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CONTENTS 1. 2. DEFINITION IN WHAT WAY THEY WORK

GETTING UNDER THE SKIN THE S4MS CHIP

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BIOCHIPS USED TO DETECT AND MONITOR DISEASES

CHIPS THAT FOLLOW FOOT STEPS OXY SENSORS BRAIN SURGERY WITH AN ON AND OFF SWITCH ADDING SOUND TO LIFE CLRION AND NUCLEUS EXPERIMENT WITH LOST SIGHT FENDING OFF DRUG RESISTANT TB WITH BIOCHIP

TECHNOLOGY

5. BIOCHIPS RAISE CRITICAL ISSUES OF PERSONAL PRIVACY 6. IMPLANTABLE BIOCHIPS THE END OF HUMAN FREEEDOM AND DIGNITY 7. TRULY EMBEDDED CHIPS. 8. ADVANTAGES 9. DISADVANTAGES

BIOCHIPS
Biochips were invented 9 years ago by gene scientist Stephen Fodor . In a flash of light he saw that photolithography, the process used to etch semi conductor circuits in to silicon could also be used to assemble particular DNA molecules on a chip. The human body is the next biggest target of chip makers . medical researchers have been working since a long period to integrate humans body and chips . In no time or at maximum within a short period of time Biochips can get implanted into the body of humans . So integration of humans and chips is achieved this way . Money and research has already gone into this area of technology .Anyway such implants are already being experimented with animals . A simple chip is being is being implanted into tens of thousands of animals especially pets.

DEFINITION:A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites (microarrays) Arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed At the same time inorder to achieve higher throughput and speed . Typically a biochips surface is no larger than a finger nail . Like A computer chip that can perform millions of mathematical operations In one second , a biochip can perform thousands of biological reactions Such as decoding genes , in a few seconds . A genetic biochip is designed to freeze into place the structures of many short strands of DNA ( deoxyribo nucleic acid ) , the basic chemical instruction that determines the characterstics of an organism . effectively , it is used as a kind of test tube for real chemical samples. A specially designed microscope can determine here the sample hybridised with DNA strands in the biochip.

IN WHAT WAY THEY WORK:The chips are of the size of an uncooked grain of rice small enough to be injected under the skin using a syringe needle . They respond to a signal from the detector , held just a few feet away by transmitting an identification number . This number is then compared with a database listing of registered pets . GETTING UNDER THE SKIN :Hausdorffs chips are external , but another chip currently under development will be injected under skin . The chips will allow diabetics to monitor the level of sugar glucose in their blood . Diabetics currently use a skin prick and a handheld blood test and then medicate themselves with insulin , depending on the result . The system is simple and works well , but drawing blood each time is pain full so patients do not test themselves as often as it is needed . THE S4MS CHIP:The new s4ms chip will get underneath the skin sense the glucose level and send the result back by radio frequency communication. A light emitting diode starts of the detection process . The light that it produces hits a fluorescent chemical : one that absorbs incoming light and re emits it at a longer wavelength . The longer wavelength of light is then detected , and the result is sent to a control panel outside the body . Glucose is detected, because the sugar reduces the amount of light that the florescent chemical re emits . the more glucose there is the less light that is detected. S4MS is still developing the perfect fluorescent chemical, but the key design innovation of the S4MS chip has been fully worked out. The idea is simple : the LED is sitting in a sea of the fluorescent molecules. In most detectors the light source is far away from the fluorescent molecules, and the inefficiencies that come with that mean more power and larger devices. The prototype S4MS chip 22 W LED, almost 40 times less powerful than the tiny power on buttons on a computer keyboard. The low

