NOVEMBER 1972

TECHNICAL NOTES
2) An Analytical Technique for Elliptic Cross Section

1543

Torsion of Certain Prismatic Bars

AMIR NAGHDI* K. Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Ind.
N the following investigation, two methods of solution are employed to solve the problem of torsion of a cylindrical bar having an axial circular hole. Since numerous investigations have been done on the solutions of classical theory of torsion of prismatic bars, no attempt shall be made here to refer to the previous works. Assume that the cross section of a bar acted upon by a torque has two axes of symmetry, and that its outer boundary is a simple convex curve with the equation
r = f(e) (1) where 6 and r are the polar coordinates measured respectively from one of the axes of symmetry and the center of the cross section, and f(e) is a single valued continuous function for 7c > 8 >= 0. Furthermore, assume that the inner boundary of the region is a circle with radius r,. For the classical solution of torsion of prismatic bars, one must satisfy

Assume that the outer boundary of the cross section is an ellipse with the polar equation p z = 1/(1 - p cos2 e), 8 = 1 - @,/a,), b # 0 (11) where a and b are respectively halves of the major and minor axes of the ellipse. Considering only small values of p, we expand the right-hand side of Eq. (11) in powers of cos2 8 to get p z = 1 + p c o s z e + (pcosZe)z + ... (12) Other powers of p are expanded in the same way. Using Eq. (12) and similar relations in boundary condition [Eq. 3)], and equating the coefficients of various powers of cos6 on both sides of the equation, we find for the choice of c = b A, - (1 - 1/14) A, (1 - 1/18) A, - (1 - i/n12) A, + (1 - l/LI6)A8 . . . = (134

[2 - p

VZY = 0 in the annular region, and fulfill the conditions

r = f(6) Y = (1/2)u2 + k at r = r , r , dB = 0 on the circle r = r ,
Y = (1/2)r2 at

(2) (3) (4)

+ + p)l/1"]AZ + [2p - 8 + (2p + 8)1/L8]A, + [-3D + 18 (3p + 18)1/1'2]A, + [4p 32 + (4p + 32)1/1"]A8 + . . . = i p (13b) [2p + 2 p / a q ~ + [3p2 - 168 + 8 - (8 + 168 + p2)i/a8]~, , + [-6p2 + 54p - 48 + (48 + 54p + 3p2)l/L'Z1A, + [log' 1288 + 160 - (160 + 128p + 6P2)l/J.'"]As
-

(2

- p2

-$g
$
=

where k is a constant to be determined. The appropriate solution to Eq. (2) in polar coordinates can be written in the following nondimensional form
A,

+ Bo l n p + 1 ( A Z n p z n+
n= 1

00

9 )

cos2n8

(6)

where A,, Bo, A,", B,, are the constants of integration and
p = r/C; $ = TIC2 (7) Here in relation (7), C is certain characteristic dimension of the cross section. Substituting expression (6) into (5) and applying condition (4), we find Bo = 0, B,, = -(l/l.4")A,,, k = A, - 1/21, (8) where 1 = C / r , . Thus we obtain from (8) and (6)

(134 (2p2 - p3)A2 [4p3 - 24p2 168 (168 8p')l/18]A, +[- lop3+ 108p2- 1448+32-(32+ 1 4 4 ~ + 5 4 ~ 2 + ~ 3 ) 1 / 1 ' 2 ] A , + pop3 320p2 64Op - 256 + (256 640/3 192p2 4~')l/1'"]A8 . . . = 3p3 (13d) (2p3 - p4)A2 [4p4 - 32p3 248' - 8p2/181A, +[- i5p4-f 18083-2ssp2+96p+(96p+ i44p2+ i ~ p ~ ) i / a ~ ~ + [35p4 - 640p3 + 1600p' - 1024p 128 - (128 + 10248 + 960p2 128p3 + p")l/i'"]A, ... =4 " 8

. . . ='p2

+ +

]~

...

(13e)

The form of coefficients of unknows in the matrix suggests a solution for the unknown constants A,, A,, A,, . . ., in the following form :

3 =A,+

n= 1

1 (p2n-&)AZncos2nO

(9)

It remains to satisfy condition (3). This is achieved with the following two techniques.
1) Numerical Technique

+ a# + a2p2 + a3p3+ a,p4 + ... + b,p + b,P2 + b3P3 + b4p4 + . . . A, = + + c#' + + c4p4 + . . . A, = do + d,B + d,p2 + d3p3 + d4p4 + . . . A, = e, + e,B + ezpz + e3p3 + e,p4 + . . .
A, = a,
C,

A, = bo

c3p3

(14a) (14b) (14~) (14d) (I&)

