrrcr=r im= c am r = = =a n r , =roria mr == r r
s= nra = =ro arsr m r=rr mr mc a=r n orr iar mr ==r mr= ( err mr = =
scc a r m=r irrr r =roria mr irmr= nr r ( ar s =nr=r m i=q er rina mr
c=a in+rro m= smr r=ar mr rr rrr m=a ( oi =nr=rrar = r= = er rina mr
r cr r=r =r = sn on = =r maora = or = im=r inc rr arma m in=
r sia s =r=riom n =rr = =z mr r=ar = inmi=a m=r io= ==ro mr inmr=
r r r =r ( =rr +r rcrr=, i=na=rr =r, c o =rr, rr, =rnr, n =ror=r( = err mr s=r=
rina mr qm icrr c r ( q =r =r, = z m r =, q q= q=, r-a=r, +rrrrr iariarq,
ini+r =r=riom s-=nr mr srr o, sr = =m ia mr r , =rnr = =r mr inmr= a=rr
=n==r ina-n i=r r m= n ==ro = rria ==rria m= = =rm r r( sc= =or mr = r a
i=q er n r r=r +rr s n= =r= sr= rina mr crm icrr c m= c r i=r r = =rm
n =mar (
=r r= m =r==r r=r nr rina mr crm ein s+r= m= srr =-n r ( sro mr i= =r,
c =rino, ==rr= , =ra, m= c=, sr= c o=r -ni=a m ria ==ro = err mr n ein
=a a m= or srcr r ( =- i==rr r crr r crm , =nra r = ima irrr r nr=ar mr
=rn ia r r=r r -r, n=r-mr=, r =r, zmar, i =m nr= er n m mr == =i=arm
= z=rnr +rrn zr=a s c=nror mr =rr = ca or = nr= =r cr sr=r r ni=m
212

s==+rn r ar ( in=ar, =rm = n =r= mr =rr=r ein =a a m= er rina mr crm cr sro
mr o==a (

vrria irrr a s na ini=rr
s=rm r ivrrm r=r = vrriaivrrr mr cr m= m i=q m ini=rr mr srnvmar
r =mar ( io=m =r== = ivrrr c mr orq o =r im +r i=mrinr iur, ror
ini=r, am ini=r, sa=c ==rro, mrr m=r sric ini=rr mr s m=r m= m i=q
i= cr = inr= m=r srnvm (
i==ria mr n==rr
r or mr
r or = = n i=ra inr=
r or mr mrr ina m=r s=rnr nri=m = c r

mrr m=r rr=r (Story telling)
vrria irrr c mr c irc = nr=mr mr mrr m =r== qn im r = irrr c r n a
s na r ar ( =mr mr=r im nr=mr = mrr = mr n a er r ar ( c == mrr
=== qn =o r ar ( mrr = =i r r m mr=r nr=mr = = sr = m= mr ior=r
mr or a m=ar ( =+rr nr=m vrra +rrn = mrr =a sr = irrr si=r= im r === qn
=o r orar (
mrr = ar-
mrr qm er cr =r or im im=r +rr rrcr = s n i=ra r ar ( mrr mr si+r r
=rc m= m i=q m irrr vrri=r s inr= =a a imq ( r c =c qn z= m =ar =r=,
mrr qm nr r-=m =r or rrcr mr qm =r ===r=r = i= a= or= zr= m mr=r
c = m n= qm +rrnr-=m +rrn r zr=ar (
= rr =c mrr mr s=r nara q i==ra , == (s=rr a mrr) qm q=r =r
io== orn m im=r qm s m qm =r +rrn mr cir a m=r r = =rm mr sz ( = qm
q =r ==rrm sor r , io== +rr ia+rr ia m =, n =n c =o q , ni=m qm q =r ==r
io= qm r r =r mr =r=r s =a= = = c ircr = r ar (
mr nr=c rc m s =r=, sr=r im mrr rcm m rr = == qm =r io== =
m= m i=q qm ===r r , = mr ria qm nr=rr r , = mc =a i==ria r , rcm mr +rr ia
s== o= m rr r sr = rrr mr ===r=r r (
qz= q=r m s=r=, =rr m=rr qm q=r r=r or ar er cr r im qm r
n cm = =r a r or =m ( irmrr = = mr or =mar im mrr qm q=r =rr =r
r ar io== orn = = ni=ra mr rrcr r ar (
mrr mr r= +r
mrr = n =r mr iar= sia rr ( sricmr= = = r m orn = mrr mr
nz r =n =rr orar ( nr n r n a mrr = n = r m vrr mr r a ( +rr=a =
=r r m=rr =ri- mr +rrn n =r =ri- = z r sr = i= n =r =ri- = icr +rrrrr r
imr( n =r m =r m +rrn = icr = mrr mr = sr( icr = se inr = rr
=c o = q ior icr m mrr +r zr= mr == imr( sr=r im = mrr mr n a
213

nr =nr=r ( icr =ri- = mrr qm =na in=rr m = = inmi=a r mr ( sa mrr
m=r m r=r nr=mr mr rria irrr mr rc a rr or =mar (
mrr m=r rr=r m =-n (Importance of Story telling method)
( i= =r = or-=m =r a
mrr = r mr qm ser =r = or-=m =r a ( mrr = m i=q n n a s-= m
=a ( mrr = =r=o r ar ( nr m =r=o mr n qm +rrnrr=r =r=r (
, i= i=r r
mrr mr =r = or-=m =r=r r r =rr orr riq( ni=m mrr = err mr
i=i=r r +rr r ar ( mrr mr +rrn nr = n a z ar ( =i=q mrir err m
i=i=r r = =rar m=ar (
s = = irrr m i=q sr r
= = irrr m irrr = mrir mr = =r ==rr ( = = irrr m i=q mrir n a
srr , or s=rm irrr = mrir mr r m=ar , er s= s=rm mr n a =c
m=a sr= s=m r=r a rq q rc mr n a =r = =a ( err mr = = =r=s=r= r
+rcmar( mrr = irrm sr nra ==r = ==ar ra m= = ar =i=q = = irrr m
irrr = irrm mr =r =rar m=ar (
= s= = =i
mrir mr = = err mr si=r= m ia =i na ar sr = s mrr mr irrr
or m i=q ior=r r ar sr= n mrr m = = m nr= = sr = si=rm or m e m r
ora (
m=rrina mr inmr=
mrir m = = err mr m=rrina mr inmr= r ar ( == er sr m=r =
m =r i=m =r m= mr r= m=ar (
c == mr =cr
n mrir m =r== = s =rr=r == mr =c r m= =ma ( io== n
m =ia -ric = n ora (
rr-=m vrina mr inmr=
mrir i= a= = = err mr rr-=m vrina mr inmr= r ar ( n qm se ~r ar
nm= mrir mr =a sr = smr s=r r m=a ( =r n m c==r mr = r +rr qm m=r
( =rar= = m s+r= = er = m=r = i r r ora (
mrr irrr m sz
( err mr mrr mr ini+r vr i=r mr r m=rr(
, err m vr-c +r zr= mr == m=r(
s mrr = na =rn=r n =r mr ina = =-mri=m +rrrrr mr r m=rr(
= err mr =ri- m ia =i qn ior=r s- m=r(
214

err mr =r = o m=r(
c err mr m=r n am vrina mr inmr= m=r(
err mr ~nr ic r mr i=r r m=r(
s err m i= mr i=r r m=r(
e err m = nr mr i=rm a m=r(
(u err mr =r-=m vrina mr inmr= m=r(
(( err = c r, oria qn =r= m ia ==rrr +rrn nrr(
(, ===r-=m mrir m =r== = err mr ===r ==r m r = nrr -ric(
mrr m ini+r r
mrr m ini+r r rq ora , o=
( i= =rr mrr
, rrcr =rr mrr
s =r nrim mrr
= ===r =rr mrr
( i= =rr mrr
mrir = rrcr m =r== = im=r r mr i= s+rr=m= =a a imr orar ( q=r
mrir mr i= =rr mrr mr orar (
, rrcr =rr mrr
mrir = r =rirm, q iari=m a=rr nr=ainm orn = = n i=ra im=r rrcr mr =a a
imr orar ( =i=q mrir mr rrcr =rr mrr mr orar (
s =r nrim mrr
q =r mrir io= im=r r mr =r crr mr in=rrr imr orar s= =r nrim
mrr mr orar (
= ===r =rr mrr
q =r mrr = im=r ===r mr s+rr=r orar sr= s=mr ==r=rr m= mr r= imr
orar ( ===r mr +rr r =mar ( =ro iam, =r=riom, =rri= m, inaa -ric( im=r m
sr=rr= = nrr or =mar ( q=r mrir mr ===r-=m =rr mrr mr orar (
r==r =n= m i=q mrr =rn=rrir
er c nr mr ar mrir n a i r ar ( s mrr = = n a sr c srar ( n
mrr = m n a s-= m qn e m =a ( n s=r irrm mr = c m=a or mrr = s
mrr =ra ( =i=q mrr irrr er cr mrrsr = m= cr riq( er c nr mr = r or
nr=r mrir m = i= nrar mr =r ==rr riq
( err m =ri=m =a= m s =r= r(
, err mr =i m s=r= r (
s mr +rrrrr === rr riq io= n sr=rr = == =m (
= mrir si=rma= =r nr=r r(
215

mrir si+rr-=m r ( irrm mr mrr = ra == nrnr = si+r mr cr
m=a =r riq io= n n a =c m=a (
+r i=mr inr (Role Playing)
vrr ia irrr m ia err mr =i r -=ria m= a sr= si=r= imr mr =r=r m qn
=i r nr m i=q, +r i=mr inr imr n a =rna qn =r+r c (
+r i=mr inr imr = im=r +rr ina r si=r=mar mr mr +r i=mr i+rrr r ar (
s= s srmr s= r s=rnr rrcr inr rr mr s nrr r ar ( = a= nrncr ar = = s
srmr s= r mr cor c m= or m e s= r = s= rrcr inr rr = srr mr orar ( s= a=
mr nr= r si+r imr orar ( sa = m =ma im im=r ina r=r on mr
=-n r ==rr ( m i= i=i==riar = qm s irira ina r er s=rm mr irira s=rm
mr +r i=mr mr si+r m=nrm= s=mr r =ar mr ==rr=r orar (
s=r ( Meaning)
+r i=mr inr mr cr , qm rcmr =r ( = irrr m s =ia =r=riom
mr r=r mr irrr +rr ma (
=r ar z (Harry Dhand) mr m=rr =r=, +r i=mr inr im=r i=i==ria s=rnr im=r ===r
mr si+r r=r =a a m=r (
nr.sr .i===r (B.O.Smith) m vr-cr = =r mr s=r mr m s =r = or m e
s=i-=rr mr ra m= a imq ora a=rr m e s mrr = =rr m=a ( nr=an = =mr
= = = mrr = qm s=rm mr +r i=mr i+rr m i=q =r=riom mr r=r mr inmi=a m=r(
irrr =rsr m sr=rr=r mr = n =r mrr nrarn=r a=rr i=i==ria = r ar (
=rq s=rm m c ircmr r = +rr i+r = m=ar ( =rsr mr cr nr = in+rrioa
imr r ( +r -nnrcr (Autocratic) a=rr orar im ,Democratic) +r-nnrcr =rq ===ra
,=a monc= a=rr inrrn=a m ic a (Subject-centred) r ar ( = inor=rr iirm ~r ar (Passive
Listeners) r a a=rr orar im =rq nr= m ic a (Child-centred) r ar , io= = or-=m
im rsr (Creative activities) mr inmr= r ar ( =rr r r= =r, =r= =r, +r i=mr
inr =r sric(

s=rm mr +r i=mr Role of Teacher :-
+r i=mr inr mr qm =-n r irrr =r =rr orar io== qm = ir ioa i==ria
mr inori=r r m == r=r inirrc +r i=mrsr mr inr m=a q s=rm m ic r m sa a
m e =r+rmr=r vr irm s +rn ra m=a q rcmrm=r imr orar ( scr=r m = = rria
irrr mr ==r m i=q s=rm mr =z r m c ri=rr= = sr=rri=a qm =rr ricmr =a a m=r
z r( mrr = +r i=mr inr vr irm =r mr =r=riom z r=r (
( inrr m m=r mr rn (Selection of topic of a Subject) :-
im=r m=r m rn = i=i=i=ra nrar mr =r ==rr riq
m) =-n r (Significant) :-
216

===r qm =-n r inr==rr=r r = z = ==ni=ra r r riq io== inaa orn mr
=nr+rrinm =rr=r i==ria = r(
=r) crr = === (Simple to show):-
crr = === r r riq io== iia imr orr riq im ===r == m
s +rn m s=r= r (
) i==ria (Situation):-
== a= =+rrir mr srnmar nr=r i==ria cr mr orr riq(
, a r=r (Preparation) :-
== i=i=i=ra vrri==
m) a r=r m i=q sni=r a m=r(
=r) +r i=mr mr =c mr im r r nr +r= mr ar -=ria m=r(
) inr rr i=rrmr mr = = inr=r m i=q inirrc +r i=mrsr mr i=rr m= mr mr =r r(
s nrarnrr s- m=r (Creation of atmosphere):-
=mr s=r im == inori= rr mr sm mrr m ia =rn cr m=r sric(
m) inori=r r mr r -=ria m=r (Encourage the students):-
irrr ===rsr mr ==r n sm i=r r m= = =rar c m i=q inori=r r mr
r -=ria m=r(
=r) == mr = m a c r (Indicate the time):-
i=rr i=a imq or nr= == mr = m a c r ((u = ( i=c)(
) inirrc +r i=mrsr mr rr (Indentify the specific roles):-
i==ria mr crr m i=q srnm inirrc +r i=mrsr mr rr(
rr) mrr mr sr m=r (Use a story):-
i==ria mr i= c m i=q qm mrr r === m=rrn=a mr sr m=r(
= r (Discussion):-
r inrr = i=i=i=ra nra =rm r ar
m) +r i=mr inr mr a=rr inirrc i=rrmr mr iaimrq ra m=r(
=r) = = nrar mr =r= cr qn or =r=rr s= =rc m=r(
) ===rsr mr ==r=rr m= r =c r i==riar m =r=r nr= m= m i=q im=r ==r=rr
r ==+rn im r mr ror = = r= m=r(
= =r m (Evaluation):-
i=i=i=ra nrar = =r icr or =mar
m) +r i=mr inr = ==ni=ra r s=m s +rn = =n i=ra inori=r r mr imrq cr m=r(
=r) s a=rmr mr srr io= +r i=mr inr r = ==rr= =rr or =mar =rr(
217

) nz r =iar r +r=r mr ina r a = r m=r(
c si+rrm=r a srnm =ro==or
(Setting of the Stage far Role- playing):-
si+r a rr mr rn m= m nrc or io= = = rcmrm=r mr im r == r ,
s i=i==riar a=rr i=n r mr s=r m s m = nr mr - m=r riq( s=m i=q srnm
=ro==or a=rr +rr iam =r=r o cr za ( sa r =, m==, ==rr, n = c nr nc a=rr s =+rr
nrar mr =rr ==rr n==rr m= mr mr = =r r = imr orar (
=r=rrm=r m=r r irmrr imr=r
(Deriving Generalization):-
+r i=mrinr amrm m sr m vra or vr irm =r+r sio a m= s= = n i=ra
irmrr imr= sr= smr +rinr = =c r m= mr nra = =r r = mr orar (
=rr= qz nr= ,~n=n= cm == r=r +r i=mrinr amrm r=r nr iea vr irm sz r
mr ria a sr s=r na =r rr m s ==r mr =r==r icr r ( = a =+rr i=i==riar =
s=rmr r=r =+rr =r rr mr +r i=mrinr amrm sr a sn r r = =rr orq
q =r mr innar r ( i=i==ria inr rr m s=r= mr +rr s=rm = s ira ==rr= =rm=
sr = =r =mar (
+r i=mrinr mr irrr ia = =n
(Significance of role-playing in Teaching system):-
+r i=mrinr amrm mr r irrr a (o = irrr =rinor=r = inori=r r mr irrm
m = = irira m= m i=q) ser a= imr or =mar ( r irrrri=r r mr s=ia
i=i==riar (Simulated condition) = s=rm inor=rr sr = ==rrmr mr +r i=mrq i+rr m i=q mr
or =mar sr= = mr= m s +rnr r=r s= srnm irrm mr r= a=rr irrm nr=
inmi=a m= mr - imr or =mar (

+r i=mrinr amrm m r (Merits of Role-playing) :-
( +r i=mrinr = inori=r r mr im=r +rr i=i==ria r ===r mr n a si=rm imc = or
sr = == mr =r sn== ra r ar (
, +r i=mrinr amrm = im=r +rr inrrn=a r imr mr ser a= or m ia
srnm si+r =rr, =i sr= s-=r cr imr or =mar (
s srsr +r i=mr i+rra q inori=r r mr nr=ainm orn o = =rr=r s +rn = amrm
r=r cr imq or =ma ( srr=r orn a sia r =arq a=rr r=arq inmi=a m=
mr = a= ser sn== i== =mar (
= = rrr mr r=r (rri-cm a=rr srri-cm cr r ) mr inmi=a r mr +rr +r i=mrinr = r a
sn== i==ar (
218

+r i=mrinr r=r inori=r r mr =r= im = = i==o =m= mr m= , c ==r mr +rrnrsr
a=rr inr=r mr src= m= a=rr =r=riomar m se rr mr sr-==ra m= mr sn==
i==ar (
c +r i=mrinr = r = im=r im=r i=i==ria mr crm a = =r=r m= , im=r
===r mr or, == sr = a=r mr crm a= = or mr r ar ( = amrm =
inori=r r mr ===r =rr r =ar = na r a=r m= m srr sn== ra r =ma (
mrr irrr = =+rr inrrr = q= sn== a=rr m=r sra io s s = = c =r
sr = s +rn m= = r r ra r =mar ( = amrm = = mr= m m=rr mr
irrr +r=r+rr ia cr or =mar (
s +r i=mrinr = irrrri=r r mr = mr c= r orar a=rr s= sr-=innr= mr +rrnr
inmi=a r =ar (
+r i=mrinr mr ===rq a=rr mi=r
(Limitations and Deficiencies of Role-playing):-
( +r i=mrinr mr = r= = = == m= m i=q inori=r r mr sia qn r a irrr
mr srnmar r ar or inori=r r mr si=rm = =r a=rr == mr s+rrn r m mr=r
s r i==ar(
, == s-i=rm == =ar (
s =m srro = mrr =r qn =or r ar (
= = amrm mr n =r m= m i=q s +rnr qn irira s=rmr mr srnmar r ar (
o =r +r i=mr s=mr i+rr a s na rr mr i==r +rr +r i=mrinr m =n mr
m= m= c ar (
Conflict-Resalution sa ==rro
- m ina sa mr i==ria = o=ar on s= im=r ===r mr ==r=rr a ar r ar
( sa mr i==ria =r= ==r on r ar on im=r ===r m ==r=rr m m inm= =
c =r mr i==a sr = s= = qm inm= mr m=r r ar r i= =r= =r= cr inm=
r a sr = crr qmc == m in=ra r a ( q=r i==ria = = mr ir r = ra ar
=r= =r= =r= = mc mr i==ria cr r orar sr= q = == = =r= i=q sa ==rro
mr srnmar r ar (
= sa ==rro mr imr mr irrr m r = irrr ini=r m = = mrr ina
imr or =mar ( irrm =mr r ===rsr m ==r=rr a irrr im r = m= =mar (
irrm = ini=r mr rnri=m = c m i=q inori=rr m =r= m e ===rq =a a m=ar (
=+rr = mr= mr r ar io== inor=rr sa mr i==ria = sr ora ( on inor=rr ===rsr
mr a a = ===r r m= =r sr= c c a ar n sa = e cmr=r r = a ( = i==ria mr
sa ==rr o mr orar ( sro mr ===rsr = irr=r sr ( =i=q ===rsr m
==r=rr a srr ~=m= ( = ini=r m s m r ar m e cr rr +rr (
or = mr=
r Merits :-
( = ini=r = ===rsr mr ==r=rr =r ==m= imr=r or =mar (
219

, inori=r r mr =ri=m qn nr im inmr= r ar (
s err mr =na = = ia, =, , =r inr= m i=q sn== i==ar (
= er =ri=m = = =im =a sr= =r mr ===r = m ic a imr orar (
irrr mr c irc = ini=r +rrn r (
sn r Demerits :-
( = ini=r = si=rmr r = = r irr= nr=m r =r+rrina r a ( m=or= nr=m
===r ==r=rr m= = re = ora (
, = rr=r qn ini=r m sa a si=rm = =r nr=r mrr mr irrr c r mic r ar (
s = rr=r = si=rm == s ira or im irrm m r= r r ar (
= mrr m =+rr inor=rr i=a r m= =r ==m= s=rr a = n m= ===r ==r=rr
m= = ===r r r a (

rria mr ormr=r a iaini=rr

s= +
=rn=rrr = c =r+rr= m=

nr mr ina = =rz r m= (
s mro = nr m= m r=r s=rnr rr= mr qm -ar c c (
s m im n o= +rr r s= -ar mr re ina am c ( i= qm nr s= -ar mr
sr = srq sr= i= = r =sra m= ( s=m nrc nr = mr orq im -ar mr ini+r a= =
mz m mr=r r nr= m=r mr c =r (

iaini=r i-ar m nr= = a=rr im z r mr i-ar = ni=ra nrara mr na r =mar
( s= qm -ar mr m=r =r m ia mr m=r ( -ar ==r = o mr arm (

s= +
+rrnrq nr cr

nrr mr qm r= rr = = n crq sr= e sm orn mr =n= =r rr mr ic mr =r =rr nr
n ic n a =r rr mr =rr - m n mr mr s-a= c c ( m e nr mr qm r =rcr
s +rnr mr +r i=mr inr m= c ( o= r n mr +rrnrsr mr nra m= = =rr z i=ia r orq
s= si=rm e o = im srmr = = im= ro = z= =ar sr q =r nr ===
m=a on sr im=r mr =z a q c =ra ar srmr m =r =ar srmr q=r nr =ar
srmr =n= =rcr c =r im= ro = ar nr

s= (u+
sr mr r = c= m=

==rq im inn = sr m n a =r= mr=r ( +rr narq im r r inn = rria ==rria
m= mr == =r== ( sr m cr r ar scr=r c ( nr m= si=rm scr=r c m i=q
m ( s=m nrc e sr mr nr mr=r =rr sr =r a= i=i==riar = m=r === m=
m e nr mr sm s-a= =r mrr = nar c (

s= (,+
rria m si=rnnar n

220

nr mr m im n rria m si=rnnar or c r m i=q rria m i= nrq ( sm r=r = rq
q =-n r i=r mr = r nrq ( c==r r=r narr r mr =r i= sr sr = r =
or z r ra ( mr = i= sr =rr r ra nr r




=rnri=rmr= (Human Rights)
si=rmr= =rn m =r=riom orn mr q=r srnvmarq iom inr =rn ar s
ina-n mr inmr= m= =mar sr= ==ro m i=q sr r mr m= =mar ( inr si=rmr=r
m =rn mr orn vr a = ( =r= +rr rar im ina m ina-n mr =nr rr inmr= r ,
=ri=q n inar mr ini+r mr= mr = in=rrq cr m=ar ( =r= r=r inar mr cr or
nr=r = in=rrsr mr r= r si=rmr= (
=rnri=rmr=r mr rrr rrrr =n =r= s= i=mr a=rr r=r=r ur iar m vra s=m vra
=rn m =-n r si=rmr=r mr invn == cr m r=r =nrmr= imr r( = (e=( = s= i=mr
mr = = s= i=mr m =rrc ia =on =c =rn mr r= =na si=rmr=r mr cr m= mr nmr=a
mr
1- +rrrrr a=rr inr= si+rna m= mr si=rmr=
2- =r= a=rr invnr= mr si=rmr=
3- s+rrn = =na ar mr si=rmr=
4- +r = =na ar mr si=rmr=
r=r si=rmr= =rn m i=q a=rr invn m =+rr =rnr mr - m cvrr = ra r
riq( sc=r icm rc = = = m= iar =r ==ra r m n s m ====r = i=r =rrc r m
r=r =rn m ini+r si=rmr=r a=rr sr=r=+r a =na arsr = n= icr r(
invn vrria a=rr = =rr mr nrq ==r m i=q (e== = qm sa=r rc r = c mr ==rrr
m =r=r=r=r +rr mr r =rr im =rn si=rmr=r mr na rnr c m i=q m e n ircr sz v
=nrmr= imq orq ( on c== invn m vra (e= = = na =rrc = rr mr rrr rrrr a r= sr
ar =rnri=rmr=r a=rr ==+r a =na arsr mr srnvmarsr mr +rr in=a a = = =nrmr= imr r(
=rnri=rmr= = ar- (Concept and Meaning of Human Rights)
=r=rr=r qn === +rrrrr = mr orar im =rnri=rmr= gia ca si=rmr= , or =rn
r m ra = =nr+rrinm = = ra ( si=rmr=r m n= = = =rn = = r =
= or mr si=rmr= ( si=rmr=r m s+rrn = = vr sr o=r orn ara m= = nri=ra
r r z ar ( o =r im cr= =rr = cr=cr= inar mr r ar ( - m =rn mr sr r
inmr= m= mr si=rmr= ( =i= =r i=m =na ar = r =rnri=rmr= i==a ( zru m = m
vr-cr = , =rnri=rmr=r mr i=+rrrrr =r=ra s si=rmr=r m r=r cr or =mar or =r=r gia
= iia a=rr m s+rrn = = qm =rn m = = orina r = =ma (
si=rmr=r mr m+rrm+rr =r=r si=rmr= mr orar nr im invn m =+rr inar
m i= =r=r = = =r r a ( si=rmr=r mr i=r r im=r ini=rm = ==rr r=r r r ar (
=r =r z m s=r= , =rnri=rmr= n si=rmr= or =r=r=r = = qm ina m r= =i=q
nr im n = r (
mr r=r m=a q n ma =rnri=rmr= n =r or = sr r r=ar m
s = inmr= m= a=rr = =+r a =rnr srnmarsr mr =r m= m r = nrar ( n srcvr
or se , =rn si=a-n m i=q =rnar mr ===r, src=, r, ==rr sr = =na ar m i=q
221

na ar =r = sr=rri=a ( =+rr =rnri=rmr=r mr srnvm a-n im smr = n =r - m
ina m =r=r sr = n =rn i=nr= m =+rr m o=i= si=rmr= iomr r imr or
=mar(
= na =rrc ,United Nations) m rc = = =rnri=rmr= m ==n=r = i=i=i=ra nra =rc mr

(. rc = mr =arnr = =rn m =r i=m si=rmr=r =rn m ina-n m r=n a=rr =-n =
=rr a=rr i=r m i=q ==r si=rmr=r mr nra na mr (
,. se c ( = s== =r , =rnri=rmr=r m ia ===r mr na rnr c r a=rr oria, i= , +rrrrr
r =r= m inr im=r +r c+rrn m ==+r a si=rmr=r mr na rnr c r a=rr r -=ria m=r(
s. se c (s = =r i=m =na arsr mr cr m= mr nra mr (
= mr= = na =rrc =rr m rc = m sec , c a=rr c, = =rnri=rmr=r a=rr
=na arsr mr = =rr = n= icr r ( rc = m sa a = na =rrc mr =rnri=rmr=r m ==n=r
= m n= r-=r c mr r si=rmr= , mr mr nrr m= mr si=rmr= r (
= c irc = ina mr =na ar a=rr s=m ina-n m r inmr= m i=q =r= =rnr mr
or = in=rrq cr m=ar smr r= si=rmr= ( invnvrr ia a=rr = =rr mr nrq ==r m i=q
si=rmr=r mr s-i=rm =-n (
=rnri=rmr=r mr q iari=m rc+r i= (Historical background of human Rights):
=rnri=rmr=r mr iar= sar r =rr ioar =rn ==ro( +rr=ar = =gia rr mr=
= r =rnar mr = c vr c ar =r ( n= =r n m c =nm= a=rr =n +rna = i=r o= =c vr =m
=rr ( nrn r nr=an =rnri=rmr=r m sr=rr= ( (,( = == z = =ror = =rmrcr (Megna
Carta)m ia ==a r ( =m s =r= =rr mr si=rmr= icr r im ic ==mr= ==rria
mr r mr r= r m=ar ar oar s= =m i=q nr= m= =mar ( =m nrc ( = r =
= ri=mr m i=q si=rmr=r mr rrrrrrr, (s, = inicvr =r= r= r=r a=rr (su = =na =r=
r=r cr= =rr mr ==ria a=rr (euu = in c = =i=rsr mr nr c mr si=rmr= icr orr
=rnri=rmr=r mr sr= na a mc= m or =ma ( iar invn m nrc invn =rnar mr inrvr
= nr m i=q ini+r =rrc r i==m= = na =rrc = rr (UNO) mr ==rrr mr( (u ic==n=,
(e=s mr = na =rrc =rr mr =r=+rr =rnri=rmr=r mr =nrgia cr mr( =rnri=rmr=r m
rrr rrrr = su =rr=rq , =r cr =rr=rsr = =rnri=rmr= mr rrr rrrr m sz v =rc imq
sr = mr r im =+rr ina ==r sa n ==r si=rmr= r m si=rmr=r ( ar =
nmr= am mr =rr=rq ri=m n =ro iam si=rmr=r mr i=r r=r m=ar ( s =rr=rq sri=r m,
=r =giam, =r=riom, vr irm a=rr ==r orn =a= sric = = n i=ra si=rmr=r mr rn=r m=ar (
sia= ar =rr=rsr = =rc imr r im or =rrc =o s a=rrc r = ==rr m =c= sm =+rr
ri=m =rnri=rmr=r mr r m si=rmr=r ( si=rmr=r mr nri=m = cr m= m i=q
= na =rrc = rr s m mc= scrq ( (c ic==n=, (eec mr = i=i=i=ra cr iar
=nrmr= imq
(. =r=riom, sri=r m n =r =giam si=rmr=r mr iar
,. ri=m n =ro iam si=rmr=r mr iar
cr m= icr +rr ica mr ( +r c+rrn inr=r m=cr a=rr , s== =m = =rr m= cr(
= na =rrc =r=+rr r=r rrr irra m e = = =rnri=rmr= = mr= (
(. ina m ina-n mr src=
,. =n mr r, =na ar, ==rar n ==rr r mr si=rmr=
s. =n mr= m vrr rrr m in= si=rmr=
=. =ro iam n ri=m si=rmr=
. =r or= m si=rmr=
222

c. sri=r m si=rmr=
. =r =giam si=rmr= sric(

= mr= =+rr si=rmr=r mr rrr rrrr = na =rrc = rr r=r =r=+rr = =rc imr im
im=r +rr mr= mr vrr rrr =rnar m in= a=rr =rn r m ra =+rr mr qm ser n
===rom orn or mr si=rmr= ( r =rc m= cr srnvm im si=rmr=r m
re im=r mr= mr mr r vrin-r r ( mr sr=r= m n= iamar ( =r sr=r= = qm
=rrc r=r c== =rrc mr c= mr in=r =r m=ar (
+rr=a = ini+r =rri= m n =r =giam =rnri=rmr= r mr sr=rr= (Base of human rights in different
religious and cultural tradition of India)
rr ncr n =rr = n a =r q =r nra mr io =rnri=rmr=r mr nro mr or
=mar sr-=na =n +r a rr s=rr a o =r nr= a= s ia r ra n =r nr= c ==r m
=r=r =a m=r ( o= m=r =rc = = =rnri=rmr=r = = n =r ==ra im =r =rrz ma (
"Human rights are about caring for other people in the same way that we could wish them to care for us."
= ===rr m =rri= m =r m =r = orn, ===r, r, =na ar a=rr ser orn or m
si=rmr=r mr r mr r ( m=r mr m=r =rnri=rmr=r mr sr=r= mr or =mar
Whoever saves a life it is as through he had saved the lives of all mankind
i=n=r =r= +rr =nmr qm r vn= mr =ar nara q =nmr ==r == mr = c vr c ar

qm = a =n o sor mr +r= mr = c
= na =r= m =rr i=m mr = =r n nr == o s=co mr s= m= s m q =
m=r =aa imq or =rnri=rmr=r m ==mr ( cr r r =na ar, r, cr, ==rar, qm
c== m ia = a=rr si =r mr ===r m=a (
=r mr= nr n o =r= +rr =rnar mr =c vr cm= qm mr= = =rnri=rmr=r mr r
nra m=a (
=rc im =rnri=rmr= mr nr - r ( ar =+rr +rr=ar =rri= m, =r =giam
===rsr = im=r im=r = = iia (
=rn si=rmr=r m =rr (Characteristics of Human Rights)
=rn si=rmr=r m i=i=i=ra = = =rr
(. =rn si=rmr= =r= r=r mr sr= =n= r =rn =r mr =nri=-n (
,. =rn si=rmr= =nr .== r , a=rri =r= s o ia = i=a.ii=a m= =mar (
s. =rn si=rmr= n =rzr.rm (
=. =rn si=rmr= sin+rr= (
. =rn si=rmr= (ina = ) s= n r i=na r im or =ma (
=rnri=rmr=r mr srnvmar n =-n (Need and Importance of Human Rights)
(. ora mr == nr m i=q (To make decomcracy a success)
+rr=a = io= orar im n==rr mr =nrmr= imr r n =na ar, ==rar, r a=rr
+rr r= m i=rar = sr=rri=a ( s ri=mr mr or =na ar, ==rar a=rr vrr rrr
m in= si=rmr= o = =r i=m si=rmr= cr m=ar n qm mr= m =rnri=rmr= r (
ic = s =rnri=rmr=r m ia = a r ora ar iiva = = = orarim
= =r m s =r= sr=r m= sr= = ora mr == nr = =cc i== r(
223

,. =r=riom n =rr mr c= m= m i=q (To eradicate social evils) +rr=ar ==ro = =ar
=rr a=rr = ni= o =r s m =r=riom n =rr ( =rnri=rmr= n =rr mr c = m= =
=rm r =ma (
s. =i=r ==rar m i=q (For women's equality) oi i= r a = = +rr=a = =i=rsr mr
=rrr m ==r ==rr ra = sro +rr n vrr rrr mr ivrmr= ( mr +r r -r mr na ar
n i=r n mr r =mr =rr ( =rnri=rmr= = mr= mr n i=r = s m vr =r n
=i=rsr mr ==rar mr cor ic=r = =rm (
=. =rrc r inmr= m i=q (For national development) =rrc r inmr= m i=q srnvm im
=rrc = = nr= =+rr nr , =r=r n oriar m =r === i==m= mr m= , =+rr ivrira
r sr= =+rr mr s ina-n m inmr= mr sn== ra r( =rnri=rmr= =nmr inr
im=r +r c+rrn m sn== cr m=a io== =rrc r inmr= r ar (
. invnvrr ia m i=q (For world peace): sro invn iriao = m nrc= = z=r = (
=rnar =ra= = ( ior =nr=rr mr ia a vrina == =rrc c ==r = sru=r m= m
r=r = = ( q= = =rnri=rmr=r mr s=r= s q =r m= = =r mm= invn = vrr ia
==rria m= = =cc m= =mar (
c. - m =rn mr orn or r = nrr (To enable every human being to live a livable life)
- m =rn in=rrar mr = c= =r =i=q s= ser n ===rom orn or mr m
( n q =r orn or =m s= = r= nr m i=q =rnri=rmr= srnvm (
. +rr=ar = =gia mr ==rr m i=q (To Preserve Indian Culture) +rr=ar = =gia invn i=nr=
o = io = =r mr ivrrr c ar na =r =c+r = smr n a srnvmar ( =rnri=rmr=
=r =giam = =r mr ==rr = =rm i= r =ma (
=rnri=rmr=r m =r = nr=rrq (Obstacles in way of human rights)
=rnri=rmr=r m =-n = =rc im si=rmr= ina n ==ro cr r m inmr= m i=q
srnvm ( n si=rmr= iom inr = = rr mr a= or r =ma ( =rr = si=rmr=r
m ia or=mar mr s+rrn ( =m i=q +rr=a = i=i=i=ra mr=r s=r=crr
(. =rnr n n =r or=r (Poverty and Unemployment) =rrc r =rnri=rmr= srr m == ~r
src m s=r=, =rnr mr si=a-n =r= c vr = m=r z r =rnr mr ==+r a =rnri=rmr=r =
n ia m=r ( =rnr r =r r mr n = rsr =o c =r m i=q nr= m=ar ( =r m mr=r
=r=rr =r, =r, =rr n n q =r i==riar = mr m=a or smr o=m= vrr rrr imr
orar ( c vr = =r=rr n nr= =oc=r m = = mr m= = n r=, ==rr, =nr==,
ivrrr n se +rinr m si=rmr=r = n ia ( = mr= +rr=a = =rnr sr= n =ror=r
=rnri=rmr=r m =r = nz r nr=rrq (
,. s =rinvnr= (Superstitions) +rr=ar ==ro nrrr = s=rinnr=r ==ro =r ( r m =r
=ia nrcr n s=rinvnr=r ( s m nr= sm s=rinvnr= +rr =rnri=rmr=r m =r =
sn=r=r s- m=a ( = ni= mr rrcrq iomr scr=r ( (, s=a, ,uu, mr
ai==rz m qm r n = cr ==rrr c inr mr = m= m i=q (uc er c nr mr
sm =rariar r=r o =r m r cu = mz am cnrm= ==rr r( srr o qm nz r
+rrz m nr == sr sr= == ai==rz m qm = rr +rr si==ra =r ( = mr= m
s=rinvnr=r m =a =rnri=rmr=r mr =rr ==+rn r (
s. +rr=ar ==ro mr =n= (Nature of Indian Society) +rr=ar ==ro ia =rr ( =rr
=i=rsr mr s s=rr ==a ( =rrr mr =m ia =ri=mar m mr=r r s m
=z imr ivrrr n se orn mr = in=rrsr = n ia ( ic n =mr in=r=r m=ar ar s
=m sr = si=rm c ri=rr= +r a z a (
=. =i=r s==rar (Women's Inequality) m mr ar +rr=ar = in=rr r=r =i=rsr mr
=rrr m ==r si=rmr= icq = nr=ainmar == mr i+r r ar =z imr mr
sm o= = am m =r i=m si=rmr=r = n ia m= icr orar ( i= or =rrrr r=r
224

