SDH

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Frame and Multiplex Structure, Network Elements and Topologies, Overhead Information, Automatic Protection Switching, Management Functions, Network Synchronization, New SDH
Prof. Dr. Andreas Steffen / Prof. Hans Weibel

2001 - 2005 ZHW
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) The Work Horse of Telecommunications
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 2
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) SDH is more than just a Multiplexing Technique
SDH is a full set of standards dealing with transport networks and their operation, administration and maintenance (OAM): The standards include: Network elements (types, functions, structure, ...) Tributary interfaces (Zubringer): PDH (E1, E3, E4), SDH (STM-N) Line interfaces: SDH (STM-N) Network-wide functions such as:
Network management (monitoring, alarming, [re-]configuration, performance management, statistics collection...) Re-routing und recovery (automatic establishment of an alternative path in case of failure) Protection switching (fast switch to a reserved path in case of failure) Clock distribution
Relevant Standards: ITU-T G.703 Physical/electrical Characteristics of Digital Interfaces Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) ITU-T G.732/G.744/G.751 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) ITU-T G.707 Network Node Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ITU-T G.783 Characteristics of SDH Equipment Functional Blocks ITU-T G.784 SDH Management ITU-T G.957 Optical Interfaces for Equipment ans Systems relating to SDH ETS 300 147 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Multiplexing Structure ETS 300 417 Generic functional requirements for SDH equipment
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Comparison of PDH and SDH Clocking Scheme
139264 kHz 139264 kHz 34368 kHz 2048 kHz 8448 kHz
PDH
1
Clk
Clk
Clk
Clk
Clk
transmission network
31
channel individual justification (buffering)
channel transparency (bit transparency and frequency transparency)

Clk f1
2048 kbps 34368 kbps 139264 kbps
Clk f1
SDH STM-N
transmission network
STM-N
SDH
SDH
channel individual mapping into container with associated pointers

Advantages of SDH Worldwide standard First standard for bitrates higher than 45/140 Mbps Standardised optical interfaces simple coding of the electrical signal into the line signal (scrambling) Integration of multiplexer and line equipment Huge overhead capacity for error monitoring and for management purposes (TMN) Direct access to tributary channels Only small buffers required --> small group delay figures Provides concept for clock/synchronization, protection switching etc. Suitable as the physical layer of ATM networks
SDH Frame Structure Synchronous Transmission Module STM-1

1 1 2 3 9 10 270 Administrative Unit AU-4 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 1 STM-1 frame = 2430 octets in 125 s N1 Container C-4 260 columns Virtual Container VC-4 with Path Overhead POH 261 columns
RSOH
Regenerator Section Overhead
4 H1 H2 H3 5 6 7 8 9 Pointer
MSOH
Multiplex Section Overhead
SDH Frame Structure A single SDH frame is called a Synchronous Transmission Module (STM-1). Transmitted over a duration of 125 s, the frame consists of 2430 octets organized as 9 rows of 270 octets each. A single octet in an SDH frame represents a 64 kbps channel (8 bits every 125 s), several octets can be aggregated to form containers for larger data rates. SDH Section Overhead (SOH) A relatively large number of 72 octets in an STM-1 frame have been reserved for various management and monitoring purposes. This so-called section overhead (SOH) is further divided into a regenerator section overhead (RSOH) and multiplex section overhead (MSOH). Administrative Unit (AU-4) and Virtual Container (VC-4) The actual payload carried in an STM-1 frame is encapsulated in an administrative unit (AU-4). The AU-4 consists of a VC-4 virtual container comprising 261 columns plus a 9 octet wide AU-4 pointer that points to the first octet of the VC-4 payload container. AU-4 Pointer The SDH pointer mechanism is a very elegant way of multiplexing multiple data containers without the need to align the containers to a common frame start. Thus the frame buffers in SDH multiplexing equipment can be kept small and the transmission delay due to buffering is minimized. The VC-4 container is allowed to float freely within the AU-4. The H1 and H2 pointer bytes form a word with a range of 0 to 782 which indicates the offset, in three byte increments, between the pointer and the first byte of the VC-4.
SDH Multiplexing Hierarchy ETSI Branch

STM-N xN x3 STM-1 : 155 Mbit/s STM-4 : 622 Mbit/s STM-16 : 2.5 Gbit/s STM-64 : 10 Gbit/s STM-256 : 40 Gbit/s TUG-3 x7 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4
140 Mbit/s
45 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s
Basic Operations Mapping Stuffing Aligning Multiplexing
TUG-2 x3
TU-12
VC-12
C-12 2 Mbit/s
VC-11
C-11 1.5 Mbit/s
SDH Network Elements

