InTech-Uwb Ultra Wideband Wireless Communications Uwb Printed Antenna Design

UWB (Ultra wideband) wireless communications: UWB Printed Antenna Design 107
X

UWB (UItra wideband) wireIess
communications: UWB Printed Antenna Design

AldaIIah AIshehri
Saui Aramcc
Saui Ara|ia

1. Introduction

The adniralIe lenefils of a vireIess IifeslyIe have resuIled in a huge denand for advanced
vireIess connunicalions. The quick-lenpered grovlh of lhe vireIess connunicalion narkel
is expecled lo conlinue in lhe fulure since lhe cIain of aII vireIess services is increasing. Nev
vireIess generalions syslens endeavor lo provide high dala rales as veII as a vide range of
appIicalions Iike video and dala lo lhe porlalIe users vhiIe suppIying as nany users as
possilIe. Hovever, lhis lrend is Iiniled ly avaiIalIe resources Iike speclrun, pover and
coexislence of vireIess devices. Thus, innovalive lechnoIogies, lhal can coexisl vilh devices
operaling on lhe crovded lands, are required lo overcone lhe Iiniled landvidlh and provide
high dala rales |ArsIan, el aI., 2OO6j.

In Ielruary 2OO2, IederaI Connunicalions Connission (ICC) reIeased a vide nev unIicensed
speclraI land of 7.5 CHz for lhe connerciaI operalion of uIlra videland (UW) lechnoIogy
|ICC, 2OO2j. Since lhen, UW has has leen considered as one of lhe nosl pronising vireIess
lechnoIogies lo revoIulionize high dala rale lransnission. UW lechnoIogy has offered unique
advanlages nol achievalIe ly convenlionaI narrovland lechnoIogy. These advanlages are
Iov pover consunplion, high speed lransnission, innunily lo nuIli-palh propagalion, and
sinpIe hardvare configuralion |WenlzIoff, el aI., 2OO5j.

UW connunicalion lechniques have allracled a greal deaI of inleresl lolh in lhe acadenia and
induslry in lhe pasl fev years lecause of lhe high neril of lheir advanlages. AII WireIess
syslens and appIicalions incIuding UW ones need a nean of lransferring energy or signaI
fron lhe apparalus lo free space in lhe forn of eIeclronagnelic vaves or vice versa vhich is
an anlenna. Il has leen recognized as a crilicaI eIenenl of lhe successfuI design of any
vireIess device since lhe vireIess syslens are highIy dependenl on lheir anlenna
characlerislics. ased on lhal, UW anlennas have leen an inporlanl and aclive area of
research and have presenled anlenna engineers vilh najor design chaIIenges |AIshehri,
2OO8j.

In lhis chapler, lhe foIIoving lopics are discussed. Iirsl, an inlroduclion lo UW lechnoIogy
is presenled in lerns of ils hislory, definilion, advanlages and appIicalions. Second, lhe
7
Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 108

inporlance of UW anlennas is highIighled. Nexl, lhe najor requirenenls for a suilalIe
UW anlenna are discussed. Then, severaI generaI nelhods lo achieve a vide landvidlh
are presenled. Afler lhal, an overviev on UW anlennas incIuding UW pIanar nonopoIe
anlennas and UW prinled anlennas is provided. Then, lvo noveI designs of UW prinled
anlennas are inlroduced and invesligaled. efore ve discuss lhese anlenna designs in
grealer delaiI, ve firsl inlroduce lhe nunericaI lechnique and ils soflvare package uliIized
lo caIcuIale lhe eIeclronagnelic perfornance of lhe proposed anlennas. The designs,
oplinizalions, and sinuIalions are conducled using lhe Ansofl High Irequency Slruclure
SinuIalor (HISS). Il vorks lased on lhe Iinile LIenenl Melhod (ILM). Afler lhal, lhe
design and falricalion of lvo noveI UW prinled anlennas are presenled in delaiIs. The
slrucluraI properlies and perfornance characlerislics of lhese anlennas are invesligaled via
nunericaI sinuIalions and verified ly neasurenenls. The design process, paranelric sludy,
oplinizalion as veII as sinuIaled and neasured resuIls, such as relurn Ioss, radialion
characlerislics and gain are provided.

1.1 UWB history
Nov, UIlra Wideland lechnoIogy is a polenliaIIy vialIe-revoIulionary approach lo vireIess
connunicalion hovever il is cerlainIy nol a nev concepl. UW syslens have leen
hisloricaIIy lased on inpuIse radio since il has lransnilled very high dala rales ly sending
puIses of energy inslead of using a narrovland frequency carrier |Liang, 2OO6j. The concepl
of inpuIse radio dales lack lo lhe puIse-lased spark-gap radio deveIoped ly CugIieIno
Marconi in lhe Iale 18OOs |Siviak & McKeovn, 2OO4j. Il vas used for severaI decades lo
lransnil Morse code lhrough lhe airvaves. ul, il aIso caused slrong inlerference lo
narrovland radio syslens, vhich vere deveIoped in lhe earIy 19OOs. ConsequenlIy, ly
1924, lhe connunicalions vorId alandoned videland connunicalion in preference of
narrovland connunicalion lhal vas easy lo reguIale and coordinale |Schanlz, 2OO3j.

In lhe Iale 196Os, significanl research vas conducled ly anlenna designers, incIuding
Runsey and Dyson |Runsey, 1957: Dyson, 1959j, vho deveIoped Iogarilhnic spiraI
anlennas, and Ross, vho appIied inpuIse neasurenenl lechniques lo lhe design of
videland, radialing anlenna eIenenls |Ross, 1968j. As a resuIl of lhese anlenna advances,
lhe deveIopnenl of shorl puIse radar and connunicalions syslens had legun. In 1973, lhe
firsl UW connunicalions palenl vas avarded for lhe shorl-puIse receiver |Ross, 1973j. Ior lhe
nearIy 4O year period of 196O-1999, over 2OO papers vere pulIished in accrediled ILLL
journaIs and nore lhan 1OO palenls vere fiIed on lopics reIaled lo uIlra videland lechnoIogy
|arrell, 2OOOj.

On felruary 14
lh
, 2OO2, ICC pernilled lhe connerciaI operalion of UW lechnoIogy |ICC,
2OO2j. Afler lhis officiaI pernission, research inleresl has exponenliaIIy grovn vilh severaI
researchers expIoring RI, circuil, syslen and anlenna designs reIaled lo UW lechonIogy.
AIso, severaI induslriaI conpanies have slarled invesling in order lo deIiver revoIulionary
high-speed, shorl range dala lransfers and higher quaIily of services lo lhe user |IoveII,
2OO4j.


1.2 UWB definition
UIlra-Wideland is a vireIess connunicalion lechnoIogy lhal lransnils an exlreneIy Iov
pover signaI over an exlreneIy vide svalh of radio speclrun lo deIiver very high
lransnission rales. Il lransnils and receives puIse-lased vaveforns conpressed in line
inslead of sinusoidaI vaveforns conpressed in frequency. Iigure 1 depicls lhe equivaIence
of a narrovland puIse in lhe line donain lo a signaI of very vide landvidlh in lhe
frequency donain. AIso, il reveaIs lhe equivaIence of a sinusoidaI signaI in line donain lo a
very narrov puIse in lhe frequency donain |IoveII, 2OO4j.

Iig. 1. The equivaIence of puIse-lased vaveforns conpressed in line lo a signaI of very
vide landvidlh in lhe frequency donain |IoveII, 2OO4j

In Ielruary 14
lh
, 2OO2, The ICC aIIocaled an unIicensed landvidlh fron 3.1 CHz lo 1O.6
CHz lo UW appIicalions, vhich vas lhe Iargesl speclrun for unIicensed use lhe ICC has
ever granled. According lo lhe ICC ruIings, UW operalion is defined as any lransnission
schene lhal occupies a fraclionaI landvidlh grealer lhan or equaI lo O.2, or a signaI
landvidlh grealer lhan or equaI lo 5OO MHz |ICC, 2OO2j.

1.3 UWB advantages
Due lo lhe uIlra videland nalure, UW offers severaI nolivaling advanlages lhal quaIify il
lo le a nore allraclive soIulion lo lroadland vireIess, radar connunicalions and nany
appIicalions lhan olher lechnoIogies |Liang, 2OO6j. The exlreneIy Iarge landvidlh provided
ly UW gives lhe polenliaI of very high capacily resuIling very high dala rales. Il can provide
hundreds of Mlps or even severaI Clps vilh dislances of 1 lo 1O nelers |Oppernann, el aI.,
2OO4j. UW connunicalion syslens lransnil signaIs vilh exlreneIy Iov speclraI pover
densily. y spIilling lhe pover of lhe signaI across UW speclrun, lhe effecl is leIov lhe
acceplalIe noise fIoor on any frequency. ConsequenlIy, UW signaIs do nol produce harnfuI
inlerference lo olher coexisling vireIess syslens in lhe sane frequency speclrun
|Sirivongpairal, 2OO5j.

