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OECD Workshop on
2004 NHTV Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport, Breda, The Netherlands
European tourism
Conclusions
NHTV CSTT
The MuSTT project (Multi-stakeholder European Targeted Action for Sustainable Tourism & Transport) has been initiated by DG Enterprise. Consortium: PriceWaterhouseCoopers, NEA, DTV Consultancy, IWW and NHTV/CSTT
Project objective: uncoupling growth of tourism and of transport encourage innovative practices to enhance sustainable development
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Tourism: all trips more than one night, but less than one year for leisure and holiday, business and visits to friends and relatives.
Malta and Cyprus from WTO data assuming 100% air transport;
Coach and ferries estimated from Eurostat data and taken from the ROAD transport mode of TEN-STAC.
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Central/Eastern Europe Western Europe Northern Europe Europe 0% 20% 40% 60% Visting friends/relatives 80% 100% Business
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Leisure/holidays
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1%
2% 31%
8%
7%
8%
55% 5% 7%
Source: Eurostat (left) and MuSTT model (right); figures for 2001
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100%
80%
60%
40%
0%
120
100
80
60
40
20
60
50
40
30
20
10
Car
25%
5% 68%
2%
Rail/road noise dominated by Car other purposes and freight. Coach Rail Noise is logarithmic: halving Air volume is just perceptible.
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EU Tourism trips
8%
1%
27%
EU Tourism transport
24%
9%
2%
32%
14%
23%
9%
2%
3% EU25 citizens departures (PM emissions) 1% Domestic EU15 EU10 57% Other Europe ICA
2%
37%
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EU Tourism trips
27%
Rail
5%
2%
7%
EU Tourism transport
55% Air 4% 1% 3%
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Air
77%
56% Air 2% 4% 1%
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4%
0%
5%
Ferry
Rail
Air 85%
2 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 International Total
Domestic
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Growth of trips, pkm and CO2-e for Intra EU-plus tourism (2000=1.0)
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
0,8
0,6
0,4
Domestic
Tourism sector world-wide depends economically on individual leisure time budget and spending per night; not on OD-transport distance.
Impacts of war, terrorism and infectious diseases are generally temporary (Martin Mowford).
Increased availability of cheap high speed (air) transport is main driver behind tourism transport growth.
Current tourism trends - more frequent, more by air and further away - cause stronger growth of environmental impacts, even stronger than the economic growth of the sector.
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LCCs competing in two ways: directly taking away passengers from coach and (high speed) rail and taking passengers over much larger distances for shorter and more frequent breaks (even one-day returns). This means 10-20 times the environmental impact per trip day.
Second homes are purchased at longer distances (low cost carrier homes) near LCC destinations.
Domestic tourism has largest share (59%) of in number of trips by EU-25 tourists; intercontinental only 6%.
The main tourism flows are directed north-south within Europe, main destinations being France, Spain and Italy.
Domestic tourism is car oriented, while international tourism is air oriented; rail, coach and ferry have small shares.
Tourism share of all passenger transport is about 17% of total, except for air with >80% and ferry with 60%.
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Domestic tourism is relatively sustainable; ICA is unsustainable; intra EU25 comes in between.
Tourism energy consumption and impact on climate change is dominated by air transport.
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