+r ==r n m i= mr ar =r m= mr +r r mr -r m= cr orar , or orina =ar
( s= = si=rma= m =r=r =z mr m = mrn= n a rra r nr= imr orar (
=+rr i==riar =rc m=ar im on am +rr=a = =i=rsr m =r=r s==rar mr nr=
r ar =r an am =rnri=rmr=r mr =ar = r(
. =r=riom n =rr (Social Evils) +rr=a = nr=innr a=rr =ar =rr o =r =r=riom n =r r
+rr =rnri=rmr=r = =r = nr=rm ( nr=innr m mr=r =z imr = smr n s==
r er i=r orar sr = s = io==cri=r =rc cr orar io== sm =na ina-n
mr inmr= r r ar( =ar =rr oi =+r ==ra r r i= +rr = mr= mr
rrcrq mr mr r ar =ar , +rr =i=rsr m si=rmr=r mr (
c. sivrrr (Illiteracy) =rnri=rmr=r m =r = =n= nz r nr=rr sivrrr n srar( =m
mr=r =r =rnri=rmr=r m inrr = ora r r ( ic ora +rr ar s si=rmr=r mr
r = s=m in= srnro r scra m n= = m r vrr rrr n c= mr ivrmr= r a
=a ( ormr=r i== = m e =r=riom =c r =mr =rnri=rmr= srr mr ivrmra
m=a (
. i== si=rmri=r mr c ircmr r (Attitude of Police authorities) +rr=a = oi =rrc r
=rnri=rmr= srr i== si=rmri=r mr =r nc= mr icvrr = =-n r mr imr
= s+rr +rr sm r=r =rz iz r mr r or=r ( i== i=r=a = r nr=r =r a =mr
=rr ( nrr ,uuu m nr = =ss = si=rm =r i== i=r=a = =r= ora ( =m
siai=na +rr=ar o =r = m cr io i==riar = = = n =rnri=rmr= m iam= (
s. c irra =r=riom nrarn=r (Polluted Social Environment) sro =r=r nrarn=r s-a c irra
( s=r, i =r a=rr =i=rsr m =r=r n=r-mr= mr rrcrq na ar or =r ( =i=rq r
rr= = r r ca= = , s=ar= = r r mr sr= n mr +rr = =ira r( mr m
=rm +rr r +rrm n ora ( c =r mr inrr ar im = mr= mr rrcrsr mr
c =rm= +rr =r sc =rr m= c a , c o m =r= = =i=rsr mr s=rnr rarq cr
orar ( c irra =r=riom nrarn=r =rnri=rmr= m =r = nr=rm (
e. =r= = s=r=cri-n mr +rrnr mr s+rrn (Lack of sense of responsibility in state) +rr=a =
==mr= = iiva m= mr r= r m=ar im =rnri=rmr=r mr r( ni=m
s m +r rc =roria s iia =nr=rr mr ia m i=q si=rmr=r mr =r = sr= s==rr
m=a ( mr smr in=r =r m= mr =r= r m=ar( = =c+r = =rrc r =rnri=rmr=
srr m n s=r o q= n=r mr m=r s===rr =r=ra =r= r
or c vr = si=rma= =r==r = =rnri=rmr=r mr s== rr m=ar ( = im s ri=mr m
si=rmr=r mr = =rr mr si=rma= cri-n +rr =r= mr r (
=rnri=rmr= ivrrr m =
(. =rnri=rmr=r = =r , ===r =ca ar na rr(
,. =rrc r qn sa=rrc r c ircmrr = a=rr =rnri=rmr= r a = ==rria = ==rrsr mr
=rnri=rmr= = n i=ra r cr m=r(
s. =rrc r qn sa=rrc r =a= = =rnri=rmr=r mr =r=riom qn =ro iam =r mr s nrc
m= a =r==r mr inmr= m=r qn inaa or ia =rr(
=. =rnri=rmr=r mr ivrrr =+rr =a=r m ivrrr = ==rrsr , = ivrrr = ==rrsr , o = ri=nri=m,
i=a= vr irm mr u=, =rr=ar si+rr qn r =rr=ar si+rr = rr riq(
. =rnri=rmr= ==ni=ra =r n ia qn = =nr=r mr inmr= m=r si=rm =-n r ( =i=
r qn vrria m ia nnar, sr-= ===r a=rr c ==r mr ===r r -=ria m= mr
srnvmar (
=rnri=rmr=r m ia or=mar (Awareness about Human Rights)
=rnri=rmr=r m mr =r m m i=q =rr = m ia or=mar s- m=r srnvm
sr = =mr =n ~ rc =r= ivrrr = na =rrc n =rnri=rmr= srr r m -r m nrnoc
si=rmr=r mr or=r ( = im i=r r = s -r mr or=r ==rr riq sr= ivrrr mr
=m i=q qm =r=r m = = srr riq o=r im srr m s=r ~r src mr
225

m n= ivrrr r=r imr or =mar q =r ivrrr r o =r ivrrr sro , = im q =r ivrrr or
- m m ic= am q =r vrrvna = =r mr ivrrr cr ( n ivrrr or =nr=r inn mrc m
vr-cr = a = i==rrar im a = = sr-= nr =n ( rc =i=rq a = =n mr r c rq
inr im=r c == mr r c r r =ma (
=rnri=rmr= ivrrr qn ivrrr s = =r = sr=ri=a r r riq or e m sr=rr=r =
sr=ri=a r ( =rnri=rmr=r mr invn=a=r rrr rrrr, =rnri=rmr=r m sa=r rc r =r om qn s
sa=r rc r =rnri=rmr=r m =r==, =i= ===a =rnri=rmr=r mr si+r+rr=ar o = im rim qn
=ro iam si=rmr=, sri=r m, =r=riom =r =giam a=rr inaa qn =r= im si=rmr= = =-n c
mr srnvmar ( ivrrr m i=i=i=ra sz v =rnri=rmr=r m ia or=mar cr m= = =rm
i= r =ma
(. ora rim ri=mar mr inmr= ( Development of Democratic Citizenship): =rnri=rmr=r mr
c irc = ivrrr mr = = sz v orar im, ri=mar mr inmr= m=r riq nr im =na ar,
=rnar r a=rr +rrr= mr +rrnr o= orar im = = r =rnri=rmr=r mr sr=r= (
= =r mr inmr= r or = inor=rr =rnri=rmr=r m ia s sr r or=m r orq(
,. rn=rim m vr=ar mr inmr= ( development of Vocational Efficiency): =rnr n n =r or=r
nr im =rnri=rmr=r m =r = nr=m ( sa c= m= m i=q =r=r ivrrr mr sz v
nr = n=rim m vr=ar mr inmr= m=r rr riq( == s= ~= m ia ircr cr
r r a=rr =r=r q n=r m sr=rr= = n sr srorinmr m=r = ===r r =m (
== s =n mr c == m vrr rrr = nr = +rr =cc i== r(
s. =rnr = =r mr inmr= (Development of Human Value): ivrrr mr qm sz v nr =
=rnr = =r mr inmr= m=r +rr r r riq nr im or =rnr = = orina nr
=rnri=rmr=r m mr v r r scar(
=. sr= imrm=r ( Modernization): =rnri=rmr=r m =r = =r=r =ia nrcr =r , s=rinvnr= qn
=r=riom n =rr +rr nr=rm ( sa ivrrr mr qm sz v sr=r imrm=r mr iur mr ia
c r rr riq( =mr s=r =rr mr =r qn mr m= m a = nc=rn( ivrrr r=r
= =rr mr ==ra =r mr nc=m= s= =i=r ==rar o=r =r mr inmr= m=
=ma ( == =rnri=rmr=r mr =r m = =cc i==r(
. =rnri=rmr=r m ia or=mar cr m=r ( To Create an awareness for Human rights): +rr=a
r r invn +r= = =rnri=rmr=r mr qm nz r ===r ( =mr = = mr=r =r r =
m nr= = ormr=r mr s+rrn ( sa ivrrr mr sz v nr mr = na =rrc = rr r=r
rrr irra si=rmr=r m inrr = ormr=r c r r r riq( s s =rrc r n =r= srr r
mr ini+r = ==rrsr m nr= = +rr ar r r riq or si=rmr=r mr r = s=mr
=cc m= =mar ( s r +rr r r riq im = in=rr r=r icq q mr mr =
si=rmr= =rnri=rmr=r m =r=r ==n=r ==ra ( q=r a+rr ==+rn on =r=r ivrrr mr
sz v =rnri=rmr=r m ia or=mar cr m=r i=rr i=a imr orq(
=rnri=mr= qn rcu= ( Human Rights and Curriculum):
= c irc = inor= rcu= mr c imr orr riq( ini+r inrrr mr rc =r= r
= =rnri=rmr=r = -r r =r r = = = n = ==r nr=r inrr=r= r mr ==rr icr orr
riq( m e scr=r = mr=
(. +rrrrrq (Languages): +rrrrrsr mr =amr = = na =rrc =rr, =rnri=rmr= a=rr si=rmr= a=rr
m=r o = rc ==r or riq( =m siai=na =rnri=rmr=r = = n i=ra mrir , minarsr
sr = = =rr mr +rr s= ==rr icr orr riq( =rnr iar m i=q srorn = rrrr m=
nr= =r =rrr m orn m =-nr = +rr = c irc = srr i= r =ma (
,. =r=riom s= (Social Studies): ri=mvrr= = orar im = =r , si=rmr= n m=rr
a=rr = na =rrc = rr o= inrr =i==i=a imq or riq( iar= m sa a =rnri=rmr=r
m inmr= mr mrr, =rnri=rmr=r mr =rr n = o z =r a=rr mr =rr m i=q
imq q q iari=m r=r mr vrri== imr orr riq( =r mr= +rr = = =r=r mr
226

r==i=m i+r=ar o = rc nr = qmc == m ia = n gaar mr +rrnr mr inmr=
m= =ma (
s. iam ivrrr r = = ivrrr (Moral education and Human value): inrrr m sa a
ini+r =r=r mr s ivrrrsr mr =i==i=a imr orr riq or =rn si=rmr= mr sr=rr=
(
=. inr (Science) == q =r inrr=r= r mr ==rr icr orr riq io== nr =
+rrnr inmi=a r =m im inr mr r =rnar m m=rr m i=q imr orr riq,
inrvr m i=q r (
=r mr= =ra a=rr im=r m =r== = =rnr = =r mr = c vr c m= nr =
=rnri=rmr=r m ia or=mar cr mr or =mar (
rc u= =r=r iaini=rr ( cocuricular Activies): =rn si=rmr=r mr c irc = i= =r=r
iaini=rr mr srr o +rrnvrr=r i= r =mar
(. iar iarq ( Competitions): =rnri=rmr=r = o z inrrr = mr +r r -r, i= =rrr,
nr= ~= a=rr =i=r ==rar o = inrrr = +rrrrr.nrcinnrc a=rr in =r = =r sric
iar iarsr mr srr o imr orr riq( =r mr= mr ===rsr mr = m= rcmr mr
si+r +rr m=nrr or =mar (
,. =rrc r = nr r or (National Service Scheme): =m sa a nr = ==ro = orm=
=rnri=rmr=r m = = n i=ra =r==r = ormr=r qmia m= sr= =rr mr sm
si=rmr=r m nr= = = a m= m i=q i=a imr orr riq( +rr=a = co -rq, r=r
s-rz a=rr n =rsr =oc=r o=r rrcrq sr= nra ( sa =rrc r = nr r or mr u= =
c irc = na srr i= r =mar (
s. =rnri=rmr= n = na =rrc icn= =rr (to Celebrate human Rights day and UNO): =na a
icn= m =r=r inor=r = = na =rrc icn= n =rnri=rmr= icn= =rq or riq ( m
=r== = nr mr =rnri=rmr=r m inrr = in=a a ormr=r c m= sm ia = a imr or
=mar (
=. =rrc r n =rr (To Celebrate National Festivals): =na ar qn ra icn= m sn== =
inori=r r mr narr orr riq im +rr=ar = in=rr s ri=mr m iar mr =rr m
i=q =r i=m si=rmr=r mr rn=r m=ar ( si=rmr= +rr =rnri=rmr= ( = s
si=rmr=r m ia =o =r a=rr c ==r r=r m s+rr = im=r mr= mr =mrnc +rr
cr r m=r (
. =rri= m -r r= =rr (to celebrate Religious Festivals): ini+r =rri= m nr m sn==r =
inori=r r mr =r=r mr s = =+r a nrar m nr= = ormr=r cr orr riq iomr = n =r
=rn oria mr qmar n s=m m=rr m =r=r ( m =r== = s =rnri=rmr=r mr
=rr mr =c vr icr or =mar (
c. mr vrr=rq (Workshops): = ==rrsr m r=r i+ri+r ivrrr mr u=, inr rrr m r=r
=rn si=rmr=r = +rrrrr c m i=q = i=r=r mr srr o rr riq(
. =r=rrr m o= icn= =rr (To celebrate Birth Anniversaries of great personalities): =rn
oria m m=rr m i=q sr orn si a m= c nr= =r =rrr o = =r-=r r=rr, r a=
n a=rr cr c sric m o= icn= =rq orq sr = err mr sm r=r imq q =r
mrr mr ormr=r cr orq(
(ee,uu= mr cvrm =rnri=rmr= ivrrr cvrm ( Decate for human rights education): m = =
=rr r( sa = cr=r ivrrr = ==rrsr = s m iaini=rr m =r== = =rnri=rmr=r mr ivrrr
c mr r= imr r(
s=rm mr +r i=mr (Role of Teacher)
227

A teacher effects enternity, can never tell where his influence stops.
=r qz== mr m=r =n =rr =- ( s=rm r ini+r ini=rr mr r m=m s
inrr m =r== = inori=r r mr =rnri=rmr=r mr ivrrr c =mar ( ini+r =r=r iaini=rr mr
srr o +rr s=m =iu =r m inr = +rn r ( nr=an = ivrrm ivrrr iur mr c (
n n a= +rinr m i=q na=r = mr m=a ( sa o=r n==rr r inr= = ra sm
inrr = n =-n r +r i=mr i+rra sm inrr = n =-n r +r i=mr i+rra ( = im n q =r
a+rr m= =ma on ivrrr mr = smr =i r , n s inrr m invr rr r a=rr ==a
r im mn im= i=i==ria mr r n nr = s+rrrc c ircmr r mr inmr= m= m i=q m= =ma
( =m i=q smr nr= +rr irr n =rnr ==r = sr=rri=a rr riq( nr im r nr
m i=q srcvr r a ( ivrrm mr =rrc r =r mr ria = sr =-n r +r i=mr = +rr sna
r r riq a+rr n ivrrr m =r== = = icvrr = =r-=m r= m= =m (
qm irrm mr i=i=i=ra irrr ini=rr mr r m=r riq
r -a= ini=r ( Question Answer method): == s=rm =rnri=rmr=r = o z inrrr =
em= s = inrr = in=a a ormr=r c =mar (
=i=arm s = ini=r ( brain storming method): =m sa a inori=r r mr er c , == r =
nr cm= === inr=in=r r=r =rnri=rmr=r = o z r im=r ===r mr ==+rrina = aa m
i=q i=a imr orar (
rcm qn si+rm = nr=mr = =rnri=rmr= mr ar or a i+r, rcm qn
si+r mr m= srrioa im orq ( == n =rnri=rmr= = = ni=ra mr ===r = m=
im=r inr rr +r i=mr mr si+r m=a ( == s =r=r = =cc i==ar im c==
sm nr= = m =r s +rn m=a (
inn qn nrc innrc =rnri=rmr= = ni=ra am inam a=rr i+r, c=r sr=r r
=rarim, =ri=m qn nrirr m =rnri=rmr= icn= = mr m = r riq(
inr= rrrr-=m ini=rr err m sr-= = =r m m =r== = a-n qn nri=m r =
a =r-=m s= m= (
=rnri=rmr= qn inor= s vrr= (Human Rights and School Discipline)
=rnri=rmr=r mr ivrrr m i=q srnvm im inor=r = orar im s vrr= r ( ic
czr-=m r c=r-=m s vrr= mr srr orar ar nr m iar m in= nr im
=mr s = iam= +rrn z ar ( sa inor=r = nr mr =r-=m mrr = =rm= = r
a = s= sr-=r vrr= mr +rrnr mr inmr= imr orr riq(
=rnri=rmr= n inor= vrr= (Human Rights and School Administration)
=rnri=rmr=r mr ivrrr m i=q inor= vrr= orarim i=r ar = sr=rri=a r r riq(
inor= i=nr= m =+rr =c=r m = n =r = r n sr-=r r a=rr ===rsr mr ==r=rr ===
inr=in=vr r=r imr orq(
irmrr (Conclusion):
s a = mr or =mar im =rnri=rmr=r mr ivrrr sro == mr =r ( =mr
sz v =nmr =rnar mr =r=r +rrrrr (Common Langauge of Humanity) i==rrr ( qm sr=
nr mr =rnri=rmr=r m nr= = in=a a ormr=r c ar ar c ==r sr = = = r =ar n mr vr=
mr inmr= +rr m=ar im n c ==r mr =rn si=rmr=r mr =rr m i=q i=a m= =m a=rr m
mr =r m =m ( ivrrr m = cr orq narr mic ( n a m vr= s=rm = i+r =
= n +rr = =c+r = s cri-n mr sr= ser mr= inr a+rr m= =mar on ===mr=r
= ==rrq a=rr ivrrr m sr ri=m =r=r +rr sr srq sr = =r r mr si=rmr=r m inrr = = a
228

m= ( =rnri=rmr=r mr ivrrr m = cvrm = ivrrr ic =rr mr sm si=rmr=r m ia or=m
m= = == r ar a+rr =m srr o =r=r m (
=rrc rar
=rrc rar mr s=r (Meaning of Nationalsim) =rrc m i=r r = =rrc rar mr nz r =-n ( =mr
si+r r =c=r mr s= +rrnr = io=m sr=rr= = qm =rrc m =+rr =c= qmar m = = n =r
=a ( ==cr m ia =rr mr qm =r= crim +rrnr ( =m =r== = =rr = qmar mr
+rrnr mr = r= r ar ( =rrc rar = = n i=a m e =-n r i=+rrrrrq i=i=i=ra
(. o m s =r=, =rrc rar s =rr mr == , or qm r +rrrrr nr =a r r qm r nr=r
mr r m=a r , iomr ==r =ia r r sr= or invr rr mr= mr r =r =giam ==ro
nr rq r r nr mr er m=a r (
,. or =c sc i== m s =r=, =rrc mr =rn oria mr qm +rr mr or =mar ( ic n
=r=r =r +r ia r=r === n =r sr r a=rr s=r m s = im=r s == cr =
=r +r ia ==rar r a=rr or sr= = =r mr si=rm er ==rar r sr = qm q =r
==mr= m s a a =r ra r or im m n= sr =r r r=r nr r(
s. i=ur=c m s=r=, =rrc rar qm sr=ri-=m +rrnr s=rnr i=r a io=mr s-i=r s
=r r = r ar or =r=ar qm r oria m r a , qm +r +rr = =a iomr +rrrrr,
=r= , iar=, ===rq a=rr ia =r=r ra sr = iomr ==r =roriam ==cr a=rr
=roriam qmar m ==r srcvr r a (
=. zr . =r mnr= m vr-cr = , =rrc rar n or =rrc m ia s-n mr +rrnr = sr=ri=a
r ar (
"Nationalism is that which depends upon 'We feeling' towards the nation."
Dr. Hamayun Kabir
. n nm= m s =r=, =rrc rar =r=r=r = = c vr +rina m si=rm rm r mr sr = = m a
m=ar ( =rrc rar m ==rr m = n =r m =r=r=r=r oria, +rrrrr, iar=, = =gia sr= ===rsr m
= n =r +rr civr a r a (
"Nationalism ordinarily indicates a wider scope of loyality than patriotism is evidenced by such other relations
as that of caste language, history, culture and traditions."
J.S. Brubacer
=rrc nrcr ivrrr m r (Merits for Nationalism):-
(. =rrc r m=rr mr sr = s == m= nr=r +rrnr (A feeling initiating towards National
Welfare) =rrc rar qm +rrnr or = s inaa iar = == scrm= =rrc r m=rr mr
sr = s == m=ar sr= nra +rr i= im inr =rrc r m=rr m ina mr +rr m=rr r
r =mar( io= =rrc = r a rgiam ==cr r ar sr= rgiam = r ar = orn srr
n=a sr m i=r r a s-rc m c s=rr a mr==rr sric r a , n =rrc sri=r m c irc = ==
r ar sr= s= =rrc m ri=mr mr orn =a= = r r ar ( on q = =rrc m ina qn er c nz
== =rrc ia m sr inaa qn =r= im iar mr -r m=a ar s= =rrc = =r vrr=r sr=
= =r mr =r= r= er orar ( =rrc ia m i=q =n m ia mr -r srnvm ( = c irc =
=rrc rar mr ivrrr n a srnvmar (
,. =rrc rar = qm = = nr =r c ar (Nationalism binds us into one unified whole)=rrc rar
= qm = = nr=r c ar ( =r=r = nz r r orar sr = = nz r = m =r=r mr m=
= ora ( (e( u = iez r +rr=arim=ar =mr =rr ( an = s c vr = r
c =rr im c vr m ri=m c vr ia m i=q si=rm mr m= = =r( =rrc rar mr +rrnr r =rr
io= = =nmr =n mr= m +r c+rrnr = scrm= qm = = nr=r icr =rr sr = = ic=ra mr=
229

= o c q =r ( s =rrc mr sia m i=q = =n m e m= m i=q s== =a ( sa
=rrc rar mr ivrrr r r riq(
s. =rrc rar mr +rrnr =rrc = nr mr sr = s== m=ar (The feeling of Nationalism leads to
National Service) m e =r r mr im =rrc rar mr +rrnr = sr a r a ina r =rrc = nr m=
=mar ( c vr m = im = mr ic m ina ( r mr +r on= = invnr= m= c vr m s
ina = =r mr r c =r a ( m=r sr = =ri- mr inmr= +rr vrr a r n=r = r r ar ( sa
=rrc nrcr ivrrr mr in=rr snv imr orr riq(
=. = =r= mr ia mr = = mr=r (Main factor in the progress of the world) m e inr +rr
ma im =rrc r mr sr=r r z r = =r= mr ia mr = = mr=r ( r z sr= r z mr
+rrnr =rrc rar mr +rrnr mr r c ( sa =rrc rar mr inmr= srnvm (
=rrc rar m a-n r mr=m (Elements or factors of Nationality) i=i=i=ra a-n r mr=m =rrc rar
m inmr= = =n= si=rm r c a
(. orar qmar ( Racial Integration): m e = =rmr m s =r= orar qmar =rrc rar m
inmr= = =rm ( invn mr s m =rrc rarsr = n vr mr ==rar +rr ino=r , = a
=rrc rar m i=q n vr mr ==rar = r =n= si=m =-n c r sia r = m
s=r=, n vr mr s-i=r sr = inrvr ==== = r a ( sa =mr =roria m =r=r
mr ==n=r r ( nr=an = srom= orar =i==~r ar si=rm sr= na=rr
mic im mr ina im= oria mr n vr s=s= r m nrnoc +rr =rrc rar qm
r r =mar ( r = m vr-cr = , oria m n= qm +rr iam a-n , onim =rrc rar qm
oic= a-n , io== ini+r mr= m a-nr mr ==rn vr r ar ( n vr sr= =rrc mr qm
==r iam ar mr sr im orn m s=rr nrm=, vr n ia mr s+rr=r (
,. +rrn r =r=riom = r=n==rr (Effective social communication system) z vr mr =rr
im im=r c vr s=rnr =rrc = = nr= ini+r orian , +rrrrra a=rr =r= mr =r nr=
qmc== = srr=, == m a, sric m =r== = o z q r ar q=r i==ria =
s= =rrc r +rrnr a=rr =rrc r qmrm=r mr +rrnr s- r ar ( z vr mr +rr =rr
im =rrc rar m i=q =rrc r i= sr= ==r +rrrrr mr r r a=rr sara = = n i=ra ==r
== iar +rr inivrrc =-n ==rar (
s. +rrrrr mr ==rar (Similarity of Language) m e = =rmr m =ar=r= +rrrrr mr ==rar +rr
=rrc rar m inmr= = =rm r ar ( +rrrrr inr=r mr si+rna m= mr =r= ( ==r
+rrrrr mr sr m= nr= =r r = r==i=m qmar mr +rrnr r ar ( =r= m =ar =r=,
+rrrrr ini+r oriar a=rr n vrr mr qm = = nr=r c ar ( n =r=r io=m r=r
=rn s inr=r mr mc m=ar sr= =rrc mr i==r=ar cr m=ar (
=. == ia =r=riom n==rr (Adequate social system) =rrc rar m == ia inmr= m i=q qm
== ia =r=riom n==rr mr r r s- a srnvm ( im=r +rr =rrc mr =r=riom n==rr
m = r= a = = ri=a r m i=q srnvm im s= =rrc m si=mr vr ri=m qm
==r nri=m ia=rr ,s= a =rsna = oo=ac mr =nrmr= m= ( sa mr
orar im =r=riom n==rr = ar- m e srcvr nr=r mr s= =rrc m ri=mr m r=r
sr er=r= r= m=r ( q =r m= = == s=rnr =rrc = qmar mr +rrnr s-
r ar (
. = =gia mr qmar (Cultural Integration) =rrc rar m i=q +rr r i=m qmar +rr s- a
=-n r rcr ( ==r = =gia m mr=r =r s mr qmc == = imc s +rn m=a
( ==r = =gia m mr=r =r r mr =r=riom a=rr sri=r m orn qm=r r ar ( =
mr= ==r = =gia m =rr = =na qmar mr +rrnr mr inmr= r ar or im =rrc rar
m i=q nz r =-n r (
c. +rr r i=m qmar (Geographical Integration) =rrc rar m i=q +rr r i=m qmar +rr s- a
=-n r ( qm r +rr r i=m c vr = = nr= =rr = sr=r qmar r orar ( smr
+rr iam n =ri=m invr rrarq +rr ==r r ar ( ima =rrc rar mr c irc = n qm r a (
230

=r= invn m n i==ar = = nr= cr ini+r r rr = in=r= =r, ima =rrc rar
mr c irc = =+rr qm =r (
. =r= mr qmar (Religious Integration) =r= +rr =rrc rar m inmr= mr qm =-n r mr=m
( rr mr= = ==r =r= m sr=rr= = r==i=m qmar sr m=ar =rr( o m
=ar =r=, srom= mr n a=r =rrc rarsr mr inmr= =r= i= r sr=rr= = sr (
=r mr= r= m vr-cr = , m e =r=r am =r= =rrc rar mr =on a m= a=rr =rrc rar
qmar mr nr ==r = =rm i= sr ( m e =r=r am =mr s i==ria = =r=r =
c +rr cr ( sa =rrc rar m i=q =r= mr invr rr =-n a-n r mr=m r (
s. s a-n r mr=m (Other Elements or Factors): s na a-nr m siai=na =rrc rar m
inmr= = m e a-n +rr =rm ra ( = sri=rm orn a=rr =ro iam +rrnrsr mr
qmar =-n r ( ==r sri=r m ===rsr r=r +rr r==i=m qmar mr n i r ar (
sri=r m qmar m mr=r =mr c= z mr == z m =r=r qmrm=r sr( =r mr= ==r
=ro iam +rrnrsr m mr=r +rr sr=r qmar mr n i r ar (
=rrc r qmar, =rrc rar mr rnrr vr-c ( =rrc rar mr s=r im=r =rrc m ri=mr mr
qmar mr +rrnr = r ar ( +rrnr im=r +rr =rrc m inmr= m i=q sia srnvm (
=+rr c vr s ri=mr = =rrc rar mr inmr= m= = = q ( =rrc m ia =+rrnr
+rr =rrc rar (
=rrc r qmar ( National Integration)
sro +rr=a qm mic cr= = o= =r ( nrrr =rrrr m= m nrc = or =na ar ra
mr s=m ==r s m =ra= cr r q ( =ra= imr nr=r vrinar = r n= c vr m
+rra= ino=r inrrc qn s=rnnrcr vrinar = ( vrinar =r=r =rrc r =nr=rrar qn =rrc r
qmar m i=q n a nz r =ra=r nr ( sro +rr=arr = orarar, r arar, =rcrimar a=rr
=rri= m = mrr ar mr n i=rr ar rnr r mr im ic s c= m=m s= =rrc rar mr +rrnr
cr mr ar =rrc mr si=a-n r = mc = z orqr( +rr=a m =r= =rr= r iza =
mr =rr +rr=a = =r=r =n= nz r srnvmar =rrc r qmar mr nrq ==rr ( qmar = =r=r
ar- m n= =ro iam qmar = r sia ic= sr= ic=r mr qmar = (
ivrrr r qm q =r =r=r or im = qmar mr +rrnr mr inmr= m= =mar , = im
=m i=q srnvm im ivrrr mr sz v =rrc r qmar mr +rrnr mr inmr= m=r i=rr i=a
imr orq(
zr u =r=rgrr m vr-cr = , ic +rr=a mr =na , = ica qn orar-=m =r ar ivrrr
mr qmar mr ivrrr c r riq ==rrnrc mr r, ora mr ivrrr c r riq si=rrmnrc mr
r (
"If India is to remain free, united and democratic, education shoul dtrain people for unity and not localism for
democracy and not dictatorship."
Dr. Radhakrishnan
. onr= =r= = m vr-cr = , = r anrcr, = mrr , =r= crim a=rr orianrcr r
nr riq nr im =r= =r= n a nz r = ( = , ra +rr=a m ri=mr mr , +rr=ar =rr
= qmar ==rria m=r ( = = c vr mr vrinavrr=r =rrc nrr =r=rr=r s=rr = vrinavrr=r
r ni=m inr=, m= , = =gia sr= =rnar mr vrria r = nr mr c irc = = vrinavrr=r nrr
(
"We should not become parochial, narrow-minded, provincial, communal and caste-minded, because we have a
great mission to perform. Let us, the citizens of the Republic of India, bring about the integration of the Indian
people. We have to build up this great country into a mighty nation, mightly not in the ordinary sense of the
231

world, but mighty in thought, mighty in action, mighty in culture and mighty in its peaceful service of
humanity."
Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
=rrc r qmar mr s=r (Meaning of National Integration): =rrc r qmar mr s=r +rr=a mr
qmar( qm ca vrina or c vr m ri=mr = =c cr m=ar ( =mr ar- =rr
= ino=r =r=riom, sri=r m, =roriam, =r =giam a=rr +rrrrrr +r cr mr =irr ar mr =r=r am
=rr( qm mr= = inin=rar = qmar mr i=r a (
+rr=a inin=rarsr mr c vr ( r ini+r =r=r , oriar , = crr a=rr +rrrrrsr mr nr= nr=
=r =a ( =rrc r qmar qm q =r +rrnr or =rrc m +rra= = nr= ini+r oriar , =r=r a=rr
==crr m =r r m sr=r =a+r cr mr c= m=m s = n r-=m c irc = or z m= qmar m = r =
nr =rar (
mr cr=r ivrrr srr mr i=r c (Kothari Education Commission Report): mr cr=r ivrrr srr
mr c irc = =rrc r qmar = i=i=i=ra nra iia
(. =rrc r +rinr = invnr=(
,. =r r m orn =a= mr i= a= = r scr io== n mr=r mr ==ra r r +rr vrri== (
s. ri=mar m = =r a=rr minr mr =r +rrnr sr= =rr mr =rrc r nrcri=r m =r=r
r ni=m == r =rrc m =r=r qmrmr= r r(
=. se qn irr vrr= mr invnr= - m ri=m m =r=r qm o =r nr=(
. ini+r n m =rr mr qmc == mr ==r a=rr qm c == mr =r =giam ===rsr a=rr
ornini=rr mr src= m=r(
n n m= mr inr= (Brubacher's view) =rrc nrc or=r sr= invr rrm= r= mr ur ia =
=-n ra imr( =r=r=r = = =mr s=r c vr m ia c vr +rina = +rr si=rm nrcr=r
==rr( ==rr mr qmar m siai=na =rrc nrc = orarqmar, +rrrrrr qmar, q iari=m qmar,
=r =giam qmar, r==i=m qmar mr +rr =-n (=
"Nationalism is a term that has come into prominence since the renaissance and particularly since the French
Revolution, It ordinarily indicates a wider scope of loyalty than patriotism. In adoption to ties of place,
Nationalism is evidenced by such other ties as race, language, history, culture and tradition."
Brubacher
=r mnr= m inr= (Hamayun Kabir View) =rrc nrc =rrc m ia s-n mr +rrnr =
sr=ri=a r ar (
Nationalism is that which depends on the 'We feeling' towards nation."
zr =r =rr =rr== mr inr= (Dorothy Thompson's View) =rrc r qmar q=r +rrnr or
c vr m ri=mr mr =ica m=ar (
"National integration is a feeling that binds the citizens of a country."
=rrc r qmar mr srnvmar (Need and Importance of National Integration) +rr=a = ini+r
invnr=r qn =r=r mr =r nr= ina =a ( =i=q c vr mr ia m i=q +rr=a m =rr =
+rrnr-=m qmar qn =rrc r qmar mr r r sinr , nr im =r= c vr = orianrc, == crnrc,
+rrrrrnrc, ranrc a=rr = mrr arnrc i== scr = , =i=q =rrc mr qmar qn i==r=ar m inrrc mr
srai=m =ra=r =r oc ( =+rr inrrcr-=m n i=rr = =z m i=q =rrc r qmar srnvm (
= r = mr or =mar im i=i=i=ra nrar m i=q =rrc r qmar mr srnvmar
232

(. =vrna =rrc mr i=r r (To build a mighty nation) qm vrinavrr=r =rrc m i=r r m i=
=rrc r qmar s-a srnvm ( qm q =r =rrc or inr=r = =vrna r , or mr = =vrna
r , io= mr = =gia vrinavrr=r r sr= or =rnar mr vrria r = nr = ===r r q =
c vr m i=r r m i=q =rrc r qmar s-a srnvm (
,. orianrc qn ranrc mr crnr=r mr ar z r (To break the walls of casteism and provincialism)
= mrr ar, orianrc, +rrrrrnrc qn rarar mr crnr=r mr ar z m i=q =rrc r qmar s-a
srnvm (
s. qmar =rr (To bring about unity) c vr = =roriam, =r=riom qn =rri= m qmar =r m
i= =rrc r qmar s-a srnvm ( qmar =rrc mr vrina qn i==r=ar mr c a nrar (
=. +rr=ar = =gia mr inmr= (To develop Indian Culture) +rr=ar = =gia, nr=a m=r, im=r
qn = ia m=r, = ra qn rc m=r, =rrc r +rrrrr qn =rrc r =ri- m inmr= m i= =rrc r
qmar m s+rrn = =rrc r =r =giam ===r mr =rr r r =mar sr= r =mr inmr=
r =mar ( =rrc r =r =giam ===r mr qm ra r = c ==r ra r am r mr mr=
=rrc r qmar mr +rrnr = r ar ( = m s+rrn = c vr invn m c == c vrr m =r= i==
scrm= r = =mar(
. inc vrr n=a sr mr =r=r m=r (To face external enemy) inc vrr sru=rr m =ra=r mr
=r=r m= m i=q =rrc r qmar s-a srnvm ( sro onim +rr=a = inc vrr sru=r
m =ra= mr cnrn i=a= na =r sr= == crnrc, r nrc, +rrrrrnrc a=rr orianrc o =
srai=m =ra= =r= i==r m == = z=r = , +rr=a m si=a-n mr =rr m i= =rrc r
qmar sinr (
c. s mar = qmar =rr (To find out unity in diversity) s mar = qmar =r m i=q =rrc r
qmar s-a srnvm ( s mar = qmar mr iarc =r= c vr mr n a nz r srnvmar
nr im =r=r c vr ini+r nr , oriar , ==crr , +rrrrrsr , ==crr a=rr =r=r mr c vr (
. =r mar mr = =rr (To Survive Demorcracy) =r mar mr orina ==r m i=q =rrc r
qmar n a o==r ( =rrc r qmar m s+rrn = =r ma mr si=a-n =ra= = =ar (
s. =rrc mr orina ==rr (To Survive the Nation) =rrc mr ornia ==r m i=q =rrc r qmar
s-a srnvm nr im =m inr inrrcr-=m n i=rr = c vr mr +rr= i=rr=r mr
=r=r m=r z =mar (
e. =r=riom ia m=r (To make Social Progress) =rrc r qmar m inr r a =r=riom
ia r r =mar( =rr =ia r, s=invnr= a=rr ornr m +r rc =r=r =r=riom qn
=rrc r ia = nr=rm i= r a ( inrvr mr sr = s== m=a ( =rrc r qmar
=+rr nr=rrsr mr c = m=m =r=riom ia qn = n i m =r mr vr=a m=ar (
(u. sri=r m sia m=r (To make Economic Progress) r a sri=r m sia m i= +rr =rrc r
qmar srnvm ( sor , rr= a=rr ini+r mr= m n=rr mr sia = =rar
cr m=ar ( ri=mr mr i=~=r, sr-=i+r= a=rr == nr = =rm i= r ar
( = mr= c vr sri=r m inmr= qn = n i mr sr = s== =ar ( =r= +r a n =rrc ia
zr . =r=rgrr m m=rr=r=, = r r rr sr qn srmr rrsr = == scm= =rrc m = =
233

=rz r mr r= m=r riq sr= invn = qm ==rr sri=r m vrina m = = s c vr
mr i=r r m=r riq(
("We must strive to rise as a nation above regional jealousies and aspirations and build up our
economic power and standing in the world.")
((. vrria qn ====ar mr mr= ==rr (To maintain peace and harmony) c vr = vrria qn
====ar mr= ==r m i= =rrc r qmar srnvm ( ri=mr = = nr, m=r ,
s vrr= a=rr =rrc r ===r m i= sr-=-r mr +rrnr mr = r= m=ar ( s =
qmar qn iavrr=ar mr +rrnr mr c a nrar ( io== =rrc mr iam, =r=riom,
=r =giam, sri=r m qn =roriam inmr= r ar (
=rrc r qmar m inmr= = ivrrr mr +r i=mr ,Role of education in developing national integration)
ivrrr =rrc r qmar m inmr= = =-n r +r i=mr i+rr =mar , o=r im =r= +r a n =rrc ia zru
=r=rrgrr mr =rrc r qmar c n r= = r nr or =mar sr = r e r sr =
=rr z r = ( = ar r =r r m ic= sr = ic=r = cr m=r rr sr= =mr qm =r =r=r
ivrrr mr iur ( ivrrr r=r =rrc r qmar m inmr= m i=q i= =rn icq or =ma (
(. =rrc r ivrrr rr=r (National System of Education) nr ivrrr ria = mr r im
ic = ivrrr m r=r =rrc r qmar mr +rrnr mr inmr= m=r ra ar = c vr =
==r =rrc r ivrrr rr=r =r m=r z r( =r =rn m s =r= =r= c vr = (u+,+s
mr ivrrr rr=r mr =nrmr= m= i=r r (
,. =r=r inor= rr=r (Common School System) = mr cr=r m=rvr sr= i= ivrrr
ria c vr = =r=r inor= =rr = mr =arn imr or ivrrr ==ar = im si=rm ser r sr =
io== =+rr =r=r , oriar n sri=r m nr m n ==r = = ivrrr r m= ( =rn =rrc r
qmar mr c irc = n a =-n r ( oi = =rn mr iurina r imr r, = im ivrrr
ria m s a a c vr+r= = =rr = q nrc inor= =r mr= m inor= m or =ma (
s. =r=r =rrc r rc u= (Common National Curriculum) ivrrr ria = =rn icr
r =rr im inor=r m rcu=r = =rrc r c irc = =-n r inrr =r= r mr =i==i=a
imr orr riq, o= c vr m =na ar = r= mr iar=, inin=rar = qmar a=rr +rr=ar
= in=rr sric( nr=an = ic == r c vr m rcu= mr qm = nr icr orar ar
== =rrc r qmar mr iiva = = na rnr i== r( = c irc = i= inrrr mr ivrrr
srr = r
,( =rrc +rrrrr icr mr ivrrr (Teaching of National Language Hindi) = c vr = =rrc +rrrrr icr
m ivrrr mr n==rr r r riq( ivrrr mr =r== =ra +rrrrr r =mar = =rrc +rrrrr m
= = icr ivrrr sinr r r riq( == ini+r r ar n ini+r = =gia m =r r mr
== mr =r mr i==r sr= n +rrnr-=m c irc = qmc == m r= sr =m (
,, iam qn =rri= m ivrrr (Moral and Religious Education) ini+r ivrrr = ==rrsr = iam qn
=rrri= m ivrrr mr n==rr r r riq( =rri= m ivrrr mr s=r im=r =r= invr rr mr ivrrr c r
r ( =mr s=r im nr mr ini+r =r=r mr = =+r a nra nar orq ( s narr
orq im vn= qm sr= ini+r == s= am m s=s= =r=a ( =r= =r= =
=rnar mr ivrrr c a nr im = =n qm r vn= mr =ar ( =r mr= iam ivrrr
234

+rr = se n n = mr r c m= se =r mr s==r m= mr =rr c ar ( i=rrr =
(ee m =r = inor=r = iam ivrrr mr rc u= = =i==i=a imr r (
,s =r=riom inrrr mr ivrrr (Teaching of Social Studies) =r=riom inrrr = iar=, +r r =
a=rr ri=m vrr= sra ( iar= mr m n= iai=rr a=rr rrcrsr mr = =r r
==r orq s=m r=r = nra = n= icr orq im m = =r=r sr=r c =r= =rrc r
iar = nr=rm nr( err mr narr orq im m = sr=r +r c+rrnr mr +r =rm= = on
qm q ar =rrc mr sro rcr ic=r = ===r q( = mr= =rrc r =r =rrr =rrc r
=nr=rrar = r= = or ni=cr imq smr ormr=r +rr inori=r r = +rrnr-=m n =rrc r
qmar mr +rrnr mr inmr= m= =mar (
+r r = m =r== = =rrc mr +rr r i=m qmar mr ormr=r cr or =mar a=rr =r=r mr
sr=r i+r =ar mr =rc m=m === =c +rrn cr imr or =mar (
ri=m vrr= nr = =rrc r n +rrnr-=m qmar cr m=m s ser ri=mar mr rc a r
=mar a=rr s =rrc m ia sm m=r m ia = a m= =mar (
,= =ri-, =ra qn =i=a m=rq (Literature, Music and Fine Arts) +rrnr-=m qmar mr
inmr= m= mr c irc = =ri- =ra n =i=a m=rsr mr invr rr =-n nr im ina
mr c mr =r am +rrina m=ar ( r mr r o =r minarq nr mr =rrc m i=q
sr =n m e ni=cr m= mr =rr c =mar ( = mr= =ra m = = a=rr =i=a
m=rsr mr = =rrq =rr m ic=r mr or z = =-n r +r i=mr i+rr =mar (
= mr= ini+r rc inrr =rrc r qn +rrnr-=m qmar m inmr= = =rm i= r
=ma ( = =m i=q ini+r inrrr m rcu= mr c m=r srnvm (
=. rc u= =r=r iaini=r (Co-curricular-Activities) inor= = iaini=rr m
srr o mr = =r ==rr icr orr riq nr im iainir=rr =rrc r qmar m inmr= =
n a =rm i= r =mar ( m e = = iaini=rr = mr=
(i) =rrc r -rr= =rr (To Celebrate National Festivals) =rrc r nr o= =na ar icn= a=rr
ra icn= m sn== = snmrvr r r r riq( nr mr inor= = =rr orr
riq( == nr = =rrc r ia m i=q s = m ia =nr=rr mr -r m= mr +rrnr mr
inmr= r =mr(
(ii) =na ar = rir m o=icn= =rr (To Celebrate Birth Anniversaries of Freedom Fighters)
=rrc m i=q sr =n =n ni=cr m= c nr= =r =rrr o= =r-=r r =rr, ar or
= +rrrr iza = sric m o= icn=r m sn== = inor=r = ==r=r srr ioa imq
or riq sr = inori=r r mr sm orn mr =-n r rrcrq a=rr =r m n ivrrr c = ===r
= rq or riq( == er iiva = = sm orn = =rr = (
(iii) ini+r =rri= m -r r= =rr (To Celebrate Different Religious Festivals) +rr=a = ini+r
=r=r m =r =a ( =i=q ic inor=r = =rrn =r, r=r, c, = n , sric s
=rri= m -rr=r mr =rr orq ar == nr = sr=r =c +rrn, =rri= m =irr ar a=rr =rn
= mr +rrnr mr inmr= imr or =mar (
(iv) =rrc r (National Anthem) =rrc r nr = +rrnr cr m= =mar im =rrc =r= =r=r
= == ( nr mr qmar m = = nr=r =mar ( sa inor= mr u= mr sr==+r
=rrc r = r r riq(
235