Olher neril of UW incIudes Iov pover lransnission and roluslness againsl
eavesdropping since lhe UW signaI appears as noise-Iike signaI. UW aIso offers greal
fIexiliIily of speclrun usage. In facl, lhis syslen can le designed as a funclion of lhe
required dala rale, range, pover, quaIily-of-service, and user preference. y lrading-off
anong lhese paranelers, il can provide lhe required serivce lased on lhe appIicalions lypes

or provide service for nuIlipIe appIicalions vilh a diversily of requirenenls devoid of
addilionaI hardvares |ArsIan, el aI., 2OO6j.

1.4 UWB appIications
As nenlioned in lhe previous seclion, UW offers nany eIeganl advanlages and lenefils lhal
are very allraclive for a vide variely of appIicalions. UW is leing largeled as a calIe
repIacenenl lechnoIogy since il has lhe polenliaI for very high dala rales using very Iov pover
al very Iiniled range. Il nakes UW lecane parl of lhe vireIess vorId, incIuding vireIess
hone nelvorking, high-densily use in lusiness cores, vireIess speakers, vireIess US, high-
speed WIAN, vireIess sensors nelvorks, vireIess leIenelry, and leIenedecine |ArsIan, el aI.,
2OO6j.

Due lo lhe exceIIenl line resoIulion and accurale ranging capaliIily of UW, il can le used in
posilioning and lracking appIicalions such as vehicuIar radar syslens for coIIision avoidance,
guided parking, elc. The UW capaliIilies of naleriaI penelralion aIIovs UW lo le used for
radar inaging syslens, incIuding ground penelralion radars, vaII radar inaging, lhrough-vaII
radar inaging, surveiIIance syslens, and nedicaI inaging |Oppernann, el aI., 2OO4j. UW
radars can delecl a persons lrealh lenealh rullIe or nedicaI diagnoslics vhere X-ray syslens
nay le Iess desiralIe |Liang, 2OO6j.

1.5 Why UWB antennas
The allraclive nalure of UW coupIed vilh lhe rapid grovlh in vireIess connunicalion
syslens has nade UW an oulslanding candidale lo repIace lhe convenlionaI and popuIar
vireIess lechnoIogy in use loday Iike Iueloolh and vireIess LANs.

A Iol of research has leen conducled lo deveIop UW LNAs, nixers and enlire fronl-ends
lul nol lhe sane anounl of research has iniliaIIy leen done lo deveIop UW anlennas.
Laler |Tsai & Wang, 2OO4, Lee, el aI., 2OO4j, acadenic and induslriaI connunilies have
reaIized lhe lradeoffs lelveen anlenna design and lransceiver conpIexily. In generaI, vhen
nev advanced vireIess lransnission lechniques have leen inlroduced, lhe lransceiver
conpIexily has increased. To naxinize lhe perfornance of lransceiver vilhoul changing ils
coslIy archileclure, advanced anlenna design shouId le used since lhe anlenna is an inlegraI
parl of lhe lransceiver. AIso, il has pIayed a cruciaI roIe lo increase lhe perfornance and
decrease lhe conpIexily of lhe overaII lransceiver |AIshehri, 2OO4j.

In addilion, lhe lrend in nodern vireIess connunicalion syslens, incIuding UW lased
syslens, are lo luiId on snaII, Iov-profiIe inlegraled circuils in order lo le conpalilIe vilh
lhe porlalIe eIeclronic devices. Therefore, one of lhe crilicaI issues in UW syslen design is
lhe size of lhe anlenna for porlalIe devices, lecause lhe size affecls lhe gain and landvidlh
grealIy. The use of a pIanar design can ninialurize lhe voIune of lhe UW anlennas ly
repIacing lhree-dinensionaI radialors vilh lheir pIanar versions. AIso, lheir lvo-
dinensionaI (2D) geonelry nakes lhe falricalion reIaliveIy easy. As a resuIl, lhe pIanar
anlenna can le prinled on a IC and lhus inlegraled easiIy inlo RI circuils |Chen, el aI.,
2OO7j.


2. UItra Wideband Antenna Requirements

There are furlher chaIIenges in designing a UW anlenna as conpared lo a narrovland one.
A UW anlenna is differenl fron olher anlennas in lerns of ils uIlra vide frequency
landvidlh. According lo lhe ICCs definilion, a suilalIe UW anlenna shouId provide an
alsoIule landvidlh no Iess lhan 5OO MHz or a fraclionaI landvidlh of al Ieasl O.2. This is
lhe nininun landvidlh lul generaIIy lhe UW anlenna shouId operale over lhe enlire 3.1-
1O.6 CHz frequency range resuIling in spanning 7.5 CHz |Liang, 2OO6, Yang & Ciannakis,
2OO4j.

The UW anlenna perfornance is required lo le consislenl over lhe vhoIe equipped land.
IdeaIIy, anlenna radialion pallerns, gains and inpedance nalching shouId le slalIe across lhe
enlire land |Wong, el aI. 2OO5j. The radialion efficiency is anolher significanl properly of lhe
UW anlenna. Since lhe lransnil pover speclraI densily is exlreneIy Iov in UW syslens,
high radialion efficiency is required lecause any unvarranled Iosses incurred ly lhe
anlenna couId affecl lhe funclionaIily of lhe syslen |Liang, 2OO6j.

A suilalIe anlenna shouId le physicaIIy conpacl and preferalIy pIanar lo le conpalilIe lo
lhe UW unil, especiaIIy in noliIe and porlalIe devices. Il is aIso grealIy desired lhal lhe
anlenna allrilules Iov profiIe and conpaliliIily for inlegralion vilh a prinled circuil loard
(IC) |Liang, 2OO6j.

IinaIIy, a UW anlenna shouId achieve good line donain characlerislics. In narrovland
syslens, an anlenna has noslIy lhe sane perfornance over lhe enlire landvidlh and
fundanenlaI paranelers, such as gain and relurn Ioss lhal have sIighl discrepancy across lhe
operalionaI land. Quile lhe opposile, UW syslens occupy huge operalionaI landvidlh and
oflen uliIize very shorl puIses for dala lransnission. ConsequenlIy, lhe anlenna has a nore
crilicaI inpacl on lhe inpul signaI. Indeed, nininun puIse dislorlion in lhe received
vaveforn is a nain concern of a suilalIe UW anlenna in order lo provide a good signaI lo
lhe syslen |Wong, el aI. 2OO5j.

3. Methods to Achieve Wide Bandwidth

As discussed in previous seclion, operaling landvidlh is one of lhe nosl essenliaI
paranelers of an anlenna. Il is aIso lhe nain characlerislic lhal dislinguishes a UW anlenna
fron olher anlennas. HisloricaIIy, a Iol of efforl has leen nade lovard designing lroadland
anlennas such as lhe heIicaI anlenna, liconicaI anlenna and Iog periodic anlenna. Mosl of
lhese anlennas are designed for carrier-lased syslens hovever lheir landvidlh is sliII
considered narrovland in lhe UW sense. NeverlheIess, lhe design lheory and experience
associaled vilh lhese anlennas are very usefuI in designing UW anlennas |Lu, 2OO6j.
AccordingIy, severaI nelhods have leen enpIoyed lo viden lhe operaling landvidlh for
differenl lypes of anlennas |Liang, 2OO6j. Sone of lhese nelhods are expIained in lhe
foIIoving sulseclions.


3.1 The concept of frequency independence
The pallern radialion and lhe inpedance characlerislic of any anlenna can le delernined ly
ils specific shape and size in lerns of vaveIenglh al a given operaling frequency. Hovever,
a frequency independenl anlenna is an anlenna lhal does nol change ils properlies vhen ils
size has changed. This vas firsl inlroduced ly Viclor Runsey in lhe 195Os |Runsey, 1957j.
According lo Runsey's principIe, lhe inpedance and pallern properlies of any anlenna viII
le frequency independenl if lhe anlenna geonelry is specified onIy in lerns of angIes
irrespeclive of any parlicuIar dinensions. Ior lhis concepl, lhere are lasicaIIy lhree principIes
lo achieve frequency independenl characlerislics. They are snoolhing principIe as in lhe
liconicaI anlenna, conlining principIe as in lhe Iog-periodic anlenna and seIf-
conpIenenlarily principIe such as lhe case of spiraI anlenna |AIshehri, 2OO8j.

3.2 The concept of overIapping resonances
In generaI, a resonanl anlenna has narrov landvidlh since il has onIy one resonance.
Hovever, lhe conlinalion of lvo or nore resonanl parls, each one operaling al ils ovn
resonance vhiIe Iiving cIoseIy spaced logelher, nay generale overIapping of nuIlipIe
resonances resuIling in nuIli-land or lroadland perfornance. AcluaIIy, lhe lvo resonanl
parls lechnique has leen lroadIy appIied in anlenna design, especiaIIy for noliIe handsel
anlennas lhal are required lo operale al diverse vireIess lands. The lvo resonanl parls can
le conlined eilher in paraIIeI |Chen & Chen, 2OO4j, or one vorks as lhe passive radialor and
lhe olher as parasilic eIenenl |Muscal & Iarini, 2OO1j. Hovever, lhere is a nain disadvanlage
of lhis concepl. Il can nol provide conslanl radialion pallerns over lhe operalionaI landvidlh
since lhe pallerns differ fron each olher al differenl frequencies.

