Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Brand, Solange. "Beijing Sixty-Six: Portrait of a Lost Generation." China Digital Times.

China Digital Times. Web. <http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2009/04/beijing-sixty-sixportrait-of-a-lost-generation/>. This article had many pictures that I will use for my website. Many of these pictures show youth during the Cultural Revolution. Gao, Yuan. Born Red: a Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1987. Print. Gao Yuan writes an account of her experiences during the Cultural Revolution as a Red Guard. Gao Yuan was a student during the Cultural Revolution, so her account will give me an inside look at education reforms of the times. People's Republic of China. Communist Party of China. Central Committee. The Sixteen Points: Guidelines for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. By Mao Zedong. 1966. Print. This document marked the official beginning of the Cultural Revolution in China. This document was extremely useful for knowing what the purpose of the Cultural Revolution was, and why Mao Zedong wanted to attack traditional values, intellectualism, and bourgeoisie ideas. Red Guard. Photograph. Earthhopenetwork.net. 21 Mar. 2009. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. <http://www.google.com/imgres? q=red+guard&hl=en&sa=X&rlz=1C1SKPC_enUS369US369&biw=1024&bih=653& tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=qLOdvGkfMr5vrM:&imgrefurl=http://earthhopenetw ork.net/forum/showthread.php%3Ftid %3D2071&docid=6_nuE77YwCR6FM&imgurl=http://earthhopenetwork.net/mao_re d_guards.jpg&w=400&h=302&ei=MAnyTs-

fGYygtweIoZHQBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=126&vpy=125&dur=1323&hovh=195 &hovw=258&tx=174&ty=130&sig=108821197924663690085&page=1&tbnh=149& tbnw=229&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0>. This blog post offered a photograph of dozens of red guards holding up Mao's "Little Red Book" with a portrait of their leader in the center. I thought this picture gave a good illustration of the red guard. Seybolt, Peter J. Revolutionary Education in China; Documents and Commentary. White Plains, NY: International Arts and Sciences, 1973. Print. Seybolt compiles documents from various sources such as People's Daily, Liberation Daily, and Educational Policy papers to explain the educational reforms before and during the Cultural Revolution. This book has helped me gain background knowledge about education during the Cultural Revolution. Seybolt, Peter J. The Rustication of Urban Youth in China: a Social Experiment. White Plains, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1977. Print. This book is a compilation of writings regarding xia-xiang. Articles come from different newspaper publications, radio transcripts etc. Wang, Wenqin. Personal interview. 22 Oct. 2011. Wenqin Wang was one of the millions of Chinese youth that was forced to leave school to work in the rural parts of the country. She endured 3 years of hard labor until the colleges opened up. Zhang, Yong. Personal interview. 22 Oct. 2011. An interview with someone who was a student but was not sent to the countryside during the Cultural Revolution.

Secondary Sources "60 Years of Communist Rule." RFA Home. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/china60year>. This website gives a timeline of important events of the Cultural Revolution. Bernstein, Thomas P. Up to the Mountains and down to the Villages: the Transfer of Youth from Urban to Rural China. New Haven: Yale UP, 1977. Print. This book gives a detailed look at the social experiment behind the send-down of urban youth to the countryside. It gives detailed statistics and descriptions of the social, political and economic situations that involved this program. This was probably the most useful resource I had while researching this project. Caprice, Leah. "The Lost Generation of the 17th Chinese Communist Party Politburo." The Jamestown Foundation: The Lost Generation of the 17th Chinese Communist Party Politburo. The Jamestown Foundation, 7 Oct. 2008. Web. 14 Oct. 2011. <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news %5D=5210&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=168&no_cache=1>. Gives background information about China's 'lost generation', the generation of Chinese citizens who were affected the most by the 'Down to the Countryside' movement. Cody, Edward. "China's Lost Generation Coddles Its Young (washingtonpost.com)." Washington Post: Breaking News, World, US, DC News & Analysis. Washington Post, 24 Nov. 2004. Web. 30 Sept. 2011. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8691-2004Nov23.html>. This article discusses one of the present-day effects of the Down to the Countryside movement in China.

"The Cultural Revolution." History Learning Site. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/cultural_revolution.htm>. This webpage gives an overview of the Cultural Revolution. It was very helpful at the beginning of my research and gave me good background knowledge. Did Send-Down Experience Benefit Youth?: A Reevaluation of the Social Consequences of the Forced Urban-Rural Migration During China's Cultural Revolution. Rep. Population Studies Center: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, 31 July 2006. Web. 12 Oct. 2006. <http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/pdf/rr06603.pdf>. This report uses population data to find out what the social consequences of the "Down to the Countryside Movement" were. "Discovering China: The Cultural Revolution." Discovering China: The Cultural Revolution. Oracle Thinkquest. Web. Oct.-Nov. 2011. <http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/redguards.html>. This website offered the most comprehensive view of the Cultural Revolution. It described the causes and effects in a way that was easy for me to understand because it is written for students. Lague, David. "1977 Exam Opened Escape Route Into Chinas Elite." New York Times 6 Jan. 2008. Print. This article was very helpful in explaining how the gao kao affected that generation of Chinese youth. It also had some useful statistics. Lev, Michael A. "China's Lost Generation: Middle-aged Missing out on Nation's Ascension." Chicago Tribune 24 Feb. 2004. Print. This article writes about the

consequences of the rustication of Chinese youth to the present day (as middle-aged citizens). "Mao Tse-tung Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story - Biography.com." Famous Biographies & TV Shows - Biography.com. Web. Oct.-Nov. 2011. <http://www.biography.com/people/mao-tse-tung-9398142>. This is a relatively short biography of Mao Zedong. This source helped me learn about the man behind the policies of the Cultural Revolution. "National College Entrance Examination of China." China Encyclopedia for Business and Daily Life. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. <http://www.chinadetail.com/History/EducationDevelopmentNationalCollegeEntranc eExamination.php>. This website describes the history of the National College Entrance Examination, which was closed during the years of the "Down to the Countryside Movement." People's Century- Great Leap Forward. The Video Classroom. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkt6O4QW45s>. This documentary was great for offering a succinct and visual background about the Cultural Revolution and Mao's motives for beginning it. Tsou, Tang. The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: a Historical Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986. Print. This book offers a look at other reforms that occured during and after the Cultural Revolution. During my research, it helped give me a wider perspective of what was going on in China at the time of the senddown policies. Unger, Jonathan. "Chinas Troubled Down-to-the-Countryside Campaign." Web. 12 Oct. 2011. <http://rspas.anu.edu.au/papers/ccc/JU_Troubled_Campaign.pdf>. This paper

gives a basic definition of what the "Down to the Countryside Movement" is and what it's consequences were on Chinese history. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. Student Protests in Twentieth-century China: the View from Shanghai. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1991. Print. Offers the perspective of student protesters from 1911-1949. This book tells me about the different movements sparked by students at the time in rebellion against Maoist ideals.