Will Adams Study Guide on Photosynthesis Vocabulary: Photosynthesis process by which plants and some other organisms use

e light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches Pigment light-absorbing colored molecule. Chlorophyll - principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy Autotroph A living thing that can produce its own energy (plants) Photoautotroph An autotroph that produces its own energy from light, specifically the sun. Hererotroph Also known as a consumer, a living thing that gets its energy by consuming the autotrophs. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy (If you dont know this, youre SCREWED.) Chloroplast Organelle found in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis. Its the big green thing weve been talking about. Granum A stack of thylokoid membranes Thylokoid Membrane saclike body in chloroplasts made of photosynthetic membranes that contain photosystems Stroma region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts Light Dependent Reaction Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle/Carbon Fixation) ATP Synthase large protein that uses energy from H+ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP NADP+ & NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

Glucose High-energy sugars that are a product of the light independent reactions in photosynthesis. CONCEPTS TO KNOW: Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle) -Also known as Carbon Fixation, which means taking a carbon compound, such as C02, (and in this case H20 aswell) and making a compound that the plant can use to respirate. There are other types of fixation, though, like nitrogen fixation, or oxygen fixation. You dont need to know that, though. Basically, you start out with 6 carbon atoms, from the 6 C02s required for photosynthesis (see the equation in a few pages). It gets added to 6 groups of 5 carbons, or 30 total carbons. This is now a total of 36 carbons, which immediately transforms into 12 groups of 3 carbons. Energy is then added, and removes 2 of the 3 carbon groups (6 carbons total) as you see at the very bottom of the diagram. These can now become Glucose (Carbohydrates), or any of the other organic compounds. The remaining 10 groups of 3 carbons cycle back and transform into 6 groups of 5 carbons, like in the beginning. This cycle continues on like that.

Carbon atoms

from C02

Carbons for organic compounds

Light Dependent Reaction and Electron Chain What happens here is that the proteins (the green things with P680 and P700 on them) absorb rays from the sun. This makes electrons within move around. They move from the P680 protein and pass through the protein pump (the dark green thing). This makes hydrogen ions, (protons) pass through the protein pump from the stroma, (outside of the thylokoid membrane) to the inside of the thylokoid membrane. The electrons then pass through the P700 protein, and once out, they attach to NADP+. This turns it into NADPH, which travels back to the beginning, so the electrons may cycle again. Meanwhile, the hydrogen ions that enter the thylokoid membrane eventually pass through the ATP synthase (the thin that looks like an upside down lollipop) and this turns ADP into ATP. The ATP then travels to where the Calvin Cycle takes place, elsewhere in the stroma.

EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS: 6CO (Carbon Dioxide) + 6HO (Water) C6H12O6 (Glucose) + O (Oxygen)

Diagram of a Chloroplast: