390 CHAPTER 10 SYMMETRICAL FAULTS

Usual ly, load current is omitted i n determi ni ng t he current i n each l i ne

upon occurrence of a fault . I n the Theveni n method negl ect of l oad current
means that the prefaul t current i n each l ine is not added to the component of
current fowing toward t he fault i n the l i ne. The method of Exampl e 1 0. 1
neglects l oad current i f the subtransi ent i nternal vol t ages o f al l machi nes are
assumed equal to the voltage VI at the faul t before the faul t occurs, for such i s
the case i f no current fows anywhere i n the network pri or to the faul t .
Resistances, chargi ng capacitances, and of-nomi nal tap-changi ng of transform
ers are al so usual ly omi tted i n faul t studi es since t hey are not l i kel y to i nfuence
t he level of faul t current si gni fcantl y. Cal cul at i on of t he fa ul t current s
thereby si mpl i fed si nce t he network model becomes an i nt erconnec i on of
i nductive reactances and all currents t hroughout t he faul d syst em are t hen I n
phase, as demonstrated in Exam e 1 0. 2.
10.3 FAULT CALCULATIONS USING Zbus
Our di scussion of faul t calcul ations has been confned to s i mpl e
now we extend our study to general networks. We proceed t o t he general
equations by starting wi t h a specifc network wi t h whi ch we are al ready fami l i ar.
In t he ci rcuit of Fi g. 7. 4 i f t he reactances i n seri es wi t h t he generat ed vol t ages
are changed from synchronous to sub transient val ues, and i f the generated '
volt ages become subtransient i nternal vol t ages, we have t he network shown i n
Fi g. 1 0. 5. Thi s netork can be regarded a s the per-phase equi val ent of a
bal anced t hree-phase system. I f we choose to st udy a faul t at bus _ for
exampl e, we can fol l ow the notati on of Sec. 1 0. 2 and desi gnate Vf as t he act ual
vol tage at bus before the faul t bccurs.
--
+

a
-. G
+
E'

FIGURE 10.5
React ance di agram obt ai ned from
Fig. 7.4 by subst i t ut i ng subt ransi ent
val ues for synchronous react an!es
and synchronous i nt ernal vol tages
of t he machi nes. React ance val ues
are marked in per

C
@
+
E
'
l
u
E
,:
1 0. : FAULT CALCULATIONS USI NG Zbus 391
+

10. 6
Ci rcui t Fi gure wi t h a
t i 1 r e - phast: fa li l t on bus
(
, i ll 1 l 1 i ;t t ld by
V
I
and
-
V
f
I n
StI lS.
A t hree- phase fa ul t at bus i s s i mul at ed by the network of Fi g. 1 0. 6,
where t he source vol t ages Vf Cnd Vf i n seri es cons t i t ut e a short - ci rcui t
branc h. Source vol t age act i ng al one i n t hi s branch woul d mat ch t he prefaul t
vol t age a l ready at bus and t herefore woul d not cause current to fow i n t he
br anch . Wi t h Vf and i n ser i es, t he br anch becomes a short ci rcui t and t he
br anch current i s !, as shown. I t i s evi dent , t herefore, t hat | i s caus ed by
t he 8. ddi t i on of t he V
I
source. The cur r ent | di st ri but es i t sel f t hroughout t he
sys t em from t he reference node before fowi ng out of bus

t hrough t he
V
f
sou rce. I n doi ng so, i t produces what ever bus vol t age changes t hat occur i n t he
sys t em due t o t he faul t . I f E , E;; , and Vf ar e short -ci rcui t ed, t hen Vf i s l eft to
act a l one and Ii bus _ i s t hen t he onl y current entering t he network
from ext ernal sources. Wi t h V as t he onl y source, t he net work has t he nodal
i mped ance equat i ons t h e

mat ri x form

2
2'1
- I
"

(
l O . 1
4)

G
L
,
t
L
1
2

744
0
The p refx

i s chosen to i ndi cat e t he changes i n t he vol t ages a t t he buses due
t o t he current t, i nj ect ed i nt o bus by t he faul t .
The

bl l s
bui l di ng al gor i t hm, or some ot her means such as
Y bus
t ri angul ar
i zat i on and i nversi on, can be used to eva l uat e t he i mpedance m
,
at r ix for t he
392 CHAPTER
1
0 SYMMETRICAL FAULTS
network of Fig. 10. 6. The numeri cal val ues of t he el ements of t he matrix wi l l be
diferent from those i n Exampl e 7. 6 because subtransi ent reactances are now
bei ng used for the synchronous machi nes. The changes in the bus vol tages due
to -i ar e given by

V
1

V
1

.
- .

