Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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ALLAH,
• Introduction
• Environmental issues in ship design
– issue/problem
– human and environmental impacts
– Regulations buildup
– management options
• Environmental technology
• Ship design practice
• "It does not matter where on Earth you live, everyone
is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely,
living saltwater soup. There’s plenty of water in the
universe without life, but nowhere is there life without
water. The living ocean drives planetary chemistry,
governs climate and weather, and otherwise provides
the cornerstone of the life-support system for all
creatures on our planet, from deep-sea starfish to
desert sagebrush. That’s why the ocean matters. If the
sea is sick, we’ll feel it. If it dies, we die. Our future
and the state of the oceans are one."
• Sea Change A Message of the Oceans
• Sylvia Earle, 1995.
•
Man,
Man, Technology
Technology and
and Environment
Environment
• Man
• Biosphere
• The techno sphere
• The ocean
• The port
Main
Main treat
treat
• Freshwater supply and quality both surface and groundwater,
assessment of watersheds
• Risk and threats to human health due to collapse of ecosystem
health
• Pollution of the lower atmosphere due to combustion of fossil
fuels
and biomass burning
• Land/marine interaction (e.g., eutrophication)
• Environmental flashpoints/security; transboundary issues
• Nuclear waste issues
• Long-term and inter-annual climate change issues
• Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
• Endangered species and link with food security and economic
impacts
• Sanitation and waste due to urbanization
• Crosscutting issues of urbanization; i.e., related to megacities
• Quality of life (technologies to monitor, say, human health
impacts
from pollution in urban areas)
• Chemical and toxic substances
• Critical environmental zones; e.g., identification and early
warning of
problems like Aral Sea
General
General impact
impact areas
areas
• The alteration and destruction of
• habitats and ecosystems;
• The effects of sewage on human health;
• Widespread and increasing
eutrophication;
• The decline of living resources, such as
fish stocks;
• Changes in sediment flows due to
hydrological changes;
• The impacts of climate change,
including rising sea levels (GESAMP,
2001b).
High
High Probability
Probability and
and High-Impact
High-Impact Events
Events
• Loss of biodiversity
• Freshwater degradation
• Desertification and land degradation
• Deforestation and the unsustainable use of
forests
• Marine environment
• Resource degradation
• Damages due to disasters (the following
damages occur due to disasters):
• Loss of life, injury
• Destruction of property, resources and
heritage
• Disruption of supplies and services
• Cultural loss
• Environmental damages:
• Loss of biodiversity
• Depletion of natural resource bases
• Increased greenhouse gas emissions
• Constraints on meeting basic human needs of
adequate food, safe drinking water, energy, health
and security
Global
Global climate
climate change
change
Direct Discharges
Direct discharges are defined here to include
releases from vessels, discharges of municipal and Indirect discharge
industrial wastewater via pipelines, and dumping One to two-thirds of pollutants contributing to
of waste materials, such as dredged material, into the degradation of coastal and marine waters are
ocean waters from indirect sources, and include sediments,
nutrients, pathogens, and toxic compounds.
Pollutants from agricultural and pasture lands
• Oil pollution include sediments, fertilizers, pesticides,
• Chemical pollution herbicides, and animal wastes which contain
• Harmful substances in bacteria and nutrients
package form
• Sewage
• Ballast water
• Garbage
• emission Accidental Releases
• Dumping of wastes liquid, Because industrialized society depends on petroleum
solid) products to maintain its accustomed standard of living,
large volumes of petroleum are transported each day in
the coastal and marine environment.. Spills and leaks
cause the formation of tar balls, oil slicks, and tar mats,
and can impact the micro-layer, the benthos, the coast,
and marine life.
IMO
IMO get
get serious
serious -strategies
-strategies
12000
Cox
10000
NOx
8000
CHX
6000
HFC-134a
4000
HFC-227ea
2000 HFC-c-23a
0 CF
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Collision
Collision statistics
statistics in
in the
the straight
straight Malacca
Malacca (1975-
(1975-
1995)
1995)
Collision Contacts
Impact-
Impact- Bio-diversification
Bio-diversification
• The Marine Species Population Index provides an
assessment of the average change over time in the
populations of 217 species of marine mammals, birds,
reptiles, and fish. The index represents the average
value of six regional ocean indices. More pronounced
declines are seen in the southern oceans, which is
attributed to the fact that major losses and degradation
of marine ecosystems in the industrialized world took
place prior to
1970.
• Marine species are generally more difficult to monitor
than terrestrial ones. Assessments are therefore based
primarily on fishery catches, and the monitoring of
land breeding species (e.g. turtles, birds and seals).
However, these species are over-represented in the
index, which should have a far greater proportion of
invertebrate species.
IMO-
IMO- safety
safety is
is linked
linked to
to protection
protection
• the design limit for trim by the stern for a tanker is 0.015L in
accordance with Regulation 13 of MARPOL 73/78, Annex I. This
information, which is based on tests conducted in deepwater,
includes a turning circle diagram as well as tables showing time
and distance to stop the vessel from full and half-speed.
• IMO Resolution A601 (15), which was adopted in 1987,
contains recommendations for ensuring maneuvering
information is available on board ship.
• The 1995 Seafarers’ Training, Certification and Watch keeping
Code, Section A-VIII/2 part 3-1, and article 49 require the master
and pilot to “exchange information regarding navigation
procedures, local conditions and the ship’s characteristics.”
• A Marine Board study assessed the use of numerical simulation
technology to train mariners and concluded that while modeling
accuracy is sufficient for deep-water operations; modeling
requires refinement to provide the accuracy needed for shallow
and restricted water operations.
Sustainability
Sustainability and
and maritime
maritime
For example:
• Use of X rays has a high AQ (High
benefit, low
• risk)
• Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ
(Small benefit,
• high risk)
• Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No
benefit,
Risk
Risk Management
Management
Thank