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10. 6
Ci rcui t Fi gure wi t h a
t i 1 r e - phast: fa li l t on bus
(
, i ll 1 l 1 i ;t t ld by
V
I
and
-
V
f
I n
StI lS.
A t hree- phase fa ul t at bus i s s i mul at ed by the network of Fi g. 1 0. 6,
where t he source vol t ages Vf Cnd Vf i n seri es cons t i t ut e a short - ci rcui t
branc h. Source vol t age act i ng al one i n t hi s branch woul d mat ch t he prefaul t
vol t age a l ready at bus and t herefore woul d not cause current to fow i n t he
br anch . Wi t h Vf and i n ser i es, t he br anch becomes a short ci rcui t and t he
br anch current i s !, as shown. I t i s evi dent , t herefore, t hat | i s caus ed by
t he 8. ddi t i on of t he V
I
source. The cur r ent | di st ri but es i t sel f t hroughout t he
sys t em from t he reference node before fowi ng out of bus
t hrough t he
V
f
sou rce. I n doi ng so, i t produces what ever bus vol t age changes t hat occur i n t he
sys t em due t o t he faul t . I f E , E;; , and Vf ar e short -ci rcui t ed, t hen Vf i s l eft to
act a l one and Ii bus _ i s t hen t he onl y current entering t he network
from ext ernal sources. Wi t h V as t he onl y source, t he net work has t he nodal
i mped ance equat i ons t h e
mat ri x form
2
2'1
- I
"
(
l O . 1
4)
G
L
,
t
L
1
2
744
0
The p refx
i s chosen to i ndi cat e t he changes i n t he vol t ages a t t he buses due
t o t he current t, i nj ect ed i nt o bus by t he faul t .
The
bl l s
bui l di ng al gor i t hm, or some ot her means such as
Y bus
t ri angul ar
i zat i on and i nversi on, can be used to eva l uat e t he i mpedance m
,
at r ix for t he
392 CHAPTER
1
0 SYMMETRICAL FAULTS
network of Fig. 10. 6. The numeri cal val ues of t he el ements of t he matrix wi l l be
diferent from those i n Exampl e 7. 6 because subtransi ent reactances are now
bei ng used for the synchronous machi nes. The changes in the bus vol tages due
to -i ar e given by
V
1
V
1
.
- .
V
3
V
:
.
.
=
l Cul umn 2 1
.
;
The second row of t hi s equ at i on shows t hat
-Z
1 2
'
-
22 /
=
( 1 0 . 1 5 )
-
2
.2
'
-
2
'1
2
1
j'
( 1 0 . 1 6)
We recognize 2
22
as the di agonal el ement of
representi ng t he Theveni n
i mpedance of t he network at bus
V
l
2
1
2
-
-
v
2
2
2
J
V
2
,
-
V
f
z
.
( 1 0. 1 7)
,
-
-
V
.
..
.
.
.
..
-
-
v
.
..
C
, :+ , . - ) .:++ , .
C
, . - ,:: , . +-+ , .
=
_
, . :++ , . +-+ , . -:+ , .
, . +: , . : , . + , -
Si nce . oad currents are -egl ected, t he prefaul t vol tage at each . f per
uni t , t he same as
V
f at bus _W e- t he faul t occurs,
. a i
- --
f
Z22
, ::-:
-,+ :: per uni t
.-a ... r . . . : t e vol tages d ur i ng t he au t arc
, . -
V
I
, ::-:
V2
a
=
, . +-+
V
3 . -
jO.2295
, . :a
. -
, ::-:
1a- .- l i ne _ _ i s
a :+-a - a . ::
, ::
| ::
o
per uni t
.+-
a +
-, :: per .-. .
I DA FAULT CALCULATIONS USING Zbw EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 395
Faul t currents contri buted to bus by t he adja ent unfaul ted buses are
From bus C:
Vj 0. 1 556
.
jO. 1 25
-j l . 2448 per uni t
From bus
V
J
0 . 3490
=
-j l . 3960 per uni t
jO. 25
Fr om bus
V
4
0.3438
= =
-jl . 7 1 90 per uni t
.
jO . 20
round- off t he s um t hese current cont ri but ions equal s If.
10. 4 FAULT CALCULATIONS USI NG Zbl l s
EQUIVALENT . CI RCUITS
We cannot devi se a physi ca l l y rea l i zabl e network whi ch d i rectly i ncorporates all
of t he i mpedance However, Fig. 8.4 shows
we can use t he mat r ix el ements to construct t he Theveni n equival ent ci rcuit
between any pair of buses i n t he n etwork t hat may be of i nt erest . The Thevenin
equ ival ent ci rcui t is ver hel pful for i l l ustrati ng the symmetri cal faul t equations,
whi ch are devel oped i n Sec. 1 0. 3.
In t he Theveni n equi val ent ci rcui t of Fi g. lO. 7( a) bus i s assumed to be
t he faul t bus and bus is unfaul ted. The i mpedances s hown correspond
di rect l y to t he el ements of t he network Z
bus
and all the prefaul t bus vol t ages are
the same as
of t he faul t bus i f l oad currents are negl ected. The two points
Unfaul ted bus
Z - Z k (
x
}}
- -
be faul ted
( a)
Unfaul ted bus
(
Z - Z
k
))
= _f
Faulted bus
'.
Z
k
k
"'
s
I I;
j li
(b)
Theveni n equ i val e nt bet ween buses C of syst em wi t h no prefaul t 1 0<l u current s: ( a) befor
e
uu r i ng t he fau l t cl osed).