(v) ramr=r =+rr (Morning Assembly) ramr=r =+rr = ==== = err mr =rrc
=no, =rrc r sric m =-n a=rr ini+r =r=r m na mr m nr= = narr or =mar (
s =rrc r =na ar = r= = s rrr mr ni=cr m= c nr= =rrc +rnar m orn m
=-n r = =rq or =ma ( == s= =rrc r qn +rrnr-=m qmar mr inmr= m=
= =cc i== r(
(vi) =r =giam iaini=rr (Cultural Activities) ini+r =a=r = iaini=rr mr srr o m=m
err mr c vr mr ini+r = =giar = =ria m=rr or =mar ( +rrrrr, minar a=rr
nrcinnrc m i=q =rrc r =-n a=rr =rrc r ===rsr = = n inrrr mr rn m=m err
= =rrc r ar or a mr or =mar ( == err mr qmc == = o z n =rrc ia m
i=q m e m= mr =rr i== =m r(
(vii) vr irm rr (Educational Trips) err m r q iari=m, =r =giam a=rr =rrc r qmar mr c irc
= =-nr ==rrr = +r =r m i=q = orr orr riq( == err = inin=rar = qmar
qn =rrc m ia s-n mr +rrnr mr inmr= r =mr(
(viii) s a=r or =r = iar iarq (Interstate Sports Complications) s a=r or =r =r mr sr ro
imr orr riq, == qm =r= = = nr= nr mr s =r=r = = nr= =rr mr
= =gia mr or n == mr =r mr i== r sr= =rrc r qn +rrnr-=m qmar mr c irc
= n a =-n r (
(ix) in=ar= +rrrrr (Extension Lectures) ==== = inor=r = =rrc r n =r =giam =-n m
inrrr = ==ro m +rrnvrr=r =r r m +rrrrr m=rq or riq( == nr = =rrc r qn
+rrnr-=m qmar =on a r r(
(x) i=ar (Pen Friendship) err mr s =r=r = = nr= i+ri+r = =gia m nr
m =r=r i=ar m= m i=q r -=ria imr orr iq( == ini+r = =giar n =r=r
m nr = sr=r =c +rrn mr na rnr i== r(
(xi) cvr ir (Exhibitions) ivrrr = ==rrsr = ini+r =r=r mr =r =giam qn +rr r i=m r mr
=a a m= nr=r cvr ir =r orr riq( cvr ir m i=q inrr =r= r o cr mr
cri-n nr mr r =r r orr riq( cvr ir = =rrc r qmar = c a r r(
(xii) =rrc r qn ==ro = nr mr u= (National and Social Service Programme) inor=r = =mrsc
qn rz =rrc r = nr ror a=rr s =r=crim iaini=rr m sa a err mr ==ro m
=r=r o z sr= s=mr = nr m= m i=q i=a imr or =mar ( ==ro = iez qn
o ==a= c =r r mr = nr mr +rrnr smr +rrnr-=m = = qm c== = o z = =rm
i= r r(
(xiii) =amr= = in=rrq (Library Facilities) =amr= = q =r =am n imrq =nr
orr riq iomr inrr =r= r nr = sr=r =c +rrnr mr inmr= m= = =rm r (
=amr n imrsr mr nr mr a m i=q icq or mr s na = in=rr rr
riq(
s na =+rr rc u= =r=r mr u=r mr == =r= err = =rrc r qn +rrnr-=m
qmar mr inmr= m= = =rm i= rr(
. s=rm r=r +rrnvrr=r qn sz v r ivrrr (Effective and Purposive Teaching by the
Teachers) ivrrr mr sz v imar r ser qn =-n r nr r s=mr ria an am
= +rn r on am s=rm mr ivrrr +rrnvrr=r qn sz v r r ( er c nr = =n=
si=rm s=rm mr +rrn z ar ( sa sm ia s=mr nr= irr =, =r n
=r +r ia = r rr riq( s=mr ivrrr ini=r +rrnvrr=r r r riq a=rr s= iarr
236

=r ==rr riq im n mn, m = , im= inrr =r= r mr nr mr a ra == s=
=rrc r qn +rrnr-=m qmar mr +rrnr mr inmr= m= (
er c n minarsr n mrir = =i = a ( sa = =a= = s=rm nr mr =rrc rar
mr +rrnr = sr a r a m= c r nr=r minarq rc m=r =mar ( er crer cr qn =r m
mrir = r m= s= i==m= = mr +rrnr mr inmr= m= =mar ( scr=r m i=q
n err mr cr n =r mr mrr = ra q nar =mar im m = s= c zr= m= vr =
s cr r mr s=s= =r= zr=r( = mr= mr mrir = nr mr =r = o ar
r r r n =rrc r qmar m =-n mr +rr == =m ( s =a= = ini+r inrrr m
s=rm s s inrr qn s rc u= =r=r iaini=rr m =r== = nr =
=rrc r qmar mr = ca m= mr r= m= ( = mr= =rrc r qn +rrnr-=m qmar mr c irc
= s=rm mr +r i=mr s- a =-n r (
c. err mr ora qn =r= i=rar mr ivrrr (Training of the Pubils in Democracry and
Secularism) ora ic ==rar qn +r ra -n o= = =r mr ivrrr c = n= c ar ( ar
=r= i= rar sr=r = qn =rri= m =irr ar mr( = mr= ora n =r= i=rar crr
r =rrc r qn +rrnr-=m qmar m sr=rr= ( sa =mr inmr= m= m i=q = err mr
orar im qn =r= i= r = =r mr ivrrr c r rr(
. =rrc r qmar m i=q +rr=ar ivrrr srr m = rn (Suggestions of Indian Education
Commission for National Integration) =rn i=i=i=ra
(i) =r=r inor= rr=r =r m=r(
(ii) ==ro = nr n =rrc r = nr mr u= sr==+r m=r(
(iii)=rrc +rrrrr icr mr ivrrr(
(iv) iam ivrrr n =r=riom inrrr mr rcu= = =i==i=a m=r(
(v) ==r ivrrr = =r(
s. =rrc r qmar =i=ia m = rn (Suggestions of National and Emotional Integration Committee)
(ec( = zru = rr c mr s=rar = qm qmar =i=ia mr c imr( qmar mr
srnvmar nara q zr == rr c mr c vr = qmar sr= =r +rr, r =m
inri=r = imar +rr ini+rarq nr rr orq( = sro =rrc r qmar m i=q or
=r mr n s inrrcmr=r n i=rr mr c = m= m i=q mr ( or c vr mr
vrina mr in = nrr rar ( =i=ia qmar m inmr= m i=q i= = rn icq
(i) =rrc r srnvmarsr mr =r = ==ra q rcu= mr =r mr orq(
(ii) rc u= =r=r iaini=rr mr srro imr orq(
(iii) rc =amr mr inrr =r= r mr = vrr =r m= s== +rrnr-=m qmar m inmr= =
=rm a-nr mr =i===a imr orq(
(iv) icr n r r +rrrrrsr m vr-cmr rr ar= imq orq a=rr icr mr rc =am r r
+rrrrr = i==rr orq (
(v) inor= mr u= mr sr==+r ra mr=r =+rr = r (
(vi) = =+rr = nr= = sr= ia =r =rrr r=r =rrc r qmar mr c irc = =-n r
inrrr = iaic (u i=c +rrrrr icr orq(
ivrrr ria mr i=ri=vr (Recommendations of New Education Policy) ivrrr ria mr
i=i=i=ra i=ri=vr =rrc r n +rrnr-=m qmar mr c irc = =-n r
(. =r=r inor= rr=r vr = m= m i=q s=rm mc= scrq orq (
237

,. (u+,+s mr =r=r ivrrr = =r mr = c vr = =r imr orq(
s. =rrc r rcu= mr == =rr a r= mr orq io=m sa a m e i=na vrr= inrr =r= r m
siai=na m e =r=r inrr =r= r o = +rr=ar =na rar = r= mr iar= = in=rr mr
c sric mr +rr =i==i=a imr orq(
=. inin=r +rrrrrr vr-cmr rr mrivra m=r a=rr qm +rrrrr mr =amr mr s +rrrrrsr = s nrc
m=r(
=rrc r qmar =i=ia m = rn (Suggestions of National Integration Committee) (ec = qm =rrc r
qmar =i=ia nrr r( = ivrrr r=r =rrc r qmar mr na rnr c m i=q i= = rn icq
(i) =+rr =a=r mr ivrrr = rm i=na imq orq (
(ii) m c r =a= = =rrc r rc =am nrz ica imr orq( - m =r= = +rr invr rrr mr
qm =i=ia nrm= rc =amr mr i=r r imr orq(
(iii) ic qm =r= mr er im=r c == =r= = ivrrr ra m= orar ar s== inr= =rr
=rr orq(
s a = mr or =mar im ic = ini+r =i=iar , ivrrr srr qn ivrrr
ria = mr i=ri=vrr mr iurina m= mr icvrr = m e +rr r= m=a ar ==
iiva r c vrnri=r = =rrc r qn +rrnr-=m qmar mr m= = =cc i==r(
= =c+r = +rr s== =rr im = mrr =rrc rar =r= i=q rrram ( = nr =
ivrrr m r=r rm =rrc rar mr +rrnr mr inmr= m= sr= s= q =r c ircmr r inmi=a
m= io== n ini+r c vrr mr ser nrar mr ==rr m= =m sr = =r =rn oria m
iar m i=q s =rrc r iar mr ni=cr m= m i=q a r= = (
irmrr (Conclusion)
ora mr ==ar =rrc r qmar = i+r = ( =rrc m si=a-n m i=q n a srnvm
= ini+r =r=rr r=r inmi=a imr or =mar ( = icvrr = oar, ==mr= qn
ivrrrvrri=r mr === =r s- a srnvm ( =rrc r qmar m inr +rr=a m +rinr
mr i=rga m=r s==+rn (
s a=r rc r =c +rrnr m i=q ivrrr (Education for International Understanding)
sro mr s a=rrc rar mr ( =i=q ar crm im ina s =rrc = =
m= = s= = invn m ia mr s =rrc r iar mr s rr si=m =-n c r riq a=rr =rn
oria m m=rr m i=q s =rrc ia mr ni=cr m= m i=q ar= =r riq, nr im iar=
=rrr onon = m ia =rrc rar mr +rrnr n= anan =rnar m =rrc r +rrnrsr m mr=r
r =rn oria mr cr invn r mr =r=r m=r z r( sro +rr c ir m ini+r c vr qmc == mr
=c mr c irc = c =r = ( s= === arn ra sr= ic i==ria = = =rr= sr ar invn
mr ar== invn m =ra= = nrr = ivm= rr(
inr sro =rrc r m nr mr c i=r mr m= m= icr ( =rrc r mr sr=r i+r =ar +rr
na r sa srnvm im s= invn n =r -n mr +rrnr mr inmr= imr orq( sm c ircmr r
mr rm nrr orq a=rr =rnr = =r mr s= inmr= imr orq( = im m = s a=r rc r
=c +rrnr mr inmr= m= mr =nr =r= =r=r ivrrr r nr im ivrrr r =r r mr ic= qn ic=r
mr =rr am +rrina m=ar , = im ivrrr s = cri-n mr inr a+rr m= rqr on =
s a=rrc r =c +rrnr mr inmr= m= m sz v mr sr ivrrr m sz vr = = = ==rr c ( =
sz v mr ria m i=q im= mr= m vr irm mr u= mr r or nr orq, or = n
orr srnvm im sa=rrc r =c +rrnr nr a=rr nr srnvm (
238

s a=r rc r =c +rrnr mr s=r (Meaning of International Understanding)% xksYM fLeFk (Gold Smith)
m s=r= s a=rrc r qm +rrnr or ina mr narar im n s =rrc mr r ri=m
r ( n= invn mr +rr ri=m (
= i=+rrrrr = =rc im s a=r rc rar qm q =r +rrnr or invn ri=mar mr rc
a rar a=rr s= narar im s c vr mr ri=m r m ra or m=r s=mr s c vr m
ia r ar nr m=r s= = invn m ia +rr ==r riq nr im s a=rrc r =c +rrnr =
narar im = = invn m ri=m (
= in= (Laves) m s =r=, s a=rrc r qm q=r r=ar io=m mr=r ina =+rr ==rrr =
qmc== m nr= mr irr qn sr=r r-=m a = i=rrr qn = =r m m=a sr= = nra
mr sr = mr =r r c a im n im= =rrc rar qn = =gia m (
i=+rrrrrsr m sr=r= = mr or =mar im
(. s a=r rc rar ina m c ircmr r mr rm nrm= s= invn ri=mar m i=q a r= m=ar
(
,. s=m s c= orsr sr = or cr * (Live and Let Live) mr +rrnr mr inmr= m=ar (
s. s== invn i=nr= r invn n = -n mr +rrnr mr inmr= m=ar (
=. s= = invn m m=rr m i=q s = m ia =rrc r iar mr ni=cr m= m i=q i=a
m=ar (
=r s a=r rc r =c +rrnr mr inmr= m=r =r=r ivrrr mr sz v rr riq( sn v scar im
s a=r rc r =c +rrnr m inmr= mr ivrrr sz v nr mr srnvmar nr
s a=r rc r =c +rrnr mr srnvmar qn =-n (Need and importance of International Understanding)
s a=r rc r =c +rrnr m inmr= m sz v mr ivrrr m sz vr = =i==i=a m=r i= mr=rr =
srnvm
(. =rn oria qn =rn = = qm (oneness of human race and human values) r =
c ir m im=r +rr +rr m = nr= r a=rr im=r +rr = =gia m nr r , = =n qm
r oria = ==n=r ==ra sr = n =rn oria( r r, =, =r , =irr ar,
=r +r ia a=rr +r ra -n o= =rnr r r =rnr = = +rr =+rr c vrr = ==r (
rr mr r m=a q = +rr=ar =, s= i=m =r sric mm= im=r c vr invr rr
m =r=r = n=r r m=a( =rnr = =r r rr mr im=r +rr r i=m r =rrc r =r=r =
r nr =r or =mar( sa sro mr =n= nz r srnvmar inar mr nr=r m=rr im
=rn oria qn =rn = = qm sr = =i=q n = c vr sr= invn mr qm i=nr= == (
,. invn vrr ia m i=q (for world peace) = mrr =rrc rar ina = vr n= +r= c ar ( s=
=rn = crn nr c ar io== s== =rnar mr +rrnr ==ra r orar sr= =mr
i=rr= r ar ( cr invn r = inrvr =r=r mr s+rr invn +r =r r ( sro i=
invn m iriao = = mc m nrc= ( = =rrc c== mr = c mr c irc = c =r =r ( invn
mr ar== invn mr =r=r m=r z =mar ( ic c +rr = = q =r r r ar invn
vrr ia m i=q n a nz r =ra=r si==ra r =mar ( sa sro ic = invn vrr ia ==rria
m=r ra ar = ivrrr mr sz v s a=r rc r =c+rrnr mr inmr= m=r iiva m=r
r r io== =rr = === =c +rrnr mr inmr= imr or =m (
239

s. ora m mr=r (Due to democracy) sro mr ora mr ( ora a+rr ==
r =mar on =r r mr =na ar, ==rar, r a=rr +r ra -n o= orar im = =r =
invnr= r ( =+rr = = s a=r rc r c irc = n a =-n r ( sa sro m orar im
mr =r im = ivrrr mr sz v s a=r rc r =c +rrnr mr inmr= m=r iiva m=
arim =r r m c ircmr r mr s a=r rc r nrr or =m (
=. =rrc r mr sr=r i+r =ar m mr=r (Due to the interdependence of the nations) sro mr +rr
=rrc =r a= sr-=i+r= r ( = =rrc mr im=r im=r n=a m i=q c==r = i+r=
=r z ar ( sa sro ic mr =rrc =r im n m n= s nr= = r =r m= r
sm=r =m= inr m= =r r ia m= =r ar s=mr =r r n mr= , sa =rrc r
mr sr=r i+r=ar mr c =ra q s a=rrc r =c +rrnr mr inmr= m=r srnvm sr= =
ivrrr mr qm sz v nrm= r = =rr m c ircmr r mr s a=r rc r nr = == r =ma
(
. inr qn amrmr m inmr= m mr=r (Due to advancement of science and technology) sro
inr mr ( rarra mr = in=rrsr m in=ar= m mr=r sro c vrr mr sr=r c i=r
m= r ( mr +rr =rrc s z r=r =rrc = rrica r nr=r rrcrsr = s +rrina r
= =mar( im=r +rr =rrc mr =r=riom, sri=r m qn =ro iam i=i==riar -r r =r r
= = sr +rrn c== =rrc r = er z ar ( o = z r = = = e a m =r = = r
n =ma s=r mr= = invn m ini+r mr r = rrica r nr=r rrcrsr = +rr +rrina
q inr r = =ma ( sa inr n amrmr m inmr= m mr=r =rrc r m qmc== m
==r sr or = sro =rrc r m nr sr=r =c +rrn mr srnvmar n a na ( sro
srnvmar = nra mr im s a=r rc r =c +rrnr m inmr= mr ivrrr mr sz v iiva
imr orq(
c. s a=r rc r =c +rrnr +rr=ar = =gia mr =r (Internationlism is the demand of Indian
Culture) +rr=ar = =gia rr mr= = r invn n=r -n mr =c vr c ar =r ( = =
invn mr sr i=nr= == a=rr rm iar m i=q er c iar mr ni=cr m= m i=q
i=a m=ar ( +rr=ar r m ra = =nmr m=r im = sr = =gia m =
=c vr mr =r = ==ra q = invn m =r r m =r=r s=r mr= = r nr= m= o=r
s i=nr= m =r=r m=a (
s a=r rc r =c +rrnr m inmr= m i=q ivrrr mr rc u= (Curriculum to develop international
understanding) i= inrrr mr ivrrr errr = sa=r rc r =c +rrnr mr inmr= m= = =rm
r =mar
(. inr (Science) inr m s a a nr mr invn m =r n rimr o = =ri=r , c,
rin , ocrvr c sric m inrr = ormr=r c m= narr or =mar im sro =
ini+r n rimr m r=r imq nrim sinrmr=r m mr=r io = in=rrsr mr +rr = s
narr or =mar im inr n=cr +rr r =mar sr = si+rvrr +rr, = =mr r
=rnar mr +r=r m i=q m=r riq, inrvr m i=q r (
,. iar= (History) inori=r r = invn vrria mr +rrnr a=rr sa=r rc r inn m mr or a m=
m i=q iar= mr =-nr ==rr ( ivrrr m =r== = nr mr invn iar= mr = =
rrcrsr mr ormr=r cr orr riq( rc u= = invn iar= mr =i==i=a m=r riq(
== sa=rrc r ==n=rr mr == mr r =ar ra r ar ( iar= r=r inori=r r mr
240

invn m =r arsr mr ornir mr r cr m=r riq( == invn mr =z rr =
n= c mr norq ini+r c vrr m =r=riom, iam qn =r =giam srcr=r = o r= cr
riq(
s. +r r = (Geography) +rr= +rr qm s a=rrc r =-n mr inrr ( =m r=r errr mr
ini+r c vrr mr +rr r i=m = =r, o=nr , s-rc a=rr =rio = cr sric m nr= =
narm= =rc imr or =mar im im= mr= c ir m ini+r c vr ini+r n=a sr m
i=q === qmc == = i+r= ( = mr= +rr = m =r== = =rrc r mr sr=r i+r =ar
mr n a ser mr= =rc imr or =mar (
=. ri=m vrr= (Civics) invn ri=mar mr +rrnr ri=mvrr= r=r r cr mr or =mar
( ri=m vrr= m ivrrr = = inori=r r mr narr riq im n m n= qm c vr m
ri=m r ni=m =r= invn m ri=m (
. +rrrrr (Language) +rrrrr qm q=r =r== io=m r=r inrr m ini+r c vrr m =rr mr
=== qmc == mr == mr sn== ra r =mar ( sa ivrrr = ==rrr = ini+r
+rrrrrsr m s= mr n==rr rr riq a=rr s o r sinr = = a rr orr riq
nr im qm s a=rrc r +rrrrr a=rr ini+r c vrr m =r r m nr = m +rrrrr mr mr=
m=ar (
c. s=r vrr= (Economics) s=r vrr= m =r== = nr mr ini+r c vrr mr sri=r mi==ria mr
ormr=r c m= smr i=r qn o ==a=c c vr m =r r mr =rar m= m i=q i=a imr
or =mar ( sa sri=r m inmr= m i=q =rrc r = sr=r =c +rrnr n = rr mr rr n a
srnvm (
. =ri- (Literature) ic =ri- mr sia = = a rr orq ar inori=r r =
sa=r rc r inn m cr m= mr +rrnvrr=r =r=r i= r =mar ( =r =ri- =rnar m
ia ~r = n= c ar ( invn m =r =ri-mr=r vr =r, cr ==cr, c r=, vr n=r= a=rr
mr=rcr= sric m nr= = sr= sm =ri- m nr= = err mr ormr=r cr orr riq(
invn mr s +rrrrrsr m =ri- mr =rrc +rrrrr = s nrc m=rr orr riq( == nr
m c ircmr r mr s a=r rc r nr = =cc i== r(
s. mr, = ra qn =i=a m=r (Poetry, Music and fine arts) sa=rrc r =c +rrnr m inmr=
mr c irc = err mr q =r minarq rc m=r orr riq io== sm ic= = =rnar m
ia = mr +rrnr mr inmr= r =m ( = ra n im=r +rr s a=r rc r inrr ( im=r +rr
c vr m = ra mr = m= ina =ra mr =r = i=r=m =ar ( m=r mr ivrrr c a
== m=rmr= mr oria a=rr s= m =r= mr =-n r c r riq( m=r = iia =r c
r =-n mr inrr (
rc =rm iurq (Co-curricular activities)
(. o=ic =rr (Celebration of birthdays) ivrrr = ==rrsr mr ini+r c vrr m i=
inar mr o=ic =rr riq o= n , ur =c, ===c, = rm, grr, =
r in c i=, =r-=r r =r, c r =, . onr= =r= = sric(
241

,. sa=r rc r icn= =rr (Celebration of International days): ivrrr= ==rrsr r=r .q. icn=,
=rnr si=mr= icn=, invn=nr== icn=, invn vrr ia icn= sric s a=r rc r icn= =r
or riq(
s. in=ar= +rrrrr (Extension talks) ivrrr = ==rrsr = ==== = q= inar mr sr= ia
imr orq io inc vrr = +r =r mr sn== ra sr ( ina nr mr s c vrr mr
=+ar, = =gia a=rr invr rrarsr m nr= = ormr=r cr m= sm c ircmr r mr s a=r rc r
nr =m = =cc m= =ma (
=. iar iarq (Competitions) ivrrr = ==rrsr = ini+r =a=r = +rrrrr, nrcinnrc a=rr
in =r = =r iar iarq srr ioa mr orr riq( iar iarsr m i=q q = inrrr mr
rn imr orr riq or s a=r rc r =-n m r o = invn vrr ia mr ===r( ==
nr mr s a=r rc r c irc = =-nr inrrr = =r mr =rr i== =mr(
. cvr ir (Exhibitions) cvr ir =rm= ini+r c vrr mr m=rgiar , i=nmr , r vrrmr ,
zrm icmcr a=rr s =-n r n=asr mr civr a imr or =mar ( == nr mr invn
m ini+r +rrr = = nr= =rr m orn m ini+r rr m nr= = ormr=r ra r
=mr(
c. sa=r rc r =r = (International Games) ini+r c vrr = =r =r a=rr cr z r sric mr sa=r rc r
iar iarq m=r orr riq, nr im qmc== mr == m i=q iar iarsr mr
=-n r ==rr (
. = izr = +rrrrr (Talks on Radio) inori=r r mr c == c vrr = = n i=ra = izr +rrrrr = m
i=q i=a m=r riq(
s. ramr=r =+rr (Morning Assembly) r =+rr ivrrr = ==rrsr = ra mr=r =+rr
srr ioa mr orar ( =mr =cr err = n = r-n mr +rrnr mr inmr= m= m i=q
imr or =mar ( iaic invn+r= = rrica r nr=r =-n r rrcrsr mr ormr=r =
== nr mr cr or =mar ( s s c vrr mr =+ar, = =gia sric m nr= = ormr=r
cr or =mar (
e. inor= = r c c (School Notice Board) inor= =r c c = iaic s a=r rc r =-n
mr rrcrsr n ==rr=r mr ==rr icr orr riq( invn m =r=rrr m n m=r +rr =
= i==r or riq or err m c ircmr r mr s a=r rc r nr =m (
(u. s=rmr mr srcr cr (Exchange of Teachers) s a=rrc r =a= = s=rmr mr
srcrcr r r riq( == s=rmr mr s c vrr m =r r mr =+ar qn = =gia mr
invr rrarsr mr or mr =r mr i== r sr= n s cvr =r c m nrc s err mr m
nr= = narm= sm = = invn = mr +rrnr mr inmr= m= =ma (
((. == =amr= (Rich Library) inor= mr =amr= == r r riq( s== ini+r
c vrr m =r r m orn m =r=riom, sri=r m, =ro iam a=rr =r =giam rr mr ormr=r c
nr=r =am s=-=r r r riq( s a=r rc r c irc = =-n r imrsr mr = r or
mr n==rr +rr nr r r riq(
242

s=rm mr +r i=mr (Role of Teachers)s=rm m =r m inr ivrrr m r=r s a=r rc r
=c +rrnr mr inmr= imr r r or =mar( rcu= r imar ser nr r rc =amr =
+r= r s a=r rc r c irc = =-nr inrr =r= r r, = im inr s=rm m r= m =n nra
=-nr r orar ( inori=r r s a=rrc r inn m mr inmi=a m= m i=q s=rm i=i=i=ra
= = sr +r i=mr i+rr =ma
(. rc =rm iursr mr srr o (Organising co-curricular activities) sa=r rc r inn m m
inmr= m i=q s na ini+r mr= mr rc =am sr = s rc=rm iursr mr
srr ioa m=r riq(
,. +rrnvrr=r ivrrrini=rr mr r (Use of Effective Methods of Teaching) s=rm mr
sa=r rc r c ircmr r = rc u= mr i=r r m=r riq( s= = a= a rr riq io==
inori=r r = invnm c =n mr +rrnr mr inmr= r ( or nr mr c== c vrr m orn mr
i= cr riq sr= s= =rn+r ra +rrn or a m=r riq(
s. sa=r rc r inn m mr srnvmar mr r=r m=r (Explaining the need of Ingternational
understanding) s=rm mr sa=rrc r inn m mr srnvmar mr r=r m=r riq( s=
=rc = = nra ==r riq im ini+r srnvmarsr mr ia m i=q =+rr c vr qm
c== = i+r = ( mr +rr c vr s= r = =mar(
=. =m ==ro mr ivrira m=r (To educate the adult society) s=rm mr riq im n
nz r m i=q +rr sa=r rc r inn m a=rr vrr ia r = si=a-n mr ivrrr cr m= (
. sa=r rc r c ircmr r (International Outlook) s=rm s a=rrc r inn m a+rr inmi=a m=
=mar on s=mr sr c ircmr r rm r ( s=mr sr c ircmr r +rr sa=r rc r r r
riq(
irmrr (Conclusion)
sa=r rc r inn m sr=r im mr =n = nz r srnmar ( irrr sa=r rc r inn m or a m= mr
=na =r=r ( crm r mr r im sa=rrc r inn m s rrr=rsr = cr r imr
or =mar or ==rr n=nr a=rr inrrmr=r vr=r mr i=r r r ar , ni=m s =m=r = cr
imr or =mar or =rn vrina mr sr r icrrsr = s == imr orar ( sa =m= m
== orn a=rr irrr = vrria r =si=a-n qn sa=r rc rar mr +rrnr ra r r riq(



REFERENCES
= = r n=r sr= =rn si=rmr= mr irrr
rria = =, rr=n=r qn =rn si=rmr= mr irrr zru m =r o
NCF ,uu
Education for values, environments and human Rights Naveen Mokts
sr=r im +rr=a = irrr zru =rm r m =r= +rc cr
irrr m i=ra a=rr ini=rr o q= nri=r
243

CHILD RIGHTS AND PROTECTION

MEANING OF CHILD

According to international law, a 'child' means every human being below the age of 18 years. This is a universally
accepted definition of a child and comes from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), an
international legal instrument accepted and ratified by most countries.

India has always recognised the category of persons below the age of 18 years as distinct legal entity. That is
precisely why people can vote or get a driving license or enter into legal contracts only when they attain the age of 18 years.
Marriage of a girl below the age of 18 years and a boy below 21 years is restrained under the Child Marriage Restraint Act
1929. Moreover, after ratifying the UNCRC in 1992, India changed its law on juvenile justice to ensure that every person
below the age of 18 years, who is in need of care and protection, is entitled to receive it from the State.

There are however, other laws that define a child differently and are yet to be brought in conformity with the
UNCRC. But, as stated earlier, the legal understanding of the age of maturity is 18 for girls and 21 for boys.

This means all persons in your village/town/city below the age of 18 years have to be treated as children and need
your assistance and support.

What makes a person a 'child' is the person's 'age.' Even if a person under the age of 18 years is married and has
children of her/his own, she/he is recognised as a child according to international standards.

Key points

All persons below the age of18 are children.
Childhood is a process through which every human being passes.
Children have different experiences during childhood.
All children need to be protected from abuse and exploitation.

CHILDREN NEED SPECIAL ATTENTION:

Children are more vulnerable than adults to the conditions under which they live.
Hence, they are more affected than any other age group by the actions and inaction of government and society.
In most societies, including ours, views persist that children are their parents' property, or are adults in the making,
or are not yet ready to contribute to society.
Children are not seen as people who can have a mind of their own, a view to express, a capacity to make a choice
and an ability to decide.
Instead of being guided by adults, their life is decided by adults.
Children have no votes or political influence and little economic power. Too often, their voices are not heard.
Children are particularly vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.
Children's rights are human rights!

CHILD RIGHTS

244

All people under the age of 18 are entitled to the standards and rights guaranteed by the laws that govern our
country and the international legal instruments we have accepted by ratifying them.

The Constitution of India guarantees all children certain rights, which have been specialty included for them.
These include:

Right to free and compulsory elementary education for all children in the 6-14 age group (Article 21 A).
Right to be promoted from any hazardous employment till the age of 14 year (Article-24)
Right to be protected from being abused and forced by economic necessity to enter occupations unsuited to their
age or strength (Article 29 (el).
Right to equal oocortunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity
and guaranteed protection of childhood and youth against exploitation and against moral and material
abandonment (Article 39 (f)).
Besides these they also have rights as equal citizens of India, just as any other adult male or female:
Right to equality (Article 1 4). Right against discrimination (Article 15).
Right to personal liberty and due process of law (Article 21).
Right to being protected from being trafficked and forced into bonded labour (Article 23).
Right of weaker sections of the people to be protected from social injustice and all forms of exploitation (Article
46).
Make special pensions for and children (Article 15 (3).
Protect in tourists of minorities (Article 29)
Promote educational interests of weaker sections of the people (Article 46)
Raise the level of nutrition and standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health (Article 47).

Besides the Constitution, there are several laws that are specifically for children. As responsible teachers and
citizens, it is advisable that you are aware of them and their significance.

United Nations Convention on The Rights of The Child
The most significant of all international laws for children is the

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, popularly referred to as the CRC. This, together with our Indian
Constitution and Laws, determine what rights all children must have,

What is the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child? Human rights belong to a people, regardless of their age,
including children. However, because of their special status.
Whereby children need extra protection and guidance from adults children also have some special rights of their
own. These are called children's rights and they are laid out in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
(CRC).

Significant features of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC):

Applies equally to both girls and boys up to the age of 18, even if they are married or al ready have children of their
own.
245

The convention is guided by the principles of Best Interest of the Child and Non-discrimination and Respect for
views of the child.
It emphases the importance of the family and the need to create an environment that is conducive to the healthy
growth and development of children.
It obligates the state to respect and ensure that children get a fair and equitable deal in society.
It draws attention to four sets of civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights:
Survival
Protection Development Participation

Right to Survival includes

Right to life.
The highest attainable standard of health.
Nutrition.
Adequate standard of living.
A name and a nationality.

Right to Development includes

Right to education.
Support for early childhood care and development.
Social security.
Right to leisure, recreation and cultural activities.

Right to Protection includes freedom from all forms of

Exploitation.
Abuse.
Inhuman or degrading treatment.
Neglect.
Special protection in special circumstances such as situations of emergency and armed conflicts, in case of
disability etc.

Right to Participation includes

Respect for the views of the child.
Freedom of expression.
Access to appropriate information.
Freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
All rights are dependent on each other and are indivisible. However, because of their nature all rights are divided
into:
Immediate Rights (Civil and Political Rights) which include such things as discrimination, punishment, right to a fair
hearing in criminal cases and a separate system of juvenile justice, right to life, right to nationality, right to re-
unification with the family.
246


Most protection rights fall within the category of immediate rights and therefore demand immediate attention and
intervention.
Progressive Rights (Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), which includes health and education and the rights
that are not covered by the first category.

They are recognised in the CRC under Article 4, which states:

"With regard to economic, social and cultural rights. State Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum
extent of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international co-operation."

Here we will deal specifically with Right to Protection of Children and the role of Teachers and Schools can play in
ensuring them.

Note: Children acquire different capacities and degrees of maturity as they grow older. This does not mean they require no
protection if they are 16 years old. For instance, children in our country are made to marry and work under the age of 18.
But they should not receive less protection because the community feels they have matured. They must receive the very
best protection, opportunities and help in order to ensure them the best start in life on their journey to adulthood.

AS A TEACHER ONE MUST BE ABLE TO ENSURE THAT ALL CHILDERN IN SCHOOL ARE PROTECTED FROM ALL
FROM OF

Exploitation.
Abuse.
Inhuman or degrading treatment
Neglect.
Special protection circumstances such as situations of emergency and armed conflicts, because of their social,
economic, or even geographical location, some children are more vulnerable than others and need special
attention.

These children are:

Homeless children (pavement dwellers, displaced/ evicted refugees etc.)
Migrant children.
Street and runaway children.
Orphaned or abandoned children.
Working children.
Child beggars.
Children of prostitutes.
Child prostitutes.
Trafficked children.
Children in jails/ prisons.
Children of prisoners.
Children affected by conflict.
247

Children affected by natural disasters.
Disabled children.
Children belonging to the Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes. The girl child within all categories is even more
vulnerable.

CHILD PROTECTION ISSUES AND WHAT EVERY TEACHER NEEDS TO KNOW

Child abuse occurs across socio-economic, religious cultural, racial, and ethnic groups.
Research documentation and interventions by government and the civil society groups in the past have clearly
brought forth some of the following child protection issues and categories of children that deserve special protection:

Gender discrimination.
Caste discrimination.
Disability.
Female foeticide.
Infanticide
Domestic violence.
Child sexual abuse.
Child marriage.
Child labour.
Child prostitution.
Child trafficking
Child sacrifice.
Corporal Punishment in schools.
Examination Pressure and student Suicides.
Natural disasters.
War and conflict.
HIV/AIDS.

VIOLATIONS INSIDE THE EDUCATION SYSTEM

A. Corporal Punishment

MYTH: Sometimes it becomes necessary to punish children in order to teach them discipline. Parents and teachers have a
right to discipline their children.

FACT: Spare the rod and spoil the child is what most adults have grown up believing.

Adult who were beaten by their parents and teachers always feel it is their right to do so. They often forget the
trauma which they had undergone when they were young and were subjected to physical and degrading forms of
punishment.

248

Corporal punishment is often used as a measure to discipline children. Children are at the receiving end from
parents, teachers and non-teaching school authorities. Almost all schools inflict corporal punishments on students for
various reasons and most parents beat their children.

In the name of discipline, children are known to had their bones and teeth broken, their hair pulled out and forced
into acts of humiliation.

Corporal punishment is defined as the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child pain, not for the
purpose of injury but for correction.

Types of Corporal Punishments;

Physical Punishment

1. Making the children stand as a wall chair.
2. Keeping the school bags on their heads.
3. Making them stand for the whole day in the sun.
4. Make the children kneel down and do the work and then enter the class room.
5. Making them stand on the bench.
6. Making them raise hands.
7. Hold a pencil in their mouth and stand.
8. Holding their ears with hands passed under the legs.
9. Tying of the children's hands.
10. Making them to do sit-ups.
11. Caning and pinching .
12. Twisting the ears.

Emotional Punishments:-

1. Slapping by the opposite sex.
2. Scolding, abusing and humiliating
3. Label the child according to his or her misbehaviour and send him or her around the school
4. Make them stand at the back of the class and told to complete the work.
5. Suspending them from school for a couple of days.
6. Pinning paper on their back and labeling them "I am a fool". " I am a donkey" etc.
7. Teacher takes the child to every class, she goes and humiliates the child.
8. Removing the shirts of the boys.


Negative Reinforcement:

1. Detention during the break and lunch.
2. Locking them in a dark room.
3. Call for parents or asking the children to bring explanatory letters from the parents.
4. Sending them home or keeping the children outside the gate.
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5. Making the children sit on the floor in the classroom.
6. Making the child clean the premises.
7. Making the child run around the building or in the playground.
8. Sending the children to the principal.
9. Making them teach in the class.
10. Making them stand till the teacher comes.
11. Giving oral warnings and letters in the diary or calendar.
12. Threatening to give TC for the child.
13. Asking them to miss games or other activities
14. Deducting marks.
15. Treating three late coming equal to one day absent from school
16. Giving excessive imposition.
17. Make the children pay fines.
18. Not allowing them into the class.
19. Sitting on the floor for one period, day, week and month.
20. Placing black marks on their disciplinary charts.

Source: Corporal Punishment Violation of Child Rights in Schools Author Prof Meadebhushi sridher Nalser University of law
Hyderabad htm.

Corporal punishment is the most ineffective form of disciplining as it rarely motivates an individual. It does more
harm than good to the child.

Punishment may deter a child from repeating the act of indiscipline to some extent but it cannot improve her/his
understanding of the subject or make her/him more intelligent.

In fact it has numerous negative consequences on the child.

How does corporal punishment harm a child?
It has a negative impact on the psyche of young mind as it usually takes the shape of hatred, terror and fear in the
nascent minds.

The punishment of such kind leads to creation of anger resentment and low-self-esteem. It contributes to feeling of
helplessness and humiliation, robbing a child off her/ his self-worth and self-respect, leading a child to withdrawal or
aggression.

It teaches children violence and revenge as solution to problems. Children might imitate what the adults are doing.
Children begin to believe that it is good to use violence and there is nothing wrong with it. Children may even assault their
own parents or teachers in retaliation. Victims of corporal punishment during childhood are more likely to hit their children,
spouses or friends in adulthood.

Many street and working children have pointed out corporal punishment at school as one of the reasons for
running away from school and also their families and home.
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Right to discipline children cannot be at the cost of children's right to development and participation. In fact
children's right to participation alone can set the tone for discipline.

In any case there is no religion of law that allows corporal punishment Nobody has any legal or moral authority to
physically punish children simply because they are unable to control the situation in any other way.

Discipline can never be taught, it is learnt.
Discipline is an attitude, character, responsibility or commitment.
Discipline is basically internal, while the attempt to impose it would be an external process .

Examination Pressure and student Suicides

MYTH: India's education system has made the world curious of the brains we produce. As a result many Indian schoolars,
scientists, engineers and other professionals have successfully settled in the West and a number of them are doing very
well for themselves in the country too. Strict discipline along with a competitive examination system has been the way to
success. All parents want to put their children into schools that produce good results.

FACT: There is no doubt that India produces tile world's finest brains. But dose the credit really go to the present day
schooling or the education system or to the sheer will power of some students to do well in life along with other family and
social pressures? The pressures of cut throat competition rising expectations from out children and students, good results
being the main stake for the reputation of a school of a teacher and inability to help children cope with all this has led to
increasing depression amongst students leading to growing number of student suicides. The brains are all dying and if we
do not open out eyes to this reality now, we may lose out on whole generation of bright young people very soon.

For some students, there is no life after CBSE exams within five days of the CBSE declaring the Class X and XII
results half a dozen students in the Capital have committed suicide. And while you are reading this, there could be many
others contemplating ending their lives because they have failed to clear the exams.

The rising incidence of suicides among students is a manifestations of a deeper malaise. Earlier, people did not
associate depressions with adolescence. There is a nascent realisation that adolescents also suffer from depression and
more so point put Dr, R.C. Jiloha, Professor and Head, Psychiatry G,B. Pant and Maulana Azad Medical College, The
problem gets aggravated because at this tender age they neither have the sagacity nor the experience to reconcile with
failure.

Says Ms. Sharma, a tele-counsellor, "It is vital for parents and teachers to recognise the need for counseling
Exam results are not the end of the world; there is life after exams, even if you have performed badly. That is what the
parents and the teachers need to understand, says Ms. Sharma.

Source: Smriti Kak, The Tribune, Chandigarh, India, Friday, May 31, 2002,
http//www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020531/ncrl.htm.
No doubt parents want to send their children to schools that produce good results, But has anyone asked them if this is fine
at the cost of the well-being of the very existence of their child? No parents will went to lose has or her child indeed it nest
shows that parents to need to be conselled too need to be counselled. Put if the pressure from schools continues., if all
251

PTAs are only about how wait of badly is doing in her/his class and if teacher continue to compare one child with another
and neglect the needs oftheir students nothing can ever help change the situation. The schools will have to make the first
move and also perhaps start counselling the parents along with children.

Caste discrimination

MYTH: Untouchability and caste discrimination are history now. In any case Dalit or scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe
students never face any caste discrimination with reservations making their life easy.

FACT: This is not true. A person's first encounter of caste discrimination is at a very early age. She/he faces discrimination
in school, on the playground, in the hospital and the list can be endless. We can address the practice of discrimination
against the poor and underprivileged sections of the society such as the scheduled castes/tribes by ensuring them their
economic, social and cultural rights, particularly in terms of access to education, health care and social security services;
programmes for child labourers and the ending of degrading practices such as manual scavenging.