Synchronous Cross-Connect (SXC)
used in meshed networks mainly STM-N interfaces large switching matrix (1024 STM-1) Wideband SXC: VC-12 granularity Broadband SXC: AU-4 granularity
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

used in rings two STM-N line interfaces (East/West) large number of tributary interfaces STM-1, 140 / 34 / 2 Mbit/s (equipped up to full ring capacity)
Terminal Multiplexer (TMX / PTE)

used as concentrator (hub) STM-1/4 (redundant) line interface mainly 2 Mbit/s tributary interfaces
SDH Network Elements

Synchronous Cross-Connect SXC
2M, 34M,140M 155M, 622M, 2.5G
Synchronous Add/Drop Multiplexer

155M
Synchronous Line System

2.5G
Synchronous Radio Relay

2.5G 140M/ 155M
ADM1
155M
SLT
SRT
SRT1, SRT1,2 SRT1CC, 2CC
155/140M, 622M, 2.5G 2M, 34M, 140M, 155M 622M 622M 2.5G
SLR16
2.5G
ADM4
2M, 34M, 140M, 155M 2.5G
Wavelength Division Multiplex Line System

(10G) n
ADM16
2.5G
140M/ 155M 34M 21*2M
SRA
SRA1, SRA1S
WL16
160G
2M, 34M, 140M, 155M, 622M
STM-4 Add/Drop Multiplexer Block Diagram
STM-4 Line West
VC-12 Switching matrix
STM-4 Line East
140 Mbit
34 Mbit
STM-1
2 Mbit
Tributaries
SDH Network Configurations Mesh / Ring / Hub Architectures

SXC
SLT SLR SLT
T WL
SL T SR T
SXC
Long Distance Network
SL T SR T
P WL
SXC
ADM
T WL
ADM ADM ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM Regional Network ADM Access Network
ADM ADM TMX
ADM
SXC ADM SLT SLR SRT WLT WLP
Sync. Cross Connect Add/Drop Multiplexer Sync. Line Terminal Sync. Line Regenerator Sync. Radio Terminal WDM Terminal WDM Line Amplifier
Example of a global SDH Network KPNQwest EuroRings Network
DWDM / STM-64: 96 fibers @ 80 wavelengths @ 10 Gbit/s
13000 km in 2001
Example of a global SDH Network Qwest Unified Global Broadband Network
SDH Overhead Hierarchical Layers

Path Multiplex Section Regenerator Section Multiplex Section Regenerator Section
PTE PTE
Path Termination
REG REG
RS Termination
ADM ADM
MS Termination
REG REG
RS Termination
PTE PTE
Path Termination
PTE REG ADM RS MS
Path Terminating Element (Terminal Multiplexer) Regenerator Add/Drop Multiplexer Regenerator Section Multiplex Section
SDH Overhead STM-1 Section Overhead (SOH)

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A1 B1 D1
A1
A1
A2 E1 D2
A2
A2
J0 F1 D3
RSOH
AU-4 Pointer B2 D4 D7 D10 S1 B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11 M1 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2

MSOH
SDH Overhead RSOH - Regenerator Section Overhead

A1..A2 B1 J0 E1 F1 D1..D3 Framing bytes - designate start of STM-1 frame RS bit interleaved parity (BIP-8) - parity computed over previous frame RS trace - connection verification (E.164 number) RS orderwire 64 kbit/s voice connection for operators RS user channel 64 kbit/s user channel for operators RS data communications channel (DCC) 192 kbit/s OAM channel (Operations, Administration and Maintenance)
SDH Overhead MSOH - Multiplex Section Overhead

B2..B2 E2 D4..D12 M1 K1/K2 S1
MS bit interleaved parity (BIP-24) - parity computed over previous frame MS orderwire 64 kbit/s voice connection for operators MS data communications channel (DCC) 576 kbit/s OAM channel (Operations, Administration and Maintenance) MS remote error indication (REI) number of errored BIP-24 blocks received at the remote end Automatic protection switching (APS) MS protection / alarm indication signal (AIS) / remode defect indication (RDI) Synchronisation status Quality of STM-1 signal when used as synchronisation and timing source
SDH Overhead POH - Higher Order Path Overhead (VC-4/3)

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 Path trace - connection verification (E.164 number)
Path bit interleaved parity (BIP-8) - parity computed over previous container Path signal label mapping type in VC-n Path status monitoring of bidirectional path status Path user channel 64 kbit/s user channel for operators Tributary unit multiframe indicator - start of multiframe Path user channel 64 kbit/s user channel for operators Automatic Protection Switching (APS) path protection Network operator byte higher order tandem connection overhead (TCOH)
SDH Overhead POH - Lower Order Path Overhead (VC-2/1)