power requirements mean that energy can be supplied from the outside, by the process called induction. The fluorescent detection itself does not consume any chemicals or proteins, so the device is self sustaining. BIOCHIPS USED TO DETECT AND MONITOR DISEASES:CHIPS THAT FOLLOW FOOT STEPS : The civil debate over biochips has obscured their more ethically benign and medically useful applications . Jeffery housdoff of the Beth Israel deaconess medical center in Boston has used the type of pressure sensitive resistors found in the buttons of a microwave oven as stride timers .He places one sensor in the heel of a shoe and other in the ankle and adds a computer to the ankle to calculate the duration of each stride(step). Young healthy people can regulate the duration of each step very accurately , but elderly patients prone to frequent falls have extremely variable stride times . by using this information doctors can change their medication and ask them to do exercises . Hausdorff is also is also using the system to determine the success of treatment of congestive heart failure . By monitoring the number of strides that a person takes , he can directly measure the patients activity level , by passing the often flawed estimate made by patient . Oxy sensors The working model of an oxygen sensor uses the same layout. With its current circuitry it is about the size of a large shirt button, but the final silicon wafer will be less than a millimeter square. The oxygen sensor will be useful not only to monitor breathing in the intensive care units, but also to check that packages of food or containers of semi conductors stored under nitrogen gas, remain air tight. Another version of an oxygen sensing chip currently under development sends like pulses out into the body. The light is absorbed to varying extends, depending on how much oxygen is being carried in the blood, and this chip detects the light that is left. The rushes of blood pumped

by the heart or also detected, so the same chip is pulse monitor. The number of companies already make large scale versions of such detectors. This oxygen chip is perhaps about two years away, but the dimensions of another temperature sensing chip has been reduced to 3mm per side. The transition of certain semi conductors to their conducting state is inherently sensitive to temperature, so designing the sensor was simple enough. With some miniature radio frequency transmitters, and foam rubber earplugs to hold the chip in place, the device is complete. Applications range from sick children, to chemotherapy patience who can be plagued by sudden raises in body temperature in response to their anti cancer drugs. Brain Surgery with an on off switch Sensing and measuring is one thing, but can we switch the body on and off? Heart pace makers use the crude approach : large jolts of electricity to synchronize the pumping of the heart. The electric pulses of the Activa implant, made by US based medtronics or directed not at the heart but the brain, they turn off brain signals that cause the uncontrolled movements, or tremors, associated with diseases such as Parkinsons. Drug therapy for Parkinsons disease aims to replace the brain messenger, dopamine, the product of the brain cells that are dying. But eventually that drugs affects wear off, and the erratic movements come charging back. The activa implant , cleared for use in the US in AUG, 1997 is a new alternative that users high frequency electrical pulses to reversibly shut off the thalamus. The implementation surgery is far less traumatic than thalamotony And if there are any post operative problems the stimulator can simply be turned off. The implant primarily interferes with aberrant brain functioning. Adding Sound To Life The most ambitious bio engineers are today trying to add back brain functions, restoring sight and sound where there was darkness and silence. The success story in this field is the cochlear implant. Most hearing aids are

Glorified amplifiers, but the cochlear implant is for patients who have lost the hair cells that detect sound waves. For these individuals no amount of amplification is enough. The cochlear implant delivers electrical pulses directly to the nerve cells In the cochlea, the spiral-shaped structure that translates sound into nerve pulses. In normal hearing individuals, sound waves set up vibrations in the walls of the cochlea, and hair cells detect these vibrations. High frequency noises ( deep notes) vibrate the base of the cochlea, while low frequency notes vibrate nearer the top of the spiral. The implant mimics the job of the hair cells. It splits the frequencies of incoming noises into a number of channels ( typically eight) And then stimulates the appropriate part of the cochlea. Clarion and Nucleus the two most successful cochlear implants are the clarion ( developed at the university of California at San Francisco (UCSF) and Advanced Bionics Corporation of Sylmar in California) and the Nucleus ( developed at the University of Melbourne,Australis, and made by cochlear of Sydney, Australia). Upgrades largely focus on improving the speech processing software, which is operated by a minicomputer worn on the patients belt. Theoretically, increasing the number of channels( and electrodes) could improve sound perception. But speech is perceived in an area of the cochlea only 14mm long, and spacing the electrodes too close to each other causes signals to bleed from one channel to another. The result is a broad brush version of hearing.while some recipients of the devices report speech like sounds,many characterise their new world as being populated with quacking ducks or banging garbage cans. But the success is undeniable.currently two thirds to three quarters of patients (with more recent models) can understand speech without lip reading says Steve