Disability

MYTH: DISABILITY is a curse. A disabled child has no worth. Such children are a burden on the fami ly, they are
economically unproductive and education is of no use to them. In fact most disabilities have no cure.

FACT: Disability has nothing to do with doings of the past it is a deformity caused enter during pregnancy inherits it. Lack of
proper medical care when needed, lack of proper immunization, accident or injury are other causes that cannot be ignored.

According to Census 2001, 1.67 per cent of the total population, aged 0-19 year is disabled.
The Tenth Five-Year Plan document of the Planning Commission mentions that 0.5 to 1.0 per cent of all children
have mental retardation.
A Mentally or physically handicapped person is usually a subject of sympathy. We forget that as an individual a
disabled person too has right and more than sympathy, what she requires is empathy.

Often disability with stigma. A family having a mentally ill person is ostracized and looked down upon by the
community.

Education is important for each and every child irrespective of the childs disability as it helps in the overall
development of the child.

Disabled children have special needs and we need to address these needs. If given opportunity they can also
learn life-supoorting skills. Disability becomes a tragedy only if we fall to provide the things which one needs to lead one's
life.

Barriers faced by a disabled child in the education system

Lack of special schools for both physically and mentally challenged children.
Disabled children are usually slow learners. Schools do not have special teachers who can take care of the needs
of such children.
Insensitive attitude of the peer group. Usually they are a subject of mockery as they either slow learners or have
physical deformity.
252

Absence of disabled friendly infrastructure, including ramps special chairs and toilet facilities.

Through appropriate training a disabled child can be taught some skills which can provide him/her an opportunity
to earn a decent living.

Moreover, if detected and diagnosed early, most disabilities can be cured or can be prevented from becoming
incurable. This includes mental disorders that can be treated and prevented with timely intervention.
Conflict and man-made disasters

Every schools and every teacher will have to take special care in situations of conflict, political strife, war or natural
disaster. Children living in such situations need special care and protection, which is possible only if the community realizes
this.

CHIILD PROTECTION AND THE LAW

Children have the right to be protected from all exploitative and vulnerable situations that have been discussed, as
teacher one must learn to deal with these issues. But that is possible only if you make yourself aware of the real problems
and risks that children face and of the remedies that are available in law and policy to change the situation in the best
interest of children.

A child may need legal help and protection. Resisting legal action when a child needs it the most is a common
mistake all of us often tend to make.

Ask yourself-Should fear of disapproval or reprimand by family/community /society the powerful lobby become
more important than social justice? In 2003 five girls from a village in District Karnal managed to stop sale of two minors i nto
marriage. One they had made up their mind to stop the marriage and the implicit sale their school teacher helped them take
necessary steps of legal action. There was immense resistance from the families or the prospective bride and the groom,
from the village elders, the entire community. The girls also received threats and their own families tried to stop them from
taking such a step initially the police too did not come forward to help and book the erring persons. When everything else
failed, the school teacher sought help from the local media to write about it. Finally the police was forced to stop the
marriage and book the culprits. These five girls received the National Bravery Award for their exemplary all odds the role of
the school courage and fight against. Teacher was very critical in this case as without his help it would not have been
possible for the girls to take the community to task,. In fact, the teacher had risked not only his career but also his life in the
process. But the quest for justice and commitment to child protection guided his action.

One can perhaps facilitate the process of legal action by taking some of the following steps.

Inform the police or the child line on 1098.
Ensure that the child line provides counselling and legal services to the child.
Mobilise community support.
Report to the press only as your last resort.
Know your law.

253

It is important to know the basic law and understand the right they protect. Only if you understand rights and legal
protection available will you will be able to convince a child or her/his parents(s)/ guardian (s) or the community for legal
action. Sometimes the police/administration can also turnout to be difficult. Knowing your law can empower you to deal with
them better.

TEACHES CAN PROTECT CHILDREN

Children can be subjected to neglect, abuse, violence and exploitation anywhere. There is some abuse that may
happen inside the school premises, while a lot of it is what children suffer at home and in non-school environments a child in
your class may be a victim of violence/abuse/exploitation that happens outside the school. You cannot ignore it. Rather you
must help the child. This too is possible only if you are able to identify that there is a problem and you spend time to
understand it and explore possible solutions.

Always remember that your duty to protect children does not come to and end once you are out of the school
premises. The life of a child who is out of the school system can be changed with your positive intervention. You just have t o
prepare yourself for it and know more about their problem as well as what you can do to help.
Once you are mentally prepared and equipped to tackle the problem you will be able to do what you could never have
thought of.

Are you a child-friendly teacher? This is what will make you one.

Understand children's rights as human rights and create such awareness in the community as well.
Make children feel worthwhile.
Be open to learning.
Be a Friend, Philosopher and Guide to the child.
Make the classes interesting and informative. Avoid one-way communication and give opportunities to children to come up
with their doubts and queries.
Learn to recognise and identify abuse, neglect, learning disorders and other not so visible disabilities create a relationshi p
where children can express their views concerns, anguish, fear etc. Try to engage with children informal discussions.

Be a god listener. Share and discuss various issues and problems which children are facing either, in school or at
home.
Encourage, children's participation in matters that affect their life.
Build childrens capacities to participate effectively.
Organize meeting of children with school authorities.
Discuss child right issue with the parents in the PTA meetings.
Say no to corporal punishment. Use positive relnforcement techniques like dialogue and counselling to discipline
children.
Say no to discrimination. Take active steps to reach out to children from minority and other discriminated groups.
Stop negative stereotyping and discrimination against working children, street children, child victim of sexual
abuse, trafficking, domestic violence or drugs abuse and children in conflict with law, to a few categories of these
who need protection.
Stop use of child labour in your home and workplace.
254

Be democratic but not unstructured.
Ensure children are protection within the school as well as in the community, even if it requires calling the police
and taking/facilitating legal action.
Encourage them to put forward their views before the adults and the community.
Encourage and the community
Involve children in organizing events. Give them responsibilities and at the same time give them the required
guidance.
Take children to nearby places for picnics and pleasure trips.
Engage children in discussions/debates/quiz and other recreational activities.
Encourage education and participation of girls through creative measures within the classroom.
Follow-up girls who drop out or attend irregularly to ensure it does not continue.
All teacher can help in creating and strengthening a protective environment to bund children.
Observations are important, as that alone will help you to assess the growth and progress of a child in your class.
If you see a problem next step should be to explore what could be the possible reason.
Next question to yourself should be whether the child is under any pressures from family, relatives or friends.
Spend some time with the child privately, without being imposing humiliating and creating and embarrassing
situation for the child.
Help the child express her/his problem either through drawing and painting or by writing a story or simply talking to
you or the school counsellor/social worker as friend in the class.

Creating and strengthening a protective environment to children many level of engagement which in turn demands
dialogue and coordination based on shared analysist any its components correspond to development activities and such as
improving basic services, monitoring results, and recognising individuals as actors in Teacher must be aware of the
governments schemes for children and what do they have to offer identify children and families that require assistance and
could be helped though any of the existing Government schemes. A list of such children and families can be handed over to
your Block/Taluka/Mandel Panchyat Member or BDPO directly.

People you must liaise with if you want to protect children include

The police
Your Panchayat/Municipal Corporation Head/Member
Anganwadi Workers
ANMs
Block/Taluka/Mandal and Zila Panchayat Member
Block Development officer (BDO) Block Development and Panchayat officer (DPO)
Conjurnity Government officer
Development and Panchyat officer (BDPO)
District Magistrate/District collector.
Nearest Child Welfare committee
Child line organizations in your area
How as a teacher can you ensure that the right of an HIV infected or affected child is not violated
255

Impart sex education to children based on their age and level of maturity.



Tertiary
prevention
(coordination with
the concerned authorities
like police, panchayats,
parents, local NGOs in
order to bring effective policies)
Secondary prevention
early detection, quick intervention and
provision of adequate supportive
environment
Primary prevention (Awareness Generation
in order to remove the causes, building the
childs competence to recognize and react and teaching
the child to say No

Note: adapted from Ashea Krishan Kumar Silent victim, Volume 20 issue 21, 11-24 October 2003 the three stages of
preventing child sexual abuse

Identifying child sexual abuse
Signs of sexual abuse in children and adolescents
6-11 year 12-17 year
Girls Engages in explicit sexual behaviours with other
children
Sexually exploitative interactions with younger
children
Verbally describes experiences of sexual abuse Sexually promiscuous behavoiur or total
avoidance of sexual involvement
Excessive concern or preoccupation with private
parts
Eating disturbances
Sexualized relating to adults Effect to distance from feelings of guilt, shame
and humiliation
Sudden fear or mistrust of males females or
specific places.
Running away from home
Age inappropriate knowledge of adult sexual
behaviour

Sleep disturbance sexual: night mares and night
terrors

Boys Engages in explicit sexual behaviours with other
children
Sexually exploitative interactions with younger
children
Sudden fear or mistrust of males females or
specific places.
Regressive behaviour
Sleep disturbance sexual: night mares and night
terrors
Acting out and risk taking behaviour
Sudden aggressive behavour or acting out Effect to distance from feelings of guilt, shame
and humiliation
Loss of interest in previous interests
Regressive behaviour


Inform the children about HIV/AIDS, How it spreads and affects and individual. How can we prevent it from
spreading further?
Create and enabling environment in the class-room to ensure the infected and affected kids are not.

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Precautions: The above mentioned signs or symptoms are to be considered only as rough guidelines to indicate that a
child is in trouble and that the cause may be sexual abuse. It is very important, however, not to jump on any individual
symptom or behaviour and conclude that abuse has taken place. Rather you must look for groups of symptoms and use
intuition.

Children are often taught to obey adults. In the process they forget to say no the adults, even if they do not like
the behaviour or attitude of the adults.
Teach children to say "No" in such situations.
Ten massages about children with disabilities.

1. Prevent negative stereotypical attitudes about children with disabilities by avoiding negative words, such as
"disabled, "crippled, " handicapped," instead of" a child with a physical or movement disability", "wheelchair
bound" for a child who with hearing and speech disability or retarded for a child with metnal disability.
2. Depict children with disabilities with equal status as those without disabilities can tutor a younger child without a
disability. Children with disabilities should interact with non-disabled children in a many ways as possible.
3. Allow children with disabilities to speak for themselves and express their thoughts and feeling involve children with
and without disabilities in the same protacts and encourage their mutual participation.
4. Observe children and identify disabilities. Early detection of disabilities has become part of early childhood
education. The earlier a disability is detected in a child, the more effective the intervention and t he less severe the
disability.
5. Refer the child whose disability is identified, for developmental screening and early intervention.
6. Adapt the lessons, learning materials and classroom to the needs of children with disabilities. Use means such as
large print, setting the child in the front of the class, and making the classroom accessible for the child with a
movement disability. Integrate positive idea about disabilities into class work, children's play and other activities.
7. Sensitise parents, families, and caregivers about the special needs of children with disabilities. Speak to parents in
meeting s as well as on a one-to-one basis.
8. Teach frustrated parents simple ways to deal with and manage their child's needs and help them to have patience
to prevent abuse of the disabled child.
9. Guide siblings and other family members in lessening the pain and frustration of parents of children with
disabilities by being helpful.
10. Actively involve parents of young children with disabilities as full team members in planning school and after
school activities.
Adopt and Encourage Constructive disciplinary Practices that Respect the Human Dignity of children.
Respect the childs dignity
Develop pro-social behavior, self-discipline, and character.
Respect the child's motivational charactoricties and life views.
Assure fairness and transformation justice.
Promote solidarity.
SURELY CHANGING THE SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT WILL BE YOUR BIGGEST CHALLENGE

Is your school child-friendly? This is how it can be one
Spare the rod and save childhood should be the slogan and massage for children their parents
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A school must have a social worker to generate positive peer response, family response and community response.
Regular and periodic PTAs should become an essential feature, PTAs should on the child's overall development
and not just progress report in class.
Training and sensitization activities with teachers on child rights must become a regular feature just as teachers
are sent for academic training by various schools on a regular basis.
Forums for children's participation in matters affecting them inside the school should be created.
Sex education should be made an essential component of life skill education imported in schools.
Basic facilities like toilets and drinking water for children must be adequately made available within the school
premises. Toilets for boys and girls should be separate.
For schools that function from a tent or a small room, adequate breaks from toilet and drinking water must form a
routine.
Disabled friendly infrastructure and teaching learning materials reflect on a schools sensitivity towards the
disabled children. Ensure that you have it all or at least what your resources can best permit. Local resources can
be mobilized to fulfill this need.
Theme based Recreational Activities in which Children can be involved

Discussions/debates/quiz
Story telling
Painting, local art (specific to the region)
Skits/plays/theatre
Pottery and other crafts
Puppet making
Face painting
Origami
Photography
Picnic and Excursions
Sports (indoor and outdoor)
Exhibitions
There should be no vendors in and around the school premises.
School that strictly discourage employment of children for domestic work by its teachers actually establish a best
practice to be followed by all in the community.
Evolving peer groups to check drug abuse or any other form of abuse taking place within the school premise is a
good practice that schools must adopt.
Guidelines, rules and norms are laid out to deal with discrimination on grounds of gender, disability, caste, religion
or HIV/AIDS reported within the shool premises
School should set up child protection monitoring unit or cell involving children, their parents and
panchyats/municipal councils. The role of this unit could be to maintain records of children needing care and
protection and to report case of child abuse to the police or other concerned authorities.
Source: Child protection
A hand book for teacher
Serva Shiksha Abhiyan
Himachal Pradesh
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( mr -4) UNIT-IV

Knowledge and Curriculum


Knowledge Construction
A valuable part of the inheritance of human society. All our children have a right to acces this knowledge, to educate and
enrich their common sense, to develop and discover themselves and the world of nature and people, through these lances
and tools. Today there is a growing recognition of the value of in indigenous knowledge for sustainable development .it
would, therefore, be wise to sustain indigenous knowledge in traditional communities and integrate it into the school
curriculum where culturally and educationally appropriate.
Five ways indigenous knowledge could help enhance the curriculum include:
1 Starting locally:from the known to the unknown
2 Learning outside the classroom.
3 Learning across generations
4 Learning through culture
5 Learning attitudes and values for a sustainable furure
1. Starting locally:From the from the unknown The philosophy of from the known to the unknown should be adopted if
education is to be effective. Therefore ,it is wise to start with the knowledge about the local area which students are familiar
with, and then gradually move to the knowledge about regional,national and global environments. Indigenous knowledge
can play significant role in education about the local area. In most societies,indigenous people have developed enormous
volumes of knowledge over the centuries by directly interacting with the environment:knowledge about the soil,
climate,water,forest,wildlife,minerals etc.in the locality.this ready-made knowledge system could easily be used in education
if appropriate measures are taken to tap the indigenous knowledge ,which remains in the memory of local elderly people.
CHILDRENS KNOWLEDGE AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ( As per NCF 05 )
The childs community and local environment from the primary context in which learning takes place, and in which
knowledge acquires its significance. It is in interaction with the environment that the child. Constructs knowledge and derives
meaning.
This area has generally been neglected both in the conceptualization of textbooks and in pedagogic practices. Hence in
this documents we emphasis the significance of contextualizing education : of situating learning in the context of the
childs world and of making the boundary between the school and its natural and social environment porous.
This is not only because the local environment and the childs own experiences are the best entry points into the
study of disciplines of knowledge, but more so because the aim of knowledge is to connect with the world . It is not
a means to and end, but both means and end. This does not require us to reduce knowledge to the functional and
immediately relevant, but to realize its dynamism by connecting with the world through it.
Unless learners can locate their individual standpoints in relation to the concepts represented in textbooks an
relate this knowledge to their own experience of society, knowledge is reduced to the level of more information. If
we want to examine how learning relates to future visions of community life, it is crucial to encourage reflection on
what it means to know something and how to use what we have learnt. The learner must be recognized as a
proactive participant in his or her own learning.
Day after day children bring To school their experience of the world around them the trees that they have climbed, the
fruits they have eaten, the biers they have admired. All children are alive to the natural cycles of day and night, of the
weather, the water, the plants and the animals that surround them. Children When they enter Class I already have a
rich language base of small numbers, and the rudiments of operations are already in place. Yet rarely do we hear the
knowledge that they already have and which they bring into the classroom. Rarely do we ask children to talk about or
refer to the world outside the school during our lessons and teaching. Instead we resort to the convenience of the
printed word and picture, all of which are poor replicas of the natural world. Worse still, today in the same of computer
aided learning. The living world is being turned into animation strips that childrens are expected to watch on their
computer screens. Before starting a lesson on living and non- living, if a teacher was to take her class out on a Walk
through a field near the school, and on returning asked each child to write the names of ten living things and ten non
living things that she/he saw, the results would be amazing. Children in Mahabalipuram in
Tamil Nadu may include in their list of things sea shells, pebbles an fish, and those in Chhattisgarh near the
Dandakaranya forest may include nest, bee hive, and anklet. Instead, children are usually required to look at a
drawing in the textbook, or a list of words, and sort the things out as living and non living. During a lesson on water
pollution, children could examine the water sources and water bodies and then connect these with different types
of pollution. This exercise could also raise issues regarding how lack of safe water affects health. Instead children
children are expected to see pictures of polluted water and comment on them. When studying the moon and its
phases, How many teachers actually ask the children to look at the moon at night and then talk about i t the next
day? Instead of asking children the names of local birds and trees, our textbooks name ubiquitous things that
seem to belong everywhere and yet belong nowhere. Only if children in, say Class 8
th
, can connect the chapter on
photosynthesis with the real plants around would they think of asking questions such as, How do crotons, which
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have colored leaves but no green leaves manage to manufacture their food? Only when the living world around
becomes available for critical reflection within the school will children become alive to the issues of the
environment and nurture is thus a natural learning resource, which must be privileged when making choices
regarding what should be included, what
2. Learning outside the classroom Students can learn much from fieldwork i n the local area. This calls for some
prior knowledge and understanding. For instance ,to be able to understand the relationship between indigenous
people, soils and plants, students need (3)
Recreating Knowledge ( NCF 05 )
These capabilities, practices, and skills of understanding are what we seek to develop through the school curriculum. Some
of them readily lend themselves to being formulated as Subject of study such as mathematics, history, science, and the
visual arts. Others such as ethical understanding, need to be interwoven into subjects and activities. The basic capabilities
of language require both approaches, and aesthetic understanding also readily lends itself to both approaches .
All these areas require opportunities for project activities, thematic and interdisciplinary course of studies, field trips, use of
libraries and laboratories.
This approach to knowledge to knowledge necessitates a move away from facts as ends in themselves, and a move
towards locating facts in the process through Which they come to be known and moving below the surface of facts to locate
the deeper connections between them that give them meaning and significance.
In India, We have traditionally followed a subject-based approach to organizing the curriculum, Drawing on only the
disciplines. This approach tends to present knowledge as packaged usually in text books, along with associated rituals of
examinations to access, knowledge acquisition and marks as a way of judging competence in the subject area. This
approach has led to several problems in our education system. First, those areas that do not lend themselves in our
education system. First those areas that do not lend themselves to being organized in textbooks and examined through
marks become sidelined and are then described as extra of co curricular instead of being an integral part of the curriculum.
These really receive the attention they deserve In terms of preparation by teachers of school time. Areas of knowledge such
as crafts and sports, which are rich in potential for the development of skill, aesthetics, creativity, resourcefulness and team
work, also becomes sidelined. Important areas of knowledge such work and associated practical intelligences have been
completely neglected, and we still do not have and adequate curriculum theory to support the development of knowledge,
skills and attitudes in these areas.
Second, the subject areas tend to become watertight compartments. As a result, knowledge seems fragmented rather that
interrelated and integrated. The discipline, rather that the childs way of viewing the world, tends to become the starting
point, and boundaries get constructed between knowledge in the school and knowledge outside.
Third, what is already known gets emphasized, subverting childrens own ability to construct knowledge and explore novel
ways of knowing, Information takes precedence over knowledge, lending itselg to producing bulky textbooks, quizzing and
methods of mechanical retrieval rather than understanding and problem solving . This tendency of mistaking information for
knowledge leads to loading the curriculum with too many facts to be memorized .
Fourth there is the issue of including new subjects. The need for subjects addressing conemporary concerns of society is
important. But there has been a misplaced tendency to address these concerns in the school curriculum by creating new
subjects producing related textbooks and devising methods of evaluation for them. These concerns may be far better
addressed if they are incorporated in the curriculum through existing subjects and ongoing activities. Needless to say,
adding new areas as subjects only increases the curriculum load and perpetuates undesirable compartmentalization of
knowledge.
Finally the principles for selecting knowledge for inclusion in the curriculum are not well worked out. There is insufficient
consideration of development appropriateness, logical sequencing and connection between different grades, and overall
pacing, with a few of no opportunities to return to earlier concepts, Further, concepts that cut across subjects areas, such as
in secondary school mathematics and in physics, are not placed in relation to in another
2. Learning across generations
In view of its potential value for sustainable development,it is necessary to preserve indigenous knowledge for the benefit of
future generations. Perhaps the best way to preserve indigenous knowledge would be the integration of indigenous
knowledge into the school currivulum. This would encourage students to learn from their parents,grandparents and other
adults in the community,and to appreciate and respect their knowledge.such a relationalship between young and older
generations could help to mitigate the generation gap and help develop intergenerational harmony.indigenous people ,for
the first time perhaps, would also get an opportunity to participate in curriculum development. The interation of indigenous
knowledge into school curriculum development. The integration of indigenous knowledge into school curriculum would thus
enable school to act as agencies for transferring the culture of the society from one generation to the next.
Local Knowledge Traditions (NCF 05 )
Many communities and individuals in India are a rich storehouse of knowledge about many aspects of Indias environment,
acquired over generations and handed down as traditional knowledge, as well as through an individuals practical
experience. Such knowledge may pertain to: naming and categorising plants, or ways of harvesting and storing water, or
ways of harvesting and storing water, or of practising sustainable agriculture. Sometimes these may be different from the
ways in which school knowledge approaches the subject. At other times, it may not be recognised as something that is
important. In these situations, teacher could help children develop projects of study based on local traditions and peoples
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practical ecological knowledge; this may also involve comparing these with the school approach. In some cases, as in the
case of classifying plants, the two traditions may be simply parallel and be based on different criteria considered significant.
In other cases, for example the classification and diagnosis of illnesses, it may also challenge and contradict local belief
systems. However, all forms of local knowledge must be mediated through Constitutional values and principles.
The local environment consists not only of the physical and natural world but also the socio-cultural world.
All children have a voice at home, and it is essential for the school to ensure that there voices continue to be heard in the
classroom as well. Communities also have rich cultural resources: local stories, songs, jokes and riddles ,and art, all of
which can enrish language and knowledge in schools. They also have rich oral histories. By imposing silence we stifle
children. 2.8 School Knowledge and the Community Experiences of the socio-cultural world also need to become a part of
the curriculum. Children need to find examples plurality of peoples and ways of l ife represented in the text books. These
portrayals need to ensure that no community is oversimplified, labelled, or judged. It may even be better for children to study
and generate portrayals of the local social groups as a part of their social science studies. They can then directly interact
with the gram panchayat representative, who may be invited to the school to speak about the extent to which
decentralisation has helped in addressing local civic issues. Local oral history could also be connected with regional history
and national history. But the social context also calls for a much greater critical awareness and critical engagement on the
part of curriculum developers and teachers. Community- based identities, of gender, caste, class and religion primary
identities, but they can also be oppressive and reaffirm social inequalities and hierarchies. School knowledge can also
provide a lens.
3. Learning through culture
indigenous knowledge is stored in culture in various forms, such as traditions, customs, folk song ,folk dramas,legends
,proverbs myths, etc. use of these culture items as resources in schools can be very effective in bringing indigenous
knowledge alive for the students. it would allow them to conceptualise places and issues not only in the l ocal area but allow
them to conceptualise places and issues not only in the local area but also beyond their immediate experience. students will
already be familiar with some aspects of indigenous culture and, therefore, may find it interesting to learn mo re about it
through these cultural forms. it would also enable active participation as teachers could involve students in collecting folk
stories, folk song,legends,proverbs,etc.,that are retold in their community to identify the plants and soil types in the local
area. One way to get a preliminary knowledge of plants and soil types in the local environment is to consult indigenous
people and invite them particular sites of special significance.
Knowledge in practice ( As per NCF 05 )
A vast array of human activities and practices sustain social living and culture. Crafts such as weaving, carpentry and
pottery, and occupation such as farming and shopkeeping, constitute alongwith and performing and visual arts and sports a
valuable from of knowledge are of a practical nature, tacit and often only partially articulated.
Many of them involves abilities that are developed. These include the ability to conceptualise and imagine product that are
useful or aesthetic, the knowledge of and ability to work with materials, to fashion a products, knowledge of ones own
abilities, appreciation of team work, and attitudes of persistence and discipline. This is true weather it is am object being
fashioned or weather it is a play a to be presented to an audience.
Describing these activities as skills draws attention to only the dexterities that are involved , but not to the considerable
understanding of the social and natural world and the self that each of these forms of practice involves. Like accepted
academic disciplines, these crafts and trades too have their traditions and experts pactitioners. The knowledge relevant to
each of these crafts, occupations and art forms is cumulatively developed and is passed on through experience and
A craft like carpentry involves the ability to conceptualize and designed the object to be made, an understanding of its value
in the society (socio-cultural, aesthetic and economic significance), knowledge of material available and the most suitable in
terms of quality and cost for the product to be made, knowledge of where to source material, the ability to plan and execute
the fashioning of the product from beginning to end, using ones on skills and sourcing relevant skills from others,
maintaining the necessary tools, judging for quality, creativity and excellence in craftsmanship.
A sport like kabaddi involves physical stamina and endurance, knowledge of rules of the game, skill and physical dexterity,
and knowledge of ones on capacities, ability to plan and coordinate as a team, to assess the other team, and to strategies
to win.
Reflection to the next generation of practitioner. Therefore, each one of them is a discipline of practise knowledge. The
Indian heritage of such forms
Oral and craft traditions
The oral lore and traditions of craft are a unique intellectual property, varied and sophisticated, preserved by innumerable
groups in our society, including women, marginalized, and communities, and tribal people. By including these in the
curriculum for all the children, we could provide them with windows of understanding of kernels of ideas, skills and
capabilities that could be worked into forms and inventions that could enrich their own lives and society. School privileges
the literate but cant afford to continue to ignore the oral. Sustaining oral skill of all kind is important.
Practical knowledge is vast, varied and rich. As productive skills, they are an invaluable part of the economy.
More reflection and research is needed in order to understand the epistemological structure of these practical discipline
understanding how they are practised and learnt, and how to formalize their learning, are question of sociological
importance of as traditional occupations are linked to caste group and gendered. It is necessary to realize their curricular
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significance, not only as forms of work but equally as forms of knowledge, and mediums for other learning. These important
area of human knowledge need to become a substantial part of the school curriculum.
4. Learning attitude and value for a sustainable future
Indigenous communities have lived in harmony with the environment and have utilised resources without imparing
natures capacity to regenerate them. Their ways of living were sustainable. Indigenous knowledge shaped their
values and attitudes towards environment, and it is these attitudes and value,which have guided their actions and
made then sustainable (2)
Therefore, indigenous knowledge can help to develop sensitive and caring values and attitudes and, thereby,promote a
vision of a sustainable future.
2 Constructivist approach of knowledge construction. ( Dr Santosh Sharma NCERT )
2.1 Introduction
Most of the time, teachers teach by the lecture method and some time take up activities to verify the factual knowledge
given in the textbooks. These methods of teaching are used since teachers believe that their role is to transmit authoritarian
knowledge to the passive learners.
These traditional methods of teaching and learning are based on objectivist view of knowledge. Objectivism is based on the
assumption that knowledge is objective, universal and complete and it can be imparted by those who have it , to those who
do not have it. Constructivism on the other hand is based on the assumption that knowledge is subjective, contextual and
inherently partial. Objectivism thus presents knowledge as authoritarian and certain, whereas constructivism focuses on the
resilience on the learners beliefs and the social construction of reality.
In objectivist paradigm, teacher transmits authoritative knowledge to passive students whereas in constructivist paradigm
students construct knowledge in the particular context in which the cognizing individual is operating (Von Glaserfeld 1989)
Constructivism as general philosophy has a long history (Hawkins, 1994) and major theories such as Dewey, Montessori,
Piaget and Vygotsky are constructivist at root. These theories, however, failed to support significant reforms in education
because in these could not translate constructivist perspectives into educational practice.
In 1978, Driver and Easley published an article which states that interventions provided in the classroom can help children t o
construct their own concepts. They believe that learners construct knowledge on the basis of their prior knowledge and
personal experience. Driver and Easleys article is taken as the beginning of the Constructivist Movement for improvement
of teacher-learning processes.
Thereafter a number of studies were conducted by Posner (1982), Driver (1989), Novak (1993) and others on how children
construct knowledge and how teacher can provide interventions to help children construct their own concepts. The
empirical data from these studies shows that when individuals encounter new information, they use their own prior
knowledge and personal experience to make sense of the new material. During the meaning-making process, individual
reformulate the new information, restructure their existing knowledge reorganize their prior conceptual schemes. These
researches also indicate that the construction of knowledge can be facilitated by intervention in the class.
A number of educators have been investigating instructional strategies which are effective in facilitating students conceptual
changes (Posner, Strike, Hewson and Gertzog, Novak, Driver). The new constructivist paradigm provide teacher with an
alternative way of viewing their teaching.
2.2 CONSTRUCTIVIST VIEW OF LEARNING
Although constructivists like Piaget, Vygotsky, Novak and Posner disagree on some aspects of the knowledge construction
process, they all agree on the basic characteristics of constructivism such as:
1.Learning is not a passive receptive process but is instead an active meaning-making process require to solve meaning
problems. 2. New learning depends on learners previous knowledge, which may sometimes interfere with the
understanding of new information. 3. Learning implies the reorganization of prior conceptual schemes. 4. Learning is
facilitated by social interaction. 5 Meaningful learning occurs within authentic learning tasks.
Piaget, believed that learning is strongly influenced by the learners developmental stages. Learners move through
identifiable stages of physical, intellectual, emotional and social growth that determine what can be learned and with depth
of understanding. Learners learn best when they are at their proximal stage of development. Learning involves
metacognition, which reflects on ones learning process. The learning tasks of optimal difficulty, authenticity and relevancy
enhance learning challenging and novel tasks help students to stretch their efforts.
Vygotsky believed that learning is social in nature. Learning involves interaction between the learner and teacher, and also
amongst learners. During the interactive process meanings are shared and information is exchanged. The class then
becomes a social arena for increasing ones knowledge. By comparing their understanding with that of others knowledge,
students develop new understandings. Social interaction in a constructivist lesson is important because it encourages
students to think about their ideas as well as compare their ideas with those of others. For example while solving problems
cooperatively, the learners interact with others; they contribute to their knowledge from what they know and from what others
know. They debate, reason, infer and conclude in the process of solving the problem. Social interaction in the constructivist
approach to verbalize their thinking and refine their understandings by comparing them with those to others.
Contemporary constructivists like Driver, Posner, Novak and Osborne assume that learning is an adaptive process in
which learners conceptual schemes are progressively reconstructed so that they are in keeping with a continually wider
range of experiences and ideas. It is also seen as active process of sense-making over which the learner has some control.
Posner (1982), formulated the theory of conceptual change and indicated the conditions required for it to occur. For
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conceptual change, the students must feel dissatisfied with their own conception which are not sufficiently explicative. The
new knowledge should be intelligible, plausible and fruitful. Many researchers have considered conceptual change as a
model of learning. In this model, learning implies conceptual change. The conceptual change might extend, involve or
recognized prior knowledge or it might substitute or change prior knowledge for more coherent explanations.
Novak (1993), proposed a model of learning known as Human Constructivism. Human constructivists assert that the
cognitive processes resulting in creative or research work of a scientist are essentially the same as those of a fresh learner
in constructing new knowledge. In both cases individuals construct meanings by forming connections between new
concepts and those that are part of an existing framework of prior knowledge. It is this meaning making mechanism,
embodied in a complex set of language symbol systems that is the essential adaptation of the human species.
Novaks human constructivism is a comprehensive effort that synthesizes constructivist view of learning deriving from a
cognitive theory of learning with an expensive epistemology, and provides useful tool for classroom teachers. In this model,
Novak seeks to find unity among the processes of meaningful learning, knowledge restructuring and conceptual change.
According to human constructivists, much of learning is gradual and assimilative in nature. It is caused by a cognitive
process called subsume and results in a weak form of knowledge restructuring and an incremental change in conceptual
understanding
In addition, however, successful scientists and students often experience insightful moments that trigger a significant and
rapid shift in conceptual understanding. This shift is a product of a radical or strong form of knowledge restructuring that
results from super ordinate learning. The product of this meaning-making exercise is a strongly hierarchical and cohesive
set of interrelated concepts, a conceptual framework.
Human constructivists reject the view that knowledge is a product that can be faithfully conveyed by teachers. Instead,
knowledge is an idiosyncratic, dynamic construction human beings. human constructivists asserts that no two human
beings, scientists included, construct precisely the same meanings even when presented with identical objects or events.
Novak (1993) stated that the almost infinite number of permutations of concept-concept relationships allow for the
enormous idiosyncrasy we see in individual concept structures, and yet there is sufficient commonality that discourse is
possible and sharing, enlarging and changing meanings can be achieved. It is this reality that makes possible the
educational enterprise.
2.3 CURRICULUM TRANSACTION IN CONSTRUCTIVIST PARADIGM
Constructivism is not an educational fad; it is a major rethinking about the teaching and learning process that will have a
lasting impact on both curriculum and instruction. Constructivism provides a new theory of learning and also new theory of
teaching. This theory calls for a major shift from teacher-centered direct instruct towards student-centered understanding-
based teaching. The traditional methods of teaching considered teaching as transmission of facts to students
who are considered passive receptors. In such classrooms, lecture method predominates and teachers stress on completing
the voluminous syllabus. Teacher-student relationships are characterized as distant, where teacher is the authority figure.
Teacher is also seen as authority of subject content, who has the right knowledge.
In contrast to traditional conceptualization of teaching, constructivist teaching considers the students as an active learner
and a teacher as a guide in the learning process. The theory of constructivism is based on the idea that children learn better
by actively constructing knowledge and by reconciling new information with previous knowledge. The question is how
curriculum should be taught and considered under the constructivist paradigm. The section discusses the curriculum and
curriculum transaction practices in a constructivist classroom.
2.4 CONSTRUCTIVIST CURRICULUM
In the construction of curriculum, a top-down approach is generally followed. In this traditional approach, an expert is
believed to have the best knowledge, and therefore, the expert determines what should be taught. This authoritarian model
of curriculum is implemented across many differing contexts. In some states, the same text books are adapted, wi thout
taking into account the differing cultures and contexts in which students operate. Many students do not see the relevance
and need of learning facts that some remote authority has included in the syllabus and textbooks. Consequently, schools
alienate learners by isolating the facts from the context from which they arose and in which they are useful.
This authoritarian model of curriculum also poses problems for the teachers because teachers find it difficult to present the
isolated facts to students. Since they cant relate these isolated facts to their environment or context, they are left with no
alternative but to state facts directly. Students, too, have to believe and learn these facts as right knowledge. In this model
teacher and textbooks are taken as authority and students assume that teachers have all the knowledge and students look
to them for the right answer.
In contrast to objectivist view, the constructivist perspective places emphasis on providing students with opportunities to
develop skills and knowledge, which they can relate to their prior knowledge and future utility. In the constructivist
curriculum, the individual learner has an important role in determining what will be learned. The teacher decides which
others as to what learning is relevant, useful and important to the learner. Students also explore the means to learn.
Students work in groups and discuss their problems and solutions. Teachers, instead of teaching a multitude of facts, teach
processes of thinking and constructing relationships. Students learn skills in the particular context and therefore, can use
their learning to solve problems within their particular culture.
The teacher, operating some constructivist paradigm, is an investigator, trying to understand how his/her students are
constructing knowledge. They respect students ideas and try to understand their alternative solutions to a problem.
Students also view them as only one of the sources of information. They dont view knowledge as absolute and unchanging.
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They view it as adaptive and ever changing and explore the ways to construct knowledge. Teachers also realize that
knowledge/concepts learned 2day may change/and modify 2morrow. Therefore, they dont stress on memorizing the facts
by students but help them in developing confidence and adaptability.
2.5 CONSTRUCTIVIST TEACHING Constructivism was earlier viewed as a theory of learning, rather than a prescription
for teaching methods. But now constructivist teaching is an active reform issue and researches have started experimenting
and reporting the instructional practices which help teachers to nurture students as independent thinkers and constructors of
knowledge.
Constructivism is based on the belief that learners actively create, interpret and reorganize in individual ways. These fluid
intellectual transformations occurs when students reconcile formal instructional experiences with their existing knowledge,
with the cultural and social knowledge and contexts in which the ideas occur and with a host of other influences that serve to
mediate understanding.
The instructional strategy, based on this belief, suggest that students should participate in experiences that accommodate
these ways of learning. Such experiences include inquiry activities, discovery, problem-solving, discussion with peers and
teachers, collecting and interpreting information from different sources, expressing their understanding in diverse ways,
applying and validating their understanding in new ways etc. teachers must provide authenti c learning situations, complex
learning environment facilitate negotiation.
Before teachers apply these practices in the classroom, they must understand that these cannot be grafted on traditional
methods of teaching; these need a change in the culture- a set of norms, attitudes, beliefs and practices that constitutes
constructivist culture. The teachers role is not to fill the empty vessels with superfluous knowledge but it is to guide chi ldren
to make sense and meaning of their knowledge and to give rational explanation of the knowledge.
ROLE OF TEACHER: in the constructivist classroom the role of teacher changes from transmitter of knowledge to
facilitator of knowledge construction. the teacher must know the pre-concepts and misconcepts of children. Teachers
activities may be such that help the children in clarifying ideas, providing rational explanations, challenging misconceptions,
guiding experimentation, predicting results and drawing inferences. Teachers should ask questions which test student s
ideas and provide feedback to them. They should be encouraged to debate ideas and also comment on answers and
explanations provided by other students. Teacher may ask students to use evidence to explain ideas, to apply their
conception, to phenomenon, to summarize result and to present them symbolically. Teacher should encourage student to
think independently provide logical explanations, test hypothesis etc.
The new role of teachers also places new demands on teachers. Teacher should also have flexible subject-matter
knowledge. That is, the teacher must not only have good understanding of the principles but should also have the ability to
explore these principles in a variety of ways. For examples, if a teacher is teaching a concept of density in the classroom,
some students may understand it better by relating the rule of density in the visibility of an iceberg or the sinking of a ship.
Another group of students may approach the problem from a purely abstract, and mathematical perspective. Teacher, in
such a situation, must be intellectually agile, able to apply his/her mathematical understanding of density to real life complex
situations. In mathematics most of the problems have one correct answer but students may reach this answer through
different processes. Teacher has to examine how the students make use of the problems solving approach. Teacher should
have awareness of disciplinary truths and the viability of various ways of knowing the truth.
In addition to good knowledge of subject-matter, teacher should have good knowledge of pedagogical skills. Designing
instructions based on constructivism is not as straight forward as it appears. Teachers and teachers educators struggle with
how specific instructional techniques (for example, lecture, discussion, cooperative learning, problem-based learning, inquiry
learning) fit in the constructivist model of instructions. Regardless of the particular techniques used in the instruction, will
always construct and reorganise knowledge rather than simply assimilate information from teachers or textbooks. The
question is not whether to use lecture or discussion or discovery methods but how to use these ti nurture students thinking.
Constructivist principle suggest that students should experience the idea, phenomena and artefacts of a discipline before
being exposed to their formal, theoretical explanations. For example, the science instruction may start with manipulations of
a pendulum or observing a clock pendulum on the wall; maths instruction may start by const ructing polygons. Only after
these experiences should the students be asked to provide explanation and conceptual organisation.
Constructivist classroom is characterised by problem- based activities. Teachers must employ a rang of strategies to support
individual students understanding. Even though designing instruction is important in constructivist teaching, sequencing of
content depends more on the students responses. The lesson develops on the students pre-concepts, sequences and
directions of conceptual change. The challenge for the teacher is to select the proper strategy and implement it skilfully.
Student collaboration and participation and teaching-learning process should be encouraged.
Students role : Students role in the constructivist classroom change from knowledge acquisition to knowledge
construction. student questions teachers and other students ideas, gives predictions about phenomenon, designs
experiments to test his/her own ideas, formulates and tests hypothesis and discusses results. He/she compares the finding
and the results with those of others and draws independent conclusions, applies the new concepts to familiar situations and
familiar concepts to new situations. The students verifies and validates his/her own beliefs and ideas demonstrates solutions
and procedures and elaborates and interprets ideas from the text. Students develop the habit of self -directed learning.
Students take the responsibility of their own learning.
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Constructivism allows academic freedom to students, encourages cooperative learning and sharing of thought among peers.
Students can also work on independent projects. Teachers in a constructivist class also have the challenge of managing
such a decentralised learning environment.
CLASS MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATION: in a traditional classroom, teacher is the controller of class discipline
whereas in a constructivist classroom, teacher is a leader of the democratic learning group. Pupil collaboration is the
keyword in the constructivist classroom. For effective collaboration, each student should be engaged in a cognitive task
and should be provided continuous reinforcement.
For effective management, the teacher can divide a classroom into many manageable groups. Each group is assigned a
specific task or the group can select a problem, negotiating with the teacher. The teacher should provide feedback by
discussion with the group. Teacher must see that all students in the group participate in the learning. For organising and
conducting group activities effectively, the teacher should provide opportunities to all students to become actively involved in
the learning task.
The teacher should provide learning task with cognitive focus. Effective use of group work requires careful planning and
organisation. Following suggestions may be tried out for effective group work.
Students should be provided some orientation and training for working in groups. They should practice listening to
others ideas, giving their comments, respecting others ideas thinking about and experimenting with others ideas.
Sharing of ideas should be encouraged and practised. Students should have the practice of moving in and out of
the groups quickly.
Student should be seated at proper positions in the group prior to starting the group work. The transition from
whole class activity to student groups and back again should be accomplished with minimum of disruption.
Student should be given clear and specific tasks to accomplish in the groups.
Teacher should also specify the time with in which students have to accomplish the tasks.
Student should be require to produce a product as a result of group work.
Effective management requires that all students should have specific and meaningful tasks. There should be no loss of
time in transition from whole class to groups and back. Clear directions, specific problem, allotment of specific time and
continuous monitoring make group work more effective. Students should be encouraged to record their observation,
debate the points of contrast and draw meaningful explanation. Though monitoring is a part of class management, it is
useful in showing the right direction and providing the feedback. Feedback through evaluation is an important part of
classroom transaction.
EVALUATION: constructivism requires a re-examination of the classroom evaluation practices. Traditional teachers
emphasise too much on marks/grades and the positions secured by a student in the class. They depend on
standardised test and test course for determining the success of the student in the prescribed. These practices,
however come under fire for a multitude of problems. The first problem raised by teachers themselves is that this
system has resulted in teaching hoe to answer the questions instead of using the test to know the success of teaching-
learning process. Secondly, the correlation between test scores and students activities is low in many cases.
The present practices of evaluation are based on objectivist paradigm. The technology of testing in this paradigm was
evolved to determine whether students could reproduce facts and determine correct answers to problems. The test
makers are viewed as having the correct answers and student knowledge is judged against the test constructors
knowledge. The present teaching practices consists of objectives questions to eliminate teacher subjectivity in scoring.
The questions are constructed by the test designer and the wordings are of the test designer. students could
reproduce facts and determine correct answers to problems. The test makers are viewed as having the correct answers
and student knowledge is judged against the test constructors knowledge. The present teaching practices consists of
objectives questions to eliminate teacher subjectivity in scoring. The questions are constructed by the test designer and
the wordings are of the test designer. The students are expected to interpret the questions as they were designed. in
multiple choice questions, they again have the limitations to select the correct answer from among those supplied by
the examiner.
Students may frame are interpret a problem differently. They may like to give an answer, which is not one of the
suggested answers given by the examiner. In the objectivist paradigm alternative solutions or alternative understanding
of words are not considered in assessing the answers, although those solutions may be viable. Objective tests,
therefore, do not reveal but a student knows/thinks, but only reveal how his/her knowledge matches with that of the test
maker. From a constructivist perspective, evaluation of student learning should not be judged only on the specifics of
knowledge but should be judged on whether students can solve the problems posed with the viable solution.
Techniques which attempt to reveal the individuals construction of knowledge are being explode and tried out. In the
constructivist paradigm uniform standards of evaluation can not be used for all students. Self evaluation against ones
own previous knowledge may be used. A criterion based evaluation must be used for assessing conceptual change,
different methods of assessment can be used such as concept mapping and vee-diagrams. Performance based tests
portfolios, team-projects and so on are some of the techniques which can be used in the constructivist paradigm.
Concept maps of a students drawn on pre and post instructions give valuable information on conceptual
change/modification. Teachers using concept mapping as evaluation tool may have some problems in quantifying their
evaluation of student learning. There is need for further research on identifying and developing valid and viable ways of
assessing students construction of knowledge.
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2.6 SUMMARY: constructivism as a philosophy has a long history. Theorist like Dewey, Montessori, Gandhi g, Piaget and
Vygotsky were all constructivist at root. These theorist, however, fail to bring about educational reforms because they could
not relate these classroom teaching practices. Piaget believed that children construct knowledge on the basis of their prior
knowledge by the process of their adaptation. For Piaget, the construction of knowledge is individual; culture and language
are used only to give meaning to the abstract concepts constructed by individuals. Vygotsky bel ieved that social interaction
is important for construction of knowledge and individuals. Construct knowledge in the social and cultural context in which
he/she is embedded. Both these theories remained more as theory of learning.
In the 1980s and 1990s researchers like Driver, Nowak, posner and Van glaserfeld conduct a number of experiments on
classroom constructivism. Empirical data from these research studies revealed that classroom interaction helps in the
construction of knowledge.
Constructivist paradigm calls for a change in the classroom culture, attitudes, beliefs and practices. Role of a teacher in this
paradigm shifts from transmitter of knowledge to investigator and explorer of knowledge. Role of student changes from
knowledge acquisition to knowledge construction.
In the constructivist classroom, student designs experiments, tests hypothesis, draws conclusions, compares his findings
and results with those of others. In the constructivist classroom teacher is the manager and organiser of class whereas in
the objectivist classroom teacher is the controller of the class. evaluation method also change from objective standardised
tests to performance-based tests, concept mapping and vee diagrams. Constructivist paradigm is a new culture, new
environment in the class.
3 Concept of Belief, Data, Information, Knowledge and Understanding.
3.1 Concept of Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true.