V
3

V
:

.
.
=
l Cul umn 2 1
.
;

The second row of t hi s equ at i on shows t hat
-Z
1 2
'

-
22 /
=
( 1 0 . 1 5 )
-
2
.2
'

-
2
'1
2
1
j'
( 1 0 . 1 6)
We recognize 2
22
as the di agonal el ement of

representi ng t he Theveni n
i mpedance of t he network at bus

Subst i t ut i ng t he expressi on for I

i
i nt o
q. 00. 15) gives

V
l
2
1
2
-
-
v
2
2
2
J
V
2
,
-
V
f
z
.
( 1 0. 1 7)

,
-
-
V
.
..

.
.
.
..
-
-
v
.
..

When the generator vol t age - -

shor t -ci rell i t ed in t he network of Fi g. 1 0. 6

and t he sources E, E;; , and , are rei nsert ed i nto t he network, t he currents
and vol tages everywhere i n t he network wi l l be the same as t hose exi st i ng before
the faul t. By the principle of superposi t ion these prefault vol a s add t o t he
changes given by Eq. ( 1 0. 1 7) t o yi el d t he total vol tages exi sti ng after t he faul t
occurs.
The faul ted network is usual l y, but not always, assumed to be wi thout l oad
before t he faul t occurs. In t he absence of l oads, as remarked previously, no
prefaul t currents fow and t here are no vol tage di ferences across t he branch
impedances; all bus voltages t hroughout the network are then t he same as Vf'
the prefaul t voltage at t he fault poi nt. The assumpti on of no prefaul t current
simpl i fes our work considerabl y, and by appl yi ng the pri nci pl e of s uperpos
i
t ion,
l U. 3 FAULT CALCULATIONS USI NG Zbus
393
we obtai n the bus vol t ages
V
I
V
I
6
V
1
V
I
-
2
1 2
I
i 1 -
2
1 2
Z
22
V
2
V
I
6
V
2
V
I
-
V
I
0
+
=
V
I
2
:
n
( 1 0 . 1 8)
V
V
I
6
V
3
V
I
-
2
:12 I]'
1 -
-
2
22
V4 V
I
6V
4 V
I
- 242 I
J
1
-
2
4
2
2
22
Thus, t he vol t ages at all buses of t he network can be cal cu l at ed usi ng t he
prefa ul t vol t age V
I
of t he faul t bus and t he c l ement s i n t he col umn of
Z
bus
correspondi ng to t he fa ul t bus. The cal cu l at ed val ues of the bus vol t ag s wi l l
yi el d t he subt ransi cnt cu rre nts i n t he br anches of t he ne t work i f t he syst em
Z
bus
has been formed wi t h s ubt ransi ent va l ues for the mac hi ne react ances.
In more ge ner al t erms, when t he t hree- phase fau l t occ urs on bus of a
l arge- scal e network, we h ave
V
I
"
-

I
-
2
" "
( 10 . 1 9)
a nd negl ect i ng prefaul t l oad cur r ent s, we can t hen wri t e for t he vol t age at a ny
bus dur i ng t he faul t
( 1 0 . 20)
where
, and
2
u a re el ement s i n col umn k of t he syst m I f t he p refa ul t
vo l t age of bus i s not t he same as t he prefaul t vol t age of faul t bus t hen
we s i mp l y repl a ce V
I
on in Eq. ( I O. 2( )) hy pr cfa ul t vol t age of
bus Knowi ng t he bus vol t ages duri ng t he faul t , we can cal cul at e t he
subt rans i ent current I:

. from bus C to bus i n t he l i ne of i mpedance 2b

connect i ng t hose two buses,
( 1 0 . 21 )
Thi s equat i on shows I:; as t he fract i on of t he faul t current Ii appeari ng as a
line fow from bus _ to bus i n t he faul ted network. I f bus is di rect l y
connect ed to t he faul t ed bus by a l i ne of seri es i mpedance 2b, t hen t he
current cont r i but ed from bus t o t he current i n t he faul t at bus is si mpl y
V/
2
b ' where V i s iven by Eq. 00. 20).
394 CHAPTER 10 SYMMETRICAL F AUL TS
The discussion of t his section s hows t hat onl y col umn k of Zbu
s
, which we
now denote by
/
is requi red to eval uat e t he impact on t he syst em of a
symmetri cal t hree-phase faul t at bus I f necessary, the el ement s of Zb: can
be generated from the t riangul ar factors of Y
bus ' as demonstrated i n Sec. 8. 5 .
Example 10.3. A three-phase faul t occurs at bus of the net work of Fi g. . :
Determi ne t he i ni t i al symmetri cal r ms currcnt ( t hat i s, t hc subt ra-s e t current ) i n
t he faul t ; t he vol tages at buses a-d dur i -g t he faul t ; t he current flow
.- .a. . . -. |:: bus _to bus .-a :: n contri buti ons to t -.. .
. -._ Take t he prda ul t T at bus G
equal to . Z per uni t ano negl ect ; 1 1 1 prda ul t c u rr e n t s.
Appl yi ng t he ui l di n al gor i t h m fi g. . . : we t ha t

_ .

C
, :+ , . - ) .:++ , .
C
, . - ,:: , . +-+ , .

=
_
, . :++ , . +-+ , . -:+ , .
, . +: , . : , . + , -
Si nce . oad currents are -egl ected, t he prefaul t vol tage at each . f per
uni t , t he same as
V
f at bus _W e- t he faul t occurs,
. a i
- --
f
Z22
, ::-:
-,+ :: per uni t
.-a ... r . . . : t e vol tages d ur i ng t he au t arc
, . -
V
I

, ::-:
V2
a
=
, . +-+
V
3 . -
jO.2295
, . :a

. -
, ::-:
1a- .- l i ne _ _ i s
a :+-a - a . ::
, ::
| ::
o
per uni t
.+-
a +
-, :: per .-. .
I DA FAULT CALCULATIONS USING Zbw EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 395
Faul t currents contri buted to bus by t he adja ent unfaul ted buses are
From bus C:
Vj 0. 1 556
.
jO. 1 25
-j l . 2448 per uni t
From bus
V
J
0 . 3490
=
-j l . 3960 per uni t

jO. 25
Fr om bus
V
4
0.3438
= =
-jl . 7 1 90 per uni t
.
jO . 20
round- off t he s um t hese current cont ri but ions equal s If.
10. 4 FAULT CALCULATIONS USI NG Zbl l s
EQUIVALENT . CI RCUITS
We cannot devi se a physi ca l l y rea l i zabl e network whi ch d i rectly i ncorporates all
of t he i mpedance However, Fig. 8.4 shows
we can use t he mat r ix el ements to construct t he Theveni n equival ent ci rcuit
between any pair of buses i n t he n etwork t hat may be of i nt erest . The Thevenin
equ ival ent ci rcui t is ver hel pful for i l l ustrati ng the symmetri cal faul t equations,
whi ch are devel oped i n Sec. 1 0. 3.
In t he Theveni n equi val ent ci rcui t of Fi g. lO. 7( a) bus i s assumed to be
t he faul t bus and bus is unfaul ted. The i mpedances s hown correspond
di rect l y to t he el ements of t he network Z
bus
and all the prefaul t bus vol t ages are
the same as

of t he faul t bus i f l oad currents are negl ected. The two points

Unfaul ted bus
Z - Z k (
x
}}

- -
be faul ted
( a)
Unfaul ted bus
(
Z - Z
k
))

= _f
Faulted bus
'.
Z
k
k
"'
s
I I;
j li
(b)
Theveni n equ i val e nt bet ween buses C of syst em wi t h no prefaul t 1 0<l u current s: ( a) befor
e
uu r i ng t he fau l t cl osed).