Rebscher,a member of UCSF team.its pretty amazing , and certainly better than a lot of people anticipated these devices would do. EXPERIMENTS WITH LOST SIGHT:With the ear atleast partially conquered , the next logical target is the eye. Several groups are working on implantable chips that mimic the action of photo receptors , the light sensing cells at the back of the eye. Photo receptors are lost in retinitis pigmentosa , a genetic disease,and in age related macular degeneration , the most common cause of lost sight in the developed world. Joseph Rizzo of the Massachusetts eye and ear infirmary , and john Wyatt of the Massachusetts institute of technology have made a twenty electrode,1mm square chip,and implanted it at the back of rabbits eyes. The original chip,the thickness of human hair,put too much stress on the eyes the new version is ten times thinner. The final set up will include a fancy camera mounted on a pair of glasses.The camera will detect and encode the scene,then send it in to the eye as a ;laser pulse,with the laser also providing the energy to drive the chip. Rizzo has confirmed that his tiny array of light receivers(photo diodes) can generate enough electricity to run the chip.He has also found that the amount of electricity needed to fire a nerve cell into action is about hundred fold lower in the eye than in the ear,so the currents can be smaller,and the electrodes more closely spaced. For now,the power supply comes from a wire inserted directly into the eye and ,using this device , Rizzo has detected signals reaching the brain. Eugene de Juan of Johns Hopkins Wilmer eye Institute is trying to answer that question by using human subjects.His electrodes , inserted directly in to the eye , are large and some what crude .But his results have been startling . Completely blind patients have seen well defined flashes, which change in position and brightness as De Juan changes the position of the electrode for the amount of current. In his most recent experiments , patients have identified simple shapes out lined by multiple electrodes . With as little as an 8x8 array , de Juan

believes he could approximate character recognition, and a 25x25 array might give a crude image. The big money in eye implant is in Germany , where the government has pledged millions of US$.One is similar to the US projects in which chips are implanted on the surface of the retina,the structure at the back of the eye.the other project is putting its implants at the back of the retina where the photo receptors are normally found.These subretinal chips may block the transport of oxygen and food to the overlying nerve cells, so Everhart Zrenner of the university of Tubinger of Germany is developing chain mail electrode arrays, with plenty of holes for the delivery of supplies. FENDING OFF DRUG RESISTANT TB STRAINS WITH BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY:As tuberculosis threatens to make its come back shrouded in a drug resistent form ,a new biochip technology developed by Argonne National Laboratory and the Russian Academy of Sciences Englehardt Institute of Microbiology, may help stem a global epidemic. In October, Argonne will begin testing its biochips ability to distinguish between different TB strains.l The tests will be done on harmless segments of genetic material removed from TB bacteria. The biochips are designed to carry out thousands of biochemical reactions simultaneously, and have performed well in laboratory tests. But this will be their first test in the realm of real-world medical diagnostics. They chose TB for the test because new drug resistant strains have sprung up in Russia and can easily spread to the whole world, including US.If they can quickly identify specific strains, it will help doctors prescribe the best Treatments quickly and possibly help prevent a world wide academic. According to World Health Organization, TB kills more youth and adults than any other infectious disease, including AIDS and malaria combined. Every year, 7 to 8 million people become sick with the disease. Today, TB patients are often prescribed several antibiotics simultaneously because it takes weeks or months to identify specific TB

strains, and patients can die during this time. If our biochip can do the job, physicians can prescribe the most effective treatment without delay. If successful, these initial studies will set the precedent for similar evaluations of other bacterial and viral diseases. DRUG-RESISTANT TB Antibiotic resistance results from the natural selection of stronger bacteria over weaker ones. Stronger bacteria have mutated genes that confer antibiotic resistance. Because TB cells grow slowly,antiobiotics must be taken daily for atleast six months to ensure that all the bacteria are eliminated.If treatment is shortened or inconsistent, surviving bacteria-those most resistant to the treatment-can reproduce, passing their resistance on to their offspring. In impoverished nations, where people cannot afford months of medication, victims effectively become incubation chambers for new drugresistant strains. In some Russian institutions, roughly 80 percent of the TB patients were found resistant to atleast one antibiotic, and 50 percent showed multiple resistance. Although airborne, TB is not remarkably contagious compared to other viral and bacterial infections. With only one exposure, the bodys defenses normally keep the bacteria at bay, unless the immune system is weakened by a disease such as AIDS. However,with continued exposure, as when living with a person with active TB, someone can develop the disease quickly. BETTER, CHEAPER, FASTER Like computer chips, which perform millions of mathematical operations a second, Biochips can perform thousands of biological reactions in a few seconds. The Argonne/Englehardt biochip is essentially a glass side containing up to 10,000 tiny gel pads, each serving as a mini test-tube. Attached to each gel pad is a short strand of DNA, the unique set of blueprints that determine the building blocks of every living species. The information in DNA is encoded in long sequences of four molecular units, or bases