In lheory, an uIlra vide landvidlh can le allained ly using a sufficienl nunler of resonanl
parls provided lhal lheir resonances can le veII-overIapped. NeverlheIess, il is nore difficuIl
lo praclicaIIy ollain inpedance nalching over lhe enlire landvidlh vhen lhere are nore
resonanl parls. Iurlhernore, lhe anlenna slruclure viII le furlher conpIicaled and expensive
lo falricale. In addilion, il is hard lo have conslanl radialion characlerislics vhen using
nuIlipIe radialing eIenenls |Liang, 2OO6j.

3.3 The concept of increasing the radiator surface area
The convenlionaI nonopoIe is veII-knovn anlenna. Il is conposed of a slraighl vire
perpendicuIar lo a ground pIane. Il is one of lhe nain anlennas used videIy in vireIess
connunicalion syslens due lo ils greal advanlages. These advanlages incIude sinpIe
slruclure, Iov cosl, onni-direclionaI radialion pallerns and ease for nalching lo 5OD syslen
|aIanis, 2OO5j. The -1Od relurn Ioss landvidlh of slraighl vire nonopoIe is naluraIIy
around 1O - 2O , lased on lhe radius-lo-Ienglh ralio of lhe nonopoIe |Liang, 2OO6j.

The landvidlh of lhe nonopoIe anlenna increases vilh lhe increase of lhe radius-lo-Ienglh
ralio. This neans lhal vhen lhe radius increases, lhe landvidlh viII increase. In olher
vords, lhe Iarger surface area (i.e. lhicker nonopoIe) viII Iead lo a vider landvidlh due lo
lhe increase of lhe currenl area and lhus lhe radialion resislance is increased |Rudge, el aI. 1982j.
ased on lhe concepl of increasing lhe radialor surface area, inslead of enIarging lhe radius
of lhe convenlionaI nonopoIe, lhe vire is repIaced vilh a pIanar pIale yieIding a pIanar

nonopoIe. y using lhis lechnique, lhe landvidlh can le grealIy enIarged. This pIanar pIale
can le designed using severaI shapes such as square, circIe, lriangIe, lrapezoid, ishops Hal
and so on |Annann & Chen, 2OO3, AgravaII, el aI., 1998j.

Many sludies and anaIyses have leen perforned on lhe various shapes of lhe pIanar
nonopoIe anlennas in order lo undersland lheir physicaI perfornance and lo acquire
enough knovIedge of lheir operaling principIes. One sludy used lhe Theory of
Characlerislic Modes lo delernine hov lhe pIanar nonopoIe shape affecls lhe inpul
landvidlh perfornance of lhe anlenna. Characlerislic nodes (}n) are lhe reaI currenl nodes
on lhe surface of lhe anlenna lhal depend on ils shape and size lul are independenl of lhe
feed poinl. These currenl nodes produce a cIose and orlhogonaI sel of funclions lhal can le
used lo deveIop lhe lolaI currenl. To characlerize lhe eIeclronagnelic lehavior of eIeclricaIIy
snaII and inlernediale size anlennas, onIy a fev nodes are needed, so lhe prolIen can le
sinpIified ly onIy considering lvo or lhree nodes. This lheory vas used lo anaIyze
differenl pIanar nonopoIe geonelries such as square, reverse lov-lie, lov-lie and circuIar
shapes. As a resuIl of lhis anaIysis, lhe firsl characlerislic node }
1
vas found lo le siniIar lo
lhal of a lraveIing vave node and ils infIuence on lhe anlenna inpedance nalching exlends
lo high frequencies. Then, lo ollain lroad inpul landvidlh perfornance, il is necessary lo
ollain a veII-nalched lraveIing node vhich can le achieved ly reinforcing lhe verlicaI
currenl dislrilulion (node }
1
) and nininizing horizonlaI currenl dislrilulions (node }
2
).
This can le acconpIished ly using differenl lechniques as viII le discussed Ialer |alaIIer,
el aI. 2OO6j.

A fev sinpIe fornuIas have leen reporled lo predicl lhe frequency corresponding lo lhe
Iover edge of lhe -1O d relurn Ioss inpedance landvidlh for differenl shapes of lhe
nonopoIe anlennas |AgravaII, el aI., 1998, Lvans, Anunann, 1999j. Hovever, lhe prediclion
of lhe upper edge frequency requires fuII-vave anaIysis. AIso, il is found lhal lhe upper
edge frequency depends on lhe parl of lhe pIanar eIenenl near lo lhe ground pIane and feed
prole vhere lhe currenl densily concenlrales. Thus, differenl lechniques are proposed lo
conlroI lhe upper edge frequency such as leveIing lhe square eIenenl on one or lolh sides
of lhe feed prole |Annann, 2OO1j.

3.4 Techniques to improve the pIanar antenna bandwidth
Sone shapes Iike lhe square and circuIar pIanar nonopoIe anlennas have a dravlack of a
reIaliveIy snaII inpedance landvidlh |Annann & Chen, 2OO4j. ConsequenlIy, severaI
lechniques have leen suggesled lo inprove lhe anlenna landvidlh.

Iirsl, lhe radialor nay le designed in differenl shapes. Ior inslance, lhe radialors nay have
a leveI or snoolh lollon or a pair of leveIs lo ollain good inpedance nalching. The
oplinizalion of lhe shape of lhe lollon porlion of lhe anlenna can Iead lo lhe veII-nalched
lraveIing node |Annann & Chen, 2OO3j.

SecondIy, a differenl lype of sIol cul nay le inserled in lhe radialors lo inprove lhe
inpedance nalching, parlicuIarIy al higher frequencies, |Chen, el aI., 2OO3j. The effecl of
sIols cul fron lhe radialors is lo vary lhe currenl dislrilulion in lhe radialors in order lo
change currenl palh and lhe inpedance al lhe inpul poinl. esides, using an asynnelricaI

slrip al lhe lop of lhe radialor can decrease lhe heighl of lhe anlenna and inprove
inpedance nalching |Cai, el aI., 2OO5j.

ThirdIy, a parliaI ground pIane and feed gap lelveen lhe parliaI ground pIane and lhe
radialor nay le used lo enhance and conlroI lhe inpedance landvidlh. The feed gap
nelhod is cruciaI for ollaining videland characlerislics and il parlicuIarIy affecls node }
1

(lhe verlicaI currenl dislrilulion) resuIling in lhe veII-nalched lraveIing node |AgravaII, el
aI., 1998j. AIso, a culling sIol in lhe ground pIane lenealh lhe nicroslrip Iine can le used lo
enhance lhe landvidlh |Huang & Hsia, 2OO5j. In addilion, a nolch cul fron lhe radialor nay
le used lo conlroI inpedance nalching and lo reduce lhe size of lhe radialor. The nolch cul
significanlIy affecls lhe inpedance nalching, especiaIIy al Iover frequencies. Il aIso reduces
lhe effecl of lhe ground pIane on lhe anlenna perfornance |Chen, el aI., 2OO7j.

IourlhIy, culling lvo nolches in lhe lollon porlion of reclanguIar or square radialors can le
used lo furlher inprove inpedance landvidlh since lhey infIuence lhe coupIing lelveen
lhe radialor and lhe ground pIane. AIso, lransilion sleps nay le used lo enhance lhe
landvidlh ly allaining snoolh inpedance lransilion lelveen lhe radialor and feeding Iine
|Lee, el aI., 2OO5j.

IinaIIy, severaI nodified feeding slruclures nay le used lo enhance lhe landvidlh. y
oplinizing lhe Iocalion of lhe feed poinl, lhe anlenna inpedance landvidlh viII le furlher
lroadened since lhe inpul inpedance is varied vilh lhe Iocalion of lhe feed poinl |Annann
& Chen, 2OO4j. A shorling pin can le used lo reduce lhe heighl of lhe anlenna as used in a
pIanar inverled L-shaped anlenna |Lee,el aI., 1999j. A doulIe-feed slruclure highIy enhances
lhe landvidlh, especiaIIy al higher frequencies |Daviu, el aI., 2OO3j.

4. Overview on UItra Wideband Antennas

Differenl kinds of videland anlennas are designed, each vilh ils advanlages and
disadvanlages. The hislory of videland anlennas dales lack lo lhose anlennas designed ly
OIiver Lodge in 1897. Laler, lhey Ied lo sone of lhe nodern uIlra-videland anlennas. These
anlennas vere earIy versions of lov-lie and liconicaI anlennas vhich had significanl
videland properlies. In lhe 193Os and 194Os, nore lypes of videland anlennas vere
designed, such as sphericaI dipoIe conicaI and reclanguIar horn anlennas. In lhe 196Os, olher
cIasses of videland anlennas vere proposed such as videland nolch anlennas, eIIipsoid
nono and dipoIe anlennas, nicroslrip anlennas and lapered sIol and VivaIdi-lype anlennas.
AIso, frequency independenl anlennas vere appIied lo videland design Iike pIanar Iog-
periodic sIol anlennas, lidireclionaI Iog-periodic anlennas and Iog-periodic dipoIe arrays
|Dollo, 2OO5j.

The videland characlerislics of lhese anlennas depend on lvo nain anlenna fealures, vhich
are lhe geonelry shape and lhe dieIeclric naleriaI lype, if any. The anlenna landvidlh is affecled
ly lhe inpedance nalch lelveen lhe feeding circuil and free space. The landvidlh of lhese
anlennas fIucluales significanlIy, fron hundreds of MHz lo lens of CHz lased on lhe
anlenna design |Dollo, 2OO5j. Hovever, lhese anlennas are rareIy used in porlalIe devices
and are difficuIl lo le inlegraled in nicrovave circuils lecause of lheir luIky size or

direclionaI radialion. AIlernaliveIy, pIanar nonopoIes, dipoIes or disc anlennas have leen
inlroduced due lo lheir vide landvidlhs and snaII size. The earIiesl pIanar dipoIe is lhe
rovn-Woodvard lovlie anlenna, vhich is a pIanar version of a conicaI anlenna |Chen, el
aI., 2OO6j.

4.1 UItra wideband pIanar monopoIe antennas
IIanar nonopoIe anlennas are conslrucled fron a verlicaI radialing nelaIIic pIale over a
ground pIane fed ly a coaxiaI prole. Il can le forned in differenl shapes such as
reclanguIar, lrianguIar, circuIar or eIIiplicaI. The nain fealures of lhese shapes are lheir
sinpIe geonelry and conslruclion. IIanar nonopoIe anlennas have leen expIored
nunericaIIy and experinenlaIIy and have shovn lo exhilil very vide landvidlh |Schanlz,
2OO3, Annann & Chen, 2OO3j.

A circuIar nonopoIe anlenna yieIds a lroader inpedance landvidlh as conpared lo a
reclanguIar nonopoIe anlenna vilh siniIar dinensions. This is lecause lhe circuIar pIanar
nonopoIe is nore graduaIIy lenl avay fron lhe ground pIane lhan lhe reclanguIar
nonopoIe. This provides snoolh lransilion lelveen lhe radialor and feed Iine resuIling in a
vider inpedance landvidlh |Azenui, 2OO7j.

The pIanar nonopoIes, suspended in space againsl ground pIane, are nol suilalIe for
prinled circuil loard appIicalions due lo lheir verlicaI configuralion. Hovever, lhey can le
veII nalched lo lhe feeding Iine over a Iarge frequency land (2 - 2O CHz) vilh gain of 4 - 6
di. ul lhey suffer fron radialion pallern degradalion al higher operalion frequencies
|Chen, el aI. 2OO6j. Therefore, sone efforls have leen nade lo deveIop lhe Iov-profiIe pIanar
nonopoIes vilh desiralIe relurn Ioss perfornance in lhe 3.1 - 1O.6 CHz frequency range. So,
lhe anlenna can le inlegraled lo a IC for use in UW connunicalions, vhich viII le
discussed in lhe foIIoving seclion.

4.2 UItra wideband printed antennas
The UW anlennas prinled on ICs are furlher praclicaI lo inpIenenl. The anlennas can le
easiIy inlegraled inlo olher RI circuils as veII as enledded inlo UW devices. MainIy, lhe
prinled anlennas consisl of lhe pIanar radialor and ground pIane elched opposileIy onlo lhe
dieIeclric sulslrale of lhe ICs. In sone configuralions, lhe ground pIane nay le copIanar
vilh lhe radialors. The radialors can le fed ly a nicroslrip Iine and coaxiaI calIe |Chen, el
aI. 2OO6j.

In lhe pasl, one najor Iinilalion of lhe nicroslrip or IC anlenna vas ils narrov landvidlh
characlerislic. Il vas 15 lo 5O of lhe cenler frequency. This Iinilalion vas successfuIIy
overcone and nov nicroslrip anlennas can allain vider nalching inpedance landvidlh
ly varying sone paranelers Iike increasing lhe size, heighl, voIune or feeding and
nalching lechniques |harlia, el aI. 2OOOj. AIso, lo ollain a UW characlerislic, nany
landvidlh enhancenenl lechniques have leen suggesled, as nenlioned earIier.

Nunerous nicroslrip UW anlenna designs vere proposed. Ior inslance, a palch anlenna is
designed as a reclanguIar radialor vilh lvo sleps, a singIe sIol on lhe palch, and a parliaI

ground pIane elched on lhe opposile side of lhe dieIeclric sulslrale. Il provides a landvidlh
of 3.2 lo 12 CHz and a quasi-onni-direclionaI radialion pallern |Choi, el aI. 2OO4j. A cIover-
shaped nicroslrip palch anlenna is designed vilh lhe parliaI ground pIane and coaxiaI
prole feed. The neasured landvidlh of lhe anlenna is 8.25 CHz vilh gain of 3.2O - 4.OO di
AIso, il provides a slalIe radialion pallern over lhe enlire operalionaI landvidlh |Choi, el
aI. 2OO6j.

5. UItra Wideband Printed Antennas Design

The pIanar anlennas, prinled on ICs, are desired in UW vireIess connunicalions syslens
and appIicalions lecause of lheir Iov cosl, Iighl veighl and ease of inpIenenlalion. In addilion,
lhey can le easiIy inlegraled inlo olher RI circuils as veII as enledded inlo UW devices
such as noliIe and porlalIe devices. Hovever, il is a veII-knovn facl lhal lhe landvidlh of
palch anlennas is narrov. Thus, nany allenpls have leen nade lo lroaden lhe landvidlh of
prinled anlennas.

Therefore, in lhis chapler, lvo noveI designs of nicroslrip-fed prinled anlennas, using
differenl landvidlh-enhancenenl lechniques lo salisfy UW landvidlh, are inlroduced.
According lo lheir geonelricaI shapes, lhey can le cIassified inlo lvo lypes: lhe firsl lype is
a slepped-lrapezoidaI palch anlenna. The second one is a doulIe-leveIed palch anlenna.
In designing lhese anlennas, il considers UW frequency donain fundanenlaIs and
requirenenls, such as far fieId radialion pallern, landvidlh, and gain. The design paranelers
for achieving oplinaI operalion of lhe anlennas are aIso anaIyzed exlensiveIy in order lo
undersland lhe anlenna operalion. Il has leen denonslraled nunericaIIy and
experinenlaIIy lhal lhe proposed anlennas are suilalIe for UW connunicalions and
appIicalions, such as vireIess personaI area nelvorks (WIANs) appIicalions.

efore ve discuss lhese anlenna designs in grealer delaiI, ve viII firsl inlroduce lhe
nunericaI lechnique and ils soflvare package uliIized lo caIcuIale lhe eIeclronagnelic
perfornance of lhe proposed anlennas. The designs, oplinizalions, and sinuIalions are
conducled using lhe Ansofl High Irequency Slruclure SinuIalor (HISS). Il vorks lased
on lhe Iinile LIenenl Melhod (ILM).

5.1 Finite eIements method (FEM)
The finile eIenenl nelhod (ILM) is crealed fron lhe need lo anaIyze and soIve conpIex
slruclure anaIysis. The ILM is a parliaI differenliaI equalion (IDL) lased nelhod. ILM is a
poverfuI nunericaI lechnique since il has lhe fIexiliIily lo nodeI conpIex geonelries vilh
arlilrary shapes and inhonogeneous nedia. The ILM legins vilh discrelizing lhe
conpulalionaI donain inlo snaIIer eIenenls caIIed finile eIenenls. These finile eIenenls
differ for one-, lvo-, and lhree-dinensionaI prolIens. The nexl slep is lo inpIenenl lhe
vave equalion in a veighled sense over each eIenenl, appIy loundary condilions and
accunuIale eIenenl nalrices lo forn lhe overaII syslen of equalion |Sadiku, 2OO9j.


5.2 High frequency structure simuIator (HFSS)
Ansofl's High Irequency Slruclure SinuIalor (HISS) is a connerciaIIy avaiIalIe and slale-of-
lhe-arl eIeclronagnelic sinuIalion package. HISS is one of lhe induslry Ieading 3D LM
soflvare looIs for radio frequency (RI) appIicalions. Il enpIoys lhe finile eIenenl nelhod
(ILM) lo sinuIale any arlilrary lhree-dinensionaI slruclure ly soIving MaxveII's equalions
lased on lhe specified loundary condilions, porl excilalions, naleriaIs, and lhe parlicuIar
geonelry of lhe slruclure |HISS
TM
, v1Oj.