V5 BIP-2 / Remote error indication (REI) / Remote failure indication (RFI) / signal label / remote defect indication (RDI) Path trace connection verification (E.164 number)
J3
N2
Network operator byte lower order tandem connection overhead (TCOH)
K4
Automatic Protection Switching (APS) path protection
The lower order POH is a single overhead octet per VC-2/1 organized as a multiframe of 4 frames.
SDH OAM Functions Anomalies, Defects, Failures and Alarms

Anomalies
B1 / B2 / B3 bit interleaved parity (BIP) errors Remote Error Indication (REI)
Defects
Persistent anomalies beyond a maximum time limit Loss of Signal (LOS) Loss of Frame Alignment (LOF) Loss of Pointer (LOP) Alarm Indication Signal (AIS), Remote Defect Indication (RDI)
Failures
Persistent defects beyond a maximum time limit
Alarms
Maintenance signals to alert downstream equipment that a defect or equipment failure has been detected
Fault and Performance Monitoring

Anomalies, defects and failures are reported to OAM function
SDH Defects Signalling in forward and backward directions

Lower Order Path (POH) Higher Order Path (POH) Multiplex Section (MSOH) Regenerator Section (RSOH)
LOS LOF LOS LOF MS AIS LOS LOF MS AIS LOP AU AIS LOP TU AIS
RDI (K2) RDI (G1) RDI (V5)
RDI (K2) RDI (G1) RDI (V5)
LO PTE
HO PTE MS TE Alarm Detection
RS TE RS TE RS TE Alarm Transmission
MS TE
HO PTE
LO PTE
SDH Protection Schemes Protection and Restauration

Equipment Protection
Provisioning of extra hardware in a node to prevent against equipment failures -> Fast recovery (some bits .... some ms)
Path (Trail) Protection: Makes use of pre-assigned capacity between nodes

Provisoning of an extra trail through the network to enhance the end-to-end availability of the respective service -> Fast recovery ( < 50ms)
Restauration: Makes use of any capacity available between nodes

Reconfiguration of a trail through a network fast switching in nodes, i.e. re-routing. Some percentage of thenetwork capacity will be reserved for re-routing working traffic automatic restauration by software means, i.e. re-routing within seconds manual restauration by an operator (within minutes or hours)
SDH Protection Schemes 1+1 vs 1:1 Protection

1+1 Protection
working channel priority traffic protection channel
1:1 Protection (general case 1:N protection)

working channel priority traffic protection channel extra traffic
SDH Protection Schemes Linear Multiplex Section Protection (MSP)

MSP 1+1
Multiplex Section Protection (Point-to-Point)
MSP 1:1
low priority traffic high priority traffic
TX
Protection Line
TX
Working Line
TX
Protection Line
TX
Working Line
RX
RX
RX
RX
Das Bild zeigt nur eine Richtung; das selbe Prinzip ist in der Gegenrichtung implementiert. Bei 1:1-Protection mssen die Switches koordiniert und synchron bettigt werden -> dies wird durch das Automatic Protection Switching-Protokoll gewhrleistet
SDH Protection Schemes Bidirect. MS Shared Protection Ring - normal State

Node A Fiber 1 Node B Node C
Fiber 2 working protection
Node F
Node E
Node D
SDH Protection Schemes Bidirect. MS Shared Protection Ring - failed State

Fiber 2 MS Protection Switching within 50 ms
Node F
Node E
Node D
SDH Protection Schemes Special Case: Transoceanic Links - normal State

New York London Paris
Atlantic Ocean Channel
Boston
Amsterdam
Zurich
SDH Protection Schemes Special Case: Transoceanic Links - failed State

New York London Paris
Short cuts
Atlantic Ocean Channel three ocean crossings single crossing
Boston
Amsterdam
Zurich
SDH Protection Schemes Unidir. MS Dedicated Protection Ring - normal State

Fiber 2 working protection
Node F
Node E
Node D
SDH Protection Schemes Unidir. MS Dedicated Protection Ring - failed State

Fiber 2 MS Protection Switching within 50 ms
Node F
Node E
Node D
SDH Protection Schemes Path Protection

path protection switching within 50 ms
2/34/140/STM-N
Trib IF Line IF Line IF
ADM
protection path
working path
STM-N Ring
Line IF Line IF Line IF
ADM
Line IF
Trib IF Trib
Trib IF
IF
ADM
2/34/140/STM-N
2/34/140/STM-N
Das Bild zeigt nur eine Richtung; das selbe Prinzip ist in der Gegenrichtung analog implementiert.
SDH Network Synchronization Hierarchical Timing Distribution