Since the cross section is symmetric with respect to lines 6 = 0 and 6 = 4 2 , it is sufficient to satisfy the condition in the first quadrant. Thus we choose p terms in series (9), and write the boundary condition (3) for q points (q > p ) of the boundary in the first quadrant. This procedure gives a set of linear algebraic equations with the number of equations q more than the number of unknows p . The set is solved approximately with the method of least square error.' Having determined the values of the unknown constants, one could find the shearing stress c and c, from the following relations : r , r g1 = (a,,/GaC) = sin 8 [(d$/dp) - p] + (l/p) cos 8(d$/d6) a2 = (o,,,/GaC) = cos 8 [ p - (a$/dp)] + (l/p) sin O(a$/dO) (10) where G is modulus of shear, a is the angle of twist per unit length of the bar, and Z is the axis perpendicular to the cross section. Received May 22, 1972; revision received July 14, 1972. Index category: Structural Static Analysis. * Associate Professor of Engineering Sciences.

where a,, a , , . . ., bo, b , , ... etc., are independent of 8. Upon substituting (14) into (13), and equating coefficients of various powers of fl on both sides of the equations, we find sets of linear algebraic equations whose coefficients of unknowns below the diagonal are zero (triangular equations). Thus we find

e,

do = c,,

bo

0,

a, =

i,

e,

d,

= c, =

40

o = I + - b 1) 2(1- 1/14)' 3 1 + 1/14 a2=-16 16(1 - l/n4) 0, 24 1 c3 = e3 = 0, d - 64(1 - 1/i1')' 8(1 - 1/28)
b -

-0

+$

x.

b - 2(1 - 1/n4)[ e , + 8 ( l - $ ) c , - ( 1 8 - $ ) d 3 ] -

1544

AIAA JOURNAL

VOL. 10, NO. 11

mar Table 1 Comparison of (~JJ for various p, I = 2

0.05

0.10 0.15 0.20

a

- 1.02905 - 1.05960

-1.09178 -1.12571

-1.029049 -1.059602 -1.091777 -1.125704

Obtained by numerical and analytical techniques (elliptic outer boundary)

0, -16(1 =

+ ;)c,

+ 144(1 + &)d3
- 2bz
-

- 24

+7

3+
CZ

bl (15)

=
1
2

-[2b1

+ Cz(24 - S/I8)+ 96d,(l + l/1)]

hFig. 1 Values of ( o ~ ) , vs ~ ~ outer boundary as a cycloid. , , I for

a3 = ( 1

$)b3

(1

- $)c,

+ (1

- +)d3

-[2b1

+ 16c2(l + l/A8)]
3 - 1/a4
1 + i/as

The analytical technique employed here gives accurate solutions for small values of P. Furthermore, the technique can be used for other types of boundaries whose equations in polar coordinates possess a small parameter. Using Eq. (14) in the first relation of Eq. (lo), we obtain the maximum value of nondimensional shearing stress o1 at p = 1 and 0 = x/2: ( c T ~ = ~ ~ - 2AIbIP ) -1 ~ (-2bzAX 4CzAz)b2 + (-2b3A1 4C,Az - 6d3A3)P3 (-2b4A1 4c,A, - 6d,A3 + 8e4A4)P4 + . . . A~ = 1 i p s , A~ = 1 + 11a4, A3 = 1 + l/L1*, A, = 1 l/LI6 (16)

+ +

e4 =

[-

0, 1 241 241 + 1 d - 32(1 - 1/1) 256(1 - l/1I6) 3

+ +

$41

+ 0,+ -(e, + 1) 2
$)b,

1 c4 = ~8(1 - 1/28) 1
X

3) Numerical Results

a4 = (1

[- g 4 1 + 0,+ + (1
-

15 0,+ - (0, 1) - 16 2

(1 - $ ) c ,

&)d,

(I

I
Cz

- &)e,

e3=(1
0 4 7

+ $)b3

- 2(1

+ $)c3 + 3(l

+&)
+ bz
-(3

Numerical values have been obtained for two different cross sections : 1) the outer boundary is a n ellipse, and 2 ) the outer boundary is a cycloid plus its reflection with respect to the x axis. In case 1, the solutions are obtained with both techniques mentioned above, and the maximum values of o1 are compared for different values of 8. The results are given in Table 1 . The numerical technique is employed for both cases 1 and 2 to obtain (ol)max various values of A. The results are presented for in Figs. 1 and 2.
Reference

-2(1

+$)b,

+ 16(1 + $)C3

- 54(1 +&)d3 -

$)

Hildebrand, F. E., Introduction to Numerical Analysis, McGrawHill, New York, 1956.

20

119

t
-

A New Dimension i n Front-Light Laser Photography

\
!@JMA\
I

PAUL H. DUGGER* JOHN W. HILL* AND ARO Inc., Arnold Air Force Station, Tenn.

L
I

ASER photography has been used for some time in the aeroballistic ranges of the von Karman Gas Dynamics Facility (VKF) at the Arnold Engineering Development Center
Received May 24, 1972. This work was sponsored by the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC), Air Force Systems Com-

1.18

1.17