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adenine(A), cytosine(C), guanine(G) and thymine(T). The precise pairing of A on one strand with T on another strand and G with C, allows DNA to form its double helix. By fixing only one strand of the double helix to each gel pad, the chip employs the natural tendency of each DNA base to pair with its complementary base. When tests begin, a sample of unknown single strands of TB DNA will be spread on a chip and allowed to naturally pair up with single strands of known TB DNA already in the gels. A direct match will identify drug resistant TB strains. By changing the DNA samples in the gels, scientists can also use this technique to diagnose a unlimited range of other diseases quickly and efficiently. One of the biggest advantages of Argonnes Biochips, over conventional Biochips, is that they can be cleansed and reused up to 50 times, making them more economical than conventional biochip technology . Also, the gels greater size allows them to hold up to 1,000 times the material, making them more sensitive than any other biochip. In standard TB diagnostics, a patient must endure a number of tests. First, a skin test is done to determine if they had ever been exposed. Second, a chest X-ray is done to determine if TB has damaged any lung tissue. Finally, a throat culture is done to determine if the TB is still growing and what antibiotics it resists. Results from the throat culture alone can take a month. With the advanced biochip technology, wed be able to get all information we need in a couple of hours, Without any false positives. EVIDENCE OF SUCCESS The researchers have reason for being optimistic about this project. The fact that it has worked in one sample and it wasnt difficult to perform, shows us that this has a lot of potential, . The current round of tests will tell us more. However, bringing the test into the clinical setting is another giant leap. Were using DNA , not actual fluid from patients, But it does give us a good idea of the direction we want to go.

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If successful, they would move to a larger scale study with more patients and more conditions and then try to get it to work using fluid samples from active TB patients. Well be doing a full scale clinical diagnosis bit itll take years to get to the market, Considering that TB is becoming a global epidemic, some urgent steps must be taken to speed up the process. The first step is to figure out if this has a chance to work. BIOCHIPS RAISE CRITICAL ISSUES OF PERSONAL PRIVACY DNA microchips will soon be able to reveal to anyone an accurate profile of your personality and potential. In the new millennium there is a chance of loss of individual privacy, not in the sense of listening through key holes or reading my e-mail. Everyones mind has much more personal things. What everyone fears to lose in the coming decade is their private sense of self, that unique collection of foibles and strengths that make them a particular person. Before this decade ends, a simple sample of anyones blood, tested with a biochip, will quickly and cheaply yield a computer characterization of his genes, a summary that can reveal to any stranger the secrets of his innermost self. A biochip, also called a gene microarray, is a square of glass smaller than a postage stamp, covered with millions of strands of DNA like blades of grass. Think of the chip surface as a field of assembly sites, much as a TV screen is a field of colored dots. Just as a scanning beam moves over each individual TV dot instructing it to be red, green, or blue, so a scanning beam moves over each biochip spot, commanding the addition there of a base to a growing strand of DNA. A computer, by varying the wavelength of the scanning beam, determines which of four possible units, called nucleotides, is added to the growing DNA strand anchored to each spot. When the entire chip has been scanned, each DNA strand has been lengthened one nucleotide unit. The computer repeats the process, layer by layer, until each DNA strand is an entire gene or gene fragment. One biochip made in this way contains hundreds of thousands of specific gene sequences.