PRC ITU-T G.811 Primary Reference Clock Accuracy: 10-11 (Stratum 1) 300 s/year S1 Byte 0000 Quality unknown 0010 G.811 PRC 0100 G.812 transit 1000 G.812 local 1011 G.813 SETS 1111 Do not use 2 Mbit/s STM-4 Ring Any STM-N or 2.048 Mbit/s signal can be used as a timing source for SDH equipment STM-1 Ring
STM-16 Ring
SDH Network Management Data Communications Network (DCN)
Network Managment System
LAN / WAN
(Bridge/Router Network)
Communication path
Bridge/Router Network
Data Communications Network (DCN)

Embedded Com. Channel (ECC) carrying DCCs
SDH Ring
Q Q
Network Elements to be managed

New SDH New Requirements > New Functions

SDH was initially optimized for voice transport The huge demand of bandwidth for data and storage networks created new requirements
Transport of Ethernet, Fibre Channel and Escon More efficient use of bandwidth for new services (finer granularity): Example: A Gigabit Ethernet consumes a full STM-16 (i.e. 2.4 Gbps), resulting in a 42% utilization
The answers
Virtual Concatenation (VC): Allows the bandwidth to be adapted to the service requirements Link Capacity Access Scheme (LCAS): A signalling protocol to adjust the transport bandwidth dynamically Generic Framing Procedure (GFP): Adapts a frame or cell oriented service to a byte stream service.
New SDH Virtual Concatenation / Link Capacity Access Scheme

A virtual container offers some fix transport capacity, i.e. VC-12 ~ 2,2 Mbps, VC-3 ~ 50 Mbps, VC-4 ~ 149 Mbps
For a 10 Mbps Ethernet, a full VC-3 is wasted (20% utilization) For a 1 Gbps Fibre Channel, 4 concatenated VC-4 are wasted (33% utilization)
Virtual Concatenation allows groups of virtual containers

Each container follows its individual path Differences of transit delays are detected by a frame counter and compensated (maximum allowed difference is 512 ms) For a 10 Mbps Ethernet, 5 VC-12 are used (VC-12-5v, 92% utilization) For a 1 Gbps Fibre Cahnnel, 47 VC-12 are used (VC-12-47v, 100% utilization)
The Link Capacity Access Scheme (LCAS) allows a dynamic adaptation of the bandwidth
Members of a group can be added or deleted according to the demands without interruption
New SDH Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)

Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) is an ITU standard (G.7041) which describes a flexible mapping technique for transparent transport of multiple protocols in a SDH network. GFP's benefits include:
Low overhead procedure for transporting both packet services and storage services including FICON, Fibre Channel, ESCON, Ethernet, and STM-n signals. Error correction schemes which enable the extremely low bit error rates critical for storage connectivity. Unambiguous implementation across multi-vendor and legacy SDH networks.
GFP enables the SDH infrastructure to evolve to a Multiservice Switching Platform supporting TDM, Cell and Frame transport.

SDH

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Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Prof. Dr. Andreas Steffen / Prof. Hans Weibel

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) The Work Horse of Telecommunications

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 2

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 3

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

channel individual justification (buffering)

channel transparency (bit transparency and frequency transparency)

channel individual mapping into container with associated pointers

SDH Frame Structure Synchronous Transmission Module STM-1

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 5

SDH Multiplexing Hierarchy ETSI Branch

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

Basic Operations Mapping Stuffing Aligning Multiplexing

C-11 1.5 Mbit/s

ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 6

SDH Network Elements

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Terminal Multiplexer (TMX / PTE)

SDH Network Elements

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

Synchronous Add/Drop Multiplexer

Synchronous Line System

Synchronous Radio Relay

Wavelength Division Multiplex Line System

140M/ 155M 34M 21*2M

2M, 34M, 140M, 155M, 622M

ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 8

STM-4 Add/Drop Multiplexer Block Diagram

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

STM-4 Line West

VC-12 Switching matrix

STM-4 Line East

SDH Network Configurations Mesh / Ring / Hub Architectures

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

ADM ADM ADM

ADM Regional Network ADM Access Network

ADM ADM TMX

ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 10

SXC ADM SLT SLR SRT WLT WLP

Example of a global SDH Network KPNQwest EuroRings Network

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

DWDM / STM-64: 96 fibers @ 80 wavelengths @ 10 Gbit/s

ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 11

Example of a global SDH Network Qwest Unified Global Broadband Network

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 12

SDH Overhead Hierarchical Layers

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

PTE REG ADM RS MS

SDH Overhead STM-1 Section Overhead (SOH)

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

AU-4 Pointer B2 D4 D7 D10 S1 B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11 M1 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2

ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 14

SDH Overhead RSOH - Regenerator Section Overhead

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 15