The concept of belief, which has been a common feature of research papers in education for the past decade, has recently
come into favour in ELT. Despite its popularity, there is as yet no consensus on meaning, and the concept has acquired a
rather fuzzy usage. So, what are beliefs?
The concept becomes clearer if we consider some common features of its definition:
1.) The truth element-Drawing on research in the philosophy of knowledge, a belief is a mental state which has
as its content a proposition that is accepted as true by the individual holding it, although the individual may
recognize that alternative beliefs may be held by others. This is one of the key differences between belief and
knowledge, in that knowledge must actually be true in some external sense.
2.) The relationship between beliefs and behaviour- most definitions of belief propose that beliefs dispose or
guide peoples thinking and action.
3.) Conscious versus unconscious beliefs- on this point there is disagreement, with some maintaining that
consciousness is inherent in the definition of belief, and others allowing for an individual to be conscious of
some beliefs and unconscious of others.
4.) Beliefs as value commitments- Many definitions of belief recognize an evaluative aspect to the concept, and
this is not surprising as the word itself originates from the Aryan word lubh, meaning to like or to hold dear,
from which the word love also originates (OED 1989).
To sum up, a belief is a proposition which may be consciously or unconsciously held, is evaluative in that it is
accepted as true by the individual, and is therefore imbued with emotive commitment; further, it serves as a guide
to thought and behaviour.
Beliefs play an important role in many aspects of teaching, as well as in life. They are involved in helping
individuals make sense of the world,

Influencing how new information is perceived, and whether it is accepted.
3.2 The Differences between Data, Information and Knowledge
We Frequently hear the words Data, Information and Knowledge used as if they are the same thing.
You hear people talking about the interest as a vast network of human knowledge
By defining waht we mean by data, information and knowledge-and how they interact with one another-it should be much
easier.
Knowledge Firstly, lets look at knowledge. Knowledge is what we know. Think of this as the map of the world we
build inside our brains. Like a physical map, it helps us know where things are-but it contains more than that. It also contains
our beliefs and expectations. If I do this. I will probably get that. Crucially, The brain links all these things together into a
giant network of ideas, memories, predictions, beliefs, etc.

It is from this map that we base our decisions, not the real world itself. Our brains constantly update this map from the
signals coming through our eyes, ears, nose, mouth and skin.

You cant currently store knowledge in anything other than a brain, because a brain connects it all together. Everything is
interconnected in the brain. Computers are not artificial brains. They dont understand what they are processing, and cant
make independent decisions based upon what you tell them.
There are two sources that are brain uses to build this information and data.
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Data Data is/are the facts of the world. For example, take yourself. You may be 5ft tall, have brown hair and blue eyes.
All of this is data. You have brown hair whether this is written down somewhere or not.
In many ways, data can be thought of as a description of the world. We can perceive this data with data with our senses,
and then the brain can process this.
Human beings have used data as long as weve existed form knowledge of the world.
Until we started using information, all we could use data directly. If you wanted to know how tall I was, you would have to
come and look at me. Our knowledge was limited by our direct experiences.
Data 1 has been defined as that portion of the entire information environment (including internal inputs) that is taken in, or
processed, by an organism. Data 2 is that information that is selected or generated and used by human beings for research
or other social purposes.
Information Information allows us to expand our knowledge beyond the range of our senses. We can capture data in
information, than move it about so that other people can access it at different times. Here is the simple analogy for you.
If I take a picture of you, the photograph is information. But What you look like is data.
I can move the photo of you around, send it to other people via e-mail etc. However, im not actually moving you around- or
what you look like. Im simply allowing other people who cant directly see you from here they are to know what you look like.
If i lose or destroy the photo, this doesnt change how you look.
So,in the case of the lost records, the CDs were information. The information was lost, but the data wasnt. Mrs Jones still
lives at 14 whitewater road, and she was still born on 15
th
August 1971.
The Infogineering Model (below) explains how these interact.....
Why Does It Matter that people mix them up?
When people confuse data with information, they can make critical mistakes. Data is always correct(I cant be 29 years old
and 62 years old at the same time) but information can be wrong (there could be two files on me, one saying I was born in
1981, and one saying I was born in 1948).
Information captures data at a single point. The data changes over time. The mistake people make is thinking that the
information they are looking at is always an accurate reflection of the data.
By understanding the differences between these, you can better understand how to make better decisions based on the
accurate facts.
3.3 Knowledge and Understanding

There are things i know and things I understand. The distinction is blurry, but real and crucial.
Rather than simply trying to think our way into the definitions, lets look at some cases where we use the words. For non-
technical terms, thats often the surest way to proceed.
Here are some things I know(or at least think I do); The names of the 20
th
century U.S. presidents, in order. The capital of
New York . the name of the waitress at Mandy & Joes. How malaria is transmitted. When the dally show airs. My waist
size in inches. Which of our children was born with black hair?
Here are some things I think I understand; Why Pluto was demoted from its status as a planet. How simple electrical circuits
work. The effects federally mandated testing has had on our local public schools. Why John McCain chose Sarah Palin.
Why one of our children chose not to go to college.

Whats the difference? For one thing , What I know isnt as open to argument as what I understand. If you want to insist that
Hubert Humphery was a 20
th
century president, Im not going to argue with you much. Im going to look it up and prove that
youre wrong. If you dont accept the evidence, Im going to break off the conversation because we dont agree enough
about the rules of the road to safety share a highway. If, however, you disagree with me about why McCain chose Palin, the
argument is likely to be much longer. Furthermore, its entirely possible that you and i will end the discussion without feeling
the need to resolve the issue.

In fact, we may leave the palin discussion each acknowledging that theres a possibility that the other was right, or that the
other persons explanation could be part of the overall explanation. Thats unlikely to be the case about our dispute over
president Humphery. If you dont change your mind by the end of it, you will not have affected what i know about Hubert
Humphery, although you may have changed my understanding of exactly what sort of pi -headed, for the same reason, i can
reasonably claim to understand the effect of federally mandated testing on our schools without thinking that Ive grasped it
as fully or as certainly as my knowledge that Hubert Humphery was not ever elected president. Understanding allows for
more nuances, probability and multiplicity than knowledge does.

Theres a third distinction. The examples of knowledge that I gave are fact- based. Each could be phrased in a sentence;
Here is the list of 20
th
century presidents:........ or Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. The examples of understanding,
on the other hand, would all require longer statements, and those statements may themselves need yet more explanation;
Pluto was demoted because an international body of astronomers voted on a definition of planets, which they had to do
because of discoveries of large bodies in our solar system that... etc. Understanding take longer to explain because they
connect multiple ideas in ways that go beyond the ideas themselves. Thats why we can test someones understanding by
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asking questions that go beyond, why did it take so long? Why was it done vote? Could geographers get together and
demote some mountains?

Although knowledge and understanding are different sorts of things, they are, of course, related. My understanding(which is
shaky) of McCains choice of Palin is based on some of what I know about the case and could be changed if read the
transcripts of the confidential phone calls between them. Similarly, my knowledge of the list of 20
th
century presidents only
counts as knowledge, and not as empty phrases, because I understand that we live in a country that elects presidents every
four years and has done so for hundreds of years.

Now, Ask yourself which you would rather have : knowledge with no understanding with no knowledge? Knowledge with no
understanding gets you nowhere. Plus, it makes you a bore at parties. Understanding with no knowledge is of no use. You
need both.But we have put such a premium on knowledge in our culture that we sometimes forget that point of knowing is to
understand. Perhaps thats because knowledge is easier to evaluate and to manage-you dont see a lot of understanding
management systems around, thank heavens. Knowledge also doesnt have the squishiness of understanding; a
squishiness that in fact understandss strength: Multiple ways of understanding can enrich one another. For whatever
reason, understanding has gotten short shrift.
Its time to lengthen understandings shrift.

3.3 KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING ( As per NCF 05 2.5 )
The question,What should be taught to the young? Derives from a deeper question, namely, What aims areWorth pursuing
in education? The answer is a vision of the capabilities and values that every individual must have and a socio-political and
cultural vision for society. This is not a single aim, but a set of aims. So also the content selected seeks to do justice to the
entire set of aims; it has to be comprehensive and balanced. The curriculum needs to provide experiences that build the
knowledge base through a progressive introduction to the capabilities of thinking rationally, to understand the world through
various disciplines,foster aesthetic appreciation and sensitivity toward others, to work and to participate in economic
processes. This section discusses the nature and forms of knowledge and
Talking pictures Show the class a picture of a household with various members of the family performing different takes.
The difference is that the father is cooking, the mother fixing a light bulb, the daughter returning from the school on a bicycle,
and the son milking a cow, the other sister climbing a mango tree, and the ot her son sweeping the floor. The grandfather is
sewing on a button, and the grandmother is doing the accounts.
Ask the children to talk about the picture.What are the works they can identify?
Do they think that there is any work that these people should not be doing? Why?
Involve them in a discussion on the dignity of labour, equality and gender.
Discuss the importance of each individual being self-sufficient and complete.
This can be done for other topics such as good and bad stereotyping and the value-added nature of work through similar
talking pictures.
Understanding as necessary elements terrains for making informed curricular choices and approaches to content.
Knowledge can be conceived as experience organised through language into patterns of thought (or structures of concept),
thus creating meaning, which in turn helps us understand the world we live in. It can also be conceived of as patterns of
activity, or physical dexterity with thought, contributing to acting in the world, and the creating and making of things. Human
beings over time have evolved many bodies of knowledge, which include a repertoire of ways of thinking , of feeling and of
doing things, and constricting more knowledge. All children have to re-create a significant part of this wealth for themselves,
as this constitutes the basis for further thinking and for acting appropriately in this world. It is also important to learn to
participate in the very process of knowledge creation, meaning making and human action, i.e. work. Conceiving knowledge
in this broad sense directs us to the importance of examining knowledge in terms of not only the product, but also the
underlying principles of how it is created, how it is organised, who accesses it, and what it is used for.
It suggests that in the curriculum, there must be as much focus on the process of learning , on how learners
engage with and reconstruct knowledge, as on the content of what is learnt.
If, on the other hand, knowledge is regarded as a finished product, then it is organised in the form of information to be
transferred to the childs mind. Education would concern itself with maintaining and transmitting this store house of
human knowledge. in this view of knowledge, the learner is conceived of as a passive recei ver, while in the world through
observing, feeling, reflecting, acting, and sharing.
The curriculum is a plan to develop capabilities that are likely to help achieve the chosen educational aims. The range of
human capabilities is very wide, and through education we cannot develop them all. The concern is therefore with those
that are necessary and significant in relation to our aims, which we have some pedagogic knowledge.
2.5.1 basic capabilities
Childrens basic capabilities are those that from the broad basis for the development of understanding, values and skills.
A language and other forms of expression provide the basis for meaning making, and sharing with others. They create
possibilities of development of understanding and knowledge, providing the ability to symbolise, codify, and to remember
and record.
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Development of language for a child is synonymous with development of understanding and identity, and also the capability
of relating with others. It is not only verbal language with scripts, but also language without scripts, sign languages, scripts
such as Braille and the performing arts, that provide the bases for making meaning and the expression.
B forming and sustaining relationships with the social world, with the natural world, and with ones self, with the natural
world, and with ones self, with emotional richness, sensitivity and values. This gives meaning to life, providing it with
emotional content and purpose. This is also the basis for ethics and morality.
C capabilities for work and action involves the coordination of bodily movement with thought and volition, drawing on skill
and understanding, and directing oneself to achieve some purpose or create something. It also involves handling tools and
technologies, and the ability to manipulate and organise thing and experience, and to communicate.
Forms of understanding:-
Knowledge can be categorised based on distinct kind of concept and meanings involved and processes of validation and
justification. Each involves its own kind of critical thinking, its own way of verifying and authenticating knowledge, and its
own kind of creativity.
Mathematics has its own distinctive concepts, such as prime number, square root, fraction, integer, and function. It also has
its own validation procedure, namely, a step-by-step demonstration of the necessity of what is to be established. The
validation procedure of mathematics are never empirical, never based on observation of the world or on experiment, what
are demonstration internal to the system specified by an appropriate set of axioms and definitions. The sciences, like the
system of mathematics, have their own concepts, often interconnected through theories, and are attempts to describe and
explain the natural world. Concept include atom, magnetic field, cell and neuron. Scientific inquiry involved oibservation and
experimentation to validate prediction made by theory(hypothesis),which may be aided by instruments and controls.
Formalization into theory and model building can sometimes involved mathematics, but it is only with reference to
observation and not to mathematical accuracy that truth is tasted. The attempt is to furnish a narrative that in some way
corresponds to reality.
The social science and humanities have their own concepts, for example, community, modernisation, culture,
identity, and polity. The social sciences aim at developing a generalised and critical understanding of human beings and
human groups in society. The social sciences concern themselves with description, explanat ion and prediction in the social.
The social science deal with hypotheses that are about human behaviour in collective living, and their validation finally
depend on the observation made in the society. With regards to the process of knowledge formation, science and a social
sciences are almost identical. But their are two differences that are of great relevance in curriculum planning. First, the social
sciences study human behaviour which is governed by reasons, while nature is governed by cause and eff ect. Second,
the finding of the social sciences often raise issue of
Ethics and desirability while natural phenomena can be understood, raising ethical questions only when they enter into the
domain of human action.
Art and aesthetics have many words in common, such as rhythm, harmony, expression and balance, though giving them
new senses or new ranges of application. Art production cannot be judged against reality or investigated for truth. Although
there is ample scope for subjective judgement in art, it is also possible to educate the artistic imagination to critically assess
what is good and what is not.
Ethics is concerned with all human values , and with the rules, principles, standards and ideals which give them expression.
in relation to action and choice, therefore, ethics must be conceded primary over each of the forms of understanding. ethical
understanding involve understanding reasons for judgements- for what makes some things and some things and some acts
right and others wrong- regardless of authority of the persons involved. Furthermore, such reasons will be reasons
Layers of understanding Comprehension: understanding the language, and the (linguistic) contents of what is said.
References: understanding what is being talked about what the terms and concepts refers to.
Epistemic : understanding what counts as evidence, what makes a statement true, how to seek evidence and judge truth.
Relation and significant: understanding through developing interconnections between different facts and concepts and
weaving them into an interconnected web of known things, understanding relationships between different thing, and the
significance of each in relation to the others.
For anyone; reason , equality and personal autonomy are therefore very intimately connected concepts.
Philosophy involves a concern , on the one hand, with analytical clarification , evaluation and synthetic coordination of t he
aforementioned forms of understanding in relation of life, and, on the other hand, with the whole, the ultimate meaning and
the transcendent.
The basic capabilities, the knowledge of practice and the forms of understanding are the core ways in which human
experience has been elaborated in the course of history.
All but the simplest kinds of human activity draw upon them- the liberal professions technology, industry and commerce.
They are central to human culture. Imagination and critical thinking are linked in obvious ways with the development of
understanding and the reason, and so are the emotions.
Each of these knowledge areas involves a special vocabulary, concepts, theories descriptions and methodologies.
Each provides a lens through which to view the world, to understand, to engage , and to act in it. These areas have
developed, and continued to grow , through the contributions of people in past. They have also changed in their structure
and emphasis. A variety of intelligence and forms of knowing come into play while learning these areas: formal modes of
explicit reasoning and articulation; looking for evaluating evidence; experiential and tacit knowing through doing and
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undergoing the experience ; coordinating and observing ; and practical engagement, either by oneself or in coordination
with other in making or accomplishing of something in addressing problems and issues while charting a course of action.
Creativity and excellence are integral to all these forms of knowledge of knowing.
5 Curriculum as body of Knowledge
Selecting Knowledge ( As per NCF 05 )
Domains of knowledge have grown enormously, so that it is necessary to select what is to be included in the
curriculum
Relevance : This Could lead to very functions choices with mistaken notions relating to usefulness in later adult life.
This may be completely unsuited to childrens engagement in knowledge construction in the present, and hence in
no way contributes to learning for the future.
Interest : A useful measure, but this should not be reduced to simplistic notions of what children enjoy, such as
cartoon figures or games. Rather the measure should be the ability to engage a child and keep her interested and
self-motivated to engage in the task at hand.
Meaning full: The most important measure. Only if the childs finds the activity or knowledge being learnt
meaningful, will its inclusion in the curriculum be justified.
5.1 The Concept of Curriculum

Curriculum is sometimes used synonymously with syllabus. But these two terms are different. While curriculum is
the sum (total) of teaching learning and activities, syllabus is concerned with the areas to be covered under specific school
subjects. Curriculum is a broader concept than syllabus and it covers the total philosophy, objectives and values of
education. Curriculum has been defined by various scholars in varying terms, but broadly conveying the same meaning,
kern et al. (1998) defined it as a planned educational experience, indicating that curriculum relates to the overall academic
development of the students. Some other definitions of curriculum are as follows:
According to Froebel: curriculum should be conceived as an epitome of the rounded whole of the knowledge and
experience of the human race.
According to Munroe: Curriculum includes all those activities which are utilized by a school to attain the aims of
education.
Saiyidain, K.G. provides the following concept of curriculum in his Education, Culture, and the Social Order (1952), The
curriculum is primarily an aid in the process of adjusting the child to the environment in which he functions from day-to-day
and in the environment in which he will have to organize his activities later.
The meaning of curriculum given in A Dictionary of Education by Derek, Rowntree(1981) reads as, Curriculum can refer to
the total structure of ideas and activities developed by an educational institution to meet the learning needs of students and
to achieve desired educational aims.
The Educational Commission (1964-66) viewed curriculum in these terms: We conceive of the school curriculum as
the totality of learning experiences that the school provides for the pupils through all the manifold activities in the school or
outside that are carried on under its supervision. From this points of view, the distinction between curricular and extra-
curricular work ceases to exist, and a school camp and games and sports are curricular or rather co-curricular activities.
Jonson, M. Jr. States in Definitions and Models in Curriculum Theory (1967), that Curriculum is a structured series of
intended learning outcomes. Curriculum prescribes (or at least anticipates) the result of instruction.
According to the Secondary Education Commission (1952-53), curriculum includes the totality of experiences that a
pupil receives through the manifold activities that go on in the school in the class-room, library, laboratory, workshop,
playground and in the numerous informal contacts between teachers and pupils. In this case the whole life of the school
becomes the curriculum which can smoothen the life of the students at all points and help in the evolution of balanced
personality.
The above definitions show that:
Curriculum relates to the aims of education.
Curriculum includes activities to attain the educational objectives.
Curriculum us a process which recognizes the learning outcomes.
Curriculum is the totality of experience which a student gets in the school.
Curriculum is related to the overall development of the child.
Learning needs and aims of the education are in focus while designing a curriculum.
Curriculum is not a series of lectures or school time table but a set of activities that develops the childs personality
as a whole.
5.2 Characteristics of Curriculum
Teachers use curriculum as a means to achieve the ends of education. In other words, the objectives of
education are met through implementation of the curriculum.
Curriculum is not only a series of lecture but relates to teaching and learning process.
Curriculum includes all the activities inside and outside the school system that lead to learning in a broad
sense.
It collates, content and strategies of teaching with the objectives of education.
Curriculum is a design of all activities of the school to meet the objectives of education.
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Curriculum includes methodologies of teaching and instructional material.
5.3 Objectives of the Curriculum (Broad)
Curriculum is a means to achieve the goals of education.
Curriculum shows the way in which a teacher has to proceed.
On the basis if the curriculum, various activities can be planned and modified for making the teaching-
learning process effective.
A well designed curriculum is needed for all round development of the child, which includes emotional
development, intellectual development, physical development, social and vocational development.
Objectives of the Curriculum (Specific)
It is important to understand why to design a school curriculum and what specific objectives are to be kept in view while
designing a school curriculum. School curriculum has following objectives:
1. To develop various traits among children, including ethics and democratic sense of citizenship.
2. To develop the personalities of the student so that they could imbibe various characteristics such
as the spirits of team work and cooperation, integrity and honesty, confidence, decision-making
strategies.
3. To develop among students problem-solving attitude and coping strategies.
4. To develop among students life skills and techniques.
5. To provide an overview of various disciplines of education like humanities, natural sciences, social
sciences so that they could opt for the discipline they would be best suitable in.
6. To meet the objective of overall development of the students and maximize their potential.
7. To develop quality of self-learning through exploration and discovery of advance knowledge.
8. To develop social responsible among students.
9. To develop students to be a responsible and patriotic citizens of the society.
10. To develop among students creativity and power of critical thinking.
11. To develop social, economic and political understanding and leadership.
12. To develop scientific temperament, attitude and analytical ability.
5.4 Curriculum Management
Curriculum management as stated earlier is a recent concept, which includes several aspects of teaching-learning
process. The International Encyclopaedia of Education 1955 defines curriculum management as involving the task to
engage in frequent monitoring of existing programmes leading to their support, augmentation, maintenance, modification or
termination.
The concept of curriculum management, thus, includes various aspects of curriculum such as curriculum
development, assessment, analysis, evaluation, implementation, organization, planning curriculum, relevance, etc. In its
narrow sense management of curriculum is related to the implementation part of curriculum only.
Various aspects of curriculum management in its broader sense can be classified into three major dimensions:
I. Curriculum planning, construction and design.
II. Curriculum implementation and transaction.
III. Curriculum Analysis review and evaluation.
5.5 Curriculum Planning, Construction and Designing: In designing the school curriculum, the first step is to consider
the educational objectives of the institution and translate them into educational activities to be undertaken. Identification
of all the courses which are required to be included in pursuit of these educational activities in the school is the next
step. These courses should be according to the objectives of the education, learning process and according to the
needs of the students. The needs of the students may vary because of the individual differences, regional differences
and socio-economic differences. Curriculum designing should be in such a way that it meets the needs of all the
students. In practice, it is observed that most educational institutions include courses/activities in their curriculum just
because they were implemented in the past or it is easy to implement them. This would mean that need identification is
hardly done and curriculum design is not need-based. In a fast changing society and in the context of technological
revolution, it is necessary that currently relevant and emerging educational courses and activities are introduced in the
school curriculum so that students could relate them to their daily experiences.
After identification of the courses, curriculum development should be done by involving the educational and technological
experts, psychologists, teachers and evaluators. The curriculum should be according to the cultural and traditional heritage
and value systems of the societies. It should also be curriculum would involve the following:
Objectives of education.
Objectives of instructions.
Identification of courses of study.
Curriculum for each course and course content.
i. Objectives for course and course content.
ii. Theoretical and practical courses for each course content.
iii. Instructional materials which would be used by teachers or students.
iv. Deciding teaching methodology, strategies and aids.
Evaluation process.
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Planning co-curricular activities and other activities in or outside school.
To summarise one should consider the following questions while designing a curriculum:
i. Why to design a curriculumaims of education.
ii. For whomtarget group.
iii. What to includecontent.
iv. Where to implement the curriculumthe place i.e. in or outside school, class-room, laboratory, etc.
v. When to use curriculumrelates to motivational aspect.
vi. How to usetechniques and strategies.
vii. Who would useteachers, principal, parents or any other organization.
viii. What resources are neededteaching aids and other equipments.
ix. How to evaluateoutcome expected.
x. How to modifyreview.
The National Curriculum Framework for School Education. NCERT (2000) states that curriculum has three pillars1)
relevance, 2) equity and 3) excellence.
5.6 Factors Affecting Curriculum Planning
1. Globalisation and Liberalisation: The globalization policies that have influenced the country since 1990s have
their imprint in the educational field also. Education is not limited to a particular society, community or nation.
Education should e such that makes a person complete as a human being, no matter to which nation or society he
belongs. Therefore, the curriculum has to be developed in such a way that enables one to feel at home anywhere
in the world and in midst of any people. Job markets are also not limited to the local level. Labour markets have
opened up and many people are finding good jobs in foreign countries. Therefore, it is necessary that skills of
students are developed in such a manner that helps them in making adjustments in living and pursuing their
careers in a global setting. This factor should be kept in mind while designing curriculum.
2. Secular Fabric of Curriculum: India is a secular country. Before planning a curriculum, this aspect should be
kept in focus. The content depicted should neither favour (or appear to favour) or neglect (or appear to neglect) a
particular community or religion, on the country, the curriculum should promote secular ideas among children and
love and tolerance for all communities and religions.
3. Inter-disciplinary Approach: Education should be multi-disciplined. In the past, a persons career was
determined largely by the fields of study chosen by him early in the school. In the present days world, this is no
longer completely valid with several youth selecting one subject in the school (e.g. science) and shifting to another
later (e.g. economic) and pursing a carer involving yet another (management). A child choosing the science
discipline in the earlier stages of education, may like to shift to computers or even fine arts at the later stage.
Curriculum at the school level should follow an inter-disciplinary approach and provide knowledge from a wider
perspective.
4. Vocationalisation of Curriculum: As education is seen to be such with providing jobs and opportunities in the
employment market, curriculum has to be designed keeping this aspect in focus. Curriculum should be such that it
provides opportunities to the children to develop some skills or the other at school level so that these could be
developed at the later stages to find suitable jots or self-employment. The skills should be in true with the demand
of the society, industries and individuals aptitudes. Thus, curriculum should be designed in association with the
industries and other establishments.
5. Humanisation and Curriculum: One of the major goals of education is to inculcate human values among the
people. It may be observed that these days, aggression and stress is increasing even in very small children. The
causes of stress and aggressive attitudes are several, but these phenomena take root at an early stage of ones
life. The educational system, enter-alia, is also responsible. Curriculum should be so designed that it takes care of
human emotions and develops humility and tolerance of others among children.
6. Distance Education and Curriculum: In modern days and particularly in the developing world, education is trying
to reach the door step of all people. Education in the school premises is not the only option now. The distance
mode of education has made it possible for the students and the public at large to learn away from the school
system. With education thus thrown wide open to all, the curriculum should be designed as to facilitate distance
learning by students even without the help of teachers.
7. New Courses and Curriculum: Society is constantly changing. New problems arise, new initiatives are taken to
deal with them, and new discoveries and inventions are made which make progress o the humanity possible.
Educational curricula, therefore, require demand amendments from time to time in tune with the changing
requirements. New courses may have to be introduced and the earlier ones scrapped or modified. Curriculum
should take into account this earlier ones scrapped or modified. Curriculum design should take i nto account this
factor also. A continuous review of curriculum is necessary and many new issues like developing life skills
techniques, human rights, environmental issues, etc. should be addressed in the curriculum.
8. Modes of Imparting Education : With the technological revolution, there is diversification of modes of transaction
of the curriculum, such as distance learning, internet learning, etc. Curriculum planning should take into account
this diversification to cater to the needs of all.
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9. Individual Differences and Curriculum: Children vary in their abilities and needs. There are exceptionally
gifted children and at the same time there are children who are slow learners. There are also children who are
physically challenged. Curriculum design should meet the needs of all and recognise the individual differences
among children.
Summary of Factors Affecting Curriculum Planning
1 Globalisation and Liberalisation. 2 Secular Fabrics of Curriculum. 3 Inter-disciplinary Approach. 4
Vocationalisation of Curriculum. 5 Humanisation and Curriculum. 6 Distance Education and Curriculum. 7
New Courses and Curriculum. 8 Modes of Imparting Education. 9 Individual Differences and Curriculum.
5.6 Types of Curriculum ( Principles or Approaches of curriculum design )
Scholars have adopted a number of approaches while discussing planning of curriculum. Some of these
approaches are detailed below:
1. Subject-Centered or Teacher Centered: In this approach, which looks at curriculum in a narrow sense, the focus
is on the content of the subject. Therefore, it is called subject-centered or teacher-centered curriculum approach. It
emphasizes on class-room teaching focuses upon the content of the subject and teachers focus is on the class.
This approach is not consistent with the psychological principles of learning. In this approach, the individual
students needs and abilities are not recognized. Although, curriculum design is easy in this approach, it is not
helpful in developing the personality of children according to their specific needs.
2. Child-Centered Approach: In this approach is based psychological principles which takes into account the
individual needs, capabilities and aptitudes.
3. Activities-centered Approach: In this approach, curriculum is considered to be more effective if it includes
learning based on practical activities in addition to theoretical knowledge. Mahatma Gandhi mentioned about three
basic principles of educationhand, head and heart (3 hs). Education where all there hs are used would be more
useful. It implies that appropriate activities or practicals should be included along with the theory in the curriculum.
4. Objectives-Centered Approach: According to the Blooms taxonomy of education, curriculum should be
objectives-centered. He argues that it should involve educational objectives, learning experience and change in
behaviour. In other words, curriculum has to be designed keeping the objectives of the education in focus.
5. Experience-Centered Approach: This approach develops creativity as it is based on the principle of learning by
doing. The learner experiences and learns. This approach is somewhat similar to the activity-oriented approach.
6. Integrated-Approach: Under this approach, there are some core subjects which are compulsory for every
student. There are some optional courses from which students can choose. This approach is followed at the
senior secondary level. At junior levels also certain subjects are optional, which the child can choose, especially
under of socially useful productive work or vocational educational courses.
Which is the Best Approach?
No approach can be said to be the best approach. The choice would depend on the needs and objectives of
education as well as the childrens need and level of understanding. There may be occasions where all the approaches
have to be combined and a broader curriculum has to be prepared. With so much diversity in the country. No single
universally acceptable curriculum can be adopted. There is a need to design different curricula suitable for different groups
of chilPrinciples of Curriculum Design
Curriculum Evaluation: The third aspect of management of curriculum is its evaluation. It is an attempt to ascertain its
appropriateness for achieving the objectives of education. The evaluation may be undertaken at various stages; at the time
of curriculum development as a try out, during the process of implementation for indentifying problems and rectifying them
through course corrections and after the implementation of the curriculum. It means an assessment of the effectiveness of
the curriculum and after the implementation for improving the curriculum. Curriculum evaluation is generally not being done
in practice although it is an important aspect of curriculum management. Validation of curriculum is necessary unit -wise as
well as for the full curriculum. This helps in modifications and revision of curriculum in the light of the educational objectives
and experience. Curriculum evaluation can answer the following questions:
1. Whether students are competent enough to follow the curriculum and achieve the objectives of instructions.
2. Which content matter would be more appropriate for the students to achieve the objectives?
3. Which methodology of teaching, out of the various options available, which one would be more suitable for
the students?
4. Out of the various options of instructional materials available, which one would be more appropriate for the
students?
5. Whether the methodology chosen for the evaluation is appropriate and would provide reliable and valid
results.
Thus, the objectives of curriculum evaluation are to ascertain:
a) The appropriateness of curriculum in meeting the educational objectives.
b) The adequacy of curriculum content in relation to the objectives.
c) The usefulness of methodology chosen for instructions.
d) The appropriateness of strategies adapted for teaching learning.
e) The utility of instructional material prepared for teaching.
f) The relevance and adequacy of the evaluation procedure adopted for assessment of students.
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.

( mr .) UNIT-V
Development of Education in H.P
Chapter 1
Himachal at a Glance
The mountain state of Himachal Pradesh, in the beginning, was formed as a centrally administered territory on April 15,
1948 by the consolidation of 30 hill provinces of Punjab.On 15th April 1948 its total area was 27018 Sq km. It became a Part
C State under a Lieutenant Governor, with a Legislative Assembly of 36 members and a Cabinet of three ministers in 1951.
In 1954, Bilaspur, another Part C State, was integrated with Himachal Pradesh and the strength of the Assembly was raised
to 41 membersand its total area becomes 28185 Sqkm.. In 1956, the States Re-organization Commission recommended the
unification of Himachal Pradesh with Punjab. But the people of Himachal Pradesh opposed and the proposal was
overruled.Till October 1966, Himachal Pradesh comprised only of six hill districts of Mahasu, Mandi, Chamba, Sirmaur,
Bilaspur and Kinnaur. In November 1966, it was expanded with the inclusion of some of the hilly towns of Punjab like
Shimla, Kangra, Kullu, Lahaul, Spiti, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala district, and areas of Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur districts.
Himachal Pradesh was formed into 10 districts and was declared a state on January 25, 1971and its total area becomes
55673 Sq km, with Shimla as its capital. The 12 districts of Bilaspur, Chamba, Hamirpur, Kangra, Kinnaur, Kullu, Lahaul &
Spiti, Mandi, Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan and Una were re-organized into the districts of the state in 1972-73.Till date area of
Himachal is 55673 Sq km ItsArea rank is 17thand Elevationis 2,319 m (7,608 ft)
Today, Himachal Pradesh is one of the most important travel destinations in India. The high hills of Himalayas attract the
travelers from all over the world. Himachal Pradesh has plenty of hill resorts, pilgrimage centers, adventure sports
destinations and wildlife that attracts a wide range of tourist traffic.
Districts of Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh has 12 districts: Bilaspur, Chamba, Hamirpur, Kangra, Kinnaur, Kullu, Lahaul-Spiti, Mandi, Shimla,
Sirmaur, Solan and Una.
Economy of Himachal Pradesh
The economy of Himachal Pradesh is mainly dependent on tourism and apples. The state also has some natural minerals. It
has two large cement factories, which not only caters to the people of Himachal but also sell their output to other states.
Another major part of the Himachal economy is hydro electricity due to the abundance of perennial rivers. In spite of
considerable challenge, the state has good connectivity through road, rail and air. Besides having the highest road density
among all the hill states of India, it also has three airports and two narrow gauge rail tracks. The rapid developments in
infrastructure by government and promotion of modern techniques of cultivation among the farmers, suitable agricultural
machinery and good breeds of cattle, sheep and poultry made Himachal as one of the classic examples of rapid
transformation from the most backward part of the country to one of its most advanced states. Himachal, now ranks fourth in
respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.
Geography of Himachal Pradesh
Uttaranchal on the southeast, Punjab on the west, China on the east, Haryana on the southwest, and Jammu and Kashmir
on North of Himachal Pradesh. It extends from the latitudes 302240 North to 331240 North and longitudes 7545' 55"
East to 7904' 20" East. The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is hilly with the altitude ranging from 350 meters t o 7000
meters above sealevel. The altitude increases from west to east and from south to north. Geographically, Himachal Pradesh
can be divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater
Himalayas or the alpine zoneof HimachalPradesh
On 25th January 1971 Himachal Pradesh got the status of complete state.The state of Himachal Pradesh has boundaries
with the Jammu and Kashmir in the North, Uttar Pradesh in the Southeast, Haryana in the South and Punjab in the West. It
is located between 30"22' and 30"12' north latitude and between 75"47' and 79"4' east longitude. The mountainous state has
altitudes ranging from 350 to 7000 meters (1050 ft. to 21000 ft.) above the sea level.
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Administrative Structure of Himachal Pradesh
1. Since 1st September, 1972, there have been no changes in the administrative structure of Himachal Pradesh except
carving out of new sub-divisions, sub- tehsils, raising of sub-tehsils to the level of tehsils within the district boundaries.
Presently, there are 12 districts, 52 sub-divisions, 109 tehsils and sub-tehsils in Himachal Pradesh.
2. From development point of view, the Pradesh is divided into 75 development blocks. The smallest unit for development -
cum-administration is Panchayat and their number is 3243. The State has a three tier Panchayati Raj structure comprising of
12 Zila Parishads, 75 Panchayat Samitis and 3243 Gram Panchayats on the rural side; and 1 Municipal Corporation, 20
Municipal Councils and 28 Nagar Panchayats on the
Urban side besides 7 Cantonment Boards TABLE 1
As per census 2001 Population of H.P is as 6077900 distt wise detail is as.
Sr.No Distt Total Population Male Female Female/male Area/km
1. Bilaspur 340885 171263 169622 990 1167
2. Chamba 460887 235218 225669 959 6528
3. Hamirpur 412700 196593 216107 1099 1118
4. Kangra 1339030 661252 677776 1025 5739
5. Kinnour 78334 42173 36161 857 6401
6. Kullu 381571 198016 183555 927 5503
7. Lahul sapiti 332224 18441 14783 802 13825
8. Mandi 901344 447872 453472 1012 3950
9. Shimla 722502 38099 341506 896 5131
10. Sirmour 458593 241299 217294 900 2825
11. Solan 500537 270291 230266 850 1936
12. Una 448273 224524 223749 996 1540
Himachal
Pradesh
6077900 3087940 2989960 968 55673
Population (2011) Total6,856,509Rank 21
st
Literacy83.78%Official languagesHindi
i[3]
Website himachal.nic.inTABLE-2
Population Growth in Himachal Pradesh Since 1901 to 2001 is as.
Year Total Population Rural Population Urban Population % Growth M/F ratio/1000
1901 1920294 1842962 77332 884
1911 1896944 1837751 59193 -1.22 899
1921 1928206 1861688 66518 +1.65 897
1931 2029113 1955461 73652 +523 897
1941 2223245 2177146 86099 +11.54 890
1951 2385981 2232154 153827 +5.42 912
1961 2812463 2634188 178275 +17.87 938
1971 3460434 3218544 241890 +23.04 958
1981 4280818 3954847 325971 +23.71 973
1991 5170877 4721681 449196 +20.79 976
2001 6077900 5482319 595581 +17.54 968

Development of Education in H.P Education palys a most significant role in raising the level of of human resource.An
appropriate education system also __knoledge ,a positive utt,awareness and sence of responbilty toward right and duties
.TO know about development ofeducation in any state literacy rate most appropriate indicator . To achieve total literacy in the
State, a Literacy Mission has been started in each district with the co-ordination between primary school education
Department and the District Saksharta Samiti under the Chairmanship of Deputy Commissioner.
Literacy
Litercy has made remarkable progress in H.P.At the time of independence with only 8% litrates.H.P had the lowest
literacy level in india.The state was infact classified as backwardregion of north india.The Litercy rate however improved __.
As per census 2001 litercy rate of stae is 77.13%.which is higher than all india average 65.38%.
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Letus analysis the growth of literacy in state since 1951 to 2001.
TABLE-2
Year Total Litrate Male Female
1951 7.98
1961 21.3
1971 31.96 43.19 20.23
1981 42.48 53.19 31.46
1991 63.86 75.36 52.13
2001 77.13 86.02 68.08
This table shows, the literacy rate in H.P increased by 21.38% from 1981 and by 13.77% by 1991 to 2001.
Table 3
As per census 2001.Distt wise literacy ratio is as:-
District Total Rural Urban
T M F T M F T M F
Chamba 63.73 77.22 49.70 61.50 75.73 46.81 89.84 93.74 85.37
Kangra 88.68 88.19 73.57 80.31 88.05 73.04 87.11 90.46 83.45
Lahaul & spiti 73.17 82.76 60.94 73.17 82.76 60.94 _ _ _
Kullu 73.36 84.55 61.24 72.02 83.81 59.43 88.31 92.05 83.49
Mandi 75.86 86.67 65.36 74.71 86.06 63.80 91.08 94.26 87.55
Hamirpur 83.16 90.86 76.41 82.62 90.70 75.68 89.97 92.66 86.86
Una 81.09 88.49 73.85 80.93 88.65 73.48 82.71 86.99 77.99
Bilaspur 78.80 87.13 70.53 77.97 86.68 69.42 90.66 93.11 87.84
Solan 77.16 85.35 67.48 74.50 83.66 64.49 88.67 91.44 84.05
Sirmaur 70.85 79.73 60.93 68.69 78.19 58.14 88.89 92.33 84.87
Shimla 79.68 87.72 70.68 75.76 85.46 65.50 92.34 34.25 89.77
kinnaur NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Himachal Pradesh 77.13 86.02 68.08 75.71 85.20 66.30 89.59 92.49 85.91


As per Table -3 Chamba Distt has the lowest literacy rate,following Sirmour and Hamirpur district the highest
and closely followed by Una and kangra district.
The Rural:- Urban literacy gap,which exists in all the district,is highest in chamba ,sirmour and Kullu.34%rural
women are illiterate as compared to only 14% urban women.In brief Himachal Pradesh has termendouly improved its
literacy %.however the literacy of female of SCs specially in few pockets,needs particular government attention.
Expenditure on Education in H.P
It is __to note that the Himachal Pradesh is g__priorty to the education sector.it was spending 7.08%of the GSDP on
education comparison to only 2087%by Punjab ,3.25% by kerla.2.6%by Haryana,3.6%at national level till year 2000.The
expenditure on education as % GSDP in Himachal Pradesh has further significantly rision to 15.70% 2002.
Educational Profile of State
There are four stages in school education structure in H.P. Primary (Age group 6-11) classes I-V; Middle (Age group 11-14)
classes VI-VIII, High (Age group 14-16) classes IX-X and Senior Secondary (Age group 16-18) classes XI-XII. The SCERT
has the responsibility of designing the curriculum, developing text books, evaluation criteria and tools and providing traini ng
for DIET faculty. The Director of Education is assisted by the Additional Director (Schools), who is assisted by the Joint
Director (Elementary Schools). Each district has a Deputy Director. The Grampanchyat has the responsibility of controlling
and maintaining the primary and middle schools, providing mid day meal to the student s, and providing grants and
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scholarships to the students. The Grampanchyat reports to the Block Development Committee and Zilla Parishad regarding
the requirements and performances. There is tremendous progress of education in Himachal Pradesh since 1990. In 1990 -
91, there were only 7,471 primary schools and 1,066 middle schools. In 2003 - 04, there were 11,013 primary schools. In
March, 2006, there were 2,400 middle schools.