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How could you use such a biochip to delve into my genes? All you would have to do is to obtain a little of my DNA, say from a blood sample or even a bit of hair. Flush fluid containing my DNA over the biochip surface. Every place my DNA has a gene matching one of the biochip strands, it will stick to it in a way the computer can detect. Now here is where it gets interesting and scary. The mad rush to sequence the human genome is over. The gene research firm Celera announced Monday it has essentially completed the sequence, with over 90% of genes done. Already the researchers are busily comparing their consensus reference sequence to the DNA of individual people, and noting any differences they detect. Called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or snps, these spot differences in the identity of particular nucleotides record every way in which a particular individual differs from reference sequence. Some single nucleotide snips cause diseases like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. In my case, particular snps give me red hair and elevated levels of cholesterol in my blood. Everything genetic about me that is different from you is caused by a few thousand snps; otherwise you and I are identical. The scary part is snps on chips.researchers planned to have identified some 300,000 different snps by years end all of which could reside on a single biochip.when anyones DNA is flushed over a snp biochip , the sequences that light up will instantly reveal his snp profile.Every thing about him that makes him,every gene that might affect his health,my behavior ,his future potential all are there to be read by any stranger clever enough to interpret his profile.That much of what he is strongly affected by his genetic makeup.researchers have proved beyond any real dispute that intelligence and major personality traits like aggressiveness and inquisitiveness are about 80% inheritable. Ones snp profile will reflect all of this variation ,a table of contents of my chromosomes, a molecular windows to my soul. When millions of such snp profiles have been gathered and were talking years, not decades any computers worth keeping will be able to identify other individuals with profiles

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like mine, and, by examining health records, standard personality tests, and the like, correlate parts of my profile with particular traits. There is no place my identity can hide. Even behavioral characteristics involving many genes, which until now have been thought too complex to ever analyze, cannot resist a determined assault by a computer comparing snp profiles. All this lies in the future, but no far, Id wager. IMPLANTABLE BIOCHIPS END OF HUMAN FREEDOM AND DIGNITY:Will every American citizen soon be forced to receive a programmable biochip implant in their bodies? Will the biochip implant make possible the surveillance and tracking of people by ground sensors and satellites in the sky, linked together with a massive, super computer system? Texe Marrs documents that the United States government is working on such a system at this very moment. By the year 2000 it will be fully implemented. Many animals and some human beings are already having Biochips implanted. Almost all of the people with implants are unsuspecting victims. Biochips were surgically inserted in their arms, hands, foreheads, ears, brains, or buttocks without their knowledge. But U.S. and foreign intelligence agencies are taking this technology one giant step further. They fully intend to use Implantable Biochips to turn every man, woman, and child into a controlled slave. Through cybernetic, biochip brain implants, people will think and act exactly as pre-programmed. What a tremendous bonanza for the coming Antichrist ! Inject the chip into a man or womans brain and he or she instantly becomes a living vegetable and a subservient, New World Order Slave !. Implantable Biochips are getting smaller and more powerful(left). At right, a laboratory mouse has a biochip injected into its body. Implantable Biochips and The End of Human Freedom and Dignity exposes the government plot to wield this invasive, life destroying technology. Texe Marrs quotes an executive officer of the World Future Society ( 27,000 influential members) as saying : A biochip implant could be used in a variety of human applications A number could be assigned at birth and follow that

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person throughout life ..It would be implanted on the back of the right or left hand so that it would be easy to scan at stores. The biochip implant could also be used as a universal type of identification card. A top White House official addressing a high tech conference sponsored by IBM, stated : The smart card is a wonderful idea, but even better would be a chip in your ear.. We need to go beyond the narrow conceptualization of the smart card and really use some of the technology thats out there. Science News, an authoritative scientific journal, reports that, New electronic techniques have been developed to eavesdrop on the brain. The technique allows outsiders to influence the persons brain cell conversations and to talk directly with the individuals brain neurons. The Wall Street Journal says that a U.S. Naval research laboratory, funded by intelligence agencies, is now able to unite living brain cells with microchips.; some authorities fear that the Defense Departments intend to produce an army killer zombies ! One army expert alarmingly calls the new biochip implant a Frankenstein _ type weapon. TRULY EMBEDDED CHIPS:Media Medical And Industrial Complex had a long term plan to implant subcutaneous microprocessor for a variety of help , entertainment and communication purposes by acclimating a generation of prospective customers to such skin altering conditions.companies are seeding the market for their future offerings. This is the stuff of science fiction,but serious medical researchers are developing chips with tiny doses of medication that can be dispensed automatically,without the patient having to measure a dose or remember to take it at regular intervals. Talk about embedded software! The recent attention to bioinformatics where such rekindles the imagination about blend of bioscience and infotechnology may take us.

