Math20101 - Exam Paper - 2007

Michael Bushell michael.bushell@student.manchester.ac.uk January 4, 2012

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1 REAL ANALYSIS

Real Analysis
1. By verifying the appropriate denitions lim (2x2 x + 1) = 7 (a)
x2

Example 1.0.1 (A1).

Proof. Using the denition

xa

lim f (x) = L > 0, > 0 : 0 < |x a| < |f (x) L| <

Let > 0 be given and choose = min(1, /9), then assuming 0 < |x 2| < we have |x 2| < = = = = it follows that |(2x2 x + 1) 7| = |2x2 x 6| = |2x + 3||x 2| < 9 /9 = and hence we have veried the denition. (b) 1 =0 x x2 + x + 1 lim Proof. Using the denition
x

|x 2| < 1 as 1 1 < x 2 < 1 5 < 2x + 3 < 9 |2x + 3| < 9

lim f (x) = L > 0, K > 0 : x > K |f (x) L| <

Let > 0 be given and choose K = 1/ > 0, then assuming x > K we have x2 1 1 1 0 < = +x+1 x k

Therefore, we have veried the denition, as required.

1 REAL ANALYSIS 2. Suppose that f , g, and h are three functions such that h(x) f (x) g(x) for all x in some deleted neighbourhood of a R, and suppose
xa

lim h(x) = lim g(x) = L

xa

then
xa

lim f (x) = L

Proof. Let > 0 be given, and choose 0 > 0 such that h(x) f (x) g(x) for all 0 < |x a| < 0 , that is 0 is the width of the deleted neighbourhood of a where this holds by hypothesis. Choose 1 > 0 such that |h(f ) L| < whenever 0 < |x a| < 1 , then L < h(x). Similarly, choose 2 > 0 such that |g(f ) L| < whenver 0 < |x a| < 2 , then g(x) < L + . Now, let = min(0 , 1 , 2 ), then if 0 < |x a| < , we have L < h(x) f (x) g(x) < L + therefore < f (x) L < i.e., |f (x) L| < and we have veried the denition as required. 3. Evaluate x2 sin(1/x) x0 2 cos(x) lim

Solution. We have x2 x2 sin(1/x) x2 , for x = 0, as | sin(1/x)| 1. Therefore, by the sandwich rule given above, since x2 0 as x 0 we can conclude x2 sin(1/x) 0 as x 0 also. Thus x2 sin(1/x) limx0 x2 sin(1/x) 0 = = =0 x0 2 cos(x) limx0 [2 cos(x)] 21 lim using the limit of a quotient, and limit of a sum rules.

1 REAL ANALYSIS Example 1.0.2 (A2). 1. (a) Suppose limxa g(x) = L and f is continuous at L, then
xa

lim f (g(x)) = f (lim g(x))

xa

Proof. . . . (b) cos is continuous on R. Proof. The quotient of two polynomials is continuous at all points where the denominator is non-zero. As x2 4x+8 = (x2)2 +4 0 for all x, it is never 0, and therefore (x 2)/(x2 4x + 8) is continuous on R. We know that cos(x) is continuous on R, so applying the composite rule proved above we have our desired result. x2 x2 4x + 8

2 COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Complex Analysis