As per census 1991 educational attainment in H.P.
1. Total Population 100%
2. Illiterate 36.14%
3. Literate 63.8%
4. Literate with out formal schooling 0.13%
5. Below Primary 26.36%
6. Primary 33.0%
7. Middle 17.6%
8. Matric 14.5%
9. Intermediate 3.6%
10. Tech Diploma 0.17%
11. Technical 0.88%
12. Graduate and Above 3.7%
Educational facilities in H.P during 1950-51 are as-
1. Primary School 427
2. Middle School 94
3. High school 25
4. Degree college 1
5. Primary Teacher 688
6. Middle School Teacher 439
7. High School Teacher 398
8. College Lecturers 11
Expansion in Number of Educational Institutions This Figure include all Govt,aided and Pvt.instituation
Year Primary Middle High/GSSS Colleges

1970-71 3768 742 435 15
1980-81 6093 1032 665 27
1990-91 7471 1066 1125 44
1993-94 7617 1108 1266 50
1994-95 7693 1101 1231 55
1995-96 8393 1086 1250 55
1996-97 9142 1037 1278 63
1997-98 10484 1056 1339 52
1998-99 10633 1189 1525 57
1999-2000 10633 1484 1563 64
2000-2001 10634 1709 1832 61
.The State Government has launched an ambitious scheme known as Saraswati Bal Vidya Sankalap Yojna under which
13,612 new class rooms are proposed to be constructed in three years in a phased manner. Under decentralization of
powers to Panchayti Raj institutions, some powers were devolved to them during the year 1996 which includes inspection of
primary schools, repair and maintenance of primary school buildings and monitoring of various incentive schemes being
provided to the children of primary schools. Now the ownership of all the primary school buildings has been given to PRIs.
The State Government is formulating a policy to recruit Gram Vidya Upasaks under Himachal Gram Vidya Upasak Yojana
in view of large number of vacancies in the remote / difficult/ inaccessible areas of the state. Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan
launched by the Government of India for achieving the goal of Universal Elementary Education (UEE) in the country has
also been adopted by the State Government. Its objective is to provide elementary education to all children up to the age of
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6-14 years. Education of girls and children belonging to the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are identified for special
focus. In the financial year 2007-08, Rs. 90, 00,000 has been allotted for pre matric scholarships for OBC poor family
students of elementary classes and Rs. 594 crores for SC students under Sub-plan. Also Rs. 197 crores on capital works on
schools and colleges which include new class rooms, science labs and other infrastructural needs. During the year 2001-02,
there were 3,188 middle units i.e. 1,674 middle schools, 978 middle units of high schools and 536 middle units of senior
secondary schools were functioning in the Pradesh under the State Govt. management. Up to March, 2006 there were
2,400 middle schools, 850 high schools and 1,150 senior Secondary schools.
The State has almost achived .the prescribed norm of haring a Pry School, at the distance of one Km in almost all the
districts barring areas with scattered habititions like Kullu,Chamba ,Kinaur and Lahul Sapiti .The average distance between
middle school was 2.36 km which was less then Govt norms of there Km.However it is left that the distance norm prescribed
govt of india does not reflect the actual picture in hilly terrain,as the red distance covered in hilly areas is much more,as the
habitations are scattered.
Enrolment in School :-In the year 2003 - 04, there were 590139 students in Govt. primary schools and 16128 students in
private primary schools. In primary rural Govt. schools, there were 568009 students and 14390 in students were in private
primary rural schools. In Govt. primary with middle, high and senior sec. school, there were 5,195 students while such
Private schools, there were 67,440 students. In such rural Govt. schools, there were 2,331 students while in Private
schools; this number is again very - very high, that is, 42,202. The most of the parents prefer Private Public schools for
providing their children better quality education (English medium). The percentage enrolment of SC students in primary
schools was 30.2% and middle school was 26.3%. The SC girl students were 48.7% at primary level and 48% at middle
level. But, the enrolment of ST students was very low - 5.5% in primary and 4.7% in middle schools. ST girl students were
enrolled 49.1% at primary and 46.2% at middle school level.
Himachal Pradesh has a much higher enrollment rate then national average and Punjab and Haryana.The % of 6-11 and
11-14 age group 95.77 and 86-18 respecrtively.

Age Specific enrolment ratio
6 to below 11 11 to 14 6 to 14
B G T B G T B G T
H.P 88.98 82.87 84-95 87.10 76.74 82.05 81.02 80.52 83.84
INDIA 73.20 59.13 66.40 65.02 48.20 57.06 70.33 55.40 63.17
(All India Survey 1999)
DPEP has also acted as a catalyst in apeeding up the enrolment rates in H.P mid day meal scheme also motirate the
children to attend school.
District Primary education programme (DPEP)Programme has been started in himachal since 1995 infour identified distt
kullu ,Sirmour,Chamba and Lahul Sapiti where female literacy rate is low.
After the implementation of DPEP still has almost achieved nearly the goal of universal Primary education terms of
accessibility and enrolment.
The Public report on Basic education (PROBE) 1998 which examined the state of primary schooling in India has signed out
H.P among the northern states for its remarkable progress towards archiving the goal of universal primary education. The
PROB Report suggests that state has done better than Kerla and Goa and the main reason reported in the H.P Compulsory
primary education act. This act makes it mandatory for parents to ensure that their children attend schools.
Drop Out
There is very low drop out rate compared to previous years. In 2003- 04, the total drop out rate for classes I - V was 16.98%
in which 15.87% were boys and 18.15% were girls. The drop out rate for class I - VIII was 14.28% in total, in which 13.29%
were boys and 15.32% were girls. This drop out rate was 26.28% in 1993 -94 for classes I-V and 19.74% for classes I - VIII.

Retention in Schools:
Himachal Pradesh has reduced its dropout rates tremendously upto the elementary level. It has attain nearly 99%
278

retention rate at primary level which is real achievement. DPEP & SSA has played major role in this regard. But dropout
rate is still high in 9
th
and 10
th
classes. It is also high among SC girls.
Quality of School Education:
Access, enrolment and retention in schools have improved considerably, espically at the primary level. Hence the main
target of the govt. should now be improving quality of school education.
TEACHER PUPIL RATIO DURING 1977-1987
Primary Upper Primary Secondary
1:30 1:18 1:30
The number of teachers in H.P is adequate however redistribution and rationalization of teachers is a must to make them
available in the remote areas as well. According to geographical reality, multi grade teaching and multi level teaching
continous to pose a challenge to the quality of learning. As per data of 2000 there were 1336 single teacher in primary
schools. Efforts are made to provide at Least two primary teacher to each school. SarvaShikshaAbhiyan started in state in
2001 a house hold survey was conducted to identify all children of age group 6-14 years. This survey revealed only 6356
out of school children and steps are being taken to bring these children in the main stream of educati. Education guarantee
scheme (EGS) have been started in those areas where out of school children are more than 15 and there is no primary
school facility within radius of 1 km. Presently these centers have been converted to non-residential bridge courses (NRBC).
Home base teaching is started for mentally retired children. The state thus achieved universalisation of elementary
education in terms of accessibility and enrolment. Further to impart quality education, it is essential that the teachers should
be well qualified and trained when the department of education got functional. Most of teachers were untrained and
unqualified with the passage of time two year JBT Courses started but number of qualified and trained teacher available is
less to requirement in state.
Percentage of the Trained Teachers in Himachal PradeshSCERT-2001
Level Trained Un-trained Total
Primary 18804 (75.84%) 5990 (24.15%) 24794 (100%)
Upper Primary 5774 (96.65%) 200 (3.34%) 5974 (100%)
High 101.80 (96.83%) 333 (3.18%) 10513 (100%)

This table reveals that although the number of trained teachers is adequate at upper primary level and high. At primary
level (one fourth) of teachers are un-trained. H.P Govt. take different decisions to fulfill the requirement of Primary
teachers in schools.
During 2001 under Vidya Upasak Yojna 1681 Posts of Para Teachers (Vidya Upasaks) and 1394 posts of Gramin Vidya
Upasks were filled . Vidya Upasaks take 21 days Training at DIET every year and got Certificate of Trained JBT after seven
Years.
GraminVidyUpasks has also take training from DIET and are proposed to get trained JBT Certificate.
3500 (PAT) Primary Assistant Teachers have been appointed these teachers will take training from DIET to complete two
years JBT Course in four phases in distance mode. After Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan in-service teacher training is mandatory
to all teachers working at elementary.
Infrastructure Facilities: For the child, the school is one of the main agencies of socialization and the first pre requisit e
of schooling is availability of good quality infrastructure for imparting education.Hence, school must have attractive school
environment.



279

Table for infrastructure of schools in H.P. in 1999

Level Pucca Partially
Pucca
Kacha Huts Tents Open
Space
Total
Primary 5135
(48.8%)
2483 (23.6%) 2512 (23.9%) - 7 (.07) 392
(3.72%)
10529
Upper
Primary
397
(35.8%)
262(23.6%) 366 (33.03%) 5
(0.45%)
1 (.09%) 77 (6.9%) 1108
Secondary 447
(43.6%)
369 (36.0%) 200 (19.5%) 0 0 9 ()0.87% 1025
(All India Education Survey 1999)
In 2003-04, there were 11,013 primary and 2,076 middle schools. In 11,013 Govt. primary school buildings,
6,758 were cemented and well equipped, while 943 were partially cemented. 815 buildings were kuchha and 2,278 buildings
were of multiple types. Some schools had no building. These are located in remote villages in some houses or in rented
buildings. In most of the villages, schools are located at reachable distance except in remote snowy areas located in Lahaul
and Spiti, Kinnour and Chamba districts
Schools having Ancillary facilities in Himachal Pradesh




As per
this data of 1999, 22% of Primary Schools and 25% of Upper Primary Schools in Himachal do not have drinking water
facilities. Very few schools at primary and upper primary level have common toilets and separate toilets for girls. After the
implementation of SSA in 2001 there is a remarkable achievement to improve the infrastructural facilities of elementary
level.
During 2003 - 04, 85.6% primary schools had drinking water facilities and 96.8% primary + senior secondary schools had
this type of facilities. 28.2% primary schools had common toilets and 70.9% primary + senior secondary schools had this
facility. Only 12% primary schools had girls toilets and 88.1% primary + senior secondary schools had this facility.
Establishment of structure of Education in Himachal Pradesh
*H.P. State constituted on 15
th
April, 1948. At that time for the expension of education in state department of education was
established and it was named as State Education Department. Head of this Department was designated Head Education
Officer. At that time four district education officers appointed in four main districts and one female supervisor appointed at
state level.
*In 1950 the post of head education officer designated Deputy Director of Education.
During 1950-51 there are total 427 Primary and 94 Middle and 25 High and one Mandi College in state. The teachers in
these institutions are 688 Primary, 439 Middle and 398 in High and 11 College Lecturer.
*Creation of post of Director of Education In 1952 in place of Dy. Director First time Ministry of Education was created and
its responsibilityof Education was given to Education Minister. Since 1952 -1957 the education department works under the
education minister. But in January, 1958 first time post of education Director was created. K.L Sethi was first Director
of Education and he remains on this post upto 1966.
*During 1968 after the implementation of Kothari Commission Report, State decided into two parts. North and South. Two
Dy. Director were appointed to see the administration in these two parts. Distri ct Education Officer were appointed in all
districts. Post of Dy. Director Education Officers were given to big districts. Post of Block Education Officer were created to
in some middle schools. Some posts of special inspection cadre were created at Directorate Level.
*Expansion of Education Directorate:Himachal Pradesh got its complete statehood on 25
th
January, 1971. Efforts were
made continuously for the expansion of the directorate of education.
Level Drinking water Toilets Girls Toilets
Primary 78.0 15.7 6.27
Upper Primary 74.01 28.88 19.88
Secondary 88.20 61.56 50.93
280

1975: Post of Joint Director created to monitor colleges.
1976: Posts of Dy. Director at Directorate in upgraded to Joint Director School.
1979: Post of Dy. Director Primary was created to see the administration of Pry. School
Post of Dy. Directory (Adult Education) was created to see adult education.
1984: Deputy Director Primary was upgraded to the post of director of Primary education and after this education
department derived into two directorates. 1
st
Director of Primary education appointed on 26.09.1984 was Raj Kumar Malik.
As on 31.03.2006 number of educational institute in state.10634 Primary Schools ,2071 Middle schools, 936 High School,
625 Govt. Sr. Sec. Schools and 43 Colleges. Presently education department work under education minister : -

STATUS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
UPTO 31-12-2005
Standard
Notified Functional
Middle 2180 2164
High 952 936
GSSS 708 701
Colleges 45 44
Sanskrit Colleges 5 5
Total 3890 3850









281

Chapter-II
INDICATORS OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Indicators demote the information/ data on any item which helps us in making comparative judgment about the achievement/
progress made. One may have to draw a distinction between raw data/ information and an indicator. On the other hand if we
estimate the literacy rate of the village, then it becomes an indicator. Literacy rate is an indicator because it enables us know
the relative position of the village in literacy in comparison to other villages.
In order to develop a district educational plan the step is to present the educational scenario of the district and this is
referred to as diagnosing the educational situation. The diagnostics of educational situation is done the basis of education
indicators. Indicators in education can be categorized into three namely INPUT indicators. PROGRESS indicators and
OUTPUT indicators.
The inputs to develop a district system are schools buildings, infrastructure, teachers and students. So the input indicators of
educational system are, access indicator, building and infrastructure indicators, teacher and enrolment indicators. In this
regard percentage of rural population and habitations served by primary schools may be an access indicator; we calculate
Gross Access Ratio (GAR) which is the ratio of habitations having schooling facility to the percentage of schools having
building as well as having one, two three or four rooms which can be called the indicator of availability of building. The
percentage of schools having blackboard, water, electricity, toilet, playground, teaching leaning material etc. are the input
indicators of infrastructure facilities. The teacher pupil ratio and teacher grade ratio are input indicators while enrollment ratio
is input indicator of coverage of relevant population.
The process of education system includes inspection and supervision, educational administration and teaching-learning
process. As a result of these processes students learn and are promoted from one grade to another. The student flow is
therefore one of the most important process indicators of education system. Other process indicators are the number of
days the school works in a year, average, attendance, average number of hours spent by teachers in the school, total hours
spent in the school on tutorial, co-curricular activities etc.
The output indicators of education are actually the indicators of quality. Some such indicators especially applicable at the
school level are namely graduation rate, percentage of first divisions, wastage and stagnation rate, percentage of students
selected at public examinations, national testing service and competitive examinations. Further the internal and external
efficiency of the system are the output indicators of education system. For the diagnosis of education situation one of the
important indicators is Enrolment Ratio which can be defined as the ratio/percentage of relevant age group population
attending schools. For developing educational plans four types of enrollment ratios are used. These are : (I) Overall
enrollment ratio which gives the overall scenario of total education system. (II) level wise enrolment ratio which shows the
coverage of relevant age group population by specific levels of education (III) grade wise enrolment ratio which shows
grade-wise overage of relevant single year age population and (IV) age-specific enrolment ratio which represent the ratio of
single year age population attending schools. The level and grade-wise enrolment ratios are of two types namely Gross
Enrollment Ratio (GER) and Net Enrollment Ratio (NER). The difference between these two is that in GER we take the
number of children enrolled in grade(S) irrespective of their age where in GER qw take the number of children who are in
relevant age group and are enrolled in grade(S). Sometimes the figure reported in enrolment ratio is formed to be mare
than 10 which is because of the fact that over-age and under-age children are also included in the enrolment. It is advisable
to use NER for developing educational plans rather than GER.
Other important indicators that are very often used in diagnosing the educational situation are to students flow which
measures the efficiency of the system. The flow of students in to system is denoted by Admission Rate (AR) or Entry Rate
(ER).The students flow through the system is measured in terms rates like promotions rate and dropout rate while students
flow between the systems is measured in terms of transition rates. All these indicators are helpful to clearly assess the
progress made and constaints of the education system.
Any planning process takes in to present levels of development before a target is fixed. Needless to add, the planning
process attempt to overcome the constaints in the system by devising appropriate intervention strategies.

282

Chapter III

PUBLIC REPORT ON BASIC EDUCATION IN INDIA

(Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan UttarPradesh) & Himachal Pradesh
The PROBE Team in association with Centre for Development Economics

PREFACE

I consider it a privilege to introduce this study to a discerning public. It is at once a reiteration of things known, things
remembered and a campaign to change them in the ways we would like to remember them in the future. The authors
collective has covered the populous states of north India in the quest for a diagnosis and a cure of the educational condition.
The core of the report is the right of all children to elementary education. The assertion on their behalf is unequivocal. The
arguments in support are meticulously built in the introductory chapter. It is clear that universal elementary education is f irst
and foremost a constitutional directive. It is also a matter of popular demand. People see that education provides the base
for a persons own well-being in the future, and also that of the immediate community and the larger society. The role of
universal education in a democracy that of providing an educated electorate seems indisputable. The strongest rationale
is that the education of all children is an imperative. This concern for social justice informs the entire fabric of the report. This
report varies in a distinct way from those of the high-powered Education Commissions. It is not a public report made to the
government, but a peoples report made to Indian citizens. We hear the voices broadcast without distortion or static. The
study is exemplary in more ways than one; armed with an authentic intent, the right set of questions and a sensitive ear, a
team of researchers have collated a report on primary education in the northern states. There is passion in their venture: a
passion for equity and social justice. But the presentation of facts is dispassionate, objective, cool. Facts are stated with
minimal comment. Explanation and analysis are based on observations and what people say. The quotes from the
responses of teachers, parents and children provide variety, texture and tone. As one reads, one travels with the researcher
to Banaskantha, Palamau, Mathura and Kullu, smells the decaying school rooms, hears the boys and girls screaming out in
chorus, inhales the dust of the durries in the classroom, sees the hope in the eyes of the children as they clutch their slates.
This book is recommended to all people who feel concern about the dismal scenario of Indias school systems and are
looking for a way out of the impasse. If we, as a people, fail to recognize the importance of actually enabling the children of
India to have formal education for eight years at least, we would have betrayed the trust that our children repose in us and
the hope that they have for their future.

S. Anandalakshmy
Consultant in Child Development and Education
(former Director, Lady Irwin College, New Delhi) Chennai 16 October 1998.
Note Himachal Pradesh
The Himachal Pradesh survey (used in chapter 9) followed exactly the same procedure as in the other states. The only
difference is that, in Himachal Pradesh, we deliberately surveyed a larger number of villages (relative to the state
population). Taking into account the time constraint and the available number of investigators, we randomly selected 7 out of
Himachal Pradeshs 12 districts for investigation (the selected districts were Bilaspur, Chamba, Hamirpur, Kangra, Kullu,
Mandi, Simla). In each district, two NCAER sub-sample villages were selected. For each subsample village, the
investigators also visited up to three neighbouring villages, depending on the time available. Altogether, 14 sub-sample
villages and 34 neighbouring villages were covered. These 48 sample villages had 48 government schools and 6 private
schools.
Content

1Elementary education as a fundamental right 1
Introduction 1
Why PROBE? 2
The PROBE survey 2
The case for universal elementary education 3
A counter-argument 5
Literacy, schooling and education 6
Outline of the report 6
2 Elementary education in India : some facts and myths 8
Some facts 8
Some myths 14
3 Schooling and the family 18
Parental views on education 19
Educational hopes and the schooling system 26
The challenge of regular attendance 28
283

Schooling as a popular struggle 35
4 The school environment 38
Infrastructural facilities 39
Teacher resources 44
Activity patterns 46
Social discrimination 49
5 Teachers and society 53
Introduction 53
Village teachers background and orientation 54
Teachers concerns 58
Accountability issues 62
Teachers and the village community 65
6 Inside the classroom 68
The burden of non-comprehension 68
Far from the realities of life 71
Information invasion 77
MLLs: meaningless levels of learning 79
Evaluation and examinations 80
Coping with school 82
7 Aspects of education management 83
The management structure 84
Operation Blackboard 86
Incentive schemes 88
The inspection system 89
The school register 91
Regional contrasts 93
8 Some recent developments 95
School meals 95
Shiksha karmis 97
Alternative schooling 99
Private schooling 102
NGO initiatives 106
Popular action 111
9 The schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh 115
What happened? 115
Instant explanations 116
Some field observations 117
The foundations of success 121
Concluding remarks 126
10 Change is possible 128
The schooling transition 129
Improvement or decline? 129
Two scenarios 131
State inertia 131
Resource crunch 135
Soft options 135
A political blind spot 137
Reasserting the fundamental right to education 141
Appendix
Survey methodology 143
Explanatory notes 146
Sources 148
Glossary 150
Bibliographical note 151







284


1.1. Introduction
As this report comes to completion, elementary education is close to being recognized as a
fundamental right of all Indian citizens. This is the aim of the proposed 83rd constitutional
amendment,which was introduced in the Rajya Sabha in July 1997.
The fact that this proposal has been gathering dust for so long speaks volumes about the concern of
political leaders for elementary education. Nevertheless, there is a good chance that the 83rd
amendment will be adopted in the near future.
This amendment, however, is only the beginning not the end of the struggle to universalize
elementary education. Legislation alone cannot make up for half a century of neglect. As this report
brings out, the schooling system is nowhere near ready to provide education of decent quality to
every child. If the right to elementary education is to become a reality, a massive effort is required to
bring the schooling system in line with this goal. And as things stand, there is little sign of such an
effort being undertaken. Quite

C H A P T E R O N E
A Fundamental Right
the contrary: as discussed in the concluding chapter of this report, the rhetoric of education as a
fundamental right is going hand in hand with an unprecedented retreat of state commitment to
universal elementary education.
This state of affairs is not just an indictment of the government. Of course, the government has a
special responsibility for translating the right to education into reality. But opposition parties and social
movements also bear responsibility for failing to challenge the governments apathy, and to give
forceful expression to popular aspirations for education. Further, the successful universalization of
elementary educationalso depends on the positive involvementof teachers, parents and other
members of the society. Whenever a teacher absconds from the classroom, or a parent withdraws a
child from school on flimsy grounds, or an employer exploits a child labourer,thefundamental right to
education stands violated. Upholding this right is, ultimately, a social responsibility no one is
exempted.
In this report, we try to present a balanced assessment of the state of Indiasschooling system. We
also discuss how
the current morass has come about, and try to give an idea of what is to be done (without indulging in
detailed prescription).
This is not an exhaustive enquiry it goes only as far as we have been able to go with the time and
resources available. However, even this relatively brief survey unearths plenty of problems, and many
possibilities for change. We hope that it will stimulate further enquiry, debate
and action.
1.2. Why PROBE?
Perhaps you, the reader, are already yawning and wondering why on earth we need another report on
education. This is a fair question. If all the education reports that have been written since 1947 were to
be gathered in one anthology, the Mahabharata would look quite concise in comparison. How is this
Public Report on Basic Education
(PROBE) different?
The main answer is that this report builds on extensive field work in rural areas. Based on this field
work, we nhave attempted to present an authentic picture of the schooling system as parents,
bchildren and teachers experience it. In that sense, this is not just a public report but also a peoples
report. It is written from the standpoint of the underprivileged, especially the millions of children who
are excluded from the schooling system, and their parents. The report is based on the premise that
elementary education is a fundamental right of every child. Guaranteeing this right is not just a matter
of welfare or development, but one of basic social justice.
1.3. The PROBE
survey
The cornerstone of this report is a detailed field survey (hereafter the PROBE survey) carried out from
September to
December 1996. This survey covered all schooling facilities, and a sample of 1376 households, in 234
r a n d o m l y - s e l e c t e d villages of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and
Himachal Pradesh. A sketch of the survey
appears at the end of this chapter. Further details are given in the Appendix, where you will also find
chapter-wise explanatory notes pertaining to the survey data.
285

The five states covered by the survey account for 40 per cent of Indias population, and more than
half of all out-ofschool children. This is not to say that they are representative of the country as a
whole. In fact, except for Himachal
Pradesh, these states are the worstperforming in terms of elementary education. The survey findings
presented in the eport have to be read in that light. These findings, however, have much relevance
for India as a whole, in so far as the problems identified in the selected states often exist elsewhere to
various degrees. In order to give the report an all- India focus, we have also drawn on other field-
based studies. A selection of these studies is listed in the Bibliographical Note, along with other
sources.
One of the striking findings emerging from the PROBE survey is the contrast between Himachal
Pradesh and the other four states. In comparison with the other states, Himachal Pradesh has made
remarkable progress towards universal elementary education. Chapter 9 focuses on this little-known
success story. To avoid mixing apples and oranges, the survey data presented in other chapters
exclude Himachal Pradesh, and should be understood to apply to the other our states (hereafter the
PROBE states): Cartoon 2
1.1 83 ammendment
Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Bihar Himachal Pradesh Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
The term elementary education usually refers to the first eight years of schooling. In most states,
including the ROBE states, these are divided into two stages: primary (classes 1 to 5) and upper
primary (classes 6 to 8). To keep things manageable, we chose primary schooling as the main focus
of the PROBE survey.Unless stated otherwise, the survey data presented in this report pertain to the
primary stage. However, our concern in this report is with elementary education as a whole.
All the stories and anecdotes appearing in this report are real. Most of them are based on the PROBE
survey, which includes a great deal of qualitative information and first-hand observations. We have
retained the original village names, but names of individuals have sometimes been replaced by
pseudonyms, for the sake of privacy. Once in a while, we have also made use of a pilot survey carried
out in Delhi in 1995.
1.4. The case for universal elementary education
Is it important to universalize elementary education? In a sense, this question was settled many years
ago, and does ot require further discussion. Indeed, Article 45 of the Directive Principles of the
Constitution urges all states to provide free and compulsory education for all children until they
complete the age of fourteen years and that too by 1960! The current proposal to recognize
elementary education as a fundamental right is just a stronger version of this earlier directive. The
State shall endeavour to provide within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for
free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years. (Constitution of
India, Directive Principles of State Policy, Article 45.)
Yet, the notion that it is not essential for all citizens to be educated remains widespread. And this is
one reason why public commitment to universal elementary education is so half-hearted. Even among
teachers, we found persons who considered education as unimportant for children of the lower
classes (see p.51). A common variant of this view is that, as things stand, schooling is irrelevant for
some children because the curriculum and teaching methods are The notion that elementary education is
a fundamental right is not accepted by all, at least not wholeheartedly. Some even perceive the universalization
of education as a threat to the opportunities of their own children. In their view, the role of the schooling system
is to act as a filtering process, which picks the best and the brightest and helps them to realize their potential. If
too many children get on board, the prospects of those who currently enjoy the privilege of good schooling
facilities will be threatened. Of course, these feelings are seldom expressed openly. Instead, the tendency is to
rationalize the inequities of the schooling system in various ways. One common device is to blame the victims.
Poor parents, for instance, are held responsible for not sending their children to school, overlooking all the
difficulties they face. Below are other real-life examples of statements of this kind, heard in middle-class circles
in the course of our research: So many schools, how can you talk of a shortage of schools? Lack of enterprise
so lazy, they do not make the best of the opportunities offered. Why should government take the
responsibility for educating children? We have worked. We pay taxes. We should get something in return. If
a man can pay for his beedis, if a man can buy daru, then in my opinion he should be able to pay for his childs
education. Waste of resources. They need literacy, thats it, just enough to catch a bus. The government has
reduced funding for higher education to promote primary education yet it is a fact that many of these people
cannot learn. The perception of schooling as a filtering process has a strong influence on educational planning.
It helps to explain, for instance, why enormous resources have been spent on developing world-class institutions
of higher learning (such as the IIMs and IITs) while thousands of primary schools went without blackboard or
drinking water. Teaching methods and the school curriculum also bear the stamp of this view of education as a
rat-race. We will return to that in chapter 6, when we peep inside the classroom.
286




ELEMENTARY EDUCATION: RIGHT OR PRIVILEGE?
A Fundamental Right3
inappropriate. Interestingly, we found little trace of these rejectionist views among ordinary parents.
It is usually in elite circles that concern to obtain the best possible education for ones own children
somehow goes hand in hand with aging doubts about the value of education for others.
Even those who are in favour of universal elementary education are not always fully aware of how
important this social goal really is. For instance, government planners and business groups often
stress that education is important for economic growth. That is true enough, but the importance of
elementary education goes much beyond this concern for human capital. Given the influence of
these reductionist views, it may be useful to state a fuller version of the case for universal elementary
education. At least eight arguments can be invoked:
1. Fundamental right: As we saw, universal elementary education is a constitutional directive.
Further, other constitutional rights (such as the right to personal liberty) may be considered to
encompass the right to education. This point, in fact, was made in February 1993 by the Supreme
Court. An explicit recognition of the fundamental right to elementary education is embodied in the
proposed 83rd constitutional amendment. The constitutional argument alone clinches the case for
considering universal elementary education as an essential social goal. 2. Popular demand : ontrary
to the common notion that poor parents are not interested in education, the PROBE survey indicates
a massive popular demand for schooling (see chapter 2). The demand is not quite universal, but it is
widespread and rapidly growing. Failure to support universal elementary education is a form of
contempt for popular aspirations.
3. Human capital: The argument that education is important for economic success receives strong
support from recent research. This point has not been lost on poor parents, who often have few other
prospects for economic advancement
than the education of their children. The education of boys, in particular, is driven first and foremost by
the hope of better jobs and higher incomes. Some observers deplore this materialistic view of
education, but there is no reason to dismiss the concern of poor parents for greater economic
security. The case for a broader view of the value of education does not entail a denial of the
economic benefits.
4. Joy of learning: Children who are taught in a supportive environment enjoy the schooling
experience: the friends, the play, and the study. In the PROBE survey, we found that when children
were asked why they wanted to continue tudying, their answer usually referred less to future benefits
than to the immediate pleasure of learning bas, padhna accha lagta hai . The yearning for this joy
comes across most clearly in those who are deprived of it. For instance, young daughters condemned
to domestic drudgery after being withdrawn from school, often look back wistfully to their
school days. Having said this, it is also true that the school environment often fails to foster the joy of
learning, and even
alienates many children. Thus, the right to education has to be understood as a right to education of a
certain quality. Who would aspire to the right to get crushed, bored, humiliated or punished day after
day?
5. Individual well-being: The link between education and individual well-being goes much beyond
economic returns or the joy of learning. For instance, there is plenty of evidence that education greatly
helps to achieve good health, and to protect children from disease. This is why infant mortality in
Kerala, Indias most literate state, is only 14 per thousand live births, compared with, say, 97 per
thousand in Madhya Pradesh. Another reason why education enhances individual well-being is that
illiterate people tend to have low self-esteem and a low social status. The same applies to out-of-
school children, many of whom endure further deprivations such as the physical and psychological
stress of child labour. Generally, education facilitates a whole range of activities that people tend to
value: reading newspapers, finding ones way in a new city, taking a bank loan, avoiding extortion or
harassment, and participating in local politics, among many other examples.
6. Social progress: Education is of value not only for the person who acquires it, but also for others.
For instance, when a young person from a deprived community acquires good education, his or her
abilities often help the whole ommunity. Similarly, an educated mother is more likely to send her own
children to school, so that the benefits of education are compounded across generations. Widespread
education also helps to resolve Photo p12reading letter
A Fundamental Right 4
287

social problems that call for open debate and public action. Dealing with issues such as
communicable diseases, population growth or environmental degradation in an effective and
democratic manner depends on a wide exchange of
information and views among the public.
7. Political participation: Real democracy is a mirage as long as a large part of the population
remains excluded from the political process. Common causes of exclusion are economic insecurity,
lack of organization, and also widespread illiteracy. While some kinds of political action require little
education, in general literacy and education are important tools of effective political participation,
whether it takes the form of informed voting, or signing a petition, or organizing a protest, or just
contributing to public debates. To illustrate, consider the ongoing debate on economic reforms. While
this debate concerns all citizens, it actually involves only a tiny fraction of the population. As recent
surveys have shown, the vast majority of Indians do not even know that economic reforms are taking
place. People can hardly be expected to have a view on this matter, let alone take active steps to
oppose or support the reforms, if they have little awareness of what is going on. Much the same can
be said of recent debates about, say, the uniform civil code, seed patents or nuclear weapons.
8. Social justice: Last but not least, universal elementary education is a requirement of social justice.
India has a long history of educational disparities being used to consolidate social inequalities based
on class, caste and gender. To some extent, this pattern continues to apply today: privileged social
groups have much better educational opportunities, and this further consolidates their privileges.
Further, the link between educational disparities and social inequality is gaining strength day by day,
as literacy and education become more important tools of self-defence. The powerlessness
associated with being illiterate in modern society comes through loud and clear in the PROBE survey.
As Shankar Lal of village Gadaula (Banda distict, Uttar Pradesh) put it to us, Anpadh admi jivanbhar
kasht mein rahta hai (an illiterate persons life is full of troubles). It is worth noting that most of these
arguments apply with special force to female education. For instance, one crucial link between
widespread education and social justice relates to gender equity. In so far as endemic illiteracy
among Indian women enhances their powerlessness in the family and the society,
better schooling opportunities for girls are an essential step towards gender equality. The other
arguments also point to the need for a special emphasis on female education. This emphasis is to
some extent inherent in a programme of universal elementary education, given that a large majority of
out-of-school children are girls. For the same reason, the reader will not find a separate chapter on
female education in this report the issue runs through the whole study.
At this point, the reader may feel that education is a panacea for all individual and social ills. That, of
course, is not the case. Universal elementary education, on its own, is no substitute for other
fundamental rights such as the right to freedom from discrimination or exploitation. There is no need,
however, to pitch one fundamental right against another. When it comes to elementary education,
what is far more important is to acknowledge the complementarity between this particular right and a
broad range of other individual rights and social goals.
1.5. A counterargument
We should now deal with an argument that has been quite influential in spreading scepticism about the importance of
universal elementary education, not so much in official quarters as in radical circles. The argument is that universalizing
elementary education is pointless as long as the school pedagogy does not have a more liberating character. A stronger
version of this view is that schooling is a form of social control, aimed at depriving children of their creative abilities and
independence of mind.
This argument merits serious consideration, notwithstanding the fact that its proponents rarely fail to send their own children
to school. It is certainly true that teaching methods in most schools are extremely stultifying, and that schooling is all but
geared to personal development and critical enquiry. This limitation, however, applies throughout the schooling
system: even in privileged urban schools, children are submitted to all kinds of mindnumbing exercises, from learning
without comprehension to wholesale memorizing and physical punishment. The pedagogical critique, therefore, is not a
case for tolerating the exclusion of underprivileged children from the schooling system. It i s, strictly speaking, a case for
pedagogical improvement throughout the schooling system, or for withdrawing all children from it.
This critique is also partly based on a misunderstanding of how the liberating influence of education operates. Progressive
pedagogy can certainly strengthen this influence, but it is not its only source. For instance, learning to read and write can do
a great deal to liberate children from the tremendous sense of powerlessness experienced by illiterate persons in modern
society, even when these skills are acquired through fairly routine methods. Similarly, children often benefit from associating
with other children in a learning environment, even when the content of the learning activities themselves is of limited
interest. Some educationists, in fact, take the view that this socialization experience has much greater educational value
than the formal curriculum.
In short, it is right to call for profound changes in teaching methods and the orientation of schooling, and also to i ntegrate
this concern with the universalization of elementary education (more on this in chapter 6). But this does not mean that
288

universalization should wait for sweeping changes in school pedagogy. Such a position may sound radical, but it is really a
recipe for inaction.
A Fundamental Right5
1.6. Literacy, schooling and education
In a letter to the International League for the Rational Education of Children, dated 14 August 1908, Rabindranath Tagore
spoke eloquently about the meaning of education. In a nutshell, he argued for viewing education as a right which enables
individuals and communities to act on reflection. Many other definitions are possible, and compatible with this report. One
reason for highlighting this one is that, in spirit with this report, it draws attention to (a) education as a fundamental right, (b)
the social dimension of education, (c) the importance of critical enquiry, and (d) the link between education and action.
Schooling is not the only means of acquiring education, but the two are closely linked. In particular, the right to education is
usually understood in terms of a certain number of years of schooling (e.g. eight years according to the standard
understanding of Article 45). We shall follow this convention, but the reader should not lose sight of the fact that education is
more than schooling, and also that a lot of schooling activity has little to do with education as Tagore defines it. Tagores
stress on reflection, for instance, is absent from the standard school curriculum. Instead, the stress tends to be on acquiring
specific mental skills that happen to be valued in the modern economy and society.
One of these skills is literacy. In economic research, the terms education and literacy have tended to be used somewhat
interchangeably, partly because literacy rates are convenient statistical indicators of educational levels. Literacy is indeed an
educational achievement of immense importance, and, as will be seen in the next chapter, there is uch to learn from
comparisons of literacy rates in different regions or periods. But this does not justify confusing literacy and education, or
restricting the focus of education policy to total literacy. Education for all is a much broader as well as more demanding
social goal.
1.7. Outline of the report
In this chapter, we have tried to build the conceptual scaffolding of the PROBE report. With this background, we now enter
the real world of schooling. We begin, in the next chapter, with a brief overview of facts and myths about the educational
situation in India. If you are already knowledgeable on this subject, the facts will sound familiar, but the myths may st ill
interest you.
In chapter 3, we take leave from secondary data and try to put ourselves in the chappals of ordinary parents and children.
Based on the PROBE survey, we attempt to convey their perceptions of the schooling system, and the problems they face in
acquiring education. One reason why their struggle is so unrewarding is the low quality of schooling, and this leads us, in
chapter 4, to take a critical look at the school environment. We focus in particular on four distinct areas of concern: the
physical infrastructure, teacher resources, classroom activity
patterns, and social discrimination at school.
Chapter 5 lends its ear to the teachers the key actors in the village school. After a brief discussion of their background
and outlook, we identify two major reasons why their skills are vastly under-utilized: a demotivating work environment, and
lack of accountability. Following on this, we turn to relations between teachers and the village community, and the role of
teacherparent cooperation in creating a more supportive and accountable school environment. In chapter 6, we follow
teachers and pupils inside the classroom. The main focus of this chapter is on basic pedagogical issues. We discuss, in
particular, how children are burdened with an overloaded curriculum, unfriendly textbooks, oppressive teaching methods,
and exacting examinations.
In chapter 7, we take a step back and consider some general issues of education management. Since the PROBE survey
did not cover the higher layers of the school management structure, the discussion here is far from exhaustive. Instead, we
present a few case studies of management issues as seen from the grass-roots. The topics selected include Operation
Blackboard, pupil-incentive schemes, the inspection system, and school records. In the same spirit, chapter 8 examines
some recent developments in the field of elementary education. These include school-meal programmes, alternative
schooling, the rapid expansion of private schools, various NGO initiatives, and some examples of spontaneous popular
action.
The silver lining of this report is tucked away in chapter 9, where we take a holiday from the PROBE states to watch the
schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh. The term revolution is a trifle romantic, but it is hard to find a better term
to describe Himachal Pradeshs accelerated transition towards universal elementary education. Chapter 9 attempts to
present a fair picture of this transition. It also discusses the foundations of this success, focusing especially on the virt uous
circle of state initiative and public response, as well as on the social conditions that have strengthened this process in
Himachal Pradesh.
Finally, chapter 10 returns to the bigger issues in the light of the reports findings. It is especially concerned with the politics
of elementary education. We argue that the schooling transition achieved in Himachal Pradesh can be realized on a broader
basis, but also that there are disquieting signs of official abdication on this front. There is, thus, an urgent need to buil d the
political momentum required to make the fundamental right to education a reality. This is a real challenge for all those who
stand in solidarity with the underprivileged sections of Indian society.
A Fundamental Right6
CLARIFICATIONS
This page displays the skeleton of the PROBE survey. Some clarifications follow. If you dont like statistics, you can skip this
page without fear of being lost later on. If you like them, you can find further fodder in the Appendix. 1. The main focus of the
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PROBE survey is primary schooling. Accordingly, we collected detailed information on all schools with a primary section (i.e.
classes 1-5) in the sample villages hereafter the sample schools. The term primary schools refers to schools with a
primary section only. Most sample schools are primary schools. The term primary sections refers to all primary sections in
the sample schools. 2. While sample schools include both government and private schools, the main focus of the report is
on government schools. These make up four-fifths of all sample schools. Private schools are dealt with in chapter 8 (section
8.4). Unless stated otherwise, the school data presented elsewhere in the report should be understood to apply to
government schools only. 3. Sample households consist of a random sample of households residing in the sample villages
and with at least one child in the 6-12 age group. 4. As the above figures show, about 70 per cent of all childrenaged 6-14 in
the sample households are currently enrolled in a
school. This is an encouraging trend, considering that out-ofschool children made up about three-fifths of the 5-14 age
group in the PROBE states as recently as 1986-7 (Visaria et al., 1993). However, this trend has to be read in light of the
factthat (1) nominal enrolment is a common and possibly growing practice (see chapter 8 and Survey ethodology), and (2)
even among genuinely-enrolled children, attendance rates are often low.
A Fundamental Right7
Number of sample villages: 188 48
Number of sample households: 1,221 154
Number of children aged 6-14
in the sample households: female* male female male
enrolled in a school 766 1,331 157 159
not enrolled 596 227 9 4
total 1,362 1,558 166 163
Number of sample schools: government private government private
primary 162 25 45 4
middle with primary section 32 12 1 2
secondary with primary section 1 4 2 0
total 195 41 48 6
Number of teachers in female male female male
primary sections: government schools 137 513 68 99