6. The Stepped-TrapezoidaI Patch Antenna

6.1 Overview
A noveI pIanar palch anlenna vilh a circuIar-nolch cul fed ly a sinpIe nicroslrip Iine is
proposed and descriled. Il is designed and falricaled for UW vireIess connunicalions
and appIicalions over lhe land 3.1 - 1O.6 CHz. This anlenna is conposed of an isosceIes
lrapezoidaI palch vilh lhe circuIar-nolch cul and lvo lransilion sleps as veII as a parliaI
ground pIane. ecause of ils slruclure, ve have caIIed il lhe slepped-lrapezoidaI palch
anlenna |AIshehri, el aI., 2OO8j. To ollain lhe UW landvidlh, ve use nany landvidlh
enhancenenl lechniques: lhe use of parliaI ground pIane, adjusling lhe gap lelveen
radialing eIenenl and ground pIane lechnique, using sleps lo conlroI lhe inpedance
slaliIily and a nolch cul lechnique. The nolch cul fron lhe radialor is aIso used lo
ninialurize lhe size of lhe pIanar anlenna. The neasured -1O d relurn Ioss landvidlh for
lhe designed anlenna is aloul 116.3 (8.7 CHz). The proposed anlenna provides an
acceplalIe radialion pallern and a reIaliveIy fIal gain over lhe enlire frequency land. lhe
design delaiIs and reIaled resuIls are presenled and discussed in lhe foIIoving sulseclions.

6.2 Antenna design
Iirsl, lhe sulslrale is chosen lo le Rogers RT/Duroid 588O naleriaI vilh a reIalive
pernillivily
r
=2.2 and a lhickness of1.575 nn. Second, lhe radialor shape is seIecled lo le
lrapezoidaI since il can exhilil a UW characlerislic. Nexl, lhe iniliaI paranelers are
caIcuIaled using lhe foIIoving enpiricaI fornuIa reporled in |Lvans & Anunann, 1999j
afler adding lhe effecl of lhe sulslrale:

) 4 (
904
) (
1 :
: K
*+] I
/

S

(1)
Where:
f
L
: lhe frequency corresponding lo lhe Iover edge of lhe landvidlh for lhe lrapezoidaI
sheel.
W

and W
1
: lhe vidlh of lhe lrapezoidaI palch lases.
h: lhe heighl of lhe lrapezoidaI palch.

The dinensions are expressed in nn. This fornuIa is used lo predicl lhe Iover edge
frequency of lhe landvidlh for lhe lrapezoidaI sheel suspended in lhe space over lhe
ground pIane. Il is accurale lo +/- 9 for frequencies in lhe range 5OO MHz lo 6 CHz. In our
design, lhe sheel viII le a palch prinled on sulslrale, so, lhe effecl of lhe sulslrale has lo le
incorpraled lo lhe fornuIa. Afler adding il, lhe fornuIa lecones:


UHII
/
:
: K
*+] I
H S ) 4 (
904
) (
1

(2)

Where lhe effeclive reIalive pernillivily
rcff
can le caIcuIaled using:

2 / ) 1 (
U UHII
H H

(3)

Where

r
: lhe reIalive pernillivily of lhe sulslrale

Since lhe anlenna is designed for UW, il has lo operale over 3.1 - 1O.6 CHz. Therefore, lhe
Iover edge frequency al vhich lhe iniliaI paranelers viII le caIcuIaled is 3.1 CHz. IniliaIIy,
lhe anlenna consisls of an isosceIes lrapezoidaI palch and parliaI ground pIane elched on
opposile sides of lhe sulslrale. The radialor is fed lhrough a nicroslrip Iine vilh 5O-
characlerislic inpedance. Afler selling up lhe configuralion of lhe anlenna, delernining lhe
iniliaI paranelers and fixing lhe Iover frequency, lhe sinuIalion is slarled lo confirn lhe
caIcuIaled paranelers. Then, severaI landvidlh enhancenenl lechniques are appIied lo
viden lhe landvidlh and lo ollain lhe UW perfornance. These lechniques are: adjusling
lhe gap lelveen radialing eIenenl and ground pIane lechnique, using sleps lo conlroI lhe
inpedance slaliIily and lhe nolch cul lechnique. Il used afler sludying lhe currenl
dislrilulion and found oul lhal lhe currenl dislrilulions lefore and afler lhe cul are
approxinaleIy lhe sane. AIso, lhe nolch cul fron lhe radialor is used lo ninialurize lhe size
of lhe pIanar anlenna. Iigure 2 iIIuslrales lhe finaI geonelry of lhe prinled anlenna as veII
as lhe Carlesian coordinale syslen.
/VXE
:VXE
r
ZI
/J
J
[
\
]
Cround Plane
R1 Duriod 588
Z
Z1
Z2
K2
K1
K

Iig. 2. The geonelry of lhe slepped-lrapezoidaI palch anlenna

Il consisls of an isosceIes lrapezoidaI palch vilh nolch cul and lvo lransilion sleps and a
parliaI finile-size ground pIane. The Carlesian coordinale syslen (x,y,z) is orienled such lhal
lhe lollon surface of lhe sulslrale Iies in lhe x-y pIane. The anlenna and lhe parliaI ground
pIane are elched on opposile sides of lhe Rogers RT/Duroid 588O sulslrale. The sulslrale

size of lhe proposed anlenna is 3O 3O nn
2
. The dinensions of isosceIes lrapezoidaI palch
are u=28 nn, u
1
=2O nn and n=1O.5 nn. The firsl lransilion slep of u
1
n
1
= 2O nn 2
nn and second lransilion slep of u
2
n
2
= 14 nn 3 nn are allached lo lhe isosceIes
lrapezoidaI palch. To reduce lhe overaII size of lhe prinled anlenna and lo gel a leller
inpedance nalch, lhe circuIar-shaped nolch vilh radius r =7 nn is synnelricaIIy cul in lhe
lop niddIe of lhe isosceIes lrapezoidaI radialor. The shape of lhe parliaI ground pIane is
seIecled lo le reclanguIar vilh dinensions of 11 3O nn
2
. The radialor is fed lhrough a
nicroslrip Iine having a Ienglh of 12 nn and vidlh u
f
=3.6 nn lo ensure 5O- characlerislic
inpedance vilh a feed gap of g = 1 nn.

6.3 Parametric study
The paranelric sludy is carried oul lo oplinize lhe anlenna and provide nore infornalion
aloul lhe effecls of lhe essenliaI design paranelers. The anlenna perfornance is nainIy
affecled ly geonelricaI and eIeclricaI paranelers, such as lhe dinensions reIaled lo lhe nolch
cul and lhe lvo lransilion sleps.

(a) Notch cut
The circuIar-shaped nolch cul is descriled ly ils radius and lhe Iocalion of ils cenler. olh
paranelers are sludied. The effecl of varying lhe nolch radius on lhe inpedance nalching is
depicled in Iigure 3. When lhe radius is increased, lhe enlire land is highIy affecled, especiaIIy
lhe niddIe and higher frequencies experience higher nisnalch IeveIs. Il is olviousIy
olserved lhal lhe nolch can le used lo reduce lhe size of lhe radialor provided lhal lhe currenl
dislrilulion has Iov densily in lhe nolch parl. On lhe olher hand, vhen lhe cenler of lhe nolch
noves in lhe upper side of lhe palch, lhe enlire land is sIighlIy infIuenced. In generaI, lhe
nolch cul paranelers affecl lhe inpedance nalching lo a cerlain exlenl.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
frequency,GHz
R
e
t
u
r
n

L
o
s
s
,
d
B
r=4mm
r=6mm
r=7mm
r=9mm
r=11mm
Iig. 3. Lffecls of nolch cul radius

(b) Transition steps
The effecls of lhe lvo lransilion sleps are sludied. They have greal inpacl on lhe nalching
inpedance for lhe vhoIe land. Ior exanpIe, lhe effecl of lhe vidlh of lhe second slep is
depicled in Iigure 4. Iron lhe pIol, lhe slep vidlh grealIy affecls lhe enlire land, especiaIIy
al lhe high frequencies range, lecause lhe lvo sleps infIuence lhe coupIing lelveen lhe

radialor and lhe ground pIane. Thus, ly adjusling lhe sleps paranelers, lhe inpedance
landvidlh can le enhanced. In Iigure 6, il is cIear lhal a nel inprovenenl on lhe anlenna
landvidlh is ollained vhen lhe lvo lransilions sleps are used.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
frequency,GHz
R
e
t
u
r
n

L
o
s
s
,
d
B
W2=8mm
W2=12mm
W2=14mm
W2=16mm
W2=20mm

Iig. 4. Lffecls of slep vidlh

6.4 ResuIts and discussion
Afler laking inlo accounl lhe design consideralions descriled on anlenna slruclure, currenl
dislrilulions and paranelric sludy done lo oplinize lhe anlenna geonelry, lhe oplinized
anlenna is conslrucled as shovn in Iigure 5. Then, lhe anlenna is experinenlaIIy lesled lo
confirn lhe sinuIalion resuIls. The sinuIaled and neasured relurn Ioss and radialion
pallerns are presenled. AIso, lhe sinuIaled gain is provided.