Adrenaline and BMSG will provide a due diligence service for investors and biotech companies ,offering independent analysis of ventures into bioinformatics,which they define as the art and science of using computational tools to find answers to biological questions.In other

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words they are looking at near term projects such as Genome and Molecular biology research as well as individualized medicine.Their collaborative work will help scientists and it professionals use data mining and knowledge management and process management to investigate biological frontiers. Vital stepping stones but not wondrous or delicious as the future potential applications of bioinfotech. Looking future ahead when implanted chips are programmed with telecommunications capability they can open new connectivity and entertainment options . Preserving that the first chips are receive only.They would become the ultimate pagers : delivering a unification or internal ping directly to human neurons. Eventually entertainment providers will begin to exploit this capability ,sending music or visceral experiences directly through chip.some programming may be tied to video shows , giving you the mosh-pit experiences while watching MTV or feeling the polar freeze while a discovery documentary about Antarctica.More probably porn merchants will be the first to capitalize on such in body experiences.So that watching a playboy channel show could also trigger the appropriate internal response among chip equipped viewers. Later the implemented microprocessor will be upgraded to two way capacity transmitting internal data back in the appropriate network through a wireless feed.The medical monitoring opportunities are immense but so are the tracking capabilities.It is the ultimate loss of personal privacy when your body is sending signals about where you are and what you are sending.? Several other roots towards bioinfotech connection are already being followed.Predictive network of Cambridge is developing biometric system used to identify which individuals interface with computer and media devices.Predictive networks is monitoring personal usage patterns (how individuals use specific keys and buttons ,including the speed and measure of finger close) to identify and categorize customer.Although its a major leap from such tracking of external behaviors to inserting a microprocessor under the skin, the eventual outcome could be the

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same:data gathering and response based on physical connection and the response. Bio-infotech seems to be a promising sector for the region-even across-river opportunity that would combine the bio-medical resources in Mary land with the Infotech strengths of Virginia . FUTURE:If people feel that they loose their privacy because of Biochips, they may resist use of it.But if they feel that it could help in a lot of ways like detecting,minitoring and curing of diseases they can use them intensively. So it is users of chip who determine its future . ADVANTAGES OF BIOCHIPS:1. TO RESCUE THE SICK 2. TO FIND LOST PEOPLE. 3. TO LOCATE DOWNED CHILDREN AND WANDERING ALZHEIMERS PATIENTS. 4.TO IDENTIFY PERSON UNIQUELY. 5. THEY CAN PERFORM THOUSANDS OF BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS OPERATIONS IN FEW SECONDS. 6. IN MONITORING HEALTH CONDITION OF INDIVIDUALS IN WHICH THEY ARE SPECIFICALLY EMPLOYED. 7. THEY CAN PERFORM THOUSANDS OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS. SIMULTANEOUSLY. DISADVANTAGES:1. THEY RAISE CRITICAL ISSUES OF PERSONAL PRIVACY. 2. THEY MARK THE END OF HUMAN FREEDOM AND DIGNITY. 3.THEY MAY NOT BE SUPPORTED BY LARGE % OF PEOPLE. 4.THERE IS A DANGER OF TURNING EVERY MAN ,WOMEN,AND CHILD INTO A CONTROLLED SLAVE.

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5.THROUGH CYBERNITIC BIOCHIP IMPLANTS PEOPLE WILL THINK AND ACT AS EXACTLY PRE-PROGRAMMED. 6.THEY CAN BE IMPLANTED INTO ONES BODY WITHOUT THEIR KNOWLEDGE.

REFERENCES:
IT MAGAZINE WHATIS.TECHTARGET .COM WWW.TEXEMARS.COM WWW.HOSPPRACT.COM WWW.ANL.GOV WWW.TECHWAY.WASHTECH.COM