C H A P T E R 9

The schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh

9.1. What Happened?
Not so long ago, Himachal Pradesh was considered as a backward region of north India. This view,
for instance, often comes up in the Report of the States Reorganization Commission, published in
1955, which called for sympathetic consideration of the demands of the extremely backward and
exploited people of this state. In those days, literacy rates in Himachal Pradesh (21 per cent for
males and 9 per cent for females, as per the 1961 census) were below the corresponding all-India
averages. Since then, however, the state has been making spectacular progress in elementary
education (Chart 9.1). In 1991, literacy rates in the 10-14 age group were as high as 94 per cent for
males and 86 per cent for females. Further rapid progress has been achieved during the last seven
years, bringing the state very close to universal primary
SANJIV SAITH education. The only other states with higher rates of school attendance are Goa and
Kerala.
In several ways, the progress of elementary education has been even more impressive in Himachal
Pradesh than in Kerala or Goa. First, the transition from mass illiteracy to near-universal primary
education has taken place over a much shorter period of time in Himachal Pradesh. Second,
educational expansion in Himachal Pradesh has been based almost entirely on government schools,
with relatively little contribution from private institutions. Third, Himachal Pradesh has an unfavourable
settlement pattern, with small villages scattered over large areas (e.g. one-third of the rural population
lives in villages with a population of less than 300). Fourth, child labour used to play an important role
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in Himachal Pradeshs economy, due inter alia to the dependence of many households on
environmental resources and to the fact that a high proportion of adult women work outside the
household.
The PROBE survey found plenty of evidence of the rapid progress of schooling in Himachal Pradesh.
In this state, 48 villages (located in seven different districts) were surveyed, and 154 households were
interviewed. Among 285 children aged 6-12 in the sample households, only five had never been to
school, and the proportion currently attending school was as high as 97 per cent for boys and 95 for
girls. As Chart 9.2 illustrates, these high levels of school attendance are consistent with secondary
data. The latter also point to low socio-economic disparities in access to elementary education.
9.2. Instant Explanations
When presented with these facts, many commentators claim to have a ready explanation. Examples
of instant explanations are: many people in Himachal Pradesh have a job in the army; Himachal
Pradesh receives a lot of assistance from the central government; income levels in Himachal Pradesh
are relatively high; and so on. All these observations are correct, but on their own they hardly explain
the schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh in all its aspects.
To illustrate, consider the army jobs explanation. If this were such a powerful factor of educational
expansion, one would expect to find high literacy rates in, Himachal Pradesh116 say, Jhunjhunu
(Rajasthan) the district where the proportion of men employed in the army is the highest in India.
Contrary to this prediction, illiteracy is endemic in Jhunjhunu, where, for instance, threefourths of all
women aged 7 and aboveare unable to read or write. As for the high income levels explanation, it
suggests that Punjab should be well ahead of Himachal Pradesh in educational matters. Here again,
the prediction backfires: the incidence of illiteracy among boys aged 10-14 is more than three times
as high in Punjab as in Himachal Pradesh.
This is not to deny that army recruitment or high incomes can help to spread literacy. But to explain
Himachal Pradeshs progress on that basis alone requires a faith in the power of employment and
income effects that is simply not borne out by any evidence (note also the educational breakthrough,
which goes back to the nineteen-sixties, has largely preceded rather than followed the economic take-
off). Further, some aspects of Himachal Pradeshs success would be hard to explain in those terms at
all, e.g. the remarkably low gender bias in school attendance at the primary level (army jobs are a
non-starter here). As we shall see in the next section, the schooling situation in Himachal Pradesh
has many other features that defy instant explanation.
9.3. Some Field Observations
The PROBE investigators who worked both in Himachal Pradesh and in other north Indian states had
a great deal to say about the contrast between the two regions. To give you an idea of this contrast,
this section revisits the ground covered in chapters 3-7 (in the same order), and spells out various
ways in which the schooling situation in Himachal Pradesh appears to be positively different.
Schooling and the family
High motivation: The PROBE investigators were struck by the exceptionally high level of parental
motivation for education in Himachal Pradesh. Most parents take it for granted that schooling is an
essential part of every childs upbringing, and have ambitious hopes for their own childrens
education. The reasons for wanting children to go to school also show a broader understanding of the
value of education than in other states. Many parents, for instance, perceptively explained how
education helps a person to stand for panchayat elections, do bank work, travel anywhere without
fear, and generally to participate with confidence in modern society.
Ladki ka darja hamare desh mein kuchh bhi nahin hai. Ladki padh-likhkar samaj meinapne adhikar
prapt kar sakti hai.
(Girls have a very low status in ourcountry. If a girl studies she can claimher rights in society.)
A father in Kapoti (Hamirpur district).
Social consensus: In contrast with the situation in the other states, where practical expectations from
the schooling system vary between different communities, the passion for education in Himachal
Pradesh is widely shared. People consider schooling to be important not only for their own children
but for all children. Most parents support compulsory education, not only at the elementary level but
even in many cases up to class 10.
Education is very important. It should not be left to the parents to leave their children uneducated. All
children should go to school.
Roop Chand, a poor Harijan farmer from Dughilag (Kullu district).
Education should be made compulsory. Children may not realize the importance of education.
A poor labourer from Chanon (Kullu district). Himachal Pradesh 117
[If primary education is made compulsory], no person will be left illiterate.
A seventeen-year old girl from a poor scheduled-caste family, who studies in class 9 in Ner (Mandi district).
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Low gender bias: Unlike in other states, parents in Himachal Pradesh have ambitious educational
goals even for girls. Girls have the same capabilities as boys, was typical of the attitude of rural
parents. The gender bias in school attendance is very low at the primary level, and rapidly declining at
the upper-primary level. Educational aspirations for girls are high (Chart 9.3), and much closer to the
corresponding aspirations for boys than in other states. Nor do these aspirations remain empty
abstractions or vain hopes: in the 13-18 age group, the proportion of girls attending school is as high
as 73 per cent, compared with 32 per cent in the PROBE states. Even among economically or socially
disadvantaged families, it is common for adolescent girls to go to school.
The reasons for wanting to educate daughters are also different in Himachal Pradesh. Here, a
daughters education is not seen just through the prism of marriage. Improving her prospects of
getting a good job is another common motive, reflecting the high involvement of Himachali women in
employment outside the home. Parents also have a concern for their daughters well-being after
marriage, and a sense that education would contribute to it (an educated daughter has a better
chance to improve her life after marriage, said one poor labourer).
Ladki ki jivan mein kaafi samasyaen aati hain. Agar veh padhi hogi to in sab ko asani se suljha sakti hai.
(There are many problems in a womans life. If she is educated she can solve them more easily).
A mother in Ner (Mandi district). Ladki atma-nirbhar hogi. Kisi ke bharose nahin rahegi. (She will become
self-confident. She will not be dependent on others.)
A mother from a poor family in Batran (Hamirpur district). Her four daughters are all going to school.
Educated girls are more demanding but it is important to educate them. They can learn some trade.
(An upper-caste parent in Chanon, Kullu district).
Even the marriage considerations are somewhat different in Himachal Pradesh. As in other states, a
majority of parents (79 per cent) took the view that a daughters education facilitates her marriage. But
the perceived reasons why educated brides are in high demand are somewhat different in Himachal
Pradesh. For instance, they include a positive social valuation of the employment opportunities of
educated women.
Agar ladki padhi hogi to ladke vale yeh dekhenge ki yeh kahin bhi naukari karke apna va doosron ka
pet bhar sakti hai.
(If a girl is educated, the boys family will see that she can get a job anywhere and support both herself and
others).
A mother in Uperi Baheli (Mandi district).
Similarly, among those who felt that education makes a daughters marriage more difficult, higher
dowry (the main
concern elsewhere) was not the only issue. Some respondents, for instance, commented that an
educated daughter becomes more choosy in matrimonial matters. As one Harijan mother put it, it is
more difficult to get an educated girl
Even eldest daughters in poor families go to school
Suman, a seventeen-year old girl from Batran (Hamirpur district), is currently enrolled in class 11. Her father, a
blacksmith (lohar) who makes iron tools, dropped out after class 4. Her mother has had even less schooling. The
family does wage labour, for which they are paid in cash and kind. In spite of the familys meagre resources,
Suman and her two younger siblings (Vipin in class 8 and Sushma Devi in class 6) all go to school.
Himachal Pradesh 118
SONDEEP SHANKAR married because an educated daughter is more particular she wants to be
married into a good house or to someone of her choice. Incidentally, the greater assertiveness of
educated daughters was not always viewed in a negative light far from it. One parent took the
positive viewthat an educated daughter can get a good match, and can also think for herself whether
a particular home suits her.
An educated daughters marriage is more expensive. But a good marriage gives much happiness to her
parents.
Supportive attitude: Himachali parents tend to have a responsible and supportive attitude towards
their childrens schooling. Education ranks high among their spending priorities (one parent even
stated that, if needed, he would sell land to educate his children). At home, childrens studies receive
much attention, not only from parents but often from other relatives too. Parents also tend to have a
fairly supportive attitude towards teachers. As elsewhere, they often have complaints of various kinds
against the local teachers, but this does not stand in the way of mutual cooperation. Child self-
confidence: Compared with their peers elsewhere, Himachali children impressed several PROBE
investigators with their self-confidence and high spirits. The children often spoke to them with
assurance, proudly showing their schoolbooks or displaying their knowledge. Most of them read and
wrote fluently (and we found no case of a school-going child remaining illiterate). Often they had
ambitious plans for the future. All this applied even to girls, some of whom mentioned their hope to
become a teacher or a doctor.
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Khelne ke acche avsar milte hain. Adhyapika shabashi deti hain.
(In school we get the opportunity to play. And the teacher also praises me.)
Anil Kumar from Uperi Baheli (district Mandi).
A MODEL SCHOOL
Visiting the school in Ner (Mandi district) was a memorable experience for thePROBE survey team. When the investigators
arrived, the three teachers presentwere actively teaching. Children were sitting peacefully and listening to them.The
teachers spoke affectionately about the children. When we interviewed theclass-1 teacher, she was very open, and showed
a sharp understanding ofchild development. She was also confident of her pupils achievements, and said wecould question
the children if we liked. The childrens responses indicated highlearning achievements and self-confidence.Twelve-year old
Om Prakash (from a poor dalit family struggling to make ends meet)is in class 5. He told the team, School jane mein maja
aata hai. Aur naukari keliye padhna jaroori hai (I enjoy going to school. And it is also necessary for me tostudy to get a job).
Om Prakash is proud to represent his school in the district-levelgames.The atmosphere was conducive to learning. To their
amazement, the investigatorsfound that every time the bell rang to signal the end of a class, the children weregiven five
minutes to wander around an innovative and child-friendly practice.The school had a number of story books in its small
library, frequently borrowed bythe children.The teacher felt that parents had a positive attitude towards the school and
weremindful of their childrens needs. The parents, for their part, were full ofappreciation for her and for the school.
Adhyapika bachhon ka poora dhyan
rakhti hain (the teacher takes full care of the children), said one. Hamein koishikayat nahin (we have no complaints),
concluded another. Ner certainly has aschool of which not just Himachal but the entire country can be proud.PhotoIn H.P.,
sports rarely mentioned in otherstates are a common school activity.
The school environment
Orderly premises: From one point of view,the physical infrastructure of villageschools in Himachal Pradesh is no betterthan
elsewhere. The facilities areminimal, especially in small hamlets,where a school often looks much thesame (at first sight) as
the typical villageschool in Bihar or Uttar Pradesh. And theaverage distance from home to schoolremains much higher in
Himachal Pradeshthan elsewhere, due to the adversesettlement pattern. On the positive side,school facilities in Himachal
Pradesh tendto be better maintained and utilized.
School premises are usually tidy, in somecases even attractive. Also, there is muchless dilapidation of school furniture
andteaching material. A significant proportionof schools in Himachal Pradesh evensucceed inmaking active use of
relativelyfragile items such as electric fans, musicalinstruments and library books. In otherstates, these facilities are sel dom
functional,when they exist at all.
Himachal Pradesh
119
SONDEEP SHANKAR
Better staffing: A more crucial aspect ofthe schooling infrastructure in HimachalPradesh is that village schools tend to
berelatively well staffed. The average primaryschool has more than three teachers.Single-teacher schools, very common
inthe past, have virtually disappeared (theremaining single-teacher schoolsconsistmainly of newly-created schools
whereonly two or three grades are operational).Similarly, the pupil-teacher ratio in thesample villages is only 27, as against
50for the PROBE states.Accurate records: Village schools in Himachal Pradesh have well -maintainedrecords, including
accurate enrolment andattendance registers. In most schools,he days attendance figures are writtenon a blackboard fixed
on the outer wall.The importance of these practices (rarelyobserved in the other states) wasdiscussed in chapter 7. On a
similar note,incentive schemes such as scholarshipsand prizes seem to be efficiently implementedin most schools.Higher
activity: The problem of lowclassroom activity (see chapter 4) seemsto be less acute in Himachal Pradesh. Forinstance, we
found comparatively littleevidence of practices such as closing aschool without good reason, allowingclassroom chaos to
undermine any learningactivity, and leaving younger childrento their own devices.More exemplary schools: Not everyschool
in Himachal Pradesh is a roaringsuccess far from it. Yet, the PROBEinvestigators did notice many more
exemplaryschools in Himachal Pradesh thanelsewhere. Similarly, exemplary teacherssuch as Sem and Anjali (see chapter
5)
seem to be relatively easy to find in HimachalPradesh.
Teachers and society
Work culture: On the whole, teachers inHimachal Pradesh have a responsible attitude towards school
duties. The problemof teacher inertia, so devastating inother states (see chapter 5), is not entirelyabsent in Himachal
Pradesh, but it ismuch less widespread. Various indicationsof this are implicit in the precedingobservations, from better
utilization ofinfrastructural facilities to more accurateschool records and higher classroomactivity.
Concern for children: Going beyondminimal standards of responsibility, someteachers in Himachal Pradesh showedan
unusual degree of commitment to theprogress of their pupils. Genuine interestin pedagogy, for instance, was not
uncommon.Another example came from ateacher who explained that he alwaystaught mathematics early in the
morning,when children are most alert. Generally,the organization of a school in HimachalPradesh gives the impression of
beingoriented to the needs of the pupils asmuch as to the convenience of theteachers.
INSIDE THE CLASSROOM
Unlike in other states, many of thechildren in Himachal Pradesh wereable to describe teaching activity inside the classroom.
Althoughthere was a lot of emphasis oncopying from the black-board ortextbooks (and some parents madethe perceptive
293

observation that thisteaching method is overused), therewas also reading by the teacher andby different children.
Theimpression that emerges from theseaccounts is one of a functioning
classroom. Here are some examplesof how the children themselves,some only six years old, described the previous days
mathematics andHindi classes: The teacher wrote the numbers 1-100 on the board and the childrencopied them on their
slates. The teacher wrote sums on theboard and the children had to do them in their books. Then theteacher checked their
books. The children were asked to writethe numbers 1-100 on their slates. The teacher read a poem in Hindiand the
children repeated it.The teacher read from the Hindi
textbook and the children repeatedwhat he said. The teacher read from the Hinditextbook, then different children readthe
lesson aloud. Then the teacherdid the questions and answers on the blackboard. The teacher read from the Hinditextbook;
then the monitor read thelesson aloud and the children wereasked to answer the questions athome.In Uperi Baheli (Mandi),
the childrenhave games and drill for an hourevery day. The children are alsotaught singing and needlework. In several
schools, the childrenmentioned that one of the reasonsthey like going to school is that theyget a chance to take part in
sports.The best evidence of a lively classroom is the fact that thechildren are so positive about theirschool experience.
Himachal Pradesh
120
SAJAL BHATTACHARYA
Female teachers: In the sample schools,41 per cent of the teachers were female,compared with only 21 per cent in the
otherstates. This pattern, confirmed by secondarydata, is all the more remarkable giventhat the problems of residence and
commutingfor female teachers (see section5.3) are, if anything, potentially more
serious in Himachal Pradesh. Interestingly,few female teachers in that state expressedthe sense of insecurity or
hostilityoften found elsewhere. This fits with thestates low crime rates and long traditionof womens work outside the
household.
If the government does notprovide any facilities, we get them by collecting funds from the parents. Once we have
30 per cent,the government provides 70 per cent.Sometimes the parents give the total amount. The parents
havealready contributed to getting equipment for the school.
They are willing to make more rooms in the school.
A teacher in Batran (Hamirpur district), where the school has an active PTA. Positive rapport with parents: In contrast with
the antagonistic patterns of teacherparent relations often found in other states (see section 5.5), we noticed a good deal of
positive interaction between parents and teachers in Himachal Pradesh. While complaints do exist on both sides, there is
also much mutual understanding, and even practical cooperation. In several villages, for instance, parents have helped to
build extra classrooms for the village school.
Administrative matters
Even in terms of the administrative issues discussed in chapter 7, Himachal Pradesh is doing quite well. Briefly, the
management of the education system seems to be comparatively responsible, efficient, and responsive to the needs of
teachers and children. To illustrate:
(1) very few teaching posts are vacant (in the other states, more than 10 per cent of the posts sanctioned are vacant);
(2) salaries are paid punctually on the first day of each month (in Bihar, irregular payment of salaries is a major issue);
(3) the school calendar is adjusted district-wise in tune with the agricultural cycle, to avoid clashes with periods of high
demand for child labour (e.g. the apple-picking season in Kullu district);
(4) there is a Board examination at the end of class 5;
(5) school inspectors do not confine their attention to the registers (some even enquire about the health of children);
(6) the PROBE survey encountered no case of corruption in school incentive programmes.
We end by noting the virtual absence of private schools in rural areas of Himachal Pradesh. This vacuum is not due to the
absence of purchasing power among parents, which tends to be higher in Himachal Pradesh than in the PROBE states.
Rather, it fits in a general pattern mentioned in the preceding chapter: private schools are most common in areas where
government schools do not function. Conversely, if government schools function well, there may be little scope for private
schools, as seems to be the case in rural Himachal Pradesh. In this connection, it is worth noting that Himachali parents
seem to have an unusual faith in government schools. Some of them even assert that, given the choice (and assuming
costs to be the same), they would rather put their child in a government than in a private school. And private schools in rural
Himachal Pradesh, where they do spring up, seem to be constrained to provide quality education (rather than just substitute
for collapsing government schools). Ramshackle coaching centres, so common elsewhere, have no takers.


9.4. The
Foundations of Success
The schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh is likely to have deep social and political roots. The sweeping contrasts
identified in the preceding section are not just the reflection of a particular policy initiative, even less of some specific
scheme or campaign. Understanding the schooling situation in Himachal Pradesh calls for a broad perspective, going well
beyond the instant explanations mentioned earlier.To illustrate this point, consider the issue of gender bias. All the reasons
given by parents elsewhere for withdrawing their daughters from school early on (e.g. onsetof puberty, demands of domestic
work, absence of upper-primary school in the Himachal Pradesh 121 Teachers in Himachal Pradesh have comparatively
294

positive attitudes towards female pupils. Himachal Pradesh and Haryana present an interesting contrast. Economic
conditions in these two states are quite similar, but gender relations differ a great deal. To help understand this contrast, and
how it affects girls schooling, I conducted detailed interviews with 38 mothers in Manhendranagar district (Haryana), and
another 38 mothers in Solan and Sirmaur districts (Himachal Pradesh). Here are some findings and impressions from these
interviews:
1. In both states, the mothers interviewed were unanimous in saying that education was important for girls. One motive,
particularly common in Himachal Pradesh (H.P.), is that educated girls are likely to find better jobs: 36 out of 38 respondents
in H.P. expected their daughters to work outside the home after marriage. In both states, education was also considered to
have value in itself: educated women were said to have more independence, greater self-confidence, and more freedom to
move outside the village. In Haryana (where twothirds of the respondents had no other occupation than household work),
women often mentioned that education improves marriage prospects, and helps mothers to run a household.
2. Only 3 of the respondents daughters had never been to school. All 3 lived in Haryana. Maternal literacy was higher in
H.P. than in Haryana, even though literacy rates in the preceding generation (i.e. the respondents own mothers) were
similar. This confirms that the expansion of schooling has been more rapid in Himachal Pradesh. H.P. mothers were also
more knowledgeable about schooling matters than their counterparts in Haryana. The latter only had a vague idea of the
functioning of the local school (e.g. how many days it had been open in the preceding week).
3. School facilities were not very different in the two states (though average distance from home to school is higher in
Himachal Pradesh). Teaching standards, however, seem to differ. For instance, in Haryana several mothers complained that
teachers spent time playing cards or knitting during school hours.
4. Marriage customs in both states are similar in many respects (e.g. practice of dowry and patrilocal residence). But there
are a few noticeable contrasts. Almost all Haryana mothers consider it preferable for a young couple to live with the
husbands joint family, but less than half of H.P. mothers share that view. Similarly, 26 out of 38 respondents in Haryana
would like their daughter to marry before the age of twenty-one, but only 9 mothers in H.P. feel the same. Again, the idea
that a daughter might marry someone with less education than herself was considered unthinkable in Haryana, but quite
acceptable in H.P. Most striking is the difference in relations between parents and daughters after marriage. Thirteen
mothers in H.P. had seen their parents ten times or more during the preceding two years, compared with only four mothers
in Haryana.
5. Generally, I found less inequality between men and women in H.P. than in Haryana. Mothers in H.P. have more say in
household decisions. This applies in particular to education: many mothers in Haryana had no idea of the cost of schooling,
and considered this to be their husbands business. One woman in Haryana prefaced most of her responses with my
husband thinks.... The power of parents-in-law in the household was also much greater in Haryana than in H.P. In Haryana,
the hold of patriarchal values pervaded womens
own outlook. In response to a question about the age at which a daughter should be married, one mother bluntly said:
Daughters are a burden the sooner you get rid of them, the better. Marie-Eve Bondroit. Himachal Pradesh122 Gender
relations are very unequal in Haryana, with women having little say in household decisions.
DAYANITA SINGH
GENDER RELATIONS AND SCHOOLING: HIMACHAL PRADESH VS. HARYANA
village) are equally applicable in Himachal Pradesh. Yet, these alleged obstacles have somehow been blasted away over a
short period of time. This achievement can be understood only in the context of very different gender relations in Himachal
Pradesh, which include a higher participation of women in the labour force as well as in social life, a closer link between
adult women and their parents after marriage, womens greater freedom of movement outside the home, more
symmetricpatterns of marriage transactions,and so on. When a little girl in a remote village of Himachal Pradesh proudly
says that she wants to become a doctor, sh is making a far-reaching statement about the position of women in society. A
complete analysis of the foundations of Himachal Pradeshs success is beyond the scope of this report. Indeed, the puzzle
is not entirely resolved. Some useful insights, however, do emerge from the PROBE survey.
Official commitment
Part of the credit certainly goes to the state government. Development planning in Himachal Pradesh has included a
consistent emphasis on developing the rural infrastructure, with roads and schools receiving high priority. Public policy al so
involves an explicit commitment to the rapid expansion of education, sorely lacking in the other states of north India. One
symptom of this commitment is the high level of per-capita expenditure on education, which is about twice the all-India
average. Correspondingly, the teacher-child ratio is also better: about twice as high in Himachal Pradesh as in India as a
whole. This has greatly helped to ensure that the school environment is conducive to teaching and learning. Another explicit
policy objective is the reduction of inter-regional disparities in development indicators, including educational levels. This has
the remote tribal districts (e.g. Kinnaur, Lahul and Spiti), which have caugh up remarkably fast with the rest of the state.
There is an interesting parallel here with Kerala, where the elimination of regional disparities also became a major goal of
public policy after 1947, enabling Malabar to catch up rapidly with Travancore and Cochin. In the same vein, government
intervention in Himachal Pradesh has played a key role in the removal of socioeconomic disparities in access to education.
For instance, there are many incentive schemes for disadvantaged pupils, including free textbooks until class 10 for
scheduled-caste and scheduled-tribe children. All this is in sharp contrast with the gross neglect of backward areas and
disadvantaged communities in many other states. The quality of education management in Himachal Pradesh, mentioned
earlier, is another symptom of political commitment to the expansion of education. Realistic goals were set, and pursued
295

with determination. For instance, when Operation Blackboard declared war on singleteacher schools, Himachal Pradesh
took the lead: the proportion of such schools tumbled from 28 per cent in 1986 to less than 2 per cent in 1995. Similarly, the
official goal of giving priority to women in teacher appointments has been taken seriously in Himachal Pradesh. In other
states, there are amazing contradictions between official rhetoric and practical action. The state governments initiatives
have been helped by a generous dose of financial aid from the central government. This observation, however, does not
detract from the crucial role of these initiatives in promoting education. The fact that the government of Himachal Pradesh
has made
full use of this assistance is also to its credit. In other states (notably Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), financial assistance for
education from the central government is routinely underutilized.
Parental demand
While the state government has played a leading role in the provision of school facilities all over Himachal Pradesh, the
effective utilization of these facilities owes much to the parents. Many of them had to walk long distances in their own
childhood to reach the nearest school, if a school was available at all. When schools started springing up in their own
village, they promptly seized this new opportunity for their children. Initially at least, the main motive for sending childr en
(mainly boys) to school was the prospect of better jobs,
enhanced by the demonstration effect of army recruits and other government employees. With incomes growing quite
rapidly, education also became more affordable. Indeed, household spending
Himachal Pradesh 123 Both roads and schools have received high priority from the state government.
SONDEEP SHANKAR
on education is much higher in Himachal Pradesh than in the PROBE states. What is remarkable, however, is how these
favourable conditions soon led toan explosion of educational aspirations, spreading throughout the society. After all, similar
conditions also applied in Punjab and Haryana, but with more limited results. One possible reason why parental motivation
in Himachal Pradesh has spread so rapidly is that the village schools function relatively well. As a result, education is not a
mirage but a realistic hope. The discouragement effect, so destructive in other states (see chapter 3), has not taken root.
Instead, Himachal Pradesh has benefited from a virtuous circle of active state intervention, high parental interest and decent
teaching standards. Another helpful factor is the relatively homogeneous nature of the village society in Himachal Pradesh
(see Box, p. 125). The point is not that hill villages are egalitarian, but rather that the divisions of class, caste and gender
are less intense than elsewhere, and leave scope for a sense of village solidarity. This particular aspect of the social
structure has farreaching implications for the progress of schooling. It means, for instance, that the social influence of role
models (such as army recruits) is not confined to specific castes or classes: if someone in the village gets a good job, it
gives a sense of possibility to the whole community. A relatively homogeneous social structure may also facilitate the
emergence of consensua social norms, such as education being an essential part of every child upbringing. By contrast, in
divided and factionalizedvillage societies, educational aspirations and opportunities are often sharply compartmentalized on
the basis of class, caste and gender. The sense of village community has another positive aspect of great importance: it
fosters the notion that the local school is everyones school. This is one
reason why village schools in Himachal Pradesh do not become dysfunctional so easily: if the school stops functioning, the
whole village community has a stake in solving the problem. Thi is quite different from a situation where privileged families
solve the problem for themselves by sending their children to private schools. A divisive situation of this kind, where some
families enjoy private schooling while others in the same
village are deprived of schooling facilities, seems to be socially less acceptable in Himachal Pradesh than elsewhere in
north India.
Civic
cooperation
In Himachal Pradesh, the PROBE investigators observed quite a few examples of collective initiative to improve the local
school. This took the form both of cooperative action among parents as well as of cooperation between parents and
teachers. As noted earlier, for instance, in many villages parents had helped to build extra classrooms in the local school.
Other examples include supplying wood in the winter, helping to level the playground, donating money to improve the school
building, and even paying for electric fans. These examples of civic cooperation also throw some light on the reasons why
the schooling system seems to be more accountable in Himachal Pradesh, even when the formal management rules are the
same as elsewhere. We were intrigued, for instance, to find relatively wellfunctioning schools even in remote villages where
no inspector had reached for months or even years. It seems to be the vigilance of parents, and their ability to keep the local
teachers and administrators on their toes, that keeps the system going. The role of parental vigilance as an accountability
mechanism takes aconspicuous form from time to time, for instance when a school threatens to break down. We heard
several interesting stories of villagers resorting to spontaneous agitation (e.g. blocking the road or threatening to boycott the
elections) to obtain a new school, or effect the transfer of negligent teachers. Beneath this surface of open agitation seems
to lie a quiet groundswell of parental involvement in the schooling system. Interestingly, the watchdog role of parents has
not stood in the way of a constructive rapport with the teachers. On the contrary, parent-teacher relations in
Himachal Pradesh appear to be more positive than in the other states. The factthat many parents have actively
supportedthe local school (through donations, labour, and other means) fits into that
296

pattern. It is also worth noting that much of this collective action takes place throughinformal channels, rather than through
formal institutions such as panchayats or parent-teacher associations. As we noted in chapter 5, for instance, a teachers
Himachal Pradesh 12 4 Even in remote areas, most schools are functional.
SAJAL BHATTACHARYA
SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF HILL VILLAGES The social conditions that have facilitated the schooling revolution in Himachal
Pradesh include relatively cohesive village communities. Hill villages are far from egalitarian, butnevertheless the divisions
of class, caste and gender tha have been so pernicious elsewhere in north India are not so deep in this region. Starting with
class, Himachal Pradesh ha few landless households, and the lowest proportion of agricultural labourers in the population
among all Indian states. This is partly a reflection of post-independence land reforms, aimed at guaranteeing some land to
every rural household. Also, common property resources such as forests and pastures play a major role in the rural
economy of Himachal Pradesh, further enhancing the comparative equity of access to productive resources.
Similarly, while caste distinctions do exist in Himachal Pradesh, they tend to take a less hierarchical and exploitative form
than in many other regions. This feature is linked to the relatively equitable access to productive resources: exploitative
caste hierarchies are sustained by the economic dependence of disadvantaged castes on the privileged castes. In a land-
abundant economy with a low density of population, disadvantaged groups have their own means of survival, and this gives
them some protection from exploitation. The possibility of migrating to new sites is another form of protection, and there are
indeed historical examples of this exit option being used by disadvantaged groups. A related feature of caste rel ations in
Himachal Pradesh is that singlecaste villages or hamlets are very common. This, too, contributes to social cohesion at the
village level. Turning to gender relations, again these are far from equal in Himachal Pradesh. Yet patriarchal institutions
here leave more scope for female independence. One major consideration is that Himachali women have a high
involvement in work outside the home. This contributes to their economic independence, freedom of movement, decision-
making power, and social recognition. Womens autonomy has been reinforced by local kinship practices (involving, for
instance, enduring links between parents and married daughters), and by high rates of male out -migration. Following on this,
gender discrimination is less common in Himachal Pradesh than elsewhere in north India. To illustrate, child mortality in
Himachal Pradesh is lower for girls than for boys, in contrast with most other states. Himachali women also have a
comparatively high involvement in social life and village politics. Active mahila mandals, for instance, can be found in many
villages. The relatively cohesive nature of village societies in Himachal Pradesh facilitates civic cooperation. An example i s
the practice of exchange labour, which remains lively in Himachal Pradesh: at harvest time, neighbours often get together to
harvest each others fields in turn. It is easy to see that this practice would be hard to sustain in a highly unequal setting:
exchange labour between, say, a landless person and a rich landlord would make no sense. In general, reciprocal
cooperation is more likely to flourish in relatively equal societies. The schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh builds, in
part, on this potential for civic cooperation. Himachal Pradesh 125 Below: Himachali women are highly involved in work
outside the home; this contributes to their economic independence and freedom of movement.
SAJAL BHATTACHARYA
concern for his or her reputation is one important basis of teacher responsiveness to parental demands. In Himachal
Pradesh, the fact that the social distance between teachers and parents (e.g. in terms of educational levels and economic
status) is relatively small appears to reinforce this mechanism. Sometimes, formal and informal channels of interaction
complement each other. Consider for instance the role of mahila mandals, which are quite active in Himachal Pradesh.
These womens groups have no formal responsibility for education, but schooling matters do seem to be frequently
discussed at mahilamandal meetings, and this is quite likely to be a matter of concern for a local teacher who cares about
his or her reputation.


State initiative and
public response
To some extent, the vitality of civic cooperation in Himachal Pradesh relates to the social structure of the hill region. The
absence of sharp social divisions at the village level is likely to facilitate cooperative action. In a highly fragmented society,
schooling itself is likely to become a divisive issue: if the local school does not work, the sarpanch may side with the
headteacher against the community, parents may be unable to get together to address or even discuss the problem, and
privileged families may set up their own private school. The situation where powerful leaders actively obstruct the spread of
education among the masses, not unknown in north India, is an extreme form of such divisions. In Himachal Pradesh,
schooling for all seems to be a little bit more of a shared social goal. Another important part of the story, however, is that in
Himachal Pradesh the state has succeeded in creating conditions that foster parental involvement in the schooling system,
and a productive rapport between parents and teachers. A sound infrastructure and responsible administration have averted
the sense of discouragement and powerlessness so common elsewhere. Parents find that their efforts to educate their
children are rewarded, and teachers are given the means to teach properly. These favourable conditions tend to feed on
each other in various ways. For instance, decent
teaching standards raise parents expectations of the schooling system, and these expectations, in turn, help to sustain the
work culture among teachers.
The teacher beats the children, she knits and sleeps most of the time. If the school had a PTA we could have
removed her.
297

A parent in Kapoti (Hamirpur district). Similarly, there is a virtuous circle of state initiative and public response. Just as the
state has empowered parents to get involved in the schooling system, parents now play a key role in calling for further
improvements. Compared with their counterparts in other north Indian states, Himachali parents are better informed and
more demanding of the schooling system (e.g. they have views on teaching methodsand the right amount of homework).
Parents demands are felt not only at the village level, but also higher up in the administrative machinery and political
system, not least in the State Assembly. One district official related to us how, during the 1998 elections, polling had to be
conducted in a single day as parents would not tolerate schools being closed for two days in a row.
Is it true that in my constituency, there is a single-teacher government school?
(Question asked in the State Assembly on 4/4/95.)
One key link in this virtuous circle is parental education. Early efforts to promote schooling in Himachal Pradesh have
ensured that, today, the average father and even mother of primary-school children have at least some education. This
makes it much easier for them not only to create a learning environment at home, but also to establish a rapport with the
teachers, to monitor the quality of the local school, to take action when standards are falling, to demand better facilities from
political leaders, and so on. In this and other ways, the virtuous circle of state initiative and public response is an essential
aspect of Himachal Pradeshs journey towards universal elementary education.
9.5. Concluding
Remarks
The schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh is one of the most enlightening developments of the post-independence
period in the field of elementary education. Himachal Pradesh 126
MANAGEMENT SOCIETY TEACHER PARENT
A great deal remains to be done: education at the upper-primary level is still farfrom universal (especially for girls), pockets
of backwardness persist even at the primary level, and the quality of education is below many parents expectations. But
what has already been achieved is impressive, and provides a solid foundation for further progress. And the virtuous circle
of state intervention and public response is likely to be consolidated aseducation levels among parents continue to increase
rapidly in the near future. We end with a few general remarks on the broader significance of this story. First, it is worth not ing
that much of what we have said about schooling in Himachal Pradesh also applies to other kinds of local public services.
Many H.P. villages,
for instance, have lively anganwadis, in contrast with the other north Indian states where anganwadis are mostl y
nonfunctional. There are similar contrasts in terms of a whole range of local public services, from health centres to fair-price
shops and electricity supply. This observation is consistent with the line of analysis pursued in this chapter, since the social
conditions that have facilitated the expansion of schooling are also likely to be favourable to the provision of other types of
collective facilities. Second, Himachal Pradeshs success seems to fit in a broader pattern of rapid expansion of education
throughout the Himalayan region (more precisely, the hill region of north and north-east India). Consider, for instance, the
list of Indian states with more than 85 per cent schooattendance in the 6-14 age group. Except for Kerala and Goa, all these
states belong to this region: Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and the Jammu region of Jammu and
Kashmir (data for Kashmir are not available). Other parts of the Himalayan region are also doing well. For instance, the hil l
region of Uttar Pradesh is way ahead of the rest of the state. And even in Arunachal Pradesh (a remote tribal area where 99
per cent of women were illiterate as recently as 1961) school attendance is well above the Indian average, reflecting
remarkable progress in recent years. This pattern, again, is consistent with our earlier analysis, given that many of the
enabling features we have identified for Himachal Pradesh (including high government expenditure and a favourable
social context) apply to other parts ofthe Himalayan region as well. Third, there seems to be an interesting contrast between
Himachal Pradesh and Kerala when it comes to the politics of mass education. Both regions have come close to universal
elementary education, but through different routes. Himachal Pradesh, we have argued, has benefited from favourable
social conditions, particularly in the form of relatively homogeneous village communities and a strong tradition of civic
cooperation. Kerala, on the other hand, started off with a highly inegalitarian and oppressive social structure, and it is
political action that has made it possible to overcome this initial obstacle against mass education. There are also some
interesting similarities in the two approaches, especially the virtuous circle of state initiative and public response. Finally, the
social conditions that have facilitated the schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh are obviously difficult to replicate i n
other contexts. But this does not detract from the possibility of learning from that experience. Aside from pointing to many
useful directions of public action, this experience also underlines the
link between education, democracy and equity that has been a recurrent theme of this report. Himachal Pradesh 127 Words
in common usage not explained in the text : adivasi tribal banyan vest beedi tobacco rolled in a tobacco leaf to be smoked
bhatti kiln bigha a measure of land (ranging from 0.25 to 0.625 acre) chana gram chappals sandals chimni chimney daal
lentils daru liquor daroga constable dharamsala resthouse for pilgrims/travelers dhobi washerman goonda hooligan guruji
teacher hisab-kitab accounts jari gold threadwork jhuggi hut kachcha structure which is not pacca khichdi rice and lentils
cooked together kholi hut/small room khurpi small gardening tool kunji guide-book lathi club, stick mahila mandal womens
group
mantra incantation paan betel leaf pacca permanent structure made of bricks or stone panchayat village council panchayati
raj local self-governance by village council panchayat ghar place where panchayat meeting is held purdah system of veiling
the face of a woman in the presence of menfolk raksha bandhan popular festival where sisters tie a talisman (rakhi) on the
wrist of their brothers roti bread sabzi vegetable sarkari governmental sarpanch village headman shiksha education
298

suraksha security swasthya health zila parishad district council The PROBE report makes use of a number of background
papers and invited contributions. These are listed in the first two sections of this bibliographical note. Other sources are
listed in the third section. Banerji, Rukmini, Dont Blame It on Poverty Alone (published in Business Standard, 23 December
1995). Why Dont Children Complete Primary School: A Case Study of a Low-income Neighbourhood in Delhi (published
in Economic and Political Weekly, 9 August 1997). Bhatty, Kiran, Educational Deprivation in India: A Survey of Field
Investigations (published in Economic and Political Weekly,4 July and 10 July 1998).Bhatty, K., De, A., Drze, J.P., Shiva
Kumar, A.K., Mahajan, A.,Noronha, C., Pushpendra, Rampal, A., and Samson, M., Class Struggle (published in India
Today, 13 October 1997). Bihari, Daisy, Primary Schooling in Orissa: A Field Study.Chakrabarti, Anindita and Banerjea,
Niharika, Primary Educationin Himachal Pradesh: A Case Study of Kinnaur District (forthcoming in Economic and Political
Weekly). De, Anuradha, Drze, Jean, Noronha, Claire, and Samson, Meera, Notes on Schooling in Ambedkar Nagar, New
Delhi. Drze, Jean, The Schooling Revolution in Himachal Pradesh. Goswami, Anomita, Field Report: Ajmer and Bikaner
districts, Rajasthan. Goyal, Sangeeta, Primary Education in Himachal Pradesh. Noronha, Claire, Private Schools for the
Less Privileged. Private Schools for the Low-income Group: A Case Study of a Low-income Area in Delhi. Srivastava,
Snigdha, The State of Primary Education in Bihar: A Field Study















































299

CHAPTER IV



THE HIMACHAL PRADESH COMPULSORY PRIMARY EDUCATION RULES, 2000.
ARRANGEMENT OF RULES
Rules:
1. Short title and commencement.
2. Definitions.
3. Prescribed Authority for the purpose of appointment of School
Committee.
4. Composition of School Committee.
5. Jurisdiction of School Committee.
6. Term of Office of Members.
7. Qualifications.
8. Filling of Vacancy.
9. Meeting of School Committee.
10. Place of Meeting.
11. Notice of Meeting.
12. Presiding of Meeting.
13. Quorum.
14. Proceedings.
15. Attendance of Meeting.
16. Range of Instructions.
17. Prescribed Authority for fixing the timing of Schools.
18. Children liable to attend the Primary School.
__________
THE HIMACHAL PRADESH COMPULSORY PRIMARY EDUCATION RULES, 2000.
PRIMARY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT NOTIFICATION
Shimla-2, 14th July, 2000. No. EDN-C-A(6)-5/96.- Whereas draft rules titled the Himacha Pradesh Compulsory
Primary Education Rules, 1999 were published in the Rajpatra, Himachal Pradesh (Extra-ordinary) dated 14th
December, 1999, vide notification of even number dated 25th November, 1999 in pursuance of the provisions of
section 11 read with section 2 (i) of the Himachal Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Act, 1997 (Act No. 2
of 1998) for inviting objections/suggestions from the persons likely to be affected thereby ; And whereas no
objection (s) and suggestion (s) have been received within the stipulated period in this behalf; 2 Now, therefore,
in exercise of powers conferred by section 11 read with section 2 (i) of the Himachal Pradesh Compulsory
Primary Education Act, 1997 (Act No. 2 of 1998), the Government of Himachal Pradesh is pleased to make the
following rules, namely: -
1. Short title and Commencement.- (1) These rules may be called the Himachal Pradesh Compulsory Primary
Education Rules, 2000.
(2) These rules shall come into force from the date of publication in the Rajpatra, Himachal Pradesh.
2. Definitions.- (1) In these rules, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context :-
(a) "Act" means the Himachal Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Act, 1997;
(b) "Block Primary Education Officer" means an Officer, by whatever name called, appointed by the
Government to perform the functions of the Block Primary Education Officer of an Education Block ;
(c) "Director of Primary Education" means an Officer, by whatever name called, appointed by the Government
to perform the functions of the Director Primary Education of Himachal Pradesh;
(d) "Form" means forms appended to these rules ;
(e) "Schedule" means Schedule appended to these rules ; and
(f) "section" means a section of the Act.
(2) The words and expressions used in these rules but not defined shall have the same meanings as have been
assigned to them in the Act.
3. Prescribed Authority for the purpose of appointment of School Committee.- The Block Primary
Education Officer of the area concerned shall be the prescribed authority for the purpose of appointment of
School Committee under section 4.
4. Composition of School Committee.- The composition of the School Committee shall be as under :-
(a) Rural Areas :-
(1) Pradhan Gram Panchayat ; Chairperson.
(2) Up-Pradhan Gram Panchayat Vice-Chairperson.
(3) One elected member of Gram Panchayat Member. of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe category (if any)
(4) One person from amongst parents of Member. disabled children if any
300

(5) Two elected lady members of Member.Gram Panchayat
(6) One person who takes active interest in ..Member.Primary School activities
(7) Head Teacher/Senior Teacher of Primary ..Members.Schools in Gram Panchyatmaximum 3 at a time)
(8) The Head Teacher of centrally located Member Secretary:Primary School.Provided that the member at serial
number 6 shall be nominated by the Gram Panchayat through a resolution passed in a regular meeting of the
Gram Panchayat and the members at serial numbers 4, 7 and 8 shall be nominated by the Block Primary
Education Officer.
(b) Urban Area consisting of Nagar Panchyat :-
(1) President, Nagar Panchayat Chairperson.
(2) Vice President, Nagar Panchayat Vice-Chairperson..
(3) One elected person from Scheduled Member. Caste/Scheduled Tribe category (if any )
(4) One elected lady member of Nagar Member. Panchayat
(5) One person who takes active interest Member. in Primary School activities
(6) One person from amongst parents of Member. disabled children (if any)
(7) Head Teacher/Senior Teacher of Primary Member. Schools in Nagar Panchayat (maximum 3 at a time)
(8) The Head Teacher of centrally located Member Secretary: Primary School.
Provided that the member at serial number 5 shall be nominated by the Nagar Panchayat through a resolution
passed in a regular meeting of Nagar Panchayat and the members at serial numbers 6, 7 and 8 shall be
nominated by the Block Primary Education Officer.
(c) Urban Area consisting of Municipal Committee/Municipal Corporation:-
(1) Ward Member/Counsellor of the ward in Chairpersonwhich the school is located
(2) One lady member of the ward Member.
(3) One person from Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Member. Tribe category (if any)4
(4) One person who takes interest in Primary School Member. activities
(5) One person from amongst parents of the disabled Member. children(if any)
(6) Head Teacher/Senior Teacher of Primary Schools Member. in a ward(maximum 3 at a time)
(7) The Head Teacher of centrally located Secretary: Primary School.
Provided that the member at serial number 2, 3 and 4 shall be nominated by the Municipal
Committee/Municipal Corporation through a resolution passed in a regular meeting and the members at serial
number 5, 6 and 7 shall be nominated by the Block Primary Education Officer.
5. Jurisdiction of School Committee.-(1) The jurisdiction of the School Committee shall be Gram Panchayat
concerned in so far as rural area is concerned.
(2) For Urban area, the jurisdiction shall be ward of MunicipalCrporation/Municipal Committee and entire area
in case of Nagar Panchayat:
Provided that the State Government may decide to constitute more than one School Committee for a Gram
Panchayat, Nagar Panchayat and for a ward of Municipal Committee/Municipal Corporation.
6. Term of Office of Members.- The nominated members shall hold office for two years and shall be eligible
for re-nomination when their term is over.
7. Qualifications.- Every nominated member should be of sound mind and should have the zeal to propagate the
cause of compulsory Primary Education.
8. Filling of Vacancy.- In case a vacancy arises in the School Committee either by way of resignation, death of
member or otherwise it shall be filled up through a fresh nomination for the remaining period, as per provision
of rule 4.
9. Meeting of the School Committee.- Each School Committee shall meet at least once in two months or more
often, if necessary.
10. Place of Meeting.- The meeting of School Committee shall be held at the Primary School. If the committee
has jurisdiction over more than one school then at the Headquarter of Gram Panchayat or Nagar Panchyat, as the
case may be, and in case of the Municipal Committee or Municipal Corporation, the Headquarter shall be the
centrally located Primary School of the ward concerned.
11. Notice of Meeting.- The notice of the first meeting of the School Committee for a calendar year shall be
issued in writing by theMember-Secretary. The date of the first meeting shall be fixed with prior consultation of
the Chairperson of the School Committee and at least 3 days 5 clear notice shall be given to all the members.
The date of next meeting of the School Committee for the calendar year shall be decided in the first meeting
itself.
12. Presiding of Meeting.- The Chairperson of the School Committee shall ordinarily`preside over the meetings
and in his absence, the Vice Chairperson shall preside over the meetings. But in case both of them are absent,
the meeting shall be presided over by a person who may be elected by the members of the School Committee
present by a simple majority.
13. Quorum.- The quorum of the meeting shall be 1/3 of total membership.
14. Proceedings.- The proceedings shall be recorded in writing and shall be signed by all the members.
301

15. Attendance of Meeting.- If a member does not attend three consecutive meetings without reasonable cause,
he shall be liable to be removed from his office by the prescribed authority after affording an opportunity of
being heard.
16. Range of Instructions.- The range of instructions in Primary Schools shall be as per Schedule-I appended
to these rules.
17. Prescribed Authority for fixing the timing of Schools.- For the purposes of section 2 (1) of the Act, the
Director Primary Education, Himachal Pradesh shall be the prescribed authority, who shall fix the days, time
and hours of studies in the Primary Schools for each academic session.
18. Children liable to attend the Primary School.- The School Committee or local authority in its area shall
prepare a register/list of the children in the age group of 6 to 11 years who are liable to attend the Primary
School, the names of such children shall be displayed on a notice board at some conspicuous place within its
traditional limits. The School Committee after taking into consideration, the names of the children in the age
group of 6 to 11 years liable to attend the school may exempt the children who are suffering from extreme
physical and mental handicap from attending the Primary School and for such handicapped children the School
Committee may suggest the institution where the children can be imparted education. The School Committee
may also get these children medically examined through the Chief Medical Officer of the concerned district. In
case of others who are liable to attend Primary School, the School Committee shall take action as per provision
of section 6 of the Act. The School/Committee shall issue the show
cause notice in Form-1.
19. Child Labour.- In case any of the children in the age group of 6 to 11 years, liable to attend the Primary
School are found to be employed by any person, a show cause notice shall be issued in Form-2 to the person
who has employed the child. The person(s) concerned shall have to reply within 15 days from the date
20. Action against the parents and the person (s) employing the child.-(1) In case no reply is received to the
notice served under rule 18 above or the reply received is found satisfactory after considering the same, the
school committee shall direct the parents of child in form 3 to admit him in the Primary School.
(2) If the direction issued under sub-rule (1) is not complied with within 15 days from the date of receipt of
notice then the School Committee shall empower the Member - Secretary to refer/lodge complaint in the matter
to the Gram Panchyat or Judicial Magistrate of area.
(3) In case no reply is received to the notice served under rule 19 above or the reply received is found
unsatisfactory after considering the same,the School Committee shall direct the employer in From No. 4 to
relinquish the employment of the child.
(4) If the direction issued under sub-rule (3) is not complied with within 15 days from the date of receipt of the
notice then the School Committee shall empower the Member Secretary to refer/lodge a complaint in the matter
to the Gram Panchyat or Judicial Magistrate of the area.
21. Action against unauthorised absence.- If any information regarding unauthorised absence or late
attendance of teachers and non-teaching staff in the Primary School is received by the School Committee,
the matter shall be reported to the prescribed authority, who shall report on the action taken to the School
Committee within 15 days.
22. Adequate provisions for compulsory Primary Education.- (1) The following shall be considered as
adequate provisions for compulsory Primary Education:-
(i) The Primary School shall be approximately within one and half km. distance from the residence of the child
keeping in view the terrain of the area. Where the number of children in the area is very small, the State
Government shall make alternative arrangements for ensuring access to Primary Education to every child ;
(ii) Teachers shall be provided in the Primary School as per the norms fixed by the State Government from time
to time ;
(iii) To provide adequate teaching learning material in the Primary School ; and
(iv) To provide sufficient accommodation for teaching of classes in the Primary School as per norms fixed by
the State Government.
(2) The State Government shall make every attempt to provide above facilities keeping in view its financial
position.
23. Grant of leave.- The School Committee may grant leave of absence from Primary School to the children in
the following cases :-
1. Illness of the child upto 15 days.
2. Illness of the parents upto 6 days.
3. If the child is absent for more than the above specified period, the School Committee shall depute a person to
the house of the child to verify the factual position and may also ask for medical certificate.
24. Repeal and saving .-(1) The Himachal Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Rules, 1955 are hereby
repealed.
(2) Notwithstanding such repeal anything done or any action taken under the rules so repealed under sub-
rule(1)supra shall be deemed to have been done or taken under these rules.
SCHEDULE-I
302

(See rule 16)
PART-I
SL. No. Class Subject Name of the Text Books approved by the Himachal Pradesh Board of School Education 1
2 3 4
1. Ist (1) Math (1) Math (Oral)Counting (2) Hindi (2) Bal Bharti Part-I (3) Moral Education (3) Moral Education
Part-I (4) Bhartiya Swatantrata (4) Bhartiya Swatantrata Sangram Sangram Part-I (5) Parivesh Gian (5) Parivesh
Gian (Oral)
2. IInd (1) Math (1) Math Part II (2) Hindi (2) Bal Bharti Part II (3) Moral Education (3) Moral Education
Part-II (4) Bhartiya Swatantrata (4) Bhartiya Swatantrata Sangram Sangram Part-II. (5) Parivesh Gian (5)
Parivesh Gian (Oral)
3. IIIrd (1) Math (1) Math Part-III (2) Hindi (2) Bal Bharti Part-III (3) Moral Education (3) Moral Education
Part-III (4) Bharytiya Swatantrata (4) Bharytiya Swatantrata Sangram . Sangram Part-III. (5) Pariveshia
Anveshan (5) Pariveshia Anveshan Part-III8 (6) Ham Aur Hamara (6) Ham Aur Hamara Samaj Part-III Samaj.
4. IVth (1) Math (1) Math Part-IV (2) Hindi (2) Bal Bharti Part-IV (3) Moral Education (3) Moral Education
Part-IV (4)Bhartya Swatantrata (4) Bhartiya Swatantrata Sangram Sangram Part-IV. (5) Pariveshia Anveshan
(5) Pariveshia Anveshan Part-IV. (6) Hum Aur Hamara (6) Hum Aur Hamara Samaj
Part-IV. Samaj (7) English (7) English Reader
5. Vth (1) Math (1) Math Part V (2) Hindi (2) Bal Bharti Part-V (3) Moral Education (3) Moral Education Part-
V (4) Bhartiya Swatantrata (4) Bhartiya Swatantrata Sangram Sangram Part-V. (5) Pariveshia Anveshan (5)
Pariveshia Anveshan Part-V. (6) Ham Aur Hamara (6) Ham Aur Hamara Samaj Part-V Samaj
(7) English (7) English Reader
EXAMINATION SCHEDULE (FOR WINTER CLOSING SCHOOLS) (PART-II)
First Terminal In the month of June of each academic session. Second Terminal In the month of September of
each academic session. Final Examination In the month of December of each academic session.
EXAMINATION SCHEDUL (FOR SUMMER CLOSING SCHOOLS) PART-III
First Terminal In the month of July of each academic session. Second Terminal In the month of November of
each academic session. Final Examination In the month of March of each academic session.
FORM NO. 1. 9 (NOTICE TO THE PARENTS/GUARDIAN))
(See rule 18)
To
Shri.................... (Name of Parents/Guardian) r/o Village/Town..........P.O..............
Tehsil.....District..............(H.P.). Whereas an information has been received that Mr/Kumari.......................
(name of the child)...........aged, s/d/o Shri/Smt......... (name of the father/mother), resident of
Village/Town.................... P.O................Tehsil.............District............. ...........Himachal Pradesh who is residing
with you is not attending the Primary School. As per section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh Compulsory Primary
Education Act, 1997 every child inthe age group of 6 to 11 years is required to be sent to the Primary School.
You are, hereby directed to show cause within 15 days from the receipt of this notice, why the child has not
been admitted by you in the Primary School. (Signature), Member-Secretary of the School Committee. 10
FORM No.2 (NOTICE TO THE PERSON/ORGANISATION EMPLOYING THE CHILD)
(See rule 19)
To Shri/M/s............. (name of Person/Organisation) R/o Village/Town........... P.O.......................
Tehsil..................District.................(H.P.) Whereas an information has been received that Mr/Kumari..........
aged..........s/d/o.............Shri............... ...resident of Village/Town ..........P.O.......... Tehsil.........District
.........Himachal Pradesh has been employed by you and therefore he has not been admitted in Primary School.
Therefore, you have violated the provisions of rule 20 of the Himachal Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education
Rules, 2000, which is punishable under section 8 of the Himachal Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Act,
1997. You are, hereby directed through this notice to explain why and under what circumstances have you
employed the child Mr/Kumari..............who is age of.............within 15 days of receipt of this notice.
(Signature), Member-Secretary of the
School Committee.
FORM No. 3 (NOTICE TO THE PARENTS/GUARDIAN)
[See rule 20 (1)]
To Shri........................ (name of Parents/Guardian r/o Village/Town...........P.O...............
Tehsil................District.............Himachal Pradesh. Whereas a show cause notice under rule 18 of the Himachal
Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Rules, 2000 No........ Dated....... asking you to show cause as to why
you have not sent the child Mr/Kumari.................(Name of the child) to Primary School.
11 No reply has been received from your end. The reply received from you is found unsatisfactory, therefore,
you are once again ordered to admitMr/Kumari.....................to the nearest Primary School within 15 days and
report compliance to this Committee, otherwise a complaint will be lodged against you before Gram Panchayat
or Judicial Magistrate of the area as per provision of section 7 of the Himachal Pradesh Compulsory Primary
Education Act, 1997. (Signature),Member-Secretary of the School Committee.
303

FORM No. 4
(NOTICE TO THE PERSON/ORGANISATION EMPLOYING THECHILD)
[See rule 20 (3)]
ToShri/Ms......................... (name of Person/Organisation), r/o Village/Town............P.O.................
Tehsil..........District...............Himachal Pradesh. Whereas a show cause notice under rule 20 of the Himachal
Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Act, 1997 No........... dated......asking you to show cause as to why and
under what circumstances have you employed the child Mr/Kumari..............(name of the child). No reply has
been received from your end. The reply received from you is found unsatisfactory, therefore, you are once again
ordered to relinquish Mr/Kumari............within 15 days and report compliance to this Committee. Otherwise a
complaint will be lodged against you before Gram Panchayat or Judicial Magistrate of the area as per provision
of the section 8 of the Himachal Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Act, 1997. (Signature),
Member-Secretary of the School Committee. (R.H.P.Extra, dated 29-7-2000 P-2248-2256.)
THE HIMACHAL PRADESH PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
(REGULATORY COMMISSION) ACT, 2010
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS Sections:
1. Short title and application.
2. Definitions.
3. Establishment of Commission.
4. Composition of Commission.
5. Removal of member.
6. Officers and other employees of the Commission.
7. Meetings.
8. Fund.
9. Powers and functions of the Commission.
10. Procedure and Power of the Commission.
11. Penalties.
12. Accounts and audit of the Commission.
13. Annual report.
14. Indemnity.
15. Members and employees to be public servants.
16. Power to issue directions.
17. Act to have overriding effect.
18. Power to make rules.
19. Power to make regulations.
20. Rules and regulations to be laid in the Legislative Assembly.
21. Power to remove difficulties.
















304

CHAPTER V ANTI RAGGING ACT AND NOTIFICATION IN
HP

305



HOME PAGE Anti-Ragging Policy





COORG INSTITUTE OF DENTAL
SCIENCES, VIRAJPET -571218
INSTITUTE REGULATIONS ON
CURBING THE MENACE OF RAGGING
NO:CIDS/ADM/83/2009 Date:
19.08.2009
Ragging is a criminal offence as per
the Supreme Court verdict. Ragging is
an offence under penal code and under
section 116 of the Karnataka Education
Act, 1983 (Karnataka Act No.1 of 1995),
which define ragging as:
"Causing, inducing, compelling or forcing a
student, whether by way of practical joke
or otherwise, to do any act which detracts
from human dignity or violates his/her
person or exposes him/her to ridicule from
doing any lawful act. By intimidating,
wrongfully restraining, wrongfully
confining, or injuring him or by using
criminal force on him/her or by holding out
to him/her any threat of intimidation,
wrongful confinement, injury or the use of
criminal force."
"Ragging in all its forms is totally banned in
this institution including in its departments,
constituent units, all its premises
(academic, residential, sports, kiosks,
cafeteria and the like) whether located
within the campus or outside and in all
means of transportation of students
whether public or private. The institution
shall take strict action including but not
limited to criminal proceeding and/or
cancellation of admission against those
found guilty of ragging and/or of abetting

306

ragging and the burden of proof shall
hereby lie on the perpetrator of alleged
ragging and not on the victim. An offence
of Ragging may be charged either on a
written complaint by the affected or on
independent finding of the Anti Ragging
Squad. The Institution is bound by the UGC
Regulations on Curbing the Menace of
Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions
2009."
Punishable Ingredients of Ragging:
Abetment / instigation to ragging
Criminal conspiracy to rag
Unlawful assembly and rioting while
ragging
Public nuisance created during
ragging
Violation of decency and morals
through ragging
Injury to body, causing hurt /
mental trauma or grievous hurt
Wrongful restraint
Wrongful confinement
Use of criminal force
Assault as well as sexual offences or
unnatural offences
Extortion
Criminal trespass
Offences against property
Criminal intimidation
Attempt to commit any or all of the
above mentioned offences against the
victim
Physical or psychological humiliation
Any act / abuse by spoken words,
e-mails, snail mails, blogs, public
insults etc.
Any act that prevents, disrupts or
disturbs the regular academic activity
of a student
All other offences following from the
definition of "Ragging".
Punishments against Ragging:
Depending upon the nature and gravity of
the offence as established by the Anti-
Ragging Committee of the Institution, the
possible punishments for those found guilty
of ragging shall be any one or any
combination of the following:
Suspension from attending classes
and academic privileges
Withholding / withdrawing
307

scholarship / fellowship and other
benefits
Forfeiting Campus Placement
opportunities / recommendations
Debarring from appearing in any
test/examination or other evaluation
process
Withholding of results
Debarring from representing the
institution in any regional, national or
international meet, tournament,
youth festival etc.
Suspension/ expulsion from the
hostel
Cancellation of Admission
Rustication from the institution for a
period, ranging from 1 to 3 years
Expulsion from the institution and
consequent debarring from admission
to any other institution for a specific
period
Fine of Rupees 25,000/-
Collective punishment: When the
persons committing or abetting the
crime of ragging are not identified,
the institution shall resort to collective
punishment as a deterrent to ensure
community pressure on the potential
raggers.
In addition, in case of every single incident
of ragging, a First Information Report (FIR)
will be filed with the local police
authorities. The possible punishment
includes rigorous imprisonment (in
compliance with the order of Supreme
Court of India)
Helpline :
Dr. Sunil Muddaiah - 9448113013
Dr. Sequeira Peter Simon - 9845885374
In the case of any ragging incident, the
students may immediately call
and bring it to the above persons notice for
necessary help, guidance and actions.
The freshers / junior students are
hereby instructed that they should
move in groups within the academic
areas / campus, should not respond to
the calls from seniors, should not
participate in any kind of "freshers
308

party" anywhere inside/outside the
campus, desist from doing anything
against their will even if ordered by
the seniors and that, they have
nothing to fear as the institution cares
for them and shall not tolerate any
atrocities against them.
Principal
THE INSTITUTION LEVEL ANTI
RAGGING COMMITTEE (2009-10)
1. Dr. Sequiera Petrer Simon -
Principal
2. Prof. K Narsi Reddy - Vice Principal (
Administration)
3. Dr. Shanthala B.M - Professor
4. Dr. Girish Surgimat - Professor
5. Dr. Jithesh - Professor
6. Dr. Rohit Raghavan - Assoc.
Professor
7. Dr. Shashidar - Assoc. :Professor
8. Ms. Sudha K.S. - Warden ( Girls
Hostel)
9. Mrs. Sunitha - Warden ( Girls
Hostel)
10. Mr. Prakash Gowda - Warden ( Boys
Hostel)
STUDENT MEMBERS:
Dr. Dinesh Francis Swamy - I Year MDS
Dr. Seema - II Year. MDS
Dr. Andrea Laura DSouza - III Year MDS
Mr. Rashmi Gokulan - Intern
Mr. Karthik Cariappa - IV year student
Ms. Vidhya Sreedharan - IV year student
Mr. Akshya P.A - III year student
Ms. Fathima Jezbin -III year student
Mr. Sharan Chanrdan E.V -II year student
Ms. Shaneena K - II year student
Mr. Rahul Roy - I Year student
309

Ms. Steena Rose - I year student
Responsibilities :
Complying with the directives of the
Honble Supreme Court of India and
RGUHS Notification
No:AUTH/427/2009-2010 dated
01.08.2009 and DCI Notification No:
DE-167-2008/A10119 dated
27.03.2009, the above Anti-ragging
committee is formed for overseeing
the implementation of the
provisions of the Anti-ragging
Verdict..
This committee comprising teaching
faculty, administrators and women
representatives will monitor the
measures taken by the Institute for
prevention of ragging, will look into
the specific instances of ragging and
complaints of ragging; and suggest
appropriate action / punishment
against individuals who indulge in
ragging.
THE INSTITUTION LEVEL ANTI
RAGGING SQUAD: (2009-10)
1. Dr. Anand S. Tegginamani - Reader
2. Dr. Yeshaswini - Reader
3. Dr. Basavaraj - Reader
4. Dr. Shaheem - Lecturer
5. Mr. Subbaiah - Office Staff
6. Mr. Bopanna - Office Staff
7. Mr. Rohit - Student Affairs Incharge
8. Mrs. Clara Mary - Student Affairs
Incharge
9. Mr. Imran - Maintenance Incharge
Responsibilities :
Complying with the directives of the
Honble Supreme Court of India and
RGUHS Notification dated
No:AUTH/427/2009-2010 dated
01.08.2009 and DCI Notification No:
DE-167-2008/A10119 dated
27.03.2009, the above Anti-ragging
Squad is formed for overseeing the
implementation of the
recommendations of the Anti-
ragging Verdict..
This squad comprising teaching
310

faculty / supporting staff,
administrators and women
representatives (various sections of
the campus community) will have
vigil, oversight and patrolling
functions. It will be mobile, alert
and active at all times and is
empowered to periodically inspect
places of potential ragging. It will
make surprise raids on hostels and
other hot spots. The squad shall
investigate incidents of ragging,
make recommendations to the
Institution level Anti-ragging
committee and shall work under the
overall guidance of the said
committee.
The squad will visit various potential
locations and hostels (as decided by
the team), both inside and outside
the CIDS campus, regularly on all
days (on rotational basis), from
8am to 10pm; will continuously
monitor the situation and report to
the anti-ragging committee from
time to time. A vehicle will be made
available to the visiting squad from
8am to 10pm on all days.
COORG INSTITUTE OF DENTAL
SCIENCES, VIRAJPET -571218
Undertaking from the students as per
the provisions of anti-ragging verdict
by the Honble Supreme Court of India
I, Dr.
_______________________________Cou
rse/Program____________ Department
_________________________, a student
of Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences,
Virajpet do hereby undertake on this day
_____ month _______________ year
__________ the following with respect to
the above subject and Office Order No.:
CIDS/ADM/83/2009 dated 19.08.2009 of
the institute.
1. That I have read and understood the
Institute Regulations on Curbing the
Menace of Ragging, Coorg Institute of
Dental Sciences Office Order No:
CIDS/ADM/83/2009 dated 19.08.2009
(available at http://www.cids.edu),
prepared as per the directives of the
Honble Supreme Court of India on anti-
311

ragging and the measures proposed to be
taken in the above reference
2. That I understand the meaning of
ragging and know that ragging in any form
is a punishable offence and the same is
banned by the Court of Law.
3. That I have not been found or charged
for my involvement in any kind of ragging
in the past. However, I undertake to face
disciplinary action/legal proceedings
including expulsion from the Institute if the
above statement is found to be untrue or
the facts are concealed, at any stage in
future.
4. That I shall not resort to ragging in any
form at any place and shall abide by the
rules/laws prescribed by the Courts,
Government of India and the authorities of
the Institute for the purpose from time to
time.
Date: Signature of Student
I hereby fully endorse the undertaking
made by my child/ward.
Signature of Mother/Father
Witness:
COORG INSTITUTE OF DENTAL
SCIENCES, VIRAJPET -571218
Undertaking from the students as per
the provisions of anti-ragging verdict
by the Honble Supreme Court of India
I, Mr./Ms.
____________________________ Regn.
No. ___________
Course/Program_____________________
__, a student of Coorg Institute of Dental
Sciences, Virajpet do hereby undertake on
this day _____ month _______________
year __________ the following with
respect to the above subject and Office
Order No.: CIDS/ADM/83/2009 dated
19.08.2009 of the institute.
1. That I have read and understood the
Institute Regulations on Curbing the
Menace of Ragging, Coorg Institute of
312

Dental Sciences Office Order No:
CIDS/ADM/83/2009 dated 19.08.2009
(available at http://www.cids.edu),
prepared as per the directives of the
Honble Supreme Court of India on anti-
ragging and the measures proposed to be
taken in the above reference
2. That I understand the meaning of
ragging and know that ragging in any form
is a punishable offence and the same is
banned by the Court of Law.
3. That I have not been found or charged
for my involvement in any kind of ragging
in the past. However, I undertake to face
disciplinary action/legal proceedings
including expulsion from the Institute if the
above statement is found to be untrue or
the facts are concealed, at any stage in
future.
4. That I shall not resort to ragging in any
form at any place and shall abide by the
rules/laws prescribed by the Courts,
Government of India and the authorities of
the Institute for the purpose from time to
time.
Date: Signature of Student
I hereby fully endorse the undertaking
made by my child/ward.
Signature of Mother/Father
Witness:



Phone:
91-0-8274-260196
91-0-8274-256479
Mobile:
91-0-94483 13170
91-0-94486 47444
Fax:
91-0-8274-260193
More Pages:
Admissions | Contact Us | Facilities | Courses | Location |
About Us | Our Vision | Downloads | Departments | Anti-
Ragging Policy | CIDS' Patients | News | Charity | Green CIDS
| Alumni |
Address: Coorg Instituite of Dental Sciences, K.K.Campus,
Maggula Village, Virajpet Coorg District Karnataka Pincode:
571218
Email: enquires@cids.edu






313

CHAPTER VI


ACT No. 15 of 2011

THE HIMACHAL PRADESH PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
(REGULATORY COMMISSION)
ACT, 2010
(AS ASSENTED TO BY THE GOVERNOR ON 31ST JANUARY, 2011) AN ACT to provide for establishment

of the Regulatory Commission and Regulatory mechanism in the State for the purpose of ensuring

appropriate standard of admission, teaching, examination, research and protection of interest of

students in the Private Educational Institutions and for matters connected therewith or incidental

thereto;
BE it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh in the Sixty-first Year of the Republic of India as follows:-

1. Short title and application.
(1) This Act may be called the Himachal Pradesh Private Educational Institutions (Regulatory Commission) Act, 2010.

(2) It shall apply to the Private Educational Institutions in the State of Himachal Pradesh.

2. Definitions. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

(a) commission means the Regulatory Commission established under section 3 of this
Act;
(b) 8807 =ro, i=r= c r, =n=r, ,u((.(s =rrr, (es,
(b) member means a member of the Commission and includes the Chairperson; (c) Private Educational Institutions
means all the private educational institutions in the State viz. degree colleges, professional colleges of Education, Institutes
of Technical Education, Management, Law, Engineering, Medicine, Pharmacy, Paramedical Institutions and Universities,
deemed Universities, Centres of Excellence, or any other educational institutions of higher learning, except schools affiliat ed
to any recognized Board of School Education;
(d) regulations means regulations made by the Commission under section 19 of this Act;
(e) Regulatory body means any State or Central Statutory Regulatory Body set up for the purpose;
(f) student means a person enrolled in the Private Educational Institution for pursuing a course of study for the award of a
degree, diploma, certificate or other academic distinction;
(g) University Grants Commission means the University Grant Commission established under the University Grants
Commission Act, 1956;
(h) prescribed means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(i) State Government means the Government of Himachal Pradesh; and
(j) Higher Education means study of a curriculum or course for the pursuit of knowledge beyond 10+2 level.
3. Establishment of Commission. (1) The State Government may, by notification published in the Official Gazette,
establish the Himachal Pradesh Private Educational Institutions Regulatory Commission for the purpose of providing a
regulatory mechanism in the State and for working as an interface between the State Government and the Central
Regulatory Bodies for the purpose of ensuring appropriate standards of admission, teaching, examination, research,
extension programmes and protection of the interest of the students of the Private Educational Institutions.
(2) The Commission shall be a body corporate having perpetual succession and a common seal and shall sue and be sued
by the said name.
(3) The headquarters of the Commission shall be at such place as may be notified by the State Government.
4. Composition of Commission. (1) The Commission shall consist of a Chairperson and maximum of two members
from amongst persons of eminence in public life or in the field of higher education or who have remained Secretary or above
to the Government of Himachal Pradesh or held equivalent post in the Government of India for a period of three years or
more.
Provided that the Chairperson and the members shall not be from the same field of specialization.
(2) The Chairperson and members of the Commission shall be appointed by the State Government, on the
recommendations of a Search Committee, for a period of three years or until he or she

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attains the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier, and such Chairperson or members may be eligible for a second term
subject to the upper age limit of 65 years:
Provided that after the expiry of the term of office, the Chairperson or the member, as the case may be, shall be ineligible for
further employment or any assignment in any of the Private Educational Institutions within Himachal Pradesh or their
associate offices or companies within or outside Himachal Pradesh for a period of three years.
(3) The search Committee shall consist of the following, namely:-

(i) Chief Secretary to the Government -- Chairperson; of Himachal Pradesh.
(ii) Principal Secretary (Technical Education) -- Member; to the Government of Himachal Pradesh.
(iii) Principal Secretary (Higher Education) --Member- to the Government of Himachal Pradesh. Secretary.

5. Removal of member.
(1) No member shall be removed from office except in accordance with the provisions of this section.

(2) the State Government may by order remove from office any member, if he-

(a) has been adjudged an insolvent by the competent court; or

(b) has been convicted of an offence which, in the opinion of the State Government, involves moral turpitude; or

(c) has become physically or mentally incapable of acting as a member; or

(d) has acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his functions as a member ; or

(e) has so abused his position as to render his continuance in office prejudicial to the public interest; or

(f) has been guilty of proven misbehavior; or

(g) has failed to discharge his duties:

Provided that no member shall be removed from his office on any ground specified in clauses (d), (e), (f) or
(g) unless an enquiry has been conducted for this purpose and the member has been given an opportunity to defend
himself.


6. Officers and other employees of the Commission. (1) There shall be a Secretary of the Commission who shall be
appointed by the State Government in consultation with the Commission on such terms and conditions, as may be
prescribed.
(2) The Commission may appoint such officers and employees as it considers necessary, for the efficient performance of the
functions of the Commission, after approval of the State Government.
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(3) The terms and conditions of service of the officers and employees of the Commission shall be such as may be
prescribed.
7. Meetings. The Commission shall meet, as often as may be necessary, at such time and place and observe such
procedure, as may be prescribed in the regulations.
8. Fund. The Commission shall establish a fund to which shall be credited-
(a) by the Private Educational Institutions such percentage of total fees every year as may be assessed by the Commission
from time to time but not exceeding one percent of the total fees;

(b) loan from the State Government which will be repayable within three years;

(c) any other grants received from any other source; and

(d) all sums received by way of penalties.

9. Powers and functions of the Commission. (1) It shall be the duty of the Commission to ensure that standards of
admission, teaching, examination, research, extension programme, qualified teachers and infrastructure, are being
maintained by the Private Educational Institutions in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Regulatory Bodies of the
Central Government or the State Government or by the Central Government or the State Government from time to time. In
case of failure of the Educational Institution to meet the standards laid down, the Commission shall have the power to
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penalize the Educational Institutions under section 11 of the Act and in case of successive failure of an Institution to meet
the standards, the Commission may recommend to the State Government/ Regulatory Body for the winding up of the
Institution.
(2) The Commission shall ensure that the admissions in the Private Educational Institutions are based on merit achieved in
National Common Entrance Test or the State Common Entrance test or any other test as notified by the State Government
and where there is no National Level Common Entrance Test, or State Level Common Entrance Test or any other test, the
merit shall be determined strictly on the basis of the marks obtained in the qualifying examination.
(3) The Commission shall develop an appropriate mechanism for receipt and redressal of grievances of students and
parents, and direct the private institution to set-up a proper Grievances Redressal mechanism for redressal of complaints
reported to the Commission. Such complaints shall be addressed within the time fixed by the Commission with details of the
steps taken by the institution to redress such complaint.
(4) The Commission may conduct inspections of Private Educational Institutions as and when required and may form expert
committees, for inspections of Private Educational Institutions.
(5) The Commission shall have the power to monitor and regulate fees in Private Educational Institutions.
10. Procedure and Powers of the Commission. (1) The Commission shall, for the purposes of any inquiry or
proceedings under this Act, have the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5
of 1908) in respect of the following matters, namely :-
(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;
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(b) discovery and production of any document or other material object producible as evidence;

(c) receiving evidence on affidavits;

(d) requisitioning of any public record;

(e) issuing commission for the examination of witnesses;

(f) reviewing its decisions, directions and orders;

(g) any other matter which may be prescribed.

(2) The Commission shall have the powers to pass such interim order in any proceeding, hearing or matter as the
Commission may consider appropriate.

(3) The Commission may authorize any person, as it deems fit, to represent the interest of the students and parents in the
proceedings before it.

(4) All disputes under this Act shall be decided summarily in accordance with the provisions of Order XXXVII of the Code of
Civil Procedure, 1908.

11. Penalties. (1) The Commission may, for the contravention of any of the provision of this Act or the rules or
regulations made there under, or directions issued by the Commission, impose penalty, in such manner as may be
prescribed, but not exceeding one crore rupees:
Provided that the maximum penalty for a second or subsequent contravention shall be five crore rupees;
Provided further that no penalty shall be imposed unless the institution concerned is given an opportunity of being heard.
(2) The penalty imposed under sub-section (1) shall be recoverable from the endowment fund or any other Fund or as arrear
of land revenue from the Educational Institution concerned.
12. Accounts and Audit of the Commission. (1) The Commission shall maintain its accounts in such form and in such
manner as may be prescribed.
(2)The accounts of the Commission shall be audited annually by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India and the
Commission shall send a copy of the audit report to the State Government.
13. Annual report. (1) The Commission shall, as soon as, may be, after the end of each financial year, prepare and
submit to the State Government, before such date and in such form as may be prescribed, a report giving an account of its
activities during the previous year and the State Government, shall cause every such report to be laid before the Legislative
Assembly as soon as may be, after its receipt.
(2) The Commission shall send a copy of the audited annual accounts of the Commission to the State Government every
year, and the State Government shall cause such accounts to be laid before the Legislative Assembly.
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14. Indemnity. No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie against Chairperson, any member, officer or
employee of the Commission in respect of anything which is, in good faith, done or intended to be done in pursuance of this
Act or the rules made thereunder.
15. Members and employees to be public servants. The Members and other employees of the Commission shall be
deemed to be public servants within the meaning of section 21 (45 of 1860) of the Indian Penal Code.
16. Power to issue directions. The State Government may issue such directions to the Commission as in its opinion,
are necessary or expedient for carrying out the purposes of this Act and the Commission shall give effect to all such
directions.
17. Act to have overriding effect. The Provisions of this Act or rule or order made there under, shall have effect,
notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in force.
18. Power to make rules. (1) The State Government may, by notification publish in the Official Gazette, make rules for
carrying out the provisions of this Act.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing powers, such rules may provide for all or any of the following matters,
namely :-
(a) the terms and conditions of service of the Chairperson, the members and the Secretary of the Commission.

(b) mode of authentication of the orders and decisions of the Commission and instruments issued by it.

(c) the form and manner in which the accounts shall be maintained by the Commission under section 12;

(d) the minimum and maximum limit of the penalty under section 11 and the manner in which such penalty is to be imposed;
and

(e) such other matters as may be required for proper functioning of the Commission.
19. Power to make regulations. The Commission may, with the prior approval of the State Government, make
regulations to carry out the provisions of this Act.
20. Rules and regulations to be laid in Legislative Assembly. Every rule and regulation made under sections 18 and
19 of this Act shall respectively be laid, as soon as may be after these are made, before the Legislative Assembly.
21. Powers to remove difficulties. If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, the State
Government may, by order published in the Official Gazette, make such provisions, not inconsistent with the provisions of
this Act, as appear to it to be necessary for the purpose of removing the difficulty:
Provided that no such order shall be made after the expiry of two years from the commencement of this Act.