(a) Ironl viev (l) ack viev
Iig. 5. The prololype of lhe slepped-lrapezoidaI palch anlenna

(a) Return Ioss
The relurn Ioss (S
11
) of lhe proposed anlenna is neasured. As depicled in Iigure 6, lhe
neasured and sinuIaled resuIls are shovn for conparison and indicale a reasonalIe
agreenenl. In facl, lhe sinuIaled relurn Ioss of lhe anlenna is found lo renain leIov -1O d
leyond 12 CHz lul lhal range of frequencies is onilled in Iigure 6 since il is far oul of lhe
aIIocaled landvidlh for UW connunicalions under consideralion. The neasured -1O d
relurn Ioss landvidlh of lhe anlenna is approxinaleIy 8.7 CHz (3.13 - 11.83 CHz). LxceIIenl

perfornance is ollained since lhe neasured relurn Ioss is very cIose lo lhe sinuIaled one in
nosl range of lhe frequency land. The neasured relurn Ioss shovs lhal lhe anlenna is
capalIe of supporling nuIlipIe resonance nodes, vhich are cIoseIy dislriluled across lhe
speclrun. Therefore, lhe overIapping of lhese resonance nodes Ieads lo lhe UW
characlerislic.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
frequency,GHz
R
e
t
u
r
n

L
o
s
s
,
d
B
Measured
Simulated

Iig. 6. The sinuIaled & neasured relurn Ioss

(b) Antenna radiation patterns
The radialion characlerislics of lhe proposed anlenna are aIso invesligaled. The lvo
dinensionaI radialion pallerns presenled here is laken al lvo sels of principaI culs, =O and
=9O. Referring lo lhe coordinale syslen allached lo lhe anlenna geonelry in Iigure 2, lhe
H-pIane is lhe xz-pIane and lhe L-pIane is lhe yz-pIane. Iigures 7 and 8 iIIuslrale lhe
sinuIaled and neasured H-pIane and L-pIane radialion pallerns respecliveIy al 3.5 and 9.5
CHz. In generaI, lhe sinuIaled and neasured resuIls are fairIy consislenl vilh each olher al
nosl of lhe frequencies lul sone discrepancies are noliced al higher frequencies, especiaIIy
in lhe L-pIane. These discrepancies are nosl IikeIy a resuIl of lhe calIe Ieakage currenl on
lhe coaxiaI calIe lhal is used lo feed lhe anlenna prololype in lhe neasurenenls |Kvon &
Kin, 2OO6j. This Ieakage currenl is knovn lo le frequency sensilive as veII. AIso, inlrinsic
noise vilhin lhe anechoic chanler nay conlrilule lo lhese discrepancies.

NeverlheIess, an anaIysis of lhe radialion pallern resuIls shovs lhal lhe proposed anlenna is
characlerized ly onni-direclionaI pallerns in lhe H-pIane for aII in-land frequencies, as in
Iigure 7. The neasured H-pIane pallerns foIIov lhe shapes of lhe sinuIaled ones veII, excepl
al 9.5 CHz vhere lhere is IillIe difference.

Ior lhe L-pIane pallerns, Iigure 8 shovs lhal lhey forn a figure-of-eighl pallern for
frequencies up lo 7.5 CHz lul al 9.5 CHz lhe shape changes. Hovever, lhe neasured |-
pIane pallerns generaIIy foIIov lhe sinuIaled ones veII. In generaI, lhe slepped-lrapezoidaI
palch anlenna shovs an acceplalIe radialion pallern varialion in ils enlire operalionaI
landvidlh since lhe degradalion happens onIy for a snaII parl of lhe enlire landvidlh and
il is nol loo severe.


(a) H-pIane al 3.5 CHz (l) H-pIane al 9.5 CHz
Iig. 7. The sinuIaled and neasured radialion pallerns in lhe H-pIane

(a) L-pIane al 3.5 CHz (l) L-pIane al 9.5 CHz
Iig. 8. The SinuIaled and neasured radialion pallerns in lhe L-pIane
(c) Antenna gain

The gain of lhe proposed anlenna is aIso found lo le suilalIe for lhe UW connunicalions
and appIicalions. Il is grealer lhan 2.9 di for aII in-land frequencies and varies fron 2.9 di
lo 5.2 di over lhe operaling frequency range, resuIling in lhe naxinun gain varialion of
2.3 d.

7. The DoubIe-BeveIed Patch Antenna

7.1 Overview
A noveI pIanar palch anlenna vilh a nolch-cul fed ly a sinpIe nicroslrip Iine is proposed
and descriled. Il is designed and falricaled for UW vireIess connunicalions and
appIicalions under lhe land (3.1-1O.6 CHz). This anlenna is conposed of a synnelricaI
doulIe-leveIed pIanar palch anlenna vilh nolch cul fed ly a nicroslrip Iine foIded on a
parliaI ground pIane. ecause of ils slruclure, ve have caIIed il lhe DoulIe-eveIed Ialch
-30
-20
-10
0
60
120
30
150
0
180
30
150
60
120
90 90
__ Measured
--- Simulated
-30
-20
-10
0
60
120
30
150
0
180
30
150
60
120
90 90
__ Measured
--- Simulated
-30
-20
-10
0
60
120
30
150
0
180
30
150
60
120
90 90
__ Measured
--- Simulated
-30
-20
-10
0
60
120
30
150
0
180
30
150
60
120
90 90
__ Measured
--- Simulated

Anlenna |AIshehri & Selak, 2OO8j. To ollain UW landvidlh, ve use severaI landvidlh
enhancenenl lechniques: lhe use of parliaI ground pIane, adjusling lhe gap lelveen
radialing eIenenl and a ground pIane lechnique, lhe use of leveIs lechnique and a nolch cul
lechnique used aIso lo reduce lhe size of lhe pIanar anlenna. A paranelric sludy is
nunericaIIy carried oul on lhe inporlanl geonelricaI paranelers lo undersland lheir effecls
on lhe proposed anlenna and lherefore oplinize ils perfornance. The neasured -1O d
relurn Ioss (VSWR<2) landvidlh is aloul 123.8 (9.74 CHz). The proposed anlenna
provides an acceplalIe radialion pallern and a reIaliveIy fIal gain over lhe enlire frequency
land. The neasured and sinuIaled resuIls for lolh landvidlh and radialion pallern shov a
very reasonalIe agreenenl. In lhe foIIoving sulseclions, lhe design delaiIs and lhe reIaled
resuIls are presenled and discussed.

7.2 Antenna design
Iirsl, lhe sulslrale is chosen lo le Rogers RT/Duroid 588O naleriaI vilh a reIalive
pernillivily
r
= 2.2 and a lhickness of1.575 nn. Second, lhe radialor shape is seIecled lo le
reclanguIar. Nexl, lhe iniliaI paranelers are caIcuIaled using lhe enpiricaI fornuIa reporled
in |AgravaII, el aI., 1998j afler adding lhe effecl of lhe sulslrale:

Il is found lhal lhe frequency corresponding lo lhe Iover edge of lhe landvidlh of lhe
nonopoIe anlenna can le predicled approxinaleIy ly equaling lhe area of lhe pIanar
configuralion lo lhal of a cyIindricaI vire and given ly:

K: UO S 2

(4)

So, lhe resonanl frequency is given ly:

U O
F
*+] I
/
u

24 . 0 30
) (
O

(5)

Where:
f
L
: lhe frequency corresponding lo lhe Iover edge of lhe landvidlh.
C: lhe Iighl speed.
O
: lhe vaveIenglh
|. lhe heighl of lhe cyIindricaI vire vhich is sane as lhal of pIanar configuralion heighl
r: lhe equivaIenl radius of lhe cyIindricaI vire
W: lhe vidlh of lhe reclanguIar palch.
h: lhe heighl of lhe reclanguIar palch.

The dinensions are expressed in cenlinelers. This sinpIe fornuIa is used lo predicl lhe
Iover edge frequency of lhe landvidlh for lhe nonopoIe suspended in lhe space over lhe
ground pIane. Il is accurale lo +/- 8 . In our design, lhe sheel viII le a palch prinled on lhe
sulslrale, so, lhe effecl of lhe sulslrale has lo le incIuded lo lhe fornuIa. Afler consideing il,
lhe fornuIa lecones:
UHII
/
U O
*+] I
H ) (
24 . 0 30
) (

(6)


vhere lhe effeclive reIalive pernillivily
rcff
can le caIcuIaled using Lqualion 3.

Since lhe anlenna is designed for UW, il has lo operale over 3.1 - 1O.6 CHz. Therefore, lhe
Iover edge frequency al vhich lhe iniliaI paranelers viII le caIcuIaled is 3.1 CHz. IniliaIIy,
lhe anlenna consisls of a reclanguIar palch and parliaI ground pIane elched on opposile
sides of lhe sulslrale. The radialor is fed lhrough a nicroslrip Iine vilh 5O- characlerislic
inpedance. Afler selling up lhe configuralion of lhe anlenna, delernining lhe iniliaI
paranelers and fixing lhe Iover frequency, lhe sinuIalion is perforned lo confirn lhe
caIcuIaled paranelers. Then, severaI landvidlh-enhancenenl lechniques are appIied lo
viden lhe landvidlh and ollain UW perfornance. These lechniques are: adjusling lhe
gap lelveen radialing eIenenl and ground pIane lechnique, lhe leveIs lechnique and nolch
cul lechnique used afler sludying lhe currenl dislrilulion as viII le discussed Ialer.

Iigure 9 iIIuslrales lhe geonelry of lhe prinled anlenna as veII as lhe Carlesian coordinale
syslen. Il consisls of a synnelricaI doulIe-leveIed palch vilh nolch cul and a parliaI
ground pIane. The Carlesian coordinale syslen (x,y,z) is orienled such lhal lhe lollon
surface of lhe sulslrale Iies in lhe x-y pIane. The anlenna and lhe parliaI ground pIane are
opposileIy elched on lhe Rogers RT/Duroid 588O sulslrale. The sulslrale size of lhe
proposed anlenna is 4O 31 nn
2
.

/VXE
:VXE
ZI
/J
J
Cround Plane
[
\
]
R1 Duriod 588
2
1
Os
Zs
w w
K

Iig. 9. The geonelry of lhe doulIe-leveIed palch anlenna

The paranelers of lhe synnelricaI doulIe-leveIed palch are u=6.5 nn, n=12 nn,
1
=17.5

(lhe angIe of lhe firsl leveI) and
2
=45
(lhe angIe of lhe second leveI). To reduce lhe overaII

size of lhe prinled anlenna and lo gel leller inpedance nalching, a reclanguIar-shaped
nolch vilh dinensions of |
s
u
s
= 8 nn 1O nn is synnelricaIIy cul in lhe lop niddIe of
lhe radialor. The shape of lhe parliaI ground pIane is reclanguIar vilh dinensions of 1O 4O
nn
2
. The radialor is fed lhrough a nicroslrip Iine having a Ienglh of 1O.5 nn and vidlh u
f

=3.6 nn lo ensure 5O- inpul inpedance vilh a feed gap of g = O.5 nn. The 5O :-nicroslrip
Iine is prinled on lhe sane side of lhe sulslrale as lhe radialor.

7.3 Current distribution
The currenl dislrilulion is sludied. The sinuIaled currenl dislrilulions of lhe iniliaI anlenna
geonelry lefore culling lhe region of Iov currenl densily al 3.5 and 9.5 CHz (as exanpIes)
are shovn in Iigure 1O (a) and (l) respecliveIy. The currenl is nainIy concenlraled on lhe
lollon porlion of lhe palch vilh very Iov densily lovard and alove lhe cenler and il is
dislriluled aIong lhe edges of lhe palch, excepl lhe lop edge, for aII frequencies. Thus, il can
concIude lhal lhe region of Iov currenl densily on lhe palch is nol lhal inporlanl in lhe
anlenna perfornance and couId lherefore le cul oul. ConsequenlIy, a reclanguIar seclion
vilh dinensions of |
s
u
s
= 8 nn 1O nn is synnelricaIIy cul oul fron lhe lop niddIe of
lhe reclanguIar radialor lo eIininale a region of Iov currenl densily as shovn in Iigure 9.
Afler lhis cul, lhe currenl dislrilulions al 3.5 CHz and 9.5 CHz (as exanpIes) are depicled in
Iigure 1O (c) and (d), respecliveIy. Il is olserved lhal lhe currenl dislrilulions in lhis case are
approxinaleIy lhe sane as lefore lhe cul. As a resuIl of lhis cul, lhe size of lhe anlenna is
reduced and has Iighler veighl, vhich is very desiralIe for nore degree of freedon in
design and possilIy Iess conduclor Iosses.

(a) al 3.5 CHz (c) al 3.5 CHz

(l) al 9.5 CHz (d) al 9.5 CHz
Iig. 1O. The currenl dislrilulions

7.4 Parametric study
The paranelric sludy is done lo oplinize lhe anlenna. Ils perfornance is nainIy affecled ly
geonelricaI paranelers, such as lhe dinensions reIaled lo lhe nolch cul and lhe leveIs.

(a) Notch cut
The effecl of lhe reclanguIar-shaped nolch dinensions (|
s
, u
s
) on lhe relurn Ioss is
sludied. Il is olserved lhal lhe vidlh of lhe nolch has a najor effecl on lhe inpedance
nalching over lhe enlire frequency range, as shovn in Iigure 11. The Iover edge frequency of
lhe landvidlh is shifled lo higher frequencies once lhe vidlh increases. AIso, lhe niddIe and
higher frequencies are affecled vilh higher nisnalch IeveIs. On lhe olher hand, lhe Ienglh of
lhe nolch sIighlIy infIuences lhe Iover edge frequency. Il is aIso olserved lhal lhe nolch can le
used lo reduce lhe size of lhe radialor, as expIained earIier using lhe currenl dislrilulion.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
frequency,GHz
R
e
t
u
r
n

L
o
s
s
,
d
B
Ws=5mm
Ws=10mm,Opt
Ws=18mm
Ws=21mm

Iig. 11. Lffecls of lhe vidlh of nolch cul

(b) BeveIs
The doulIe leveIs dinensions infIuence lhe nalching inpedance for lhe vhoIe land,
especiaIIy al high frequencies. The high frequencies can le conlroIIed and lhe enlire land
can le enhanced ly adjusling lhe leveI angIes. y varying lhe angIe of lhe firsl leveI (
1
), lhe
Iov and niddIe frequencies are highIy infIuenced. As shovn in Iigure 12, ly varying lhe
angIe of lhe second leveI (
2
), lhe vhoIe land is affecled especiaIIy al niddIe and high
frequencies. Thus, using lvo progressive leveIs provides nore degree of freedon and ly
adjusling lhen, lhe landvidlh viII le videned as veII as exceIIenl IeveI of nalching can le
achieved.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
frequency,GHz
R
e
t
u
r
n

L
o
s
s
,
d
B
25
30
45,Opt
65

Iig. 12. Lffecls of second leveI angIe

7.5 ResuIts and discussion
Afler laking inlo accounl lhe design consideralions descriled on anlenna slruclure, currenl
dislrilulions and paranelric sludy done lo oplinize lhe anlenna geonelry, lhe oplinized
anlenna is conslrucled as shovn in Iigure 13 using lhe oplinun vaIues as nenlioned
earIier . Then, lhe anlenna is experinenlaIIy lesled lo confirn lhe sinuIalion resuIls. The
sinuIaled and neasured VSWR is presenled as veII as lhe sinuIaled and neasured radialion
pallerns in principIe pIanes. AIso, lhe sinuIaled gain is provided.

(a) Ironl viev (l) ack viev
Iig. 13. The prololype of lhe doulIe-leveIed palch anlenna

(a) VSWR
The VSWR of lhe proposed anlenna is neasured as depicled in Iigure 14. The neasured -1O
d relurn Ioss (VSWR<2) landvidlh of lhe anlenna is approxinaleIy 9.74 CHz (3.OO-12.74
CHz) and lhe anlenna shovs slalIe lehaviors over lhe land. Thus, lhe neasurenenl
confirns lhe UW characlerislic of lhe doulIe-leveIed palch anlenna as predicled in lhe
sinuIalion.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
frequency GHz
V
S
W
R
Measured
Simulated

Iig. 14. SinuIaled & neasured VSWR

(b) Antenna radiation patterns
The radialion characlerislics of lhe proposed anlenna are aIso invesligaled. Iigures 15 and
16 iIIuslrale lhe sinuIaled and neasured H-pIane and L-pIane radialion pallerns

respecliveIy al 3.5, 5.5, 7.5 and 9.5 CHz. In genraI, lhe sinuIaled and neasured resuIls are
fairIy consislenl al nosl of lhe frequencies lul sone discrepancies are noliced al higher
frequencies especiaIIy in lhe L-pIane. NeverlheIess, lhe proposed anlenna is characlerized
ly onni-direclionaI pallerns in lhe H-pIane for aII in-land frequencies as in Iigure 15. Ior
lhe L-pIane pallerns, Iigure 16 shovs lhal lhe sinuIaled ones al Iov frequencies forn
figure-of-eighl pallerns lul al high frequencies, lhere are dips, especiaIIy al 9.5 CHz. In
generaI, lhe doulIe-leveIed palch anlenna shovs an acceplalIe radialion pallern varialion
in ils vhoIe operalionaI landvidlh since lhe degradalion happens onIy for a snaII parl of
lhe enlire landvidlh and il is nol loo draslic.

(a) H-pIane al 3.5CHz (l) H-pIane al 5.5CHz
(c) H-pIane al 7.5CHz (d) H-pIane al 9.5CHz
Iig. 15. The sinuIaled and neasured radialion pallerns in lhe H-pIane

-30
-20
-10
0
60
120
30
150
0
180
30
150
60
120
90 90
__ Measured
--- Simulated
-30
-20
-10
0
60
120
30
150
0
180
30
150
60
120
90 90
__ Measured
--- Simulated
-30
-20
-10
0
60
120
30
150
0
180
30
150
60
120
90 90
__ Measured
--- Simulated
-30
-20
-10
0
60
120
30
150
0
180
30
150
60
120
90 90
__ Measured
--- Simulated

(a) L-pIane al 3.5CHz (l) L-pIane al 9.5CHz
Iig. 16. The sinuIaled and neasured radialion rallerns in lhe L-pIane

(c) Antenna gain
The gain versus frequency of lhe proposed anlenna is aIso found lo le suilalIe for lhe UW
connunicalions and appIicalions. The sinuIaled anlenna gain versus frequency is shovn in
Iigure 17. Il is grealer lhan 3.4 di for aII in-land frequencies and varies fron 3.4 di lo 6.1
di over lhe operaling frequency range, resuIling in lhe naxinun gain varialion of 2.7 d.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
frequency,GHz
G
a
i
n
,
d
B
i

Iig. 17. SinuIaled gain

8. ConcIusion

An overviev on UIlra Wideland vireIess connunicalions is given. Tvo noveI, snaII, Iov-
profiIe, nicroslrip-fed prinled UW anlennas are anaIyzed, designed and inpIenenled lo
salisfy UW lechnoIogy requirenenls. The focus is on UW frequency donain characlerislics
such as lhe far fieId radialion pallerns, landvidlh and gain. The anlenas provide exceIIenl
perfornance in lhe enlire operalionaI landvidlh. ecause of lheir Iov cosl, Iighl veighl and
ease of inpIenenlalion, lhese prinled designs are desired in UW vireIess connunicalion
syslens and appIicalions, especiaIIy in porlalIe devices and indoor appIicalions such as
WIAN. These anlennas are naneIy: lhe slepped-lrapezoidaI palch anlenna and lhe doulIe-
-30
-20
-10
0
60
120
30
150
0
180
30
150
60
120
90 90
__ Measured
--- Simulated
-30
-20
-10
0
60
120
30
150
0
180
30
150
60
120
90 90
__ Measured
--- Simulated

leveIed palch anlenna. olh provides a nearIy onni-direclionaI radialion pallern and a
reIaliveIy fIal gain over lhe enlire frequency land vilh a naxinun varialion of 2.3 d for
firsl one and 2.7 d for lhe second one. olh anlennas offer reduced palch size, nore degree
of freedon for design, exlra space lhal couId acconnodale olher RI circuil eIenenls.
Hovever, lhe effecl AnaIysis of lhe nolch cul shov lhal vilhin a cerlain Iinil of lhe culoul
size, lhe radialion properlies do nol change draslicaIIy. ul leyond lhal Iinil, lhe nolch cul
highIy affecls radialion pallerns in lhe enlire operalionaI landvidlh.

UW syslens occupy huge operalionaI landvidlh and oflen uliIize very shorl puIses for
dala lransnission. Therefore, an appropriale line donain perfornance is a key requirenenl
for UW anlennas. AccordingIy, invesligalions and anaIysis viII le carried oul on lhe effecl
of lhe proposed anlennas on lhe lransnilled puIse lo hence inprove lhe line donain
lehavior ly oplinizing lhe anlenna designs.

9. References

AgravaII, N., Kunar, C. & Ray, K. (1998). Wide-and IIanar MonopoIe Anlennas, ||||
Transac|icns cn An|cnnas an Prcpaga|icn, voI. 46, No., Ielruary 1998, (294-295),
OO18-926X
AIshehri A. (2OO8). Nctc| U||ra Iic|an An|cnnas fcr Iirc|css Sqs|cms, M. A. Sc. Thesis,
Concordia Universily, Canada
AIshehri, A. & Selak, A. (2OO8). A NoveI UW IIanar Ialch Anlenna for WireIess
Connunicalions, |||| |n|crna|icna| Sqmpcsium cn An|cnnas an Prcpaga|icn, pp. 1-
4, 978-1-4244-2O41-4, USA, }uIy 2OO8, ILLL, San Diego
AIshehri,A., Selak, A. & Denidni, T. (2OO8). A NoveI UW Slepped-TrapezoidaI Ialch
Anlenna for WireIess Connunicalions, Tnc |AST|D |n|crna|icna| Ccnfcrcncc cn
An|cnnas, Raar an Iatc Prcpaga|icn (ARP 2008),pp. 27-31, 978-O-88986-735-2, USA,
ApriI 2OO8, ACTA Iress, CaIgary
Annann, M. & Chen, Z. (2OO3). A Wide-and Shorled IIanar MonopoIe vilh eveI, ||||
Transac|icns cn An|cnnas an Prcpaga|icn, VoI. 51, No.4, ApriI 2OO3, (9O1-9O3), OO18-
926X
Annann, M. & Chen, Z. (2OO4). An AsynnelricaI Ieed Arrangenenl for Inproved
Inpedance andvidlh of IIanar MonopoIe Anlennas, Micrcuatc an Op|ica|
Tccnnc|cgq |c||crs, VoI. 4O, No. 2, }anuary 2OO4, (156-158)
Annann, M. & Chen, Z. (2OO3). Wideland MonopoIe Anlennas for MuIli-and WireIess
Syslens, |||| An|cnnas an Prcpaga|icn Magazinc, voI. 45, No. 2, ApriI 2OO3, (146-
15O), 1O45-9243
Annann, M. (2OO1), ConlroI of lhe Inpedance andvidlh of Wideland IIanar MonopoIe
Anlennas Using A eveIing Technique, Micrcuatc an Op|ica| Tccnnc|cgq |c||crs,
VoI. 3O, No. 2}uIy 2OO1, (229-232)
ArsIan, H., Chen, Z. & enedello, M. (2OO6). U||ra Iic|an Iirc|css Ccmmunica|icn, }ohn WiIey
& Sons, Inc., O471715212, Nev }ersey
Azenui, N. (2OO7). Minia|urizc Prin|c Circui| An|cnnas fcr Mu||i- an U||ra-Iic 8an
App|ica|icns, IHD Thesis, Universily of IIIinois, USA
aIanis, C. (2OO5). An|cnna Tnccrq Ana|qsis an Dcsign, }ohn WiIey & Sons, Inc., O47166782X,
Nev }ersey

arrell, T. (2OOO). Hislory of UIlra Wideland (UW) Radar & Connunicalions: Iioneers and
Innovalors, Prcgrcss in ||cc|rcmagnc|ics Sqmpcsium 2000, USA, }uIy 2OOO.
alaIIer, M., Ialres, M., Daviu L. el aI. (2OO6). Overviev of IIanar MonopoIe Anlennas for
UW AppIicalions, Prccccing cf |UCAP 2006, LSA SI-626, Novenler 2OO6, Irance
harlia, I., ahI, I., Carg, R., el aI. (2OOO). Micrcs|rip An|cnna Dcsign Han|cc|, Arlech House,
O89OO65136, USA
Cai, A., See, T. & Chen, Z. (2OO5). Sludy of Hunan Head Lffecls on UW Anlenna, ||||
|n|crna|icna| Icr|sncp cn An|cnna Tccnnc|cgq (iIAT), O-78O3-8842-9, March 2OO5,
pp. 31O-313, ILLL
Chen, D. & Chen, H. (2OO4). A CIW-Ied DuaI-Irequency MonopoIe Anlenna, ||||
Transac|icns cn An|cnnas an Prcpaga|icn, voI. 52, No. 4, ApriI 2OO4, (978-982), OO18-
926X
Chen, Z., Annann, M. & Chia, M. (2OO3). roadland Square AnnuIar IIanar MonopoIes,
Micrcuatc an Op|ica| Tccnnc|cgq |c||crs, voI. 36, No. 6, March 2OO3, (449-454)
Chen, Z., Annann, M., Qing X., el aI. (2OO6). IIanar Anlennas, |||| Micrcuatc Magazinc,
VoI. 7, No. 6, Decenler 2OO6, (63-73), 1527-3342
Chen, Z., See, T. & Qing, X. (2OO7). SnaII Irinled UIlra Wideland Anlenna vilh Reduced
Cround IIane Lffecl, |||| Transac|icns cn An|cnnas an Prcpaga|icn, voI. 55, No. 3
Ielruary 2OO7, (383-388), OO18-926X
Choi, S., Lee, H. & Kvak, K. (2OO6). CIover-Shaped Anlenna for UIlra-Wideland
Connunicalions, Micrcuatc an Op|ica| Tccnnc|cgq |c||crs, VoI. 48, No. 1O, }uIy 2OO6
(2111-2113).
Choi, S., Iark, }., Kin, S. el aI. (2OO4). A Nev UIlra-Wideland Anlenna for UW
AppIicalions, Micrcuatc an Op|ica| Tccnnc|cgq |c||crs, VoI. 4O. No. 5, March 2OO4,
(399-4O1)
Daviu, L., Ialres, M., alaIIer, M. el aI. (2OO3). Wideland DoulIe-Ied IIanar MonopoIe
Anlennas, ||cc|rcnics |c||crs, VoI. 39, Novenler 2OO3, (1635-1636), OO13-5194
Dollo, K. (2OO5) Dctc|cpmcn| cf a Nctc| U||ra-Iic|an An|cnna an Prc|c|qpc Scanncr fcr
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UWB (Ultra wideband) wireless communications: UWB Printed Antenna Design 107

(c) Antenna gain

(lhe angIe of lhe second leveI). To reduce